cnsx hat nem.pdf

1

Mc lc

LI NI U .............................................................................................................. 5

Chng 1 - TNG QUAN V HT NM ................................................................... 6

1.1. nh ngha....................................................................................................... 6

1.2. Cc sn phm ht nm c mt trn th trng ............................................. 6

1.3. Gi tr dinh dng ca ht nm [6] ............................................................. 10

Chng 2 - TNG QUAN .......................................................................................... 11

2.1. Tng quan nguyn liu ................................................................................. 11

2.2. Ch tiu la chn nguyn liu [10] [11] 12].................................................. 16

Chng 3 - QUY TRNH CNG NGH ................................................................. 24

3.1. Thuyt minh quy trnh ................................................................................. 25

3.2. Ch tiu cht lng nguyn liu ...................................................................... 44

Chng 4 - CN BNG VT CHT ......................................................................... 45

4.1. Nng sut thit k tnh theo nguyn liu ..................................................... 45

4.2. Tn tht qua tng cng on ....................................................................... 45

4.3. Tnh cn bng vt cht theo nguyn liu ..................................................... 48

Chng 5 - TNH TON CHN THIT B ........................................................... 50

5.1. Chn thit b chnh [12]................................................................................ 50

5.2. Thit b ph .................................................................................................. 58

5.3. B tr lch lm vic ca cc thit b .............................................................. 60

Chng 6 - TNH NNG LNG ............................................................................ 62

6.1. Cp hi [5][14] .............................................................................................. 62

6.2. Tnh in ....................................................................................................... 63

Chng 7 - TNH DIN TCH PHN XNG ....................................................... 65

7.1. Kho cha nguyn liu ................................................................................... 65

7.2. Din tch phn xng ................................................................................... 66

2

TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................................... 68

3

Danh mc bng

Bng 1: Cc sn phm ht nm c mt trn th trng ....................................................... 6

Bng 2: V tr phn loi v hnh thi ca nm rm [9] .......................................................... 11

Bng 3: Thnh phn ha hc trong 100g nm ti (Verma, 2002) .................................... 14

Bng 4: Thnh phn dinh dng ca nm rm (100g cht kh) [7] .................................. 14

Bng 5: Thnh phn dinh dng trong cc dng nm rm (FAO, 1972) .......................... 15

Bng 6: Thnh phn vitamin trong 100g nm rm ti [10] ............................................. 15

Bng 7: So snh hm lng 1 s cht khong gia nm rm v trng g ........................ 16

Bng 8: Tiu chun ca mui n (Theo TCVN: 3973-1984)............................................... 17

Bng 9: Tiu chun ca bt ngt (TCVN:1459-1974)......................................................... 18

Bng 10: Tiu chun ca ng (TCVN: 1695-1987) ......................................................... 18

Bng 11: Tiu chun ca bt tiu (TCVN 4045:1993) .......................................................... 19

Bng 12: Thnh phn ha hc ca protein u nnh [7 ] .................................................. 20

Bng 13: Ch tiu tinh bt bp [TCVN 1532-1993] ............................................................ 20

Bng 14: Cc ch tiu ca du thc vt [TCVN 6128-1996] ............................................... 21

Bng 15: Thnh phn trong dch nc mui sinh l .......................................................... 21

Bng 16: Thnh phn nguyn liu tnh trn 1000g thnh phm phi trn: ...................... 33

Bng 17: c lng tn tht qua tng cng on (Tnh theo % khi lng) ................... 45

Bng 18: Thnh phn phi trn tnh cho 1000g hn hp phi trn ................................... 46

Bng 19: Khi lng trc khi p n c phi trn ...................................................... 47

Bng 20: Tm tt khi lng vt cht qua tng qu trnh tnh cho 100kg nguyn liu .... 48

Bng 21: Khi lng vt cht qua tng qu trnh .............................................................. 49

Bng 22: Khi lng nguyn liu cho ton b quy trnh .................................................... 49

Bng 23: Tm tt khi lng vt cht qua tng qu trnh tnh cho 1 m .......................... 50

Bng 24: Lng nc cn dng trong 1 m v trong 8 m (L) .......................................... 59

Bng 25: Thi gian lm vic cho tng cng on trong mi m ................................... 60

Bng 26: Lch lm vic ca cc m sn xut ....................................................................... 61

Bng 27: Tm tt cho 500 kg nguyn liu............................................................................ 63

Bng 28: Cng sut in ca cc thit b chnh trong nh my .......................................... 63

Bng 29: Nguyn liu sn xut trong 10 ngy (kg) ................................................................ 65

Bng 30: Kch thc v s lng thit b ca phn xng ................................................. 66

4

Danh mc hnh

Hnh 1: Ht nm tht thn & xng ng .............................................................................. 6

Hnh 2: Ht nm ht nm v rong bin ................................................................................ 7

Hnh 3: Ht nm t tht v nc ct xng hm ................................................................. 7

Hnh 4: Ht nm Aji-ngon Xng hm v Tht Heo ............................................................ 8

Hnh 5: Ht nm Aji-ngon tm bin ..................................................................................... 8

Hnh 6: Ht nm Maggi, xng hm 3 ngt v Heo ............................................................. 9

Hnh 7: Ht nm Maggi, Nm Hng .................................................................................. 9

Hnh 8: Nm rm ................................................................................................................ 11

Hnh 9: Cu to c bn ca nm ........................................................................................ 13

Hnh 10: Cc giai on pht trin ca nm rm ................................................................ 14

Hnh 11: Protein u nnh .................................................................................................. 20

Hnh 12: Bng ti chuyn [4] .............................................................................................. 26

Hnh 13: My ngm ra bng chuyn [4]........................................................................... 27

Hnh 14: Thit b xay nhuyn Cutter .................................................................................. 30

Hnh 15: Cu to thit b thy phn [3] .............................................................................. 31

Hnh 16: Thit b phi trn dng thng quay [3] ............................................................... 32

Hnh 17: Thit b phi trn dng thng quay .................................................................... 33

Hnh 18: Thit b p n trc i ....................................................................................... 34

Hnh 19: Cu to trc vis i .............................................................................................. 36

Hnh 20: Thit b sy rung tng si [12] ............................................................................. 39

Hnh 21: S cu to sn phng [4] ................................................................................. 41

Hnh 22: Thit b nghin da dng Pin-disc [3] .................................................................. 42

Hnh 23: M t quy trnh ng gi bao b .......................................................................... 44

Hnh 24: Ht nm t nm rm ........................................................................................... 44

Hnh 25: Thit b ngm ra nm ........................................................................................ 51

Hnh 26: Thit b chn......................................................................................................... 51

Hnh 27: Thit b xay nm .................................................................................................. 52

Hnh 28: Thit b thy phn ................................................................................................ 53

Hnh 29: Thit b trn ......................................................................................................... 53

Hnh 30: Cu to cnh khuy trong thit b trn ............................................................... 54

Hnh 31: Thit b p n ..................................................................................................... 55

Hnh 32: Thit b sy tng si ............................................................................................. 55

Hnh 33: Dng nguyn liu i trong thit b sng............................................................... 56

Hnh 34: Thit b sng rung ................................................................................................ 56

Hnh 35: Thit b nghin da ............................................................................................... 57

Hnh 36: Thit b ng gi .................................................................................................. 58

5

LI NI U

Vit Nam hin nay, th trng ht nm ang rt a dng v phong ph vi nhiu mu m, hng v n thng hiu. Ht nm c v nh mt loi gia v khng th thiu trong bp n ca cc ch ni tr, bi tnh tin dng v hng v m , ph hp cho hu ht cc mn n.

Theo kho st ca trung tm dinh dng TP.HCM nm 2006 cho thy, t l dn dng bt nm nu n chim gn 60%.

Chnh v vy, nm bt c th hiu ngi tiu dng m cc nh sn xut ua nhau ci tin v lin tc cho ra hng lot sn phm mi, t ht nm v tht heo, tht b, cho n ht nm v tm, c.

Hin nay, ngi dn gn nh xem ht nm l th gia v c tn trong ch bin m khng cn dng thm mui, mm hay gia v khc na. ng gc nh sn xut, ng nhin l iu ng mng v sn phm , ang v s ngy mt tip cn ngi tiu dng hn na. Tuy nhin, vic m bo cht lng v a dng ha hng v s l yu t quyt nh s tn ti ca cc sn phm ht nm trn th trng trong tng lai.

Do cc sn phm ht nm vn cn 1 khuyt im l phn ln nguyn liu lm t ngun ng vt, nguyn liu sn xut ht nm t ngun thc vt rt thp. V vy, tn dng ln sn lng ln nm rm trong nc, cng nh gp phn lm a dng ha cc sn phm lm t ht nm, t , ti thc hin ti: Thit k phn xng sn xut ht nm t nm.

6

Chng 1 - TNG QUAN V HT NM

1.1. nh ngha

Ht nm l mt loi gia v dng nm nm trong qu trnh ch bin mn n gp phn to nn v ca mn n. Ht nm khng cung cp cht dinh dng nh cc thc phm dng nu mn n. Mt s ngi cho rng ht nm ng gp gi tr dinh dng ch yu cho mn n l cha hp l.

Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng ca mt mn n do cc thc phm (nguyn liu chnh) dng ch bin mn n cung cp, v d mn n ch bin t tht/c s cha nhiu cht m, du/m cung cp cht bo, rau xanh cho nhiu cht x v vitamin vic s dng cc gia v ch gip tng thm mi, v v gip mn n thm thm ngon, m .

1.2. Cc sn phm ht nm c mt trn th trng

Bng 1: Cc sn phm ht nm c mt trn th trng

1.2.1 Sn Phm Bt Nm Knorr Ca Cty Unilever Vit Nam [11]

Ht nm tht thn & xng ng - Thnh phn: Mui, cht iu v (E621), ng tinh luyn, tinh bt (SO2< 150ppm), bt tht thn v nc xng ng hm c c v tht(1,9%), hng tht tng hp (cha trng, u nnh v bt sa gy), m, cht iu tr, bt chit xut nm men, bt m ln men t u tng (c cha u nnh v bt m) v mu tng hp.

