Cognitive Learning Cognitive Learning

Objective: Describe how Objective: Describe how conditioning has a cognitive conditioning has a cognitive component through notes and component through notes and discussion. discussion.

From a Behaviorist From a Behaviorist Point of View… Point of View… Remember… Behaviorists study Remember… Behaviorists study

learning without reference to learning without reference to cognitive process. Psychologists cognitive process. Psychologists today acknowledge that classical today acknowledge that classical and operant conditionings have a and operant conditionings have a cognitive element.cognitive element.

Robert Rescorla’s Robert Rescorla’s Contingency Model of Contingency Model of Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Rescorla believed that thoughts Rescorla believed that thoughts

and expectations (cognition) and expectations (cognition) affects our ability to learn. So he affects our ability to learn. So he designed an experiment similar to designed an experiment similar to Pavlov’s that shows that there is Pavlov’s that shows that there is an aspect of cognition when an aspect of cognition when conditioning takes place. conditioning takes place.

Robert Rescorla’s Robert Rescorla’s Contingency Model of Contingency Model of Classical ConditioningClassical Conditioning Dog 1 (Rocco) – 10 presentations of bell and Dog 1 (Rocco) – 10 presentations of bell and

food paired food paired Dog 2 (Sparky) – 10 pairings of bell and food Dog 2 (Sparky) – 10 pairings of bell and food

but presentations are intertwined with 5 but presentations are intertwined with 5 presentations of bell and no food and 5 presentations of bell and no food and 5 presentations with food and no bell. presentations with food and no bell.

Which dog learns best to salivate at the bell?Which dog learns best to salivate at the bell?– ROCCO!! Why? ROCCO!! Why? – When two significant events occur close together in When two significant events occur close together in

time, the animal learns the predictability of the time, the animal learns the predictability of the second event.second event.

– Rocco and Sparky’s thoughts and expectations Rocco and Sparky’s thoughts and expectations influence their learninginfluence their learning

Observational LearningObservational Learning - - BanduraBandura

Observational LearningObservational Learning – Albert – Albert Bandura aka social learning Bandura aka social learning theorytheory– ModelingModeling – the process of observing – the process of observing

and imitating a specific behavior. and imitating a specific behavior. – Cognitive component: observation Cognitive component: observation

must include a mental understanding must include a mental understanding of what is being observed. of what is being observed.

– Ex. Young girls “parents” baby dolls Ex. Young girls “parents” baby dolls as she sees her parents treat heras she sees her parents treat her

– Ex. Children learn violent behavior Ex. Children learn violent behavior from television or video games. from television or video games.

Bandura’s Bobo Doll Bandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment Experiment Bandura’s Bobo Doll ExperimentBandura’s Bobo Doll Experiment

– Child and Adult in same room, child is Child and Adult in same room, child is playing and watches an adult hit and kick playing and watches an adult hit and kick an inflatable bobo doll for ten minutes. an inflatable bobo doll for ten minutes. Child is then moved to another room Child is then moved to another room where there are many toys. Child is told where there are many toys. Child is told he/she cannot play with those toys and he/she cannot play with those toys and that they are for the other children. Child that they are for the other children. Child is taken to another room where there are is taken to another room where there are a few toys, including a bobo doll. Children a few toys, including a bobo doll. Children that saw violent play were more likely to that saw violent play were more likely to hit and kick the bobo doll.hit and kick the bobo doll.

Footage/Explanation of Footage/Explanation of Social Learning TheorySocial Learning Theory Albert Bandura, Social Learning a

nd his Bobo Doll experiment Baby dances to Single Ladies-Bey

once(funny) – YouTube Children See, Children Do

Mirror NeuronsMirror Neurons

Found in the Frontal Lobe AreaFound in the Frontal Lobe Area Provide a neural basis for Provide a neural basis for

observational learningobservational learning These neurons fire when a monkey These neurons fire when a monkey

performs a task… they also fire performs a task… they also fire when the monkey observes when the monkey observes another monkey perform the task.another monkey perform the task.

Humans have mirror neurons too!Humans have mirror neurons too!

Mirror neuron VideosMirror neuron Videos

VS Ramachandran: The neurons that shaped civilization

mirror neurons – YouTube (1:10)mirror neurons – YouTube (1:10)

Latent Learning – Latent Learning – Edward TolmanEdward Tolman

Latent learningLatent learning – (hidden – (hidden learning) learning that is obvious learning) learning that is obvious only once reinforcement is given only once reinforcement is given for demonstrating it. for demonstrating it.

