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PRELIMINARIES

ANGARA V ELECTORAL COMMISSION

ABAKADA GURO V ERMITA

METHOD AND INTERPRETATION

ORIGINAL UNDERSTANDING, LEGAL REALISM, ANDTHE INTERPRETATION OF THIS CONSTITUTION

ROBERT CLINTON (1987)

CONSTITUTIONAL EMPIRICISM: QUASI-NEUTRALPRINCIPLES AND CONSTITUTIONAL TRUTHS

TIMOTHY ZICK (2003)

ART XVII: REMAKING THE CONSTITUTION

MALOLOS: THE CRISES OF THE REPUBLICTEODORO AGONCILLO (1997)

FROM MCKINLEYS INSTRUCTIONS TO THE NEWCONSTITUTION: DOCUMENTS ON THE PHILIPPINE

CONSTITUTIONAL SYSTEMVICENTE MENDOZA

(SEE LEGAL HISTORY REVIEWER)

MABANAG V LOPEZ VITO

GONZALES V COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

; N!"#$"% 9& 19'7

TOLENTINO V COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; O$"% 1'& 1971

PLANAS V COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; *+,-+%. 22& 1973

AVELLANA V E!ECUTIVE SECRETARY; M+%/ 31& 1973

SANIDAD V COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS

; O$"% 12& 197'

MITRA V COMMISSION ON ELECTIONS; A% & 1981

LAWYERS LEAGUE FOR A BETTER PHILIPPINES VAQUINO

EN BANC; M+. 22& 198'

FACTS"ISSUES4 5","%6 -"6," "#+. : A-, !"%,#",

4 H"% !


2/139

RA '73 6 , "%:" $- +", "/"% =/ /" C,6-, +, COMELECR"6 N 2300& 6 6-::", #"#", C,6-,+ ,+!"6

RESOLUTION;

ESTRADA V DESIERTO5NO;

FACTS4 N+-%" W% : 5%"#,+%. I,-,, ++,6 #+,6 ++,6 /# -, /6"%# 6 !"%4 M+. 11& 1998 E6%++ =+6 """ 5%"6",; A%%. =+6 V5; 6#" 10#, F,6 !" :% E6%++ +, $/ E6%++ +, A%%. ="%" 6"%!" +'4."+% "%#4 O & 2000 E6%++J6 6/+% "", :%# ="% $"+,; C/+! S,6,&E6%++J6 , #" :%",& -$. +-6" E6%++& E6%++J6 :+#. +,:%",6 : %""!, #,6 : "66 :%# -"", %64 O & 2000 S", T":6 G-,,+ *% "!"%" + 6""/ "," IACCSE =/"%", /" +-6" E6%++ : %""!, 220 #, "66 =%/ :-"", #,". :%# G! S,6, :%# N!"#$"% 1998 A--6 200 +,$+," +,/"% 70 #, "6, , "6" + 6 :%# G! S,6,4 T/" %!"" 6""/ =+6 %":"%%" $. S", D%, /" B-" R$$,C##"" +, /" C##"" , *-6" :% , ,!"6+,

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

+, -+$" !+, : /" C,6-,) 6," $. 11 %"%"6",+!"6 /"S",+"4 N! 20& 2000 S",+" :,+. "," /" #"+/#", %+ 21 6",+%6 /"% +/ +6 -"6 =/ SC C/": *-6" H+% G D+!" *%& %"6,4 D" 7& 2000 T/" #"+/#", %+ 6+%"4 D%+#+ , : /" D""#$"% /"+%,6 =+6 /" "6#,. : C+%66+O+#& /" SV5 : E-+$"45CI BANK O+# "6:" /+ 6/" =+6 ,": +=+. :%# E6%++ =/", /" +::" /" 6,+-%" *6" V"+%" ,-#",6 ,!!, + 00 #, "66 ,!"6#", +-, =/ /"% $+, ,F"$ 20004 I#"+/#", %+ =+6 +-%," , /" 6% : C/%6#+6 +, =/", *+,-+%.+#"& #%" $#$6/"6 ="%" ""

S" : F,+," A. E6%- "6:" /+ E6%++ ,. =," BWR"6-%"6 C%%+, =/ M% D+," T+, =/ =+6 :+, /+%"6 :,6"% %+,

*+, 1'& 2001 =/ + !" : 11410& /" S",+% -"6 %-" ++,6",, /" 2,",!"" =// +"". ,+," "!"," 6/=, /+

","% /" 33 $, "66 , + 6"%" $+, +-, -,"% /" ,+#"*6" V"+%" I, 6/%& /6 %"6-" =/+ =" ,= +6 EDSA II

4 *+,-+%. 19& 2001 =/%+=+ : 6-% :%# /" A%#" F%"6& 5N5 +,#+66 %"6,+,6 ",6-"4 *+, 20& 2001 E6%++ 6-%%","%" A 12 ,,& C* D+!" +#,6"%" /"+/ A%%. +6 /" 5%"6", : /" 5/,"6

E6%++ ": M++++, +, 66-" + %"66 6+"#", 6+., /+ /" ,="+!"6 M++++, 5++" :% /" 6+" : "+" +, , %"% $", /"/"+, %"66 : -% ,+, H" +6 =%" + ""% 6+., /+ /" V5 6/+ $" /" +, %"6", +,6+ ""% =+6 %+,6#" :%#"% S"+"% F-","$"+ +, S", 5%"65#","