- Ch tiu cht lng ch yu: Gi tr dinh dng trn 5gr Ht nm t tht knorr: + Tng gi tr nng lng 10kcal. + Cht m: 0,9gr + Cht bo: 0,08 gr

Hnh 1: Ht nm tht thn & xng ng

7

Ht nm ht nm v rong bin - Thnh phn: Mui, cht iu v (Sodium Glutamate - 621), tinh

bt bp (c cha SO2 < 30ppm), ng tinh luyn bt chit xut nm ng c (c cha SO2 < 150ppm) bt nm bo ng bt trong bin (1,1%), tinh bt bp bin tnh (E1442), bt rau b xi, cht iu v (Sodium inosinate E631,Sodium Guanylate E627), hng nm ng c tng hp (c cha bt m), maltodextrin, bt gng, bt chit xut nm men, hng ti t nhin (c cha u nnh v mu t nhin).

Hnh 2: Ht nm ht nm v rong bin

Ht nm t tht v nc ct xng hm

- Thnh phn: Mui tinh, ng ct, ng dextro, tinh bt bin tnh, bt ti, bt tiu xay, bt tht heo (1%), bt nc ct xng hm (1%). Cht iu v: Monosodium Glutamate(E621), Disodium 5-Inosinate (E627), Disodium 5-Guanilate (E631); m u nnh thy phn (Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein - HVP); Hng bt heo; Mu thc phm Beta-Carotene (E160ai).

Hnh 3: Ht nm t tht v nc ct xng

hm

8

1.2.2. Sn phm ht nm Aji-ngon ca cng ty Ajinomoto Vit Nam [19]

Ht nm Aji-ngon Xng hm v Tht Heo

- Thnh phn: Mui, cht iu v (mononatri glutamat 621), tinh bt du n, bt nc hm xng c c (t tht, xng ng + xng sn) 1,8%, bt hnh, cht iu v (dinatri inosinat 631), dinatri

guanylat 627), m u nnh thy phn, hng tht tng hp, chit t men, cht iu chnh chua (axit xitric 330) v bt ti. S dng 1,2 kg tht v 1 kg xng sn xut 1kg bt nc hm xng c c.

- Gi tr dinh dng: (10g): Nng lng 19,0 kcal, Protit 1,5g, Lipit 0,2g, Carbonhydrat

3,0g

Hnh 4: Ht nm Aji-ngon Xng hm v

Tht Heo

Ht nm Aji-ngon tm bin - Thnh phn: Mui tinh, ng ct, ng dextro, tinh bt bin tnh, bt ti, bt tiu xay, bt tm (1%), Cht iu v: Monosodium Glutamate(E621),

Disodium 5-Inosinate (E627), Disodium 5-Guanilate (E631); m u nnh thy phn (Hydrolyzed Vegetable Protein -

HVP); Hng bt heo; Mu thc phm Beta-Carotene (E160ai).

Hnh 5: Ht nm Aji-ngon tm bin

9

1.2.2 Sn phm ht nm Maggi ca cng ty Nestl Vit Nam [20]

Ht nm Maggi, xng hm 3 ngt v heo

- Thnh phn: Mui, cht iu v (621,631,627), ng, tinh bt sn, bt heo sy v nc ct xng, ty hm (20g)(*), du c tinh luyn, hng tht heo v hng v tht tng hp, mu Beta-caroten tng hp (160ai) v cc gia v khc. (*) Tnh trn 1kg sn phm.

Hnh 6: Ht nm Maggi, xng hm 3 ngt

v Heo

Ht nm Maggi, Nm Hng - Thnh phn: Mui, Cht iu v monosodium glutamate

(E621), ng, tinh bt sn, du c tinh luyn, hng nm v hng chay tng hp, cht iu v (disodium inosinate E321, disodium guanylate

E627), cc gia v khc (bt tiu v bt hnh ty) v bt nm hng (nm ng c) (2g). Sn phm c cha 1 lng nh u nnh, glute la m v cn ty.

Hnh 7: Ht nm Maggi, Nm Hng

10

1.3. Gi tr dinh dng ca ht nm [6] 1.3.1. Cht m (protit)

Theo tiu chun quy nh, thnh phn protid l 17.4%. Trong sn xut ht nm, ngi ta b sung thm cc thnh phn m thc vt tng gi tr protein cho sn phm nh protein u nnh, b nm men

1.3.2. Cht bo (lipit)

Cht bo trong ht nm vo khong 2.26% v c a vo trong ht nm thng qua thnh phn du thc vt v nguyn liu chnh.

1.3.3. Carbohydrat

Ch tiu ny o c theo tiu chun l 25.4%.

11

Chng 2 - TNG QUAN

2.1. Tng quan nguyn liu

2.1.1. Ngun gc nm rm. [6] [15][7]

Hnh 8: Nm rm

Tn Ting anh: Paddy Straw Mushroom

Tn khoa hc: Volvariella Volvacea

Tn khc: Nm r, nm en, tho c, nm trng,....

Bng 2: V tr phn loi v hnh thi ca nm rm [9]

Ngnh Basimydirota

B Agaricales

Phn h Pluteaceae

Chi Volvariella

Loi Volvace

Nm rm c ngun gc t cc vng ma nhit i, nhng vng c nhit cao, thuc khu vc nhit i v bn nhit i. Ngi dn nhiu nc Chu bit nm rm cch y rt lu nhng vic trng nm rm ch bt u Trung Quc cch y khong 2000 nm. Vic trng nm rm v sau pht trin cc nc nh: Vit Nam, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thi Lan, Nht Bn, Singapore, Hn Quc...

12

Sn lng nm rm ti c sn xut trn ton th gii l trn 12 250 000 tn (2002), ring Trung Quc l 8 650 000 tn (chim 70.6 % sn lng ca th gii) [8].

Nm rm l loi thc vt bc thp, khng c dip lc, sng di dng. Ly cht dinh dng qua mng t bo h si (ging nh r cy). N c men phn gii tng i mnh, gip s dng cc loi thc n phc tp nh: cellulose, hemicellulose, protein...

Bp nm l dng th qu ca nm. nhng iu kin thch hp, qu s mc ra t si nm.

2.1.2. Phn loi [6] [15]

Nm rm l nm nhit i v cn nhit i. Theo Shaffer, d kin c hn 100 loi, trong hn 20 loi c ghi nhn v m t, c loi mu xm trng, xm, xm en, kch thc ng knh cy ln nh ty thuc vo ging

1. V. volvacea (Bull.) Sacc. (*)

2. V. microspora Heinem

3. V. palmicola (Beeli) Heinem

4. V. diplasia (Berk & Br.) (*)

5. V. castanea Masse.

6. V. delicatula Berk & Br.

7. V. terastrius (Berk & Br.)

8. V. media (shum.) Fr.

9. V. liliputiana P. Henn

10. V. woodrowiana Masse

11. V. thwaitesii Hooker

12. V. bombycina (Schaeff. ex Fr.)

Sing.

13. V. acystidiata Pathak.

14. V. pusilla (Pers. ex Fr.) Sing.

15. V. congolensis Pathak

16. V. striata Pathak.

17. V. mammosa Pathak.

18. V. esculenta Masse (*)

19. V. bakeri (Murr.) Shaffer (*)

20. V. parvispora Heinem

2.1.3. Cu to nm rm [6][ 7]

Nm c cu to t cc phn c bn nh m nm, thn nm, phin nm, vng nm, cung nm, bu nm, th si nm.

13

Hnh 9: Cu to c bn ca nm

Bao nm: di v cao, lc nh bao ly tai nm, khi tai nm trng thnh, bao nm m ra v gip m nh ln, phn bao nm li di gc, mng hn ban u. Bao nm l h si t nm cha sc t melamin to ra mu en bao gc. m nht ca bao nm ty thuc vo nh sng. nh sng cng nhiu th bao gc cng en.Bao gc gi chc hng chnh l chn tia t ngoi ca mt tri, ngn cn s ph hoi ca mt tri v ngn cn s ph hoi ca cn trng, gip gi nc v ngn s thot nc ca cc c quan bn trong. Do bao nm ng vai tr bo v nn thnh phn dinh dng ca bao gc rt t.

M nm: khi m bao, m nm nh ln trn. M nm cng c melamim nhng nht dn t trung tm ra ra mp. Khi trng thnh, m nm m ra v ng knh c th t ti 8-15 cm. Tai nm (thn nm) lc ny c dng nh cy d. Pha di m nm l phin nm. S phin nm chim khong 280-380 phin. Mi phin c khong 2.500.000 bo t. M nm cng l h si t an cho vo nhau, rt giu cht dinh dng d tr, gi vai tr sinh sn.

Cung nm: thng thng cung nm di t 3-8 cm, c ng knh 0,5-l,5 cm. Cung nm l h si xp, xp theo kiu vng trn ng tm. Tht ca cung nm mu trng. Khi cung non th mm v gin, khi cung nm gi i s chuyn thnh cc si dai x cng li v kh b gy. Vai tr ca cung nm l a m nm ln cao pht tn bo t i xa Qu trnh trng thnh v pht trin ca nm rm tri qua 5 giai on ch yu c tn gi theo hnh dng ca chng mi giai on: hnh inh gim, hnh nt, hnh trng, hnh ko di, hnh d hay trng thnh

M Nm

Thn Nm

Phin nm

14

Hnh 10: Cc giai on pht trin ca nm rm

2.1.4. Thnh phn v gi tr dinh dng [6] [7]

Bng 3: Thnh phn ha hc trong 100g nm ti (Verma, 2002)

Bng 4: Thnh phn dinh dng ca nm rm (100g cht kh) [7]

Thnh phn Hm lng Thnh phn Hm lng

Protein 21.1 g Leucine 312 mg

Lipid 10.1 g Isoleucine 491 mg

Carbohydrat 38.6 g Valine 607 mg

X 11.1 g Tryptophane 98 mg

Tro 10.1 g Lysine 384 mg

Nng lng 369 Kcal Histidine 187 mg

Vitamin B1 1.2 mg Phenylalanine 437 mg

Vitamin B2 3.3 mg Threonine 375 mg

Vitamin PP 91.9 mg Arginine 366 mg

Vitamin C 20.2 mg Methionine 80 mg

St 17.1 mg

Phospho 677 mg

Natri 374 mg

Kali 3455 mg

Thnh phn Hm lng(g)

Hm m 90.40 Lipid 0.25

Protein 3.90

Glucid 3.2

Cht x 1.87 Tro 1.10

Dng nt Dng Trng Ko di Trng thnh

15

Bng 5: Thnh phn dinh dng trong cc dng nm rm (FAO, 1972)

Loi nm Hm m Nng lng Protein Lipid Carbonhydrat X Tro

Ti 90.4 369 3.9 0.25 3.2 1.87 1.1 ng hp 89.6 323 2.3 0.1 6.8 1.2 1.2

Kh 8.3 406 20 12.2 50.3 5 9.2

Kh lm

m li 86.4 389 3.9 2 6.5 1.6 1.2

Nc chim t l rt ln trong cc loi nm, tuy nhin hm lng nc cha

trong nm nhiu hay t cn ty thuc vo s sinh trng v mi trng sng ca

nm.