Latent Learning – Latent Learning – Tolman Tolman Tolman’s Latent Learning Tolman’s Latent Learning

Experiment with Rats in MazesExperiment with Rats in Mazes– Three groups of ratsThree groups of rats

Group 1 – rewarded each time they completed Group 1 – rewarded each time they completed the mazethe maze

– Performance improved steadily throughout trialsPerformance improved steadily throughout trials Group 2 – never received a reward for Group 2 – never received a reward for

completing the mazecompleting the maze– Performance improved only slightly throughout Performance improved only slightly throughout

the trialsthe trials Group 3 – not rewarded first half of trials and Group 3 – not rewarded first half of trials and

then rewarded during second half of trialsthen rewarded during second half of trials– Performance first half – similar to group 2Performance first half – similar to group 2– Performance second half – performance improved Performance second half – performance improved

dramatically and suddenly once rewardeddramatically and suddenly once rewarded

Cognition and Tolman Cognition and Tolman

During the first trials for Group 3, During the first trials for Group 3, learning had occurred, it simply was learning had occurred, it simply was not evident until the reward was given. not evident until the reward was given.

How is cognition involved? How is cognition involved? – Rats seem to develop a Rats seem to develop a cognitive mapcognitive map, ,

mental representation of one’s mental representation of one’s environment, of the maze.environment, of the maze.

– Latent Learning and Cognitive Map - Latent Learning and Cognitive Map - YouTubeYouTube

Insight Learning - Insight Learning - KohlerKohler Insight Learning – learning to solve a Insight Learning – learning to solve a

problem by understanding various parts problem by understanding various parts of the problemof the problem

Wolfgang Kohler studied insight learning Wolfgang Kohler studied insight learning in chimpanzeesin chimpanzees– Kohler placed chimpanzees in certain Kohler placed chimpanzees in certain

situations and watched them solve the situations and watched them solve the problemsproblems

Ex. Hanging a banana out of the chimpanzee’s Ex. Hanging a banana out of the chimpanzee’s reachreach

– Solution: Monkeys stacked boxes on top of one Solution: Monkeys stacked boxes on top of one another to get to the bananaanother to get to the banana

– Kohler believed that the monkeys could not have Kohler believed that the monkeys could not have come to the solution without a cognitive come to the solution without a cognitive

understanding of how to solve the problem.understanding of how to solve the problem.

Insight LearningInsight Learning

Insight Learning Insight Learning VideosVideos Chimpanzee Problem Solving – Chimpanzee Problem Solving –

YouTubeYouTube Pigeons figure out how to get Pigeons figure out how to get

bananabanana

(REVIEW) People to (REVIEW) People to Know …. Know …. PavlovPavlov WatsonWatson Garcia Garcia ThorndikeThorndike SkinnerSkinner RescorlaRescorla BanduraBandura Tolman Tolman Kohler Kohler

People to Know …. People to Know ….

Pavlov – Pavlov’s Dog, Classical ConditioningPavlov – Pavlov’s Dog, Classical Conditioning Watson – Little Albert, Cl. Cond. Watson – Little Albert, Cl. Cond. Garcia – Taste Aversions, Cl. Cond. Garcia – Taste Aversions, Cl. Cond. Thorndike – Law of Effect, Operant Thorndike – Law of Effect, Operant

ConditioningConditioning Skinner – Skinner Box, Operant ConditioningSkinner – Skinner Box, Operant Conditioning Rescorla – Contingency Model of Classical Rescorla – Contingency Model of Classical

Cond. Cond. Bandura – Bobo Dolls, Observational LearningBandura – Bobo Dolls, Observational Learning Tolman – Latent LearningTolman – Latent Learning Kohler – Insight learning Kohler – Insight learning

(REVIEW) Types of (REVIEW) Types of Learning … Learning … Classical, Operant ConditioningClassical, Operant Conditioning BF Skinner's Operant Conditioning/ BF Skinner's Operant Conditioning/

chapter review chapter review Contingency Model of Classical Contingency Model of Classical

ConditioningConditioning Observational LearningObservational Learning Latent LearningLatent Learning Insight Learning Insight Learning

Review With Video Review With Video ClipsClips

Psychology - Learning-Classical & Psychology - Learning-Classical & Operant Conditioning (start 1:15)Operant Conditioning (start 1:15)

Teach a dog to “Take a Nap” Teach a dog to “Take a Nap” http://www.petvideo.com/play.cgihttp://www.petvideo.com/play.cgi?showId=206?showId=206