Cognitive, Social Cognitive, Social Learning and CAPSLearning and CAPS

George Kelly George Kelly

Personal ConstructsPersonal Constructs

Constructive AlternativismConstructive Alternativism ConvenienceConvenience

Heirarchy of constructsHeirarchy of constructs

RotterRotter

The The ““psychological situationpsychological situation””

Behavior Potential BP= f( E + Behavior Potential BP= f( E + RV )RV )

ExpectanciesExpectancies Reinforcement ValueReinforcement Value

Locus of ControlLocus of Control

BanduraBandura

Observational learningObservational learning

Self-regulationSelf-regulation Self-efficacySelf-efficacy Reciprocal interactionismReciprocal interactionism

Self-regulationSelf-regulation

Reinforcement has no direct effects Reinforcement has no direct effects (cognitively mediated or even vicarious)(cognitively mediated or even vicarious)

Self-reinforcement is as important as Self-reinforcement is as important as external (internalized standards and external (internalized standards and processes of reward and punishment)processes of reward and punishment)

***Self-regulation overcomes stimulus ***Self-regulation overcomes stimulus controlcontrol

Self-efficacySelf-efficacy

2 types of expectancies2 types of expectanciesOutcome expectancyOutcome expectancySelf-efficacySelf-efficacy SE determines: SE determines: behavior to be performedbehavior to be performedamount of effort expendedamount of effort expendedpersistence in the face of adversity, etc.persistence in the face of adversity, etc.

Reciprocal interactionismReciprocal interactionism

or or Reciprocal DeterminismReciprocal Determinism

selecting environmentsselecting environments creating environmentscreating environments transforming environmentstransforming environments

Mischel and CAPS theoryMischel and CAPS theory

basic principles, concepts, basic principles, concepts, assumptions:assumptions:

focus on P X S interactionfocus on P X S interaction include and integrate include and integrate

Cognitive, Emotional, Cognitive, Emotional, Motivational, Biological & Motivational, Biological & Environmental factorsEnvironmental factors

Mischel and CAPS theory Mischel and CAPS theory

CAUs ( person variables)CAUs ( person variables)1. Encodings (cognitive 1. Encodings (cognitive

constructions)constructions)2. Expectancies ( 2. Expectancies ( ““if-thenif-then”” behavior- behavior-

outcome, self-efficacy)outcome, self-efficacy)3. Affects3. Affects4. Goals and Values4. Goals and Values5. Competencies and Self-regulation5. Competencies and Self-regulation

Mischel cont.Mischel cont.

Personality coherencePersonality coherence

individual differences in the individual differences in the ““chronic accessibilitychronic accessibility”” of CAUsof CAUs

***consistency of variability across ***consistency of variability across situationssituations

Shoda, Mischel & Wright Shoda, Mischel & Wright

Summer camp studySummer camp study

When “psychological situation” varied, When “psychological situation” varied, aggressive behavior varied in aggressive behavior varied in predictable ways in similar predictable ways in similar situations.situations.

e.g., when teased by peers, when approached by e.g., when teased by peers, when approached by adults, etc.adults, etc.

situation-behavior “signatures”situation-behavior “signatures”

Mischel cont.Mischel cont.

Relative impact of person variables Relative impact of person variables and situation variables (when does and situation variables (when does which take precedent?)which take precedent?)

greater ambiguity and greater ambiguity and ““response response freedomfreedom””

greater influence of person variables greater influence of person variables (indiv. diff.)(indiv. diff.)

The selfThe self

I & meI & me Self-schemas (Markus, etc.)Self-schemas (Markus, etc.)

readily accessible schemareadily accessible schema Multiple selves: (Markus, Multiple selves: (Markus,

Higgins, etc.)Higgins, etc.) Self-discrepancies (Higgins: Self-discrepancies (Higgins:

Actual, Ideal, Ought)Actual, Ideal, Ought)

Causal Attributions Causal Attributions

Learned HelplessnessLearned Helplessness Pessimism and OptimismPessimism and Optimism

Optimists are healthier, happier, and Optimists are healthier, happier, and live longerlive longer