Glucid: hm lng ng trong nm rm thng c nhiu khi th qu cn non

nhng gim khi qu trng thnh. c bit, nm c ngun ng d tr di

dng glycogen tng t nh ng vt (trong khi cc thc vt khc ngun d

tr l tinh bt).

Cht bo c nhiu trong qu th nm, nht l loi Oleic. Loi ny thng tn ti

di ang ht trong nguyn sinh cht t bo.

Protein: protiein trong nm rm tng i d tiu ha, hm lng protein trong

nm rm cao nht trong cc loi rau. c bit, nm rm c s hin din gn

nh cc loi acid amin, trong c 9 loi acid amin cn thit cho con ngi.

Nm rm rt giu 2 loi acid amin l leucin v lysine, thng gp trong cc loi

ng cc. Do , xt v cht lng protein nm khng km hn nhiu so vi

protein ng vt.

Bng 6: Thnh phn vitamin trong 100g nm rm ti [10]

16

Cht khong: hm lng khong nm rm cao hn so vi tht, c, trng

v rau ci. Thnh phn khong ch yu nm rm: Fe, Ca, Mg, K, P v

mt s cht khong khc nh Si, Al, S. Kt qu so snh hm lng mt

s cht khong ca nm rm i vi trng nh sau:

Bng 7: So snh hm lng 1 s cht khong gia nm rm v trng g

Ngoi ra nm cn cha nhiu loi enzyme tp trong si nm nh

Invectase, proteinase, lipase, oxidase, cellulose, hemicellulose.... Chnh

v s hin din ca cc loi enzyme oxy ha kh lm cho nm nhanh

chng b sm mu sau thi gian thu hoch.

2.2. Ch tiu la chn nguyn liu [10] [11] 12]

2.2.1. Nguyn liu chnh

2.3.1.1. Tiu chun cm quan [11]

Trng thi: nm ti, c n hi, khng r nc trn vt ct, b mt

khng nht. Khng b dp nt.

Nm khng c qu chn hoc m bao nm. Thi gian t lc hi n

lc nhp kho thp hn 7h

Mu sc: Mu sc bnh thng

Mi: Mi v bnh thng, khng c mi hi ca h hng, ca ha cht

tr su hay ha cht x l.

2.3.1.2. Tiu chun ha sinh [10]

pH: 6.5 6.8

2.3.1.3. Tiu chun vi sinh [10] [12]

Tng vi khun hiu kh 105 cfu/g

Coliforms 102 cfu/g

E. coli: khng c

Salmonella : Khng c.

Staphylococcus aureus : Khng c

17

2.2.2. Nguyn liu ph

2.2.2.1. Enzyme Protease [12]

Ch phm enzyme protease h tr cho qu trnh thuy phn protein trong nm

rm. Ch phm enzyme protease c s dng l nhp t Trung Quc ca

cng ty Shanghai, China (Mainland), c ng trong thng nha vi khi

lng 25kg/thng

Ch tiu cht lng:

Trng thi: Dng bt nh vng.

Hot tnh enzyme 200.000 300.000 U/g

Nhit lm vic: 45 55oC.

pH lm vic: 6.8

2.2.2.2. Mui

Mui c s dng y l mui cng nghip vi hm lng 97% theo cht

kh, c ng thnh tng bao giy vi khi lng 50kg/bao, mua t cng ty

sn xut v thng mi W.I.N

Bng 8: Tiu chun ca mui n (Theo TCVN: 3973-1984)

Tn ch tiu Yu cu

Mu sc Trng, trong

Mi Khng c mi

V Dung dch mui 5% c v mn

thun khit, khng c v l

Dng bn ngoi Kh ro, ti u, trng sch

C ht 1 15mm

Hm lng NaCl theo % khi lng kh > 97%

Hm lng cht khng tan trong nc tnh theo % khi lng cht kh

< 25%

m < 8%

2.2.2.3. Bt ngt Bt ngt c dng trng thi tinh khit 99%, nhp t cng ty Shandong China (Mainland), c ng trong tng bao giy vi khi lng 25kg/bao [12].

18

Bng 9: Tiu chun ca bt ngt (TCVN:1459-1974)

Tn ch tiu Yu cu

Trng thi Bt mn, khng vn cc, d tan trong nc,

s lng im en trong 10 cm2 < 2

Mu sc Trng

Mi Thm khng ln chua, khng tanh, khng

c mi l khc

V Ngt c trng ca bt ngt

Hm lng nc < 0.14%

pH ca dung dch 6.5 - 7.0

Hm lng Natri glutamat > 80%

Hm lng NaCl < 18%

St < 0.05%

2.2.2.4. ng saccharose

ng ta mua t cng ty c phn ng Bin Ha-BHS, vi khi lng

50k/bao

Bng 10: Tiu chun ca ng (TCVN: 1695-1987)

Cc ch tiu Yu cu

Hnh dng Dng tinh th tng i u, ti kh, khng vn

Mi v Tinh th cng nh dung dch ng trong nc ct c

v ngt, khng c mi v l

Mu sc Tt c tinh th u trng ng nh. Khi pha trong dung

dch nc ct th thu c dch trong sut.

m

19

2.2.2.5. Tiu

Tiu ta t mua t cng ty TNHH thng mi dch v ch bin nng sn Thnh Pht, c ng gi trong bao vi khi lng: 5Kg/bao.

Bng 11: Tiu chun ca bt tiu (TCVN 4045:1993)

Tn ch tiu Yu cu

Trng thi Ti, mn, kh, khng ln tp cht, c

ht nh hn 0,2mm

Mu sc Mu xm

Mi v Cay nng t nhin, mi thm c

trng

Nm mc, su mt Khng c

Hm lng m < 13%

Cht khng bay hi chit c (% khi lng cht kh)

6%

Tinh du bay hi (ml/100g khi lng kh) 1

Hm lng piperin (% khi lng kh) 4%

Tro tng s (% khi lng kh) < 6%

Tro khng tan trong axit (% khi lng kh)

< 1.2%

2.2.2.6. Protein u nnh Ta nhp protein u nnh t cng ty Shanxi China (Mainland), vi khi lng 25kg/bao [12]

20

Hnh 11: Protein u nnh

Bng 12: Thnh phn ha hc ca protein u nnh [7 ]

Thnh phn ha hc Hm lng

Protein (Nit 6,25) 90,0%

m 6,0%

Lipid 1,6%

Tro 4,5%

2.2.2.7. Tinh bt bp Ta mua tinh bt bp t cng ty NHH Nam Thin n, khi lng 25kg/bao

Bng 13: Ch tiu tinh bt bp [TCVN 1532-1993]

Ch tiu Tnh cht

Trng thi, mu sc Bt mn, trng Protein (%Khi lng) 0.33%

m 13.3% pH 5.4 6.4 SO2 11.5ppm

tinh khit 99.8% Tro 0.14%

Cht bo 0.12%

21

2.2.2.8. Du n

Ta mua du n t cng ty xut Nhp Khu Namgoo, mua theo tng can vi

th tch 20L/can

Bng 14: Cc ch tiu ca du thc vt [TCVN 6128-1996]

2.2.2.9. Nc

- Nc mui sinh l

Bng 15: Thnh phn trong dch nc mui sinh l

Thnh phn Hm lng

Natri clorid 8, 5 g Nc sch 1000 ml

- Nc phi trn: QCVN 01:2009/BYT Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc n ung

22

- Nc ra v v sinh: QCVN 02:2009/BYT Quy chun k thut quc gia v cht lng nc sinh hot

2.3. Tng quan v nh my [17] 2.3.1. V tr xy dng.

Chn a im t nh my l mt khu rt quan trng trong thit k, c nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca nh my sau ny. Khi chn a im t nh my cn xem xt n cc yu t sau:

- Gn ngun cung cp nguyn liu - Thun li v giao thng - Nm trong vng quy hoch ca trung ng v a phng - C s h tng - Lc lng lao ng - Ngun cung cp in, nc, h thng thng tin lin lc - din tch m rng sau ny - Gi thu t - Kh hu, thi tit.

Cn c vo cc yu t trn, chn v tr t nh my sn xut ht nm t nm rm ti khu Cng nghip (KCN) Thi Ha c tng din tch 100 ha, ta lc ti p Tn Ha, x c Lp H, huyn c Ha, tnh Long An.

2.3.2. Gii thiu khu cng nghip [17]

Khu cng nghip Thi Ha l d n hp tc gia Cng ty C phn Pht Trin H Tng Vit Sn - Cng ty C Phn Cng Nghip Siam Brothers (Thi Lan) v Cng ty C Phn Xy Dng - Vn Ti - Thng Mi Pana (Thi Lan). Khu Cng nghip (KCN) Thi Ha c tng din tch 100 ha, ta lc ti p Tn Ha, x c Lp H, huyn c Ha, tnh Long An. L a bn l tng (trung tm vng ng lc pht trin pha Nam: Tp. HCM, Bnh Dng, ng Nai, B Ra - Vng Tu v cc tnh min Ty Nam B, gn cc ca khu) cho cc Doanh nghip u t, sn xut, pht trin cng nghip v xut khu hng ha sang th trng Campuchia, Thi Lan, Lo.

- Cch trung tm Tp. H Ch Minh: 45km. - Cch sn bay Tn Sn Nht : 35km. - Cch Cng Si Gn : 40km. - Cch bn xe An Sng : 27km. - Cch ca khu Mc Bi : 28km. - Cch th x Tn An : 50 km

C h thng giao thng ng b thun tin gm c: ng Tnh l 823, ng chy dc theo knh Thy Cai, ng c l gii 36m (gi tt l ng 36m) ni lin Tnh l 823 v Tnh l 9, Quc l 1A, Quc l 22 (ng Xuyn ). l cc trc

23

ng giao thng quan trng c nh hng ln n s pht trin ca vng ni chung v KCN ni ring. T ng t An Sng i thng 19 km v pha QL 22 19km. Gp cu vt C Chi, i pha di r tri theo tnh l 8 (cn gi l tnh l 823), i ti 5km. i qua cu Thy Cai, quo tri 2km s n KCN Thi-Ha.

2.3.3. iu kin t nhin [17]

a hnh: Cao nn trung bnh +1,2 +1,5m, a hnh bng phng, hng dc t pha Ty thp v hng ng (dc xung knh Thy Cai).