4 *+, 21& 2001 A%%. 6/+%" /" ="%6 +, -"6 : /" 5%"6",.T/" SC 66-" + %"6-,& =// ,:%#" /" +-/%. !", $. /" 12#"#$"%6 : /" C-% /", %"6", /" C/": *-6" +#,6"% /" +/: ::" GMA4 *+, 2& 2001 D"6" /" %"" : E6%++J6 ""%& H-6" : R"6 +66"H-6" R"6-, N 17 ""%",, :- 6-% GMAJ6 +#,6%+,+, +6 HR , 17'4 F"$ 7& 2001 D"6" %"" : E6%++J6 ""% +#, ,+$.& S",+"+66" R"6-, N 82 ,:%#, GMAJ6 ,#,+, : T":6 G-,,++6 V5 +, /" S",+"J6 6-% : /" ,"= !J +, +6 , /" 6+#" +"&S",+" +66" R"6 N 83 %",, /+ /" #"+/#", -% 6 functusoffictio.4 F"$ 8& 2001 S",+" +66" R"6 N 8 "%:., !++,. , /" S",+"

4 F"$ 1& 20014 C* D+!" +, * 5+,+,$+, ,/$" /"#6"!"6 :%#+%+, , /6 +6" +6 "% S+-6+J6 #, T/". : -%6" "$-,"/6 /+%" /+ /". /+!" #%#6" /"% ="/ , ," 6" $-,,"/""66 %"-6" /"#6"!"6

ISSUES1 WON /" ",6 %"6", + -6+$" ,%!"%6.2 WON /" ","% %"6," +6 %"6",3 WON /" ","% 6 ,. "#%+%. -,+$" + +6 %"6", WON /" ","% ",.6 ##-,. :%# 6- (+, +66-#, /" ",.6##-,.& /" "", : /" ##-,.) WON /" %6"-, : ","% E6%++ 6/- $" ",," -" %"-+ -$.

HELD

1 T/" C-% 6/+ ,6"% +6 -6+$" /" 66-" : WON /" /+," , /"%"6",. =+6 ," , /" #+,,"% %"6%$" $. /" 1987 C,6-, (Inthis part, the ponente differentiated EDS I from EDS II saying that EDS Iwas a revolution, change of presidency was done extra!constitutionallywhereas EDS II was not a revolution, the change was done to an element ofthe government only and it was done intra!constitutionally "ecause #$swore to uphold or protect the %&' )onstitution. *ead it if u want a "etterunderstanding. lso, the )ourt is interpretingART II sec 1,ART VII Sec 8and

ART VII Sec 11in this case so l oo+ at those provisions too.2 T/" C-% /" /+ %"6,+, 6/+ $" ""%#," :%# /" +. : %%&,"#%+,"-6 +, 6"%% :+6 +, %-#6+,+ "!"," $"+%, +#+"%+ %""!+," , /" 66-" (I, %"+, /6& 6"" A% VII& S", 8)3 T/" C-% /" /+ /" -"6, WON #+. %"!"= +, %"!6" /" "6,: $/ H-6"6 : C,%"66 %",, GMA +6 /" " -%" 5%"6", : /"5/,"6 6 + + ," ()ongress has laid Estrada-s claim of ina"ility to

rest "ecause of its recognition of #$ as president. he issue is a political

/uestion and the )ourt cannot review )ongress- decision without violating theprinciple of separation of powers. T/" C-% /" (6/+ %-") /+ /" 5%"6", ",.6 ##-,. ,. -%, /6",-%" (R"+6,, , /" I, R" B"%#-" +6" /+ /" ,-#$", 5%"6",6 ##-," :%# 6- % :%# $", $%-/ -% -%, /6 "% : /6,-#$",. +, ",-%" $- , $".,) T/" C-% 6/+ %-" /+ =+%%+, + :,, : %"-+ -$.& /"%"#-6 $" +"+, +, %: /+ /" -"6 /+!" $"", -,-. ,:-"," $./" $+%%+" : -$.Deicison T/" ",6 : *6"/ E E6%++ /+",, /" %"6,",G%+ M++++4 A%%. +6 /" " -%" 1 / 5%"6", : /" R"-$ +%"DISMISSED

GONZALES V NARVASAGONZAGA4REYES; A--6 1& 2000

FACTS- 5%"+%+%. C##66, , C,6-,+ R":%# % 5CCR =+6 %"+" $./", 5%"6", *6"/ E6%++ , N! 2'& 1998 $. !%-" : E"-!" O%"%N 3 , %"% >6-. +, %"##", %6" +#",#",6 +,%%"!6,6 /" 1987 C,6-,& +, /" #+,,"% : #"#",, /" 6+#"@

T/" 5CCR =+6 ,6%-" #"" 6 +6 , % $":%" *-," 30&1999 O, F"$ 19& 1999& /" 5%"6", 66-" E"-!" O%"% N 70 =//""," /" #" :%+#" : /" 5CCR


3/139

HELD1 Raio A, + 6 ,6"%" # =/", , ,"% %"6",6 + -6+$",%!"%6. $"+-6" /" 66-"6 ,!!" /+!" $"#" ++"# % "+ I 6$"., /" 6" : -+ ="% !" +!6%. ,,O!ie" T/" +6" /+6 +%"+. $"#" # +, ++"# +6 /" 5CCR /+6+%"+. "+6" "6 R"": %+." :% $. G,+"6 (%/$,) 6#66$" %+, +, 6 +, ,+%%+" %"#". +6 $. 6-/ $"",," , ,"% "66 A,. %-, %"+%, /" 5CCR =- ,. $" , /",+-%" : +, +!6%. ,,2 Raio A ", /+6 6+,, ,. : /" +, "6+$6/ /+ /" /+6 6-::"%"6#" +-+ % /%"+"," ,-%. +6 + %"6- : /" +"". "+ ,- :/" !"%,#",; /" ,-%. 6 :+%. %+"+$" /" /+"," +,; +, /",-%. 6 ". $" %"%"66" $. + :+!%+$" +,O!ie" T/" ,"%"6 : + "%6, +66+, /" ,6-,+. : + 6+-" #-6$" %" +, "%6,+ H" #-6 $" +$" 6/= /+ /" += 6 ,!+& $- +6/+ /" /+6 6-6+," % 6 , ##"+" +,"% : 6-6+,, 6#" %" ,-%.+6 + %"6- : 6 ",:%"#",& +, , #"%". /+ /" 6-::"%6 /"%"$. , 6#",":," =+.1