Kh hu: Nhit trung bnh 26,70C. Thng cao nht (thng 4): 28,70C. Thng thp nht (thng 12): 25,50C . m trung bnh: 82%. Thng thp nht (thng 12) 75%. Thng cao nht (thng 9) 91%. Lng ma trung bnh: 1.908,3 mm/nm. Cc thng ma: 5, 6,7, 8, 9 v 10 chim 92%. Thng 9 c lng ma cao nht trn 400mm; thng 1 v 2 hu nh khng c ma.

Gi nng trung bnh trong nm l 2.526 gi.

2.3.4. iu kin dn c [17] 2.3.4.1. Dn s Huyn c Ha

Dn s : 205.143 ngi - tui lao ng : 111.772 ngi. - Dn s Huyn c Hu : 65.000 ngi - tui lao ng : 33.367 ngi. - Dn s huyn C Chi : 253.337 ngi - tui lao ng : 165.015 ngi. - Dn s huyn Hc Mn : 207.512 ngi - tui lao ng : 107.093 ngi.

2.3.4.2. Lc lng lao ng cc tnh

Ngoi lc lng lao ng ti a phng (Huyn c Ha, c Hu - Tnh Long An), nh u t c th tuyn dng ngun lao ng di do ca Tp. HCM (huyn C Chi, Hc Mn, Qun 12, Qun G Vp) v tnh Ty Ninh (huyn Trng Bng).

2.3.5. Ngun nguyn liu [18]

Ngun nguyn liu nm rm c cung cp bi cc tnh ng bng sng cu long nh Long An, ng Thp, Sc Trng, Cn Thv cc tnh ng nam b nh ng Nai, Bnh Dng. y l khu vc chim 90% sn lng nm rm c nc.

24

Chng 3 - QUY TRNH CNG NGH

25

3.1. Thuyt minh quy trnh

3.2.1. X l s b [3]

3.2.1.1. Mc ch cng ngh

Chun b cho qu trnh ch bin tip theo

- Phn loi, loi tr nhng ht nm khng quy cch nh b su bnh, men

mc, thi hng.

- Phn chia nguyn liu ng u v kch thc, hnh dng, mu sc, chn.

- Loi b phn chn nm

- Loi b c rm, r, t , l cy,

3.2.1.2. Bin i nguyn liu

Ch yu l bin i v vt l. Trong qu trnh x l, nm s c ct b chn

khin cho khi lng nm gim i ng k

3.2.1.3. Yu cu

- Mc nguyn vn: chn ht nm khng dp nt, khng thi hng. - Loi b c hon ton chn nm

3.2.1.4. Phng php thc hin

Ta s dng thit b bao gm 2 bng ti chuyn, song song vi nhau

Nm c a qua bng chuyn th nht, v cng nhn s tin hnh kim tra,

la chn nhng ht nm t yu cu v ct b chn nm. Ht nm sau khi x l s c

cng nhn cho vo bng chuyn th 2. Hn nm cng nh ht nm thi, su, hoc

khng t cht lng, tri b cn trng ph hoi, ng thi nhng vt l nh l, rc v

cc vt khc s c gi li trn bng chuyn th nht v loi ra ngoi

Nht thit phi loi b nhng qu thi ra hon ton v nhng vt dp nt

thi ra l ca ng vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin.

Cng on loi b chn nm c lm bng th cng, cc cng nhn s dng dao x l.

26

Hnh 12: Bng ti chuyn [4]

Thng s cng ngh: Vn tc bng ti 0.02 0.05 m/s

3.2.2. Lm sch [4] [3] [2]


Chun b cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo

Nhm loi tr tp cht c hc nh t, ct, bi, s cng nh l cy bm bn

ngoi nguyn liu v lm gim lng vi sinh vt ngoi v nguyn liu.

Ra cn nhm mc ch ty sch mt s cht ho hc gy c hi c dng

trong k thut nng nghip nh phn tr su, thuc bo v thc vt


Ha hc, ha sinh v ha l: Khng c bin i no ng k

Vt l: Qu trnh ngm ra gim khi lng nguyn liu

Bin i sinh hc: gim lng vi sinh vt.

3.2.2.3. Yu cu qu trnh

Loi c phn ln t ct bm trn b mt nm, cng nh bi bm, thuc khng sinh, thuc tr su.m qu trnh x l s b khng thc hin c

Thi gian ngm ra khng c ko di.

Nguyn liu sau khi ra sch, khng dp nt, cht dinh dng trong nm b tn tht t nht.

3.2.2.4. Phng php thc hin [4]

Qu trnh ra gm hai giai on l ngm v ra xi.

u tin qu s c a vo bn ngm sau c bng chuyn chuyn vo h thng xi ti ca my ngm ra xi ti.

27

Ngm lm cho nc thm t nguyn liu, lm cht bn mm, bong ra, to iu kin cho qu trnh ra d dng.

Dung dch ngm ta dng l nc mui sinh l, vi nng NaCl l 0.9%. C th ngm tnh hay ngm ng. Thi gian ngm c rt ngn gim tn tht cht dinh dng.

Ra xi l dng tc dng chy ca dng nc ko cht bn cn li trn mt nguyn liu sau khi ngm. Thng dng tia nc phun hay vi hoa sen xi. Nc ra li phi l nc sch

Ty nguyn liu v nhim bn ca nguyn liu m ta c th ra mt hoc nhiu ln, vi nhiu phng php ra tng ng

Ta s dng nc mui sinh l ngm ra nguyn liu vi 2 ln ngm trong 1 m. thi gian 10 pht cho 1 ln ngm.

Hnh 13: My ngm ra bng chuyn [4]

Thng s cng ngh:

Thi gian: 30 pht

p sut vi phun: 2 3 atm

3.2.3. Chn [2] [3] 3.2.3.1. Mc ch cng ngh

Chun b:

ui bt cht kh trong gian bo ca nguyn liu nhm hn ch qu trnh oxi ha.

Chn cn loi tr cc cht c mi v khng thch hp.

28

Bo qun:

Tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt, ch yu l nhng vi sinh vt km chu nhit bm

trn b mt nguyn liu.

c ch cc qu trnh sinh ho ca nguyn liu , lm cho mu sc ca nguyn liu

khng b xu i hoc ch bin i rt t.

3.2.3.2. Cc bin i nguyn liu

Vt l: Lm thay i th tch, khi lng nguyn liu cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo c thun li.

Ha hc:

Lm cho qu c mu sng hn do ph hy mt s cht mu.

Lm tht thot vitamin C v cc cht ha tan khc, s bay hi ca mt s cht

hng.

Loi tr cc cht c mi v khng thch hp.

Ha l: Lm tng thm thu ca cht nguyn sinh, lm cho dch bo thot ra d dng.

Ha sinh:

Cc enzyme trong nm rm b v hot di tc dng ca nhit , trnh s

oxy ha cc hp cht ha hc lm h hng sn phm.

c ch cc qu trnh sinh ha ca t bo nm.

Sinh hc: Tiu dit mt phn vi sinh vt, ch yu l vi sinh vt bm trn b mt nguyn liu.


Ta s dng thit b chn bng ti: Phun nc chn ln b mt nguyn liu

Nguyn tc hot ng:

Thit b co dng hnh hp ch nht (Dng ng hm Tunnel). Bn trong thit

b c 1 bng ti li v c ln lt a qua vng gi nhit gia nhit lm

ngui. Ti cc vng gia nhit v lm ngui, nm s c phun cc tia nc nhit

55 600C ln b mt nguyn liu t cc vi phun pha trn. Ti vng gi

nhit, tng t s c phun cc tia nc c nhit 90 950C ln b mt. Sau

khi tip xc vi b mt nguyn liu, nc s i qua bng ti, thot qua l li v

c thu gom li bn di ti dng li cho qu trnh

29

Nm vo tht b chn s c chn bng nc nng cc nhit khc nhau:

50 55oC, 90 95oC. Nc chn c gia nhit bng hi. tit kim nng

lng, lng nc sau khi chn s thu hi v tip tc c gia nhit, bm tun

hon tr li thit b chn

Cc thng s k thut:

Lng nc tiu hao: 1 m3/1 tn sn phm.

Nhit nc chn : 50 550C (3 Pht); 90 950C (3 pht)

Thi gian chn : 10 15 pht

3.2.4. Xay nhuyn [3]


Chun b. Qu trnh xay nhuyn s lm thay i cc cu trc, trng thi, kch

thc ca khi tht nm, to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh sau


- Vt l: Cc m lin kt s b ct t khin cho kch thc khi nm gim ng

k. Nhit khi nm s gia tng sau qu trnh xay, do c s ma st

- Bin i ha hc: C s tht thot v cht dinh dng trong nm

- Ha sinh: Trong thi gian tip xc gia nguyn liu v thit b, nguyn liu v

mi trng, vi sinh vt c th b nhim vo nguyn liu


Ta thc hin qu trnh theo m, vi thit b xay nhuyn Cutter

- My c cu to gm mt lng cho trn, c th xoay xung quanh trc thng

ng. Nguyn liu trong cho c xay bi con dao c cc cnh hnh li

lim c ghp ng tm vi nhau. Con dao quay ny cng gn y cho cng

tt, v quay vi tc cao. Tc quay chm c s dng phi trn, cn

li th tu thuc vo cu trc ca nguyn liu s c tc quay thch hp ct

chng.

30

Hnh 14: Thit b xay nhuyn Cutter

Thng s cng ngh:

Nhit khi nm ang v sau khi xay: 12oC

Kch thc nm sau khi xay: 0.2-0.5mm

Tc quay ca my: 1500 rpm.

Thi gian xay nhuyn : 10 pht.

3.2.5. Thy phn [3]


Ch bin. Qu trnh thy phn cc protein trong dch nm s lm tng tnh tan

ca ht nm thnh phm


- Vt l: Nhit dch nm tng ln trong qu trnh thy phn, do cnh khy ca

thit b

- Ha hc: Protein b thy phn thnh cc acid amin, mt phn cht bo cng b

thy phn thnh cc glycerol v cc acid bo t do

- Ha l: Mt s tht nm cn li trong dch nm c th b phn hy bi enzyme

v ha tan trong nc

- Vi sinh: C kh nng nhim vi sinh vt


- Qu trnh thy phn c thc hin nh xc tc ca emzyme protease . hn

ch v ng ca dch thy phn ta s dng kt hp enzyme protease trung tnh

v acid. Do khong pH hot ng ca enzyme trng vi pH ca nm rm sau

khi nghin nn ta khng cn chnh li pH ca nguyn liu. ng thi, hn hp

nguyn liu cn c khuy u trong qu trnh thy phn. Kt thc qu trnh

31

thy phn, ta gia nhit hn hp hn hp thy phn n nhit 900C trong 10ph

dit enzyme.

- Ta s dng thit b gia nhit dng v o thy phn.

Cu to thit b:

B phn nhp liu dch nm, nc

Thn thit b bng thp khng r c v o.

H thng ng dn hi nc i vo v i ra.

Cnh khuy.

Nguyn l hot ng:

Hi i pha ngoi v o truyn nhit gin tip cho nm bn trong.

H s truyn nhit c gia tng bi cnh khuy hot ng lin tc. Cnh khuy

cn gip o trn ng u nm trong qu trnh thy phn.

Hnh 15: Cu to thit b thy phn [3]

Thng s cng ngh:

Nhit thy phn: 550C

Thi gian: 1h

pH: 6.5 6.8

Lng enzyme: 2% khi lng c cht

Tc cnh khuy: 50 vng/pht

32

3.2.6. Phi trn [3]


- Chun b: Qu trnh phi tri s b sung y cc cht trong dch nm, m

bo cho cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo

- Hon thin: m bo hm lng cc cht, cng nh ng nht trong thnh

phm cui cng


- Vt l: nht tng, t trng dch nm tng

- Ha L: C s chuyn pha. 2 pha rn, lng s c ha tan vo nhau thnh

ng nht

- Sinh hc: Vi sinh vt c th b nhim vo trong qu trnh phi trn


- Mui v bt ngt, ng c ha tan vo nc trc khi ha tan vo thit b

- Cc nguyn liu khc c cho t t vo thit b, sau cng l du n

Ta s dng thit b dng thng quay

- Nguyn tc: hn hp nguyn liu c a vo my trn thng quay t nm

ngang. Khi ng c hot ng, thng quay s quay ng thi o trn hn hp

nguyn liu dng bt thnh bn thnh phm dng st

Hnh 16: Thit b phi trn dng thng quay [3]

33

Hnh 17: Thit b phi trn dng thng quay

- Thng s cng ngh:

Bng 16: Thnh phn nguyn liu tnh trn 1000g thnh phm phi trn:

Thnh phn Khi lng (g)

Mui 110

Bt ngt 30

ng Saccharose 90

Ht nm ti s dng 30

Tiu 5

Bt hnh 4

Bt ti 5

Tinh bt bp 110

Protein u nnh 106

Du n 20

Dch nm 420

Nc 70

- Thng s thit b:

Thi gian phi trn: 30 Pht

Vn tc quay: 30 vng/pht

Nhit phi trn: 250C

34

3.2.7. p n [3]


Ch bin: Qu trnh p n c thc hin p sut v nhit cao s lm ch

bin hn hp phi trn thnh sn phm, cng nh to hnh ht nm


- Vt l:

Nhit tng do ma st mnh gia cc trc, do trc v nguyn liu, do p

sut

p sut: p sut thay i nhanh trong h thng, do cc yu t nh tc

trc vt thay i, ng knh trc vt v ng knh bung p

Kch thc v hnh dng nguyn liu: Nguyn liu ban u, sau qu trnh

p ng s c dng ht nm

T trng: T trng khi ht thay i do c s mt nc

Khi lng: Gim, do c s thot hi nc trong qu trnh p n

- Ha hc:

Tinh bt: B hydrat ha, h ha, dch ha

Protein: B bin tnh bi nhit

- Sinh hc: Mt s vi sinh vt b c ch nhit cao


Thit b: Thit b p n trc i lm vic p sut cao.

Hnh 18: Thit b p n trc i

35

M t hot ng h thng p n:

Nguyn liu Sau khi trn s b c a vo b phn nhp liu ca my p n. Ri b phn nhp liu, nguyn liu c a vo b phn x l s b. T y, nguyn liu c phi trn vi cc cht to mu, to hng v, chnh pH

My p n nu c 3 Vng: vng nhp liu, vng nho v Vng nu. Trong vng nhp liu, nguyn liu c a vo bung p c t trng nh do c ln khng kh v cu trc dng ht. Nguyn liu c nn li, y khng kh ra. Nc c bm vo to cu trc v nht, ng thi tng h s truyn nhit. Lc ny vng chn trn trc vis to gc t tng kh nng vn chuyn nguyn liu.

n vng nho, p lc bt u tng ln. c tng. p lc ch va phi nn van hi hi c p sut 5-9 bar s i vo. Hi mang nhit nng v m i vo bung p. Khi nguyn liu bt u kt dnh. Chng nhanh chng t kt t ti a khi i qua vng nho. Gc gia vng chn trn trc vis vi trc c m rng hn tng kh nng trn v gim tc dng nguyn liu.

Vng nu l ni khi nguyn liu ng nht hon ton v to cu trc. Nhit , p sut t cao nht, tc trt cng cao nht trong vng ny. Gc vng chn m rng, c tng ln n c. Tinh bt c h ho v dch ho hon ton. Nhit , p sut v nht gp phn y khi nho ra ca khun nh hnh sn phm.

ng knh ca phn cui gim dn to hnh nn lm tng p lc v gim tc trt.

Khoang cha ca my p un kt thc bng khun, cha mt hoc nhiu

l nguyn liu i qua. Cc l ny s to hnh cho sn phm. Khi sn phm i

ra s c dao ct sn phm thnh tng ming vi kch thc mong mun. Tc

dao ct c iu chnh da vo di v hnh dng sn phm.

36

Hnh 19: Cu to trc vis i

Thng s cng ngh:

- Kch thc ht: 1.5x3mm

- p sut khun p: 40 Bar

- Vn tc vt ti: 25 vng/pht

- Nhit khi p: 134 - 1400C

- m nguyn liu ra: 9%

3.2.8. Sy [3]


- Hon thin: Qu trnh sy s tch bt nc ra khi sn phm v sn

phm c th n mt t gip tng gin xp do nhit sy c th ln

n 140 160oC trong khong thi gian 3 8 pht.

- Bo qun: Do qu trnh sy tin hnh nhit cao, hu ht cc loi vi

sinh vt u b tiu dit, cc loi enzyme b v hot. Mt khc, v mt

nc, lng m cn li trong sn phm thp, hm lng cht kh tng

lm cho phn ln cc loi vi sinh vt khng th pht trin c gip bo

qun lu hn.

37

3.2.8.2. Cc bin i ca nguyn liu

- Vt l:

Trong qu trnh sy s xut hin gradient nhit trong nguyn liu. S

khuych tn m xy ra, trong giai on sy ng tc, cc phn t nc ti

vng trung tm ca nguyn liu s dch chuyn ra vng bin.

Cc tnh cht vt l khc ca nguyn liu s thay i nh hnh dng, kch

thc, khi lng v t trng ca nguyn liu s gim, tuy nhin gin

ca sn phm s tng ln.

- Ha hc: Cc thnh phn ha hc chu bin i nhiu nht trong qu trnh

sy l cc cacbohydrat (tinh bt, ng,), cc cht protid. Cc thnh

phn ha hc khc cng b bin i, mt s cht to thnh c th tng cht

lng ca sn phm (pectin, cht thm, cht mu, ), nhng nhiu trng

hp lm gim hm lng ca nhng cht c ch, to thnh mt s cht gy

nh hng xu ti mi, v ca sn phm.

Tinh bt: di nh hng ca nhit b phn hy thnh nhng cht trung

gian nh dextrin, lm sn phm c v c trng. Dextrin tip tc b thy

phn thnh ng, ri cng nh ng c sn trong sn phm chng b

caramen ha to thnh mi thm, mu, v thch hp vi khu v ngi tiu

dng. Nhng sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hy dextrin d t hay

hiu cng u tham gia to nn lp v ca sn phm, tng gin v lm

cho sn phm c v ngt.

Protein: B bin i. Tuy nhin do thi gian sy ngn nn cc protein b

phn hy khng su sc v t to thnh cc sn phm cui cng nh

amoniac, sunfuahydro. Qu trnh sy cng to iu kin thun li cho phn

ng to thnh melanoidin t acid amin v ng n. y l mt trong

nhng nguyn nhn lm i mu sn phm.

38

- Ha l

Nc t lng thnh hi.

Cc hp cht d bay hi c trong nguyn liu cn sy cng s thot ra mi

trng bn ngoi, kt qu l mi ca sn phm sy s gim i so vi

nguyn liu ban u. Mt s hp cht khc trong nguyn liu cng c th

thay pha trong qu trnh sy, nh tinh bt b h ho tip tc, protein b

ng t bt thun nghch,

- Ha sinh v vi sinh

Trong qu trnh sy, h enzyme b v hot bt thun nghch, cc phn ng

ho sinh s dng li.

Cc vi sinh vt trong nguyn liu cng b c ch hoc tiu dit do tc dng

ca nhit v hot nc gim i.


Ta s dng thit b sy rung tng si

- Nguyn tc hot ng:

Thit b c dng hnh hp ch nht, nguyn liu sau khi ra khi my p n s

c bng ti chuyn n li bng ti ca thit b. Khi sy, khng kh nng

c thi vo khu vc nguyn liu ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca vt liu,

gia nhit u cho ton b nguyn liu cn sy.

39

Hnh 20: Thit b sy rung tng si [12]

1. Khng kh sch vo 2. Bm khng kh 3. Thit b trao i nhit 4. Thit b cyclone

5. Khng kh thot ra 6. Ca nhp liu 7. Ca thot liu

Thng s cng ngh:

Nhit sy:110 1200C

Thi gian sy: 3 8 pht

m ht nm sau khi sy: 4.5%

3.2.9. Sng ry [3][4]


Hon thin ch tiu cm quan sn phm. Ht nm sau khi sy s c nhng ht

khng tiu chun v kch thc, nh hng n cht lng cm quan ca

sn phm. sng ry s phn loi ra nhng ht tiu chun.


Nguyn liu khng c bin i no ng k


Ht nm sau khi c n nh qua qu trnh sy, trc khi vo dy chuyn

ng gi sn phm s i qua sng phn loi loi ra cc sn phm b v trong

40

qu trnh sy, vn chuyn v gip cho sn phm c kch c v hnh dng ng

u.