3 Raio A ++."% /+6 6+,, %+6" + ,6-,+ 66-" =/", 6"6+$6/" /+ -$ :-,6 /+!" $"", 6$-%6" , +"" ,%+!",, :/" += % /" C,6-,& /" +, : =// 6 %"%. $%-/ ,. =/",/"%" 6 +, ""%6" $. C,%"66 : 6 +, % 6",, ="%O!ie" ,"% S" 7 : EO N 3 =// %"+" /" 5CCR& /" +#-, : 53#, 6 >+%%+"@ :% 6 "%+,+ "",6"6 > $" 6-%" :%# /":-,6 : /" O::" : /" 5%"6",@ T/" +%%+,6 ="%" +-/%" $. /"5%"6",& , $. C,%"66 I, :+& /"%" =+6 , +%%+, + + 6,"appropriation /+6 $"", ":," +6 ,/, #%" /+, /" "6+!"+-/%+, %"6%$" $. /" C,6-, /+ #,". #+. $" + - : /"T%"+6-%.< T/" :-,6 :% /" 5CCR =+6 +", :%# /" :-,6 ,"," :% /"O::" : /" 5%"6",& , /" ""%6" : /" C/": E"-!"#+"%6 : -$ ,"%,@ 6 + "%# =// >"#$%+"(6) + $%+ 6"%-# :6-$"6 =// /" -$ #+. =+, ,=& "/"% $"+-6" /"6" %".+::" /"% !"6& % 6#. $"+-6" 6-/ #+"%6 ,+-%+. +%-6" /" ,"%"6: +, %,+%. ", I, /" :,+ +,+.66& 6 :% /" -%6 ""%#," , ++6" +6" $+66 =/"/"% /" #+"% + 66-" 6 : ,"%"6 % #%+,"& +6 %"+"6 % +::"6 /" -$@Decision 5", 6 6#66"& =/ /" "", /+ %"6,", Z+#%+ 6%"%" :-%,6/ ","% =/ ,:%#+, %"-"6"

THE PHILIPPINES AS A STATE

1, K6$+.+, ! M%+ , V+#," ! 5/ C/+%. S=""6+"6 O::"

#ART I, II, IV, V$

STATE DE%INED

COLLECTOR OF INTERNAL REVENUE V CAMPOS RUEDAFERNANDO; O$"% 29& 1971

FACTS

4 C"% : I,"%,+ R"!",-" /" A,, C+#6 R-"+& +6 +#,6%+%: /" "6+" : /" +" E6%"+ S%+, V+ " C"%"%+& +$" :% /" 6-, :5 1'1&979 +6 ":",. "6+" +, ,/"%+," +"6 :% /" %+,6:"% :,+,$" "%6,+ %"%"6 , /" 5/,"6& /" ""+6"& + S+,6/,+,+ /+!, $"", + %"6", : T+,"%& M% :%# 1931 - /" #": /"% "+/ , 194 R-"+


4/139

4 T/" S",+" +" R"6-, ,-#$"% 97& =// "%"66"6 /"%,-%%"," , /" %+:+, : /" %"6", : /" A%""#", E6+$6/,/" WTO4 T/" 5%"6", 6," /" I,6%-#", : R+:+, : /" A%""#",E6+$6/, /" WTO +, /" +%""#",6 +, +66+" "+ ,6%-#",6 :/+ +%""#",4 T/" :,+ + 6," $. S"%"+%. N+!+%%& , /" /"% /+,& "#$"6 ,,. /" WTO +%""#", $- +6 /" #,6"%+ "+%+,6 +, "6,6+, /" -,"%6+,, , ###",6 , : ,+,+ 6"%!"64 5","%6 +66+ /" ,6-,+. : /" %"+. T/". +6 +# /+ 6,"/" S",+" ,. ,-%%" =/ /" WTO +%""#", +, , , + /" ,",6: /" F,+ +& /". #". %""" /" F,+ +

ISSUES1 WON /" +6" 6 -6+$"2 WON /" +%. %!6,6 +, ,+,+ %"+#", +-6"6 , /" WTO

+%""#", !+"6 S" 19 A%" 2& S" 10 +, 12 A%" 12 : /"C,6-, (>",# ,+,+6#@ +-6"6)

3 WON /" WTO +%""#", -,-. #6& %"6%6 +, #+%6 "6+!"="% : /" C,%"66

WON /" WTO +%""#", ,%-"6 , /" ="% : /" S-%"#" C-% %#-+" %-"6 ,"%,, "+,& %+" +, %"-%"6

WON /" ,-%%, : /" 6",+" ,. , /" WTO +%""#", +, , ,/" :,+ + #"6 %"", : /" :,+ +

HELD

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

) .7 +&$%1 .)3 0)+* 89 0.+.+%&( + )22+(1*6

REPUBLIC V SANDIGANBAYANCORONA; *-. 1& 2003

FACTS4 S"+ C! A, , /" S-%"#" C-% C"%%+%4 D" 17 1991& /" R"-$& /%-/ /" 5%"6",+ C##66, , GG!"%,#", % 5CGG& :" + ", :% :%:"-%" $":%" /" S+,+,$+.+,&"," *epu"lic of the Philippines vs. Ferdinand E. ! $arcos, represented "yhis Estate0heirs and Imelda *. $arcos& -%6-+, RA 13792