Thit b: S dng sng phng

Nguyn tc lm vic ca sng phn loi: Phn chia khi vt liu theo kch thc

nh mt b mt kim loi c c l hoc li. Vt liu chuyn ng trn mt sng v

c phn chia thnh hai loi:

Phn lt qua sng l nhng ht c kch thc nh hn kch thc l sng

Phn khng qua sng c c ln hn kch thc l sng, do s nm li trn

b mt ca sng. Ty theo yu cu vt liu ri cn phn loi, c th b tr cc

h thng sng gm nhiu lp. y ta s dng sng 1 lp

Qu trnh chuyn ng sng gip cho c qu trnh phn loi-lm sch xy ra tt

hn do to c hi cho ht tip xc vi l sng. Trong trng hp lm vic lin

tc, sng c t nghing mt gc t 2 - 7o, ht s c khuynh hng di chuyn

xung pha di. Qu trnh di chuyn nh vy gip cho ht c kch thc nh s

chui qua l sng. Phn ht khng qua sng s c hng pha u thp ca sng.

Ty theo b tr h thng truyn ng, chuyn ng ca sng c th khc nhau lm

cho chuyn ng ca ht trn sng cng khc nhau. Thng thng sng c thit

k sao cho ht c c chuyn ng xung v ln nhng vi khong i xung di hn

khong i ln.

41

Hnh 21: S cu to sn phng [4]

- Thng s k thut:

Kch thc ht: 1.5x3mm

Khc thc l sng: 1.51.5mm

3.2.10. Nghin [3] [4]


Chun b cho qu trnh phi trn. Qu trnh nghin lm cho ht nm khng t

cht lng cm quan s b nghin nt, lm tng din tch b mt tip xc, ng

u v kch thc v d phi trn.


- Vt l: quan trng nht trong qu trnh nghin l kch thc nguyn liu

s gim, din tch b mt ring tng ln. Vic tng din tch b mt ring

c th l tng hiu qu ca qu trnh truyn nhit v truyn khi. Trong

qu trnh nghin, di tc dng ca cc lc, nhit ca vt liu s tng

ln, ch yu do lc ma st.

- Ha hc: Khi nghin vt liu, cu trc ca vt liu b ph v, cc thnh

phn s c iu kin tip xc vi oxy, do c th cc phn ng oxy ha

s xy ra. Ngoi ra, cn c mt s phn ng ha hc khc din ra trong

42

qu trnh nghin do nhit sinh ra thc y cc phn ng ha hc d xy ra

hn.

- Ha l: din tch b mt ring tng v nhit tng nn tc bay hi

tng, tn tht cc cu t d bay hi.

- Sinh hc: khi nghin vt liu, di tc dng ca lc c hc, din tch b

mt ring tng, mt vi sinh vt c th tng ln. ng thi, cc thnh

phn dinh dng thch hp ca vi sinh vt bn trong nguyn liu c th

thot ra b mt, lm vi sinh vt pht trin mnh hn. S pht trin ca vi

sinh vt c th lm gim cht lng sn phm.


Ta s dng thit b nghin da dng Pin-disc. y l 1 dng ca thit b

nghin da. Cu to bao gm 1 da quay v 1 da c nh. Trn mi da c cc

rnh su v cc rnh ny n khp vi nhau. Hnh dng ca cc ng gn do

rnh to thnh c th khc nhau, trn, vung hoc dng li dao. Tc c th

t 10.000rpm. Thit b c th c thm lp v o gii nhit.

Hnh 22: Thit b nghin da dng Pin-disc [3]

43

Thng s cng ngh:

Kch thc vt liu vo: < 1.5mm

Knh thc vt liu ra: 70-130m

Vn tc li dao: 5000 7000rpm

3.2.11. ng gi [3]


- Bo qun: Bao b gip ngn cn nhit v nh sng trc tip tc ng

n sn phm, hn ch ht m v oxy ha du bo. Ngoi ra, vic s

dng kh tr trong bo qun cn c tc dng trnh va p c hc v hn

ch oxy trong bao b, c ch hot ng vi sinh vt.

- Hon thin: Bao b cha thng tin sn phm ti ngi tiu dng, qung

co sn phm. Bao b cn gip cha ng v vn chuyn sn phm d

dng.


Qu trnh ny khng trc tip lm bin i sn phm. Nhng mi trng bao gi

nu khng c kim sot tt th oxy, hi nc, vi sinh vtc th xm nhp vo

sn phm cng nh s tht thot mi v ca sn phm ra mi trng.


Nguyn tc hot ng:

Thit b ng gi ny gm mt cun vt liu lm bao b c tri xung quanh

mt ng kim loi h hai u.Hai mp thng ng ca cun vt liu c xp

chng ln nhau v c hn kn li bng nhit to thnh mt ng trn bao quanh

ng kim loi , mp di ca ng trc hn kn bng nhit to thnh mt ng trn

bao quanh ng kim loi , mp di ca ng c hn kn bng nhit v ngay lp

tc sn phm c y vo bn trong.Mt ci kp s ko ti ng sn phm

ny i xung gip lp phim mi bao vo ng kim loi chun b cho mt chu k

mi.

44

Hnh 23: M t quy trnh ng gi bao b

Thng s cng ngh: Khi lng gi sn phm: 220g

3.2. Ch tiu cht lng nguyn liu

Hnh 24: Ht nm t nm rm

3.2.1. Ch tiu cm quan

Kch thc: 1.5x3mm

Mu sc: Mu vng nht ng nht

Mi v: C mi thm c trng ca nm

3.2.2. Ch tiu ha hc

m: < 4.5%

Hm lng protein: 18%

Hm lng Lipid: 2%

Hm lng carbonhydat: 20%

Nng lng (Kcal/100g sn phm): 170

45

Chng 4 - CN BNG VT CHT

4.1. Nng sut thit k tnh theo nguyn liu

Nng sut nh my: 1200 tn nguyn liu/nm. 1 nm lm vic 300 ngy, tng ng 1 ngy sn xut 4 tn nm rm nguyn liu/ngy. 1 ngy l vic 2 ca, tng l 8 m/ngy.

Nng sut mi m: 4/8= 0.5tn/m.

4.2. Tn tht qua tng cng on

Bng 17: c lng tn tht qua tng cng on (Tnh theo % khi lng)

Tn tht trong cc qu trnh

Gi tr

X l Mt 10% khi lng nguyn liu

Ra Mt 1% khi lng nguyn liu

Chn Mt 1% khi lng nguyn liu

Nghin Mt 1% khi lng nm

Thy phn Mt 0.1% khi lng dch nm

Phi trn Mt 0.5% khi lng dch phi trn

p n Mt 1% khi lng ht nm

Sy Mt 1% khi lng ht nm

Sng ry Mt 2% khi lng ht nm

Nghin mn Mt 1% khi lng ht nm

ng gi Mt 1% khi lng ht nm

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh x l:

100*(1-10%)=90kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh ra:

90*(1-1%)=89.1kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh chn:

89.1*(1-1%)=88.2kg

46

Khi lng nm sau qu trnh nghin:

88.2*(1-1%)=87.318kg

Khi lng nm sau qu trnh thy phn: Khi lng nm sau qu trnh nghin: 87.318kg Khi lng enzyme protease cn dung chim 2% lng c cht Do , khi lng enzyme cn dung l:

87.318*2% = 1.746kg

Khi lng nm rm trc qu trnh thy phn l: 87.318 + 1. 746 = 89.064kg

Khi lng nm sau qu trnh thy phn l: 89.064*(1-0.1%)=88.975kg

Khi lng hn h sau qu trnh phi trn:

Bng 18: Thnh phn phi trn tnh cho 1000g hn hp phi trn

Thnh phn Khi lng (g)

Mui 110

Bt ngt 30

ng Saccharose 90

Ht nm ti s dng 30

Tiu 5

Bt hnh 4

Bt ti 5

Tinh bt bp 110

Protein u nnh 106

Du n 20

Dch nm 420

Nc 70

Dch nm chim 42% hn hp phi trn, do khi lng hn hp sau phi trn l:

88.975/42% = 211.845kg

Qu trnh phi trn tn tht 0.5% khi lng, do khi lng sau cng l: 211.845*(1-0.5%) = 210.786kg

47

Khi lng nm rm sau qu trnh p n

Bng 19: Khi lng trc khi p n c phi trn (Tnh trn 1000g khi lng sn phm sau phi trn)

Thnh phn Khi

lng (g) Hm m

(%)

Khi lng cht kh (g)

Mui 110 8 101.2

Bt ngt 50 0.14 29.958

ng Saccharose 90 0.2 89.82

Ht nm bt ti s dng 30 4.5 28.65

Tiu 5 13 4.35

Bt hnh 4 5 3.8

Bt ti 5 5 4.75

Tinh bt bp 100 13.3 95.37

Protein u nnh 96 6 99.64

Du n 20 0 20

Dch nm 420 90.6 39.48

Nc 70 100 0

Tng 523.186

Do , hm m ca hn hp trc p n l: 100 52.32 = 47.68%

Khi lng cht kh qu hn hp l: 210.786*47.68% = 100.503kg

Chn hm m sau qu trnh p n l 9% Khi lng hn hp sau qu trnh p n:

100.503/(1-9%) =110.443kg

Tnh c tn tht, khi lng nt nm to thnh sau qu trnh: 110.443*(1-1%)=109.338kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh sy: Hm m ht nm trc qu trnh sy: 9% Hm m ht nm sau qu trnh sy: 4.5% Khi lng cht kh ca ht nm trc khi sy:

100.503*(1-1%) = 99.498kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh sy: 99.498/(1-4.5%)=104.186kg

48

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh ry: Khi lng ht nm khng t cht lng sau qu trnh ry:

104.186*2% = 2.0845kg

Khi lng ht nm thu ti s dng nghin mn:

2.0845*(1-2%) = 2.042kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh ry: 104.186-2.042 = 102.144kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh nghin mn: 2.042*(1-1%) = 2.022kg

Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh ng gi: Khi lng ht nm sau qu trnh ng gi:

102.144*(1-1%)= 101.122 kg

4.3. Tnh cn bng vt cht theo nguyn liu

Bng 20: Tm tt khi lng vt cht qua tng qu trnh tnh cho 100kg nguyn liu

Tn qu trnh Trc qu trnh (kg) Sau qu trnh (kg)

S ch 100 90

Ra 90 89.1

Chn 89.1 88.2

Nghin 88.2 87.318

Thy phn 87.318 88.975

Phi trn 88.975 210.79

p n 210.79 109.34

Sy 109.34 104.19

Sng ry 104.19 102.14

ng gi 102.14 101.12

Nghin mn 2.042 2.022

49

Bng 21: Khi lng vt cht qua tng qu trnh


S ch 500 450

Ra 450 445.5

Chn 445.5 441

Nghin 441 436.59

Thy phn 436.59 444.875

Phi trn 444.875 1053.93

p n 1053.93 546.69

Sy 546.69 520.93

Sng ry 520.93 510.72

ng gi 510.72 505.61

Nghin mn 10.21 10.11

Bng 22: Khi lng nguyn liu cho ton b quy trnh

Qu trnh Thnh phn Khi lng (kg)

Ra Nc mui sinh l 3000

Nc sch 500

Chn Nc 1500

Thy phn Enzyme Protease 8.73

Phi trn

Mui 116.51488

Bt ngt 31.776786

ng Saccharose 95.330357

Ht nm bt ti s dng 31.776786

Tiu 5.296131

Bt hnh 4.2369048

Bt ti 5.296131

Tinh bt bp 116.51488

Protein u nnh 112.27798

Du n 21.184524

Dch nm 444.875

Nc 74.145833

50

Chng 5 - TNH TON CHN THIT B

Lch lm vic ca nh my: 4 tn nguyn liu/ngy, 8 m/ngy.

Bng 23: Tm tt khi lng vt cht qua tng qu trnh tnh cho 1 m


S ch 500 450

Ra 450 445.5

Chn 445.5 441

Xay 441 436.59

Thy phn 436.59 444.875

Phi trn 444.875 1053.93

p n 1053.93 546.69

Sy 546.69 520.93

Sng ry 520.93 510.72

ng gi 510.72 505.61

Nghin mn 10.21 10.11

5.1. Chn thit b chnh [12] 5.1.1. Thit b ngm ra

Khi lng nm cn ngm cho 1 m: 450 kg

Thi gian ra: 30 pht

Nng sut: 900kg/h

Chn thit b ngm vegetable fruit washing machine , model HD-650 ca

ZhangQiu HongDun Trading Co., Ltd, China, nng sut 650 1000kg/h, kch

thc 30509501200 mm, cng sut 3 KW.

51

Hnh 25: Thit b ngm ra nm

5.1.2. Thit b chn

Khi lng nguyn liu cn chn trong 1 m: 445.5kg

Thi gian chn: 10 20 pht

Chn thit b chn vegetable blanching machine, model LPT ca Zhejiang

China (Mainland), China, nng sut 500-1500kg/h, kch thc

438014802180mm, cng sut 1.5 KW.

Hnh 26: Thit b chn

52

5.1.3. Thit b xay

Khi lng nm cn xay 1 m: 441kg/m

Chn thi gian xay l 30 pht

Nng sut: 882kh/h

Chn 2 thit b xay model QS650 ca Guangdong China (Mainland), China,

nng sut 500kg/h, kch thc 120012001138mm, cng sut 2.8KW.

Hnh 27: Thit b xay nm

5.1.4. Thit b thy phn

Khi lng nm cn thy phn trong 1 m: 436.59kg/m

Thi gian thy phn l 1h10ph

Chn 2 thit b FVP SERIES STANDING AGITATING COOLING AND HEATING TANK, model FVP-1 ca Shanghai Ruipai Machinery Co., Ltd., China, Th tch 1000L, ng knh 1150 mm, chiu cao 2530 mm, cng sut 1.1 KW.

53

Hnh 28: Thit b thy phn

5.1.5. Thit b trn

Khi lng hn hp cn phi trn trong 1 m: 1053.93kg

Chn thi gian phi trn l 30 pht

Chn 2 thit b trn Dry Powder Food Mixer Machine, model JHX1000 ca

Henan China (Mainland), China, th tch 1000 L, tc quay 22 55 vng/pht

kch thc 320013002070mm, cng sut 7.5 KW.

Hnh 29: Thit b trn

54

Hnh 30: Cu to cnh khuy trong thit b trn

5.1.6. Thit b p n

Khi lng hn hp p n trong 1 m: 1053.93kg

Chn thi gian p n l 40 pht/m

Chn 2 thit b p n Twin screw extruder, model ALE50 ca Henan China

(Mainland), China, nng sut 300-600kg/h, kch thc 38000x1000x2000mm,

cng sut 80kw.

55

Hnh 31: Thit b p n

5.1.7. Thit b sy tng si

Khi lng ht nm cn sy trong 1 m: 520.93kg/m

Thi gian sy 1 m: 40pht

Chn 1 thit b sy rung tng si Fluid Bed Drying Equipment, model ZLG0.303 ca Changgan,Taiwan, nng sut 2035 kg/h, kch thc 30001350900 mm, s dng 2 ng c ZDS10-6, cng sut 0.75x2 KW.

Hnh 32: Thit b sy tng si

56

5.1.8. Thit b sng lc

Khi lng ht nm cn sng trong 1 m: 510.72kg/m

Thi gian sng 1 m: 40pht

Chn 1 thit b sng rung Rectangular Vibrating Sizer for Food Processing, model

DZSF525ca Changgan,Taiwan, nng sut 30-5000 kg/h, kch thc

20005001200 mm, bin 4-7mm, tn s 960 1450/pht, gc nghing 0

100, s dng 2 ng c cng sut 0.42 KW.

Hnh 33: Dng nguyn liu i trong thit b sng

Hnh 34: Thit b sng rung

57

5.1.9. Thit b nghin

Khi lng ht nm cn nghin trong 1 m: 10.21kg/m

Chn 1 thit b nghin 5HP Stainless Steel Air Classification Powder Grinder

Machine, model RT-MO50S ca Rong Tsong Precision Technology Company,

Taiwan, kch thc 12001200x1200 mm, cng sut 3.7KW.

Hnh 35: Thit b nghin da

5.1.10. Thit b ng gi

Khi lng ht nm cn ng gi trong 1 m: 510.72kg/m

Chn 1 thit b ng gi MSG Packaging machine, model JN3B+JW520 ca

Shanghai China (Mainland), China, nng sut 25 70 gi/pht, kch thc

143012002600 mm, cng sut 4.4KW.

58

Hnh 36: Thit b ng gi

5.2. Thit b ph 5.2.1. Bng ti chuyn [12]

Khi lng ht nm cn cho 1 m x l: 500 kg

Ta chn 2 bng ti wire mesh conveyor food and metal processing, model ZT-

LE-T ca Jiangsu China (Mainland), China, kch thc 60001000800 mm,

cng sut 1.5KW.

5.2.2. Thit b cha B cha nc mui sinh l

1 m ta cn dng 2000L nc mui, ngy 8 m, nh vy 1 ngy cn:

82000 = 16000L

Cho h s cha y ca Silo l 80%, do th tch b cha nc mui l:

16000/80% = 20000L

Chn b cha c th tch: 52.55m

59

B cha nc sch

Bng 24: Lng nc cn dng trong 1 m v trong 8 m (L)

Quy trnh Th tch nc (L)

1 m 8 m

Ra 1500 12000

Chn 500 4000

- Quy trnh ra + Chn:

Th tch b cha m ta cn: 12000+4000 = 16000L

Cho h s cha y l 80%, do ta chn b c th tch:

16000/80% = 20000L

Chn b cha c th tch: 5x2.5x5m

- Silo cha nc gia nhit s b trong quy trnh chn:

Th tch thit b chn: Ta chn 2000L, cho h s cha y l 80%, khi

th tch silo l:

2000/80% = 2500L

- Th tch Silo cha nc phi trn, chn h s cha y l 80%:

592/80% = 740L, chn thit b c th tch 1000L

- Silo cha ht nm sau khi sy:

Khi lng ht nm sau khi sy l 520.93kg, cho khi lng ring ca

ht nm l 0.8kg/L. Chn h s cha y l 0.8, do th tch Silo cha:

520.93/0.8/0.8 = 813.953L, ta chn Silo c th tch 1000L

5.2.3. Ni hi [13] Lng hi cn dng cho 1 m sn xut: 134kg

Ta s dng hi gia nhit nc trong qu trnh chn, qu trnh thy phn. Do ,

nng sut ni hi: 134/1= 134 kg/h

Chn ni hi m hiu LD0.5/8K ca cng ty c phn c nhit Vit Nam, nng

sut 200kg/h, p sut lm vic 8kg/cm2, nhit hi bo ha 175oC, kch thc

2000x800x1500mm

60

Hnh 37: Ni Hi

5.3. B tr lch lm vic ca cc thit b

Bng 25: Thi gian lm vic cho tng cng on trong mi m

Qu trnh Thi gian

S ch 60 Pht

Ra 30 Pht

Chn 15 Pht

Xay 30 Pht

Thy phn 1h10 Pht

Phi trn 30 Pht

p n 40 Pht

Sy 40 Pht

Sng ry 40 Pht

ng gi 20 Pht

Nghin mn 10 pht

61

Bng 26: Lch lm vic ca cc m sn xut

I II III IV V VI VII VIII

S ch 6h 7h 7h10 8h10 8h20 9h20 9h30 10h30 10h40 11h40 12h50 13h50 14h 15h00 14h10 15h10

Ra 7h 7h30 8h10 8h40 9h20 9h50 10h30 11h00 11h40 12h10 13h50 14h20 15h 15h30 15h10 15h40

Chn 7h30 7h45 8h40 8h55 9h50 10h05 11h 11h15 12h10 12h25 14h20 14h35 15h30 15h45 15h40 15h55

Xay 7h45 8h15 8h55 9h25 10h05 10h35 11h15 11h45 12h25 12h55 14h35 15h05 15h45 16h15 15h55 16h25

Thy phn 8h15 9h25 9h25 10h35 10h35 11h45 11h45 12h55 12h55 14h05 15h05 16h15 16h15 17h25 16h25 17h35

Phi trn 9h25 9h55 10h35 11h05 11h45 12h15 12h55 13h25 14h05 14h35 16h15 16h45 17h25 17h55 17h35 18h05

p n 9h55 10h35 11h05 11h45 12h15 12h55 13h25 14h05 14h35 15h15 16h45 17h25 17h55 18h35 18h05 18h45

Sy 10h 10h40 11h10 11h50 12h20 13h 13h30 14h10 14h40 15h20 16h50 17h30 18h 18h40 18h10 18h50

Sng ry 10h05 10h45 11h15 11h55 12h25 13h05 13h35 14h15 14h45 15h25 16h55 17h35 18h05 18h45 18h15 18h55

ng gi 10h30 10h50 11h40 12h 12h50 13h10 14h00 14h20 15h10 15h30 17h20 17h40 18h30 18h50 18h40 19h

ng thng 10h50 11h50 12h 13h 13h10 14h10 14h20 15h20 15h30 16h30 17h40 18h40 18h50 19h50 19h 20h