- 5CGG =+6 %"+" $. !%-" : E"-!" O%"% N 1 66-" ,F"$%-+%. 28& 198' $. /", 5%"6", C%+, A-,& +, =+6/+%" =/ /" +6 : +666, /" 5%"6", , /" >%"!"%. :+ 4", ="+/ +-#-+" $. :%#"% 5%"6", F"%,+, EM+%6& /6 ##"+" :+#.& %"+!"6& 6-$%,+"6 +, 6"+66+"6& =/"/"% +" , /" 5/,"6 % +$%+& ,-,/" +"!"% % 6"-"6%+, : + $-6,"66 ","%%6"6 +,","6 =," % ,%" $. /"# -%, 6 +#,6%+,&

%". % /%-/ ,#,""6& $. +, -,-" +!+,+" : /"%-$ ::" +,% -6, /"% ="%6& +-/%.& ,:-","&,,",6 % %"+,6/@

4 I, 6+ +6"& ","% R"-$& %"%"6"," $. /" O::" : /" S%G","%+ (OSG) 6-/

a. /" "+%+, : /" +%"+" +#-, : S3' #,("6#+" $" S'8 #, ,-6!" : ,"%"6 +6 : /" #": "6,) "6" , "6%=3 , /" 5/," N+,+ B+,(5NB)& +6 4", ="+/T/" :: +-, %-6& -6, !+%-6 :%", :-,+,6 ,"%+, S=66 $+,6& %"!-6. /" /" :-,6

1 A4V"%64V$-% F-,+, +-,6

2An Act Declaring Forfeiture In Favor of the State Any Property To Have Been Unlawfully Acuire! By AnyPu"lic #fficer or $%ployee an! Provi!ing For the Proce!ure Therefor&

'(oney or a !ee! or other in)tru%ent !epo)ite! with a thir! per)on for a !elivery to a given party upon the

fulfill%ent of )o%e con!ition& *hile in the +eeping of the thir! party, the %oney or in)tru%ent i) )ai! to "e ine)crow.& /0an!o% Hou)e *e")ter) egal Dictionary, 0an!o% Hou)e, 3ew 4or+, 15567


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2 U+,.4W,% C/+%64S+%4V++#4S,-64A!"%,+4F-,+, +-,6

3 T%,+4R+.$.45+#. F-,+, +-,6 R6+.64A-+#,+ F-,+, +-,6 M+"% F-,+, +-,6

$ /" :%:"-%" : S2 #, +, S #, , %"+6-%. ,"6=// """" /" M+%6 -"=/"%"+6 +-6"6@ /" :+ /+ ","% R"-$>$+," + -#", :%# /" S=66 F""%+ T%$-,+ , D" 21 1990 /+ /"S3' #, $",6 , %," /" R"-$ : /" 5/,"6 %!""%+, ,,6 +%" #"?@ T/" "6, : /" S=66 F""%+ S-%"#"

C-% +::%#" /" "6, : Z-%/ D6% A%,". 5""% C6+,". %+,,"+ +666+," R"-$ C6+,". "+%" /" !+%-6 "66 , /",+#" : /" :-,+,6 $" : "+ %!",+," +, %"%" /+ /". $":%", +=+ /" :,+ !"% , :+!% : /" +%"6 "," %"6-,4 S+,+,$+.+, ,-" /"+%,6 , /" #, +%!" /"G","%+S-"#",+ A%""#",6

4 O 18 199' ","% :" + #, :% 6-##+%. -#", +,% -#",, /" "+,6 R"6,",6 :" /"% 6,4 N! 20 1997 S+,+,$+.+, "," ","%() %"""," !"% /" #, :%6-##+%. -#",@4 M+. 2' 1998 M%6 M+%6 :" #+,:"6+, +#, 6/" =+6 , + +%. /" #, :% +%!+ : /" C#%#6" A%""#", +, /+ /" =,"

90 : /" :-,6 =/ /" %"#+,, 10 $",, /" M+%6 "6+"

T7 F'&* T()&2(4 A- 10 199 ","% R"-$ :" =/ /" D6% A%,". , Z-%/&S="%+, +, +,+ %"-"6 :% /" ##"+" %+,6:"% : /" "66 +, "6%= +-, , 5NB T/6 =+6 %+,"4 M+%6"6 +"+"& S=66 F""%+ S-%"#" C-% +::%#" %-, : D6%A%,". : Z-%/& +, :-,6 ="%" %"#" /" 5/,"6 , "6%= ,1998

T7 P.+.+%& 2%( S'11)(9 '*51&.4 M+% 10 2000 ","% :" +,/"% #, :% 6-##+%. -#", >"%+,, /" :%:"-%" : /" S3' #,& $+6" , :: %-,6

+ "66",+ :+6 =// =+%%+, /" :%:"-%" : /" :-,6 +%"+#" $. %"6,",6 , /"% "+,6 +, /"% 6-$#66,6

#+" , /" -%6" : /" %"",

$ %"6,",6< +#66, #+" -%, %"4%+ /+ /". ,/+!" +,. ,"%"6 % =,"%6/ !"% /" :-,6 ","%6 , ",-,"66-" % ,%!"%6. +6 +,. #+"%+ :+ , /" %"6", +,

4 M%6 M+%6 :" /"% 6,& =// =+6 +"% +" $. 4%"6,",6M+%6 /%",4 M+% 2 2000 /"+%, , #, :% 6-##+%. -#", =+6 ,-"4 S" 19 2000 S+,+,$+.+, %+," ","%


6/139

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3 Raio T/" %#+ :+" %"6-#, %+6" $. /" += /+ + %"%. 6-,+=:-. +-%" =/", /" +#-, % !+-" 6 #+,:"6. 6%%,+" /" ::+ 6++%. +, /"% +=:- ,#" : /" -$ ::"% =/ =,6 6+,6 +6 %!" -,"66 ":",+, 6/=6& +, %!"6& /+ /"6" ="%" +=:-.+-%" +, /+ /"%" +%" /"% "#+" 6-%"6 : ,#"O!ie" $-%", : %: =+6 , %"6,",6 6-" %"6-#, +, 6/=$. "+% +, ,!,, "!"," /+ /" S=66 "66 ="%" +=:-.+-%" +, /+ /". /+ /"% "#+" 6-%"6 : ,#" A %"6-#,6 %#+ :+" %: : /" :+ %"6-#"& +,& -,"66 /" :+ /-6 %#+ :+"

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RESOLUTIONCORONA; N!"#$"% 18& 2003

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DOMINIUM AND IMPERIUM

CARINO V INSULAR GOVERNMENTHOLMES; F"$%-+%. 23& 1909

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WON /" C-% 6/- %+, /" #, =/%+=, +, +"+ =/ /"66-+," : /" 6+ %-+% : /" DO*P"ia" Iss.e:WON +, +", -,"% -% C,6-, #+. +-%" %"6",+ +,

HELDT/" C-% "," /" #, =/%+=, /" +"+ G%+,, + =/%+=+ :+"+ 6 6%",+%. -, /" C-% +:"% /" $%":6 /+!" $"", %"6","4 I +,, %+, +"+,J6 #, =/%+=, /6 +"+ ,. $"+-6" /",6-,+ 66-" 6/- $" +!"4 A6& /" =/%+=+ =+6 "," $"+-6" -,"% /" %-#6+,"6&

+%-+%. (% the circular of the Dept. of 1ustice issued while this case waspending "efore the )ourt and ordering all registers of deed to accept forregistration all transfers of residential lots to aliens, together with thecircumstance that (2 pro"a"ly a similar /uestion may never come up again"efore the )ourt,/" "::" : /" =/%+=+ =- $" ::",6!" /" ,,%"+/" $. + #+%. : /" #"#$"%6 : /" C-% +:"% , +, "/+-6!""$"%+,6 , /" ,6-,+ -"6,4 T += /" =/%+=+ -,"% 6-/ %-#6+,"6 6 "-!+", "%+,+, ::",6" /" ,6-,& ::",6" /+ #+. $" "%#+,",4 T/" C-% /" /+ NO& +",6 #+. , +-%" %!+" % -$ +%--%++,6& ,-, %"6",+ +,6 (T/" !"6 ="%" 843)4 T/" +6" =+6 "" -,"% 6", : A%" UIII : /" 193 C,6-,=// 6 #%" #%"/",6!" +, #%" +$6-" , /" 6",6" /+ 5ROHIBITS THE TRANSFER TO ALIENS OF ANY 5RIVATEAGRICLTRAL LAND INCLDING RESIDENTIAL LAND WHATEVER ITS

ORIGIN MIGHT HAVE BEEN4 T/6 %!6, 6"6 /" ,. %"#+,, +!",-" /%-/ =// +%--%+%"6-%"6 #+. "+ , +",6J /+,64 T/6 %!6, 6/- $" %"+ , ,,", =/ 6", 1 : A%" UIII,+-%+ %"6-%"6& =/ /" "", : -$ +%--%+ +,& 6/+ , $"+",+" +, =/ %"6" -$ +%--%+ +,6& /"% +",+, 6 #" F, ",64 T/6 %!6, 6"-%"6 /" . : ,+,++, , S" 1 : A% UIII4 I =- $" :-" %/$ /" +",+, : -$ +,6 +",6 :& +:"% +&/". #+. $" :%"". 6 +",+" -, /"% $"#, %!+" +%--%+ +,6, /" /+,6 : /" F, ",64 Raio T/" C-% 6/+ %-" /+ +,, %+, + #, =/%+=, +, +"+: 6-/ + =/%+=+ =- %"6- + "%#+,", ::",6" /" C,6-,4 T/" C-% 6/+ %-" /+ -,"% /" %!6,6 : /" C,6-,& +",6 +%", +=" +-%" /" =,"%6/ : -%$+, % %"6",+ +,6 , /"

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LEE HONG HOK V DAVIDFERNANDO; D""#$"% 27& 1972

FACTS4 5"%& S#",& R6+ +, L", LEE HONG HOK& ","%64 A,+, DAVID& /" H, S"%"+%. : A%--%" +, N+-%+ R"6-%"6& /"D%"% : L+,6 +, C-% : A"+64 A55EAL $. "%%+% :%# + "6, : /" C-% : A"+64 5","%6 =+," "+%" ,- +, ! D+!PQ/" %"",6 -,"% /" L+,R"6%+, L+= +, -,"% /" %!6,6 : C/+"% VI : /" 5-$ L+,L+= +%" /" 6+#" , /+ $/ +%" ++,6 /" =/" =%& $/ +" /" ,+-%": -+ %"",6& +, :% $/ .7 *$( %2 (5+.().+%& +'* +$%&$4'+; )&* 2+&)46 I, C+$+- ! L+& >+ /"% : + +, +-%" -,"% + :%"" +", 6 #%"

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ISSUES1 WON ","% /+6 6+,,2 WON EO 30 ",%+/" , /" "6+!" %"%+!"3 WON /" 66-" , /" !+. : EO 30 $"+#" # +, ++"#

HELD1 T/" -% 6/+ %-" /+ ++."% /+6 , "+ 6+,, -"6, ""-!"+6 /+ , ,!!" /" -6" : -$ :-,62T/" -% 6/+ %-" /+ /" 5%"6", /+ /" ="% +#,6"% + %-6%"+" $. +, +%""#", =/ + :%", -,%.3EO 30 =+6 6-"%6"" $. 5D 1& /"," /" 6- /+6 +66-#" + # +,

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CRUZ V SECOF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RES5ER CRIAM; ' D""#$"% 2000

FACTS4 R0'84+$ A$. N%6 @= (I,",-6 5""6 R/6 A : 1997)- I&*+5&%' 0%04"$'4.'()4 $%11'&+.+ IP"ICC4G%- : "" ",:" $. 6":4+6%, +, +6%, $. /"%6& =//+!" ,,--6. !" +6 %+," ##-,. , ##-,+. $-," +,":," "%%%.;4 A&$.()4 4)&* (6"3$ I5RA)4 L+, -" $. #"#$"%6 : /" ICCI5 6," #" ##"#%+& $./"#6"!"6 % /%-/ /"% %"""66%64,4,"%"6& -,"% +#6 : ,!-+% %+,+ %- =,"%6/& ,-, %"6",+ 6& %" "%%+"6 %+"6& %!+" :%"66& 6=", :+%#6& +, %"" 64 A&$.()4 *%1)+& (6"3+ I5RA)4 A%"+6 ","%+. $",, ICCI5 #%6, +,6& ,+, =+"%6& +6++%"+6 +, ,+-%+ %"6-%"6 /"%",& /" -,"% + +# : =,"%6/& -"% 66"66" $. ICCI5& $. /"#6"!"6 % /%-/ /"% +,"6%6& ##-,+.% ,!-+. 6," #" ##"#%+ ,,--6. /" %"6", ,-,+,"6%+ +,6& :%"66& +6-%"& %"6",+& +%--%+& +, /"% +,6,!-+. =,"& /-,, %-,6& $-%+ %-,6& =%6/ +%"+6& $"6 :=+"%& #,"%+ +, /"% %"6-%"6& +, +,6 , ,"% -" "-6!".$. ICC $- =// /". /+ %+,+ +"66& +%-+%. /" /#" %+,"6 :ICC =/ +%" 6 ,#+ % 6/:, -!+%64 P"oce(."e: CRUZ )&* EUROPA, ) $+.+& )&* .)30)9( (-, /""+ /+ -"6,6 %+6" +%" : %+,6",",+ #%+,")&2+4* 2%(PROHIBITION (%", NCI5 "+6" :%# #"#",, I5RA +, 6 IR;DENR S"%"+%. "+6" :%# #"#",, C%-+% 2; DBM S"%"+%. "+6" :%# 6$-%6, -$ :-,6) )&* MANDAMUS(##+,, DENRS"%"+%. #. =/ /6 -. : +%%., - /" S+"J6 ,6-,+

#+,+") ))+4+&5 $(.)+& 0(%;++%& %2 RA@= IPRA )UNCONSTITUTIONAL6

ISSUEST/" :=, %!6,6 : RA8371 +, 6 I#"#",, R-"6 ="%"-"6," 4(1) S",6 3+& 3$& & '& 7& 8& 7& 8 +#-, +, '&4)


9/139

+ T/" R"++, /"%. "6 not,"+" ,+!" " +,6 /" , %!+"=,"%6/ 6," #" ##"#%+$ S"1 A%12 : 193 C,6-, "6 , 6+" /+ "%+, +,6 =// +%"+$6-". ,""66+%. :% 6+ =":+%" +, "6","& 6/+ /", $" =," $./" S+" Sec.7 rt.%2 expresses sovereign intent to 8protect the rights of IP to their9.8F%+#"%6 , ,", C,%"66 "" =/"/"% AD 6/+ $" -$ %%!+" %"%.& +6 /". /+!" +,="" /+ AD 6/+ $" %"+" +6%!+" %"%. T7 0(%;++%& %2 RA@= *% &%. +&2(+&5 '0%& .7 S.). %


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W."& +6 ," : /6 -"6& 6-"%!6" /" -$+, : /" >5+, : /" D+.@+ +. -$+, /+ :"+-%" +#, /"%6& +, >+, ," ,-%.@ O,:"$3&1978& +, ,-%. =+6 -$6/" 6+., /+ ,:6+" 6 ="%" $",,6-#" -6" :% "%6,+ $",": $. /" #"%/+,6" ,% ,6"% +,/+ + "%+, >A-%,@ =+6& , /"%6":& + 6%+" /" ::" R+%+,& $",/" ,. "%6, ,+#" A-%, , /" 6+ ::"& =", %"66 +, +, :%+#+"6 ++,6 W." +, W+#6 and the ;S 6aval >ase (T/+ R+%+,=+6 ,"" /" A-%, #",," , /" ,-%. =+6 %!", $. /" +.""% 66-" $. W." :% /" ,+!"%", -$+,)S/" +"" /+ /" +%" ,6-" :+6"& ,-%-6& +, #+-6":+#+, +, $" ",, #"+/ /"% /,"6.& !%-" +, %"-+,

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11/139

1$ Raio I: /" +6" ,!!"6 /" 6+" ","%, , + ,%+ , /" 6/+%": 6 ##"%+& %%"+%. +, %!+" :-,,& /", /" 6+" = $"""#" /+!" #". ,6"," /" 6-Reasonin04 T/" %-" /+ + 6+" #+. , $" 6-" =/- 6 ,6", ,= "%"66" ,A%" UVI& S", 3& : /" 1987 C,6-,& 6 ," : /" ","%+.+"" %,"6 : ,"%,+,+ +=4 A 6+"6 +%" 6!"%", "-+6 +, +,, +66"% -%6, !"% /" /"%4 T/" %-" 6+.6 /+ + 6+" #+. , $" 6-" =/- 6 ,6",& =// "+%.#%6 /+ #+. $" 6-" : ,6",64 C,6", #+. $" "%"66 % #"

4 E%"664"#$" , + ","%+ % 6"+ +=4 I#"4=/", /" 6+" ","%6 , + ,%+ % ##","6 +,4 H="!"%& , + ,%+6 "%+" +6 + =+!"% : ,,46-+$.+ 6,,#-6 $" #+" $"="", ,%+6 ","%" , , + 6+"