Nghin mn 10h50 10h55 12h 12h05 13h10 13h15 14h20 14h25 15h30 15h35 17h40 17h45 18h50 18h55 19h 19h05

Cng on

M

62

Chng 6 - TNH NNG LNG

6.1. Cp hi [5][14] Tnh hi cho 500 kg nguyn liu

Qu trnh gia nhit s b

Lng nhit cung cp gia nhit nc t 25oC ln 90oC:

Q=4.18*500*(t2-t1)/0.95=500*4.18*(90-25)=156750kJ

Lng hi cn thit gia nhit nc t 25oC ln 90oC:

Gh=Q/ =156750/2038=76.9kg

(S dng hi 175oC, p sut 8kg/cm2, c nhit ha hi =2038kJ/kg)

- Cho th tch nc hon lu li l 1000m3 - Khi lng nm khi chn: mnr = 445.5kg - Nhit dung ring ca nm ti: cnr = 1.84KJ/Kg [14] - Nhit ca nm rm: t1 = 25

0C

Do , ta c phng trnh:

Qnr = mnr* cnr *(t2-t1) Qn = mn* cn *(90-tns)

Do Qnr = Qn, nn ta c:

mnr* cnr *(t2-t1)= mn* cn *(90-tns)

455.5*1.84*(90-25) = 1000*4.18*(90- tns)

Tn = 75oC

Lng hi cn thit gia nhit nc t 75oC ln 90oC:

Gh=Q/ =66167/2038=32.47kg

Qu trnh gia nhit nc Cho tn tht trong qu trnh truyn ti v khi cha trong Silon l 80C Tng lng nc cn gia nhit thit b gia nhit sau cng l:

mn = 1000 + 500 = 1500kg Nhit lng tn tht ca nc l:

Qn = mn* cn *(90-82)/0.95 = 1500*4.18*8/0.95 = 52800KJ Do lng hi cn thit a nc t 820C ln 900C

Gh=Q/ =52800/2038=25.91kg

Qu trnh thy phn

63

Lng nhit cung cp gia nhit nm trong qu trnh thy phn t 20oC ln 55

oC

Qnr =mnr*cnr*(t2-t1)/0.95=436.59*1.84*(55-20)/0.95=29596kJ

Lng hi cn thit gia nhit nc cn cho qu qu trnh thy phn t 20oC ln 55

oC:

Gh=Q/ =29596/2038=14.52kg

Lng nhit cung cp gia nhit nm trong qu qu trnh thy phn t 550C ln 95

oC:

Q=Gsn*csn*(t2-t1)/0.95=436.59*1.84*(95-55)/0.95=33824kJ

Lng hi cn thit gia nhit nm trong qu qu trnh thy phn t 550C ln 95

oC

Gh=Q/ =33824/2038=16.596kg

Bng 27: Tm tt cho 500 kg nguyn liu

Cng on Lng hi s dng (kg)

Gia nhit 1 76.9

2 25.91

Thy phn 1 14.52

2 16.596

Tng 133.926

Chn ni hi m hiu LD0.5/8K ca CNG TY C PHN C NHIT VIT NAM, nng sut 200kg/h, p sut lm vic 8kg/cm2, nhit hi bo ha 175

oC.

6.2. Tnh in

Bng 28: Cng sut in ca cc thit b chnh trong nh my

Quy trnh Thit b Cng sut (kW) S lng Tng cng sut (kW)

Ra sch Ra 3 1 3 Chn Chn 1.5 1 1.5 Xay Xay nhuyn 2.8 2 2.8

Thy phn Thy phn 1.1 2 1.1

64

Quy trnh Thit b Cng sut (kW) S lng Tng cng sut (kW)

Phi trn My trn 7.5 2 7.5 p n p n 80 2 160

Sy Sy 1.5 1 1.5 Sng ry Sng ry 0.8 1 0.8 ng gi ng gi 4.4 1 4.4 Nghin Nghin 3.7 1 3.7

Tng cng sut thit b 197.7

Chn tng cng sut khc bng 10% tng cng sut thit b, tng cng sut tiu th ca phn xng l:

P = 110%*197.7 = 217.47 kW

i vi cc thit b chn cos'=0.55 tan'=1.82

Dung lng cn b cos=0.95 tan=0.33

Qb=P*(tan'-tan)=217.47(1.82-0.33)= 324.03kW

Cng sut biu kin ca nh my:

S=P/cos=324.03/0.95=341.1W

Chn bin p Lioa 3 pha c cng sut ti a 400kW.

65

Chng 7 - TNH DIN TCH PHN XNG

7.1. Kho cha nguyn liu

7.1.1. Kho cha nm nguyn liu

Khi lng nm rm sn xut trong 1 ngy: 4 tn

t nm rm trong cc thng nha c c l vi kch thc 350*500*200mm,

vi khi lng 1 thng trung bnh l 10kg, nh vy tng lng thng ta cn l:

4000/10 = 400 thng

Sau khi nhp v, nguyn liu c t vo kho lnh.

Cho chiu cao ta t nguyn liu l 1.5m, giao thng chim 30% din tch phng,

ta c din tch cha nguyn liu l:

400*(0.35*0.5*0.2)/2.5*1.3 =8.28m2

Cho khch thc phng lnh nh sau: 4*4*6m

7.1.2. Kho cha nguyn liu khc

Bng 29: Nguyn liu sn xut trong 10 ngy (kg)

Thnh phn Khi lng (kg) Khi lng (Kg)

1 ngy 10 ngy

Mui 677.904 6779.04

Bt ngt 308.136 3081.36

ng Saccharose 554.64 5546.4

Tiu 42.368 423.68

Bt hnh 33.896 338.96

Bt ti 42.368 423.68

Tinh bt bp 616.28 6162.8

Protein u nnh 599.624 5996.24

Du n 169.48 1694.8

Chn phng cha kh thong, c kch thc 8*4*6m

66

7.1.3. Kho cha sn phm

- Khi lng ht nm sn xut c trong 1 m: 505.61 kg - Khi lng nm trong 1 hp: 220g - S lng bao b cn thit cho 1 ngy sn xut:

505.61/0.22*8=18385 gi/ngy

- Bao ht nm l nhng bao PE c kch thc 90*175 mm - Ta ng 24 gi vo 1 thng carton c kch thc 420x300x185mm - Th tch 1 thng l: 0.01369m3, s thng carton cn thit l: 18358/24 =766

thng

- Chn thi gian bo qun sn phm l 15 ngy, din tch kho cha sn phm l 7.2354*14=95.5m

2, kch thc 24*4*6m.

7.1.4. Kho cha bao b

Thung c xep dang gon nhe (Cha m thung) nen ta co kch thc cua

thung luc cha xep la: 720*485*20mm

Dien tch cua phan cha thung la: 776*0.007/2.5*1.3=3.3m2

Chon thi gian lu la 10 ngay, dien tch kho cha la: 2.3*10=23 m2

, kch

thc phong ta chon la 4*6*6 m.

7.2. Din tch phn xng

Bng 30: Kch thc v s lng thit b ca phn xng

Ten thiet b Kch thc (mm) So lng Dien tch (m2)

Bang tai 6000*1000*800 2 6

Ngam ra 3050*950*1200 1 2.9

Chan 4380*1480*1280 1 6.5

Xay 1200*1400*1138 2 2.9

Thuy phan 1150*1150*2530 2 2.1

Phoi tron 3200*1300*2070 2 8.3

Ep un 38000*1000*2000 2 7.6

Say tang soi 3000*1350*1500 1 4.1

Sang rung 3000*500*1200 1 1

ong goi 1430*1200*2600 1 1.7

Nghien 1200*1200*1200 1 1.4

Tong 44.5

67

Do khong cch gia cc thit b vi nhau v khong cch gia thit b v tng l 1 2 m nn din tch c tnh khong 100m2

S lng cng nhn trong phn xng l 40 ngi. Ta c tnh din tch dnh cho 1 ngi l 3m2

Do , tng din tch dnh cho cng nhn: 40 * 3 = 120 m2

Din tch li i trong thng chim 30% tng din tch phn xng. Do , din tch cho li i trong phn xng:

0,3*(44.5+100+120)=79,35 m2

Tng din tch phn xng theo tnh ton: 44.5+200+120+109.32= 343.85 m

2

Ta chn din tch cho nh xng l : 504 m2, vi kch thc phn xng l 48*42 m. Chn chiu cao ca phn xng l: 6m, bc ct l 6m

68

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] L Vn Hong, Cc Qu Trnh V Thit B Cng Ngh Sinh Hc Trong Cng

Nghip, NXB Khoa Hc K Thut, 2008

[2] L M Hng, Cng Ngh ch bin thc phm ng hp, Khoa Nng nghip v sinh hc ng dng, H Cn Th

[3] L Vn Vit Mn v cng s, Cng ngh ch bin thc phm, NXB i hc Quc

Gia TPHCM, 2011.

[4] Vn Minh Nht, My ch bin thc phm, NXB i hc K Thut, 2008.

[5] Trn Xoa, Trn Trng Khun, H L Vin, S tay qu trnh thit b cng ngh ha

cht tp 1, Nh xut bn: Khoa hc v k thut, 2006

[6] Khoa CN ho hc v thc phm, i hoc S Phm K Thut TP.HCM, Nghin cu quy trnh sn xut ht nm t nm rm, 2009

[7] Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of South

Bohemia, 370 05 esk Budjovice, Czech Republic, Chemical composition and

nutritional value of European species of wild growing mushrooms

[8] Renato G. Reyes1, Evaristo A. Abella , Fumio Eguchi , Tomoaki Iijima , Miyato

Higaki and Tricita H. Quimio3, Mushroom Growers Handbook 1

[9] Ferchak, J.D., and J. Croucher. 1993. Prospects and Problems in Commercialization

of Small Scale Mushroom Production in South and Southeast Asia. In: Chang, S.T., J.

A. Buswell, and S. Chiu. (eds). Mushroom Biology and Mushroom Products. Hong

Kong: Chinese University

[10] O.P. Ahlawat, R.P. Tewari, Cultivation Technology of Paddy Straw Mushroom , National Research Centre for Mushroom, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Chambaghat, Solan-173 213 (HP)

[11] http://vi.mushclubvn.com

[12] http://www.alibaba.com

[13] www.noihoivietnam.com.vn

[14] www.engineeringtoolbox.com

[15] www.unilever.com.vn

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[16] vi.wikipedia.com

[17] http://viipip.com

[18] thegioinam.vn

[19] www.ajinomoto.com

[20] www.nestle.com.vn

cnsx hat nem.pdf

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