12/139

garnishment and that the actual service of the latter officer of said notice istherefore not in order6 .7 2'&* '8$. %2 .7 $7)()$.( 1)9 8 0'84+$ +& $7)()$.(4 COIR "," 5NB


13/139

T/" ":",+,6& F%" D%% " +& /+!" $"", ,!" -, + #+,/+%, /"# =/ /" ::",6" : =%,& -$6/,& +, %-+, +6-%%-6 $" ++,6 /" G!"%,#", : /" ," S+"6 % /" I,6-+%G!"%,#", : /" 5/," I6+,6 T/" #+, 6 $+6" -, 6", 8 :A N 292 : /" C##66,7T/" +"" $" =+6 -$6/" +6 +, "%+, /" 66-" : >M+,+ F%""#@ : A% '& 1902 V%-", ++6 , /" C!C##66, +, 6 #"#$"%6& :% ,6+," /" +,#", : ," T"6, +6-6" : /" "+" +, /" $%+,, : T%,+ H 5+% " T+!"%+ +6 +=+% +, + %+6+& ="%" ". %+6" +#, /"%6 H","& /6 +"+

ISSUES

=6W/+ 6 #"+, , 6", 8 : A N 292 $. /" "%"66, >/" I,6-+%#overnment: /" 5/,"6@X82 W/"/"% /" +%" ,6-"6 +, ::",6" -,"% 6", 8 : A N 292X

HELD=6 Raio T/" "%# >!"%,#",@ +6 "#." , A N 292 : /" ,"S+"6 5/," C##66, 6 -6" , /" +$6%+ 6",6" : /" "6,+ 6.6"# +6 6,-6/" :%# /" ,%"" %+,6# : /"G!"%,#", /" H-6"6 : C,%"66 +, /" E"-!"Reasonin0 T/"%" +%" = +#66$" #"+,,6 : /" "%# >!"%,#",@%!" + , + ","%+ +, +$6%+ 6",6"& /" "6, +=6 +, ,6-,6: /" I6+,6& % $ /" +%"+" : /" ,!-+6 $. =/# /" G!"%,#",: /" I6+,6 6& :% /" #" $",& +#,6"%" T/" :%6 +#66$" ":,,6 "%!" :%# /" + : (/" S) C,%"66 , *-. 1& 1798& ##,.,=, +6 /" S", A)9

2 Raio T/" -$+, : +, +%" +, , $" -,6/" -,"% A N 292: /" ," S+"6 5/," C##66, +6 /+!, 6"-6 ",","6-,"66 /+6 + ",",. %-" 6+::", % + :"", ,#+$" =/ +66, %"#+, .+ /" G!"%,#", +, $"", 6 +=64 T/" -$+, : +, +%" +$-6!" : /" ," S+"6 5/,"C##66, +, 6 #"#$"%6 6 , + $" -, /" G!"%,#", +, "6 ,:+ =/, 6+ A N 292 : /" ," S+"6 5/," C##66,Reasonin0 T/" +%" , -"6, ,+,6 , ++ -, /" !"%,#",6.6"# : /" S& +, /-/ %66. +$-6!" +6 %"6"6 $/ /"C##66, +6 + $. +, 6#" : 6 ,!-+ #"#$"%6& ,+,6 ,++ -, /" !"%,#",+ 6.6"# $. =// +-/%. : /" S 6 ",:%", /"6" I6+,6 F-%/"%#%"& 6 /" /+%+"% : /" #", =/ +%" ,%-6"=/ /" +#,6%+, : /" !"%,#", /+ /" =%"% 6 6"", $%, ,6%"-" $. #-,, /" -%. : /"% #!"6& /"% -$ ,"%.& +,

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:>E!"%. "%6, =/ 6/+ -"% 6"-6 =%6 % 6""/"6& =%"& -$6/& % %-+" 6-%%-6 $"6

against the#overnment of the ;nited States or the Insular #overnment of the Philippine Islands& % =//", 6-%$ % $6%- +,. +=:- ::"% , ""-, /6 ::"& % =// ", ,6+" /"%6 +$+ % #"" "/"% :% -,+=:- -%6"6& % =// 6-"6 % ," %"$"-6 ,6%+"6 % %6& %=// ", 6% - /" "" ++,6 /" +=:- +-/%"6& % 6-%$ /" "+" : /" ##-,.&/" 6+:". +, %"% : /" G!"%,#",& % =/ 6/+ -,,=,. ,"+ 6-/ "! %+"6& 6/+ $"-,6/" $. + :," , """, = /-6+, +%6 % $. #%6,#", , """, = ."+%6& %$/& , /" 6%", : /" -%@ (Italics mine;

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TERRITOR&ART I NATIONAL TERRITORY

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REPUBLIC ACT NO6 ?JA& A$. .% D2+& .7 B)4+& %2 .7 T((+.%(+)4 S) %2 .7

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A =+"%6 =/, #6 6" :%/ , T%"+. : 5+%6 (1898)& S4S+,%"+. (1900)& +, S4B%+, %"+. (1930)

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REPUBLIC ACT NO6 ??J

R6A6 ??J6 6#. +, A %%" .%+/+ "%%%6 , S", 1 : RA

30' ":,, /" $+6","6 : /" "%%%+ 6"+ : /" 5/,"6 I :-%/"%6+.6 /+ /" ":,, : /" $+6","6 : /" "%%%+ 6"+6 : /" 5/,"A%/"+ +6 %!" , /6 A 6 =/- %"-" /" ","+, : /"$+6","6 : /" "%%%+ 6"+ +%-, /" "%%%. : S+$+/& 6-+" , N%/B%,"& !"% =// /" R"-$ : /" 5/6 /+6 +-%" #,, +,6!"%",. A%!" S""#$"% 18& 19'8

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO6 =>J

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ART II DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATEPOLICIES

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ART III BILL OF RIGHTS

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ART VII E!ECUTIVE DEPARTMENT

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ART !VI GENERAL PROVISIONS

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ART !VIII TRANSITORY PROVISIONS

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%(*(: Y"6 R"6,",6 (/%-/ $""% "::%) ="%" +$" %-" 8=#", T/" #+,+" +" :% + : /" =#", , , M+,+ H="!"%& /"-% "" /+ /"%" =+6 6-$6+,+ #+,"& ,, /" "::% (++%6="%" 6"& " /""& :%"" 6/, M+,+ =+6 %!") +, /" :+/+ /". /+ + 6,"%" "6%" 6"" /" -,/+. ,", :,+. 6"

6 Raio O,. L-$+, 6 -. : ,"# H6 ,",,6 ="%" ##",+$"&/6 #"/6 ="%" -,+=:- A, ::"%/" ="% %"+" + #+%. ##66, :% /" %++, -,6/#", : =+% %#,+6 6 +, +6" : =+, =+% A #+%.##66, /+6 -%6, 6 , +6 + "/,+ 6+" : =+% ,,-"6@2A RaioT/" M+%. C##66, 6 6"+ #+%. %$-,+ !"%," $. +6"+ += +, , $. /" R-"6 : C-%Reasonin0T/"%" 6 ,/, , EO'8 =// %"-%"6 /+ -,6" +"+%,$":%" 6+ ##66,6 #-6 $" +.6 -+:" %+" += , /" 5/ ,+%+," =/ /" R-"6 : C-%2B N

Raio T/" +,#", : /" 2 A#"%+, +%,".6 6 , !+!" : -%,+,+ 6!"%",.Reasonin0 I 6 ,. :+% +, %"% /+ /" S& =// /+6 6-$#" /"!,+, : %#"6 ++,6 /"% ! +, /"% "" + %$-,+ : -%,+,& 6/- $" +=" %"%"6",+, , /" %+ : /6" !"%. %#"6Dis/osiion T/" M+%. C##66, /+!, $"", ,!"," $. !%-" : +!+ +=& =/ -%6, !"% /" %#"6 /+%" =// :+ -,"% /"%!6,6 : E"-!" O%"% N '8& +, /+!, -%6, !"% /" "%6, :/" ","% $. /+!, 6+ ","% , 6 -6.& /6 C-% = , ,"%:"%"=/ /" -" %"66"6 : 6-/ M+%. C##66, 5", "," W/66 de oficio

ICHONG V HERNANDEZ AND SARMIENTOLABRADOR; M+. 31& 197

FACTS4 I,-,, +, M+,+#-64 T/" L"6+-%" ",+" RA 1180 "," @A, A R"-+" /" R"+B-6,"66@ I %/$6 +",6 +, +66+,6& +%,"%6/6& % %%+,6&=// +%" , =/. =," $. ",6& ",+" %". % ,%". , /"%"+ %+" I, "::" ,+,+"6 /" %"+ $-6,"664 P"oce(."e L+ I/,& , /6 =, $"/+: +, , $"/+: : /"% +",%"6",6& %%+,6& +, +%,"%6/6 +!"%6". +::"" $. RA 1180 :" +", :% I,-,, +, M+,+#-6 ++,6 *+#" H"%,+,"& S"%"+%. :F,+," +, M+%", S+%#",& C. T%"+6-%"% : M+,+4 P"e+iina" consi(e"aion o' +e0a+ /"inci/+es ino+e(A 5" 5="%4 /" #6 6!" +, +!" : + !"%,#",+ %"66"6& /" #6"66",+& ,66", +, #+$"4 ,""66+%. "6 , + #"%, "#%+ :%+#"=%

B E-+ 5%", C+-6"4 ++,6 -,-" :+!% +, ,!-+ % +66 %!""& +6 =" +6 /6"6%#,+, % /" %"66, : ,"-+.; %"-%"6 /+ + "%6,6 6/+$" %"+" +"& -,"% " %-#6+,"6 +, ,,64 6 , ,:%," $. "6+, =// +"6 ,. /6" "%6,6 :+, =/,+ 6":" +66& : +"6 +" + "%6,6 =/, 6-/ +66& +,%"+6,+$" %-,6 "66 :% #+, 6,, $"="", /6" =/ :+ =/,6-/ +66 +, /6" =/ ,4 C%"%+ :% T"6 : E5C

1 %"6"," : -$ ,"%"6 +, =":+%"2 "6"," : %"+6,+$" %"+, $"="", -%6"6 +, #"+,63 "6"," : %"+6,+$" $+66 :% 6,, +, +66:+, #+"

C D-" 5%"66 +-6"4 /+6 =/ %"+6,+$","66 : "6+, ",+" , -%6-+," : /"" ="%

4 -"6,6 :% "61 I6 /"%" 6 + -$ ,"%"6-%6"X

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#+. , +,,- /" "6+, : , , ""66 : /" "6+!" ="%

6 N T/" %!6,6 : /" += +%" "+%. "#$%+" , /" " T/" ","%+%-" 6 :% /" -6" : ","%+ "%#6 , /" " : /" $ +, /" " ,"" , $"+, ," /" ",%" ,",6 : /" +=Reasonin0+ T/" "%# %"-+" 6 + $%+"% "%# /+, "/"% %/$, % ,+,++,B/ : /"6" /+!" +=+.6 $"", ,-" =/, /" "%# %"-+,

? N %"+. /+6 +-+. $"", ","%" , , /" 6-$" +, /" " ="%#+. , $" -%+" % 6-%%","%" $. +,. %"+. % +,. /"% ,!",,++%""#",

GONZALES V HECHANOVA

CONCE5CION; O$"% 22& 19'3FACTS4 R"6,", E" S" +-/%" #%+, : :%", %" +, %"+" %"%-%"#", ##"" G,+"6& + %" +,"% +, 5%"6", : I 5++.+, C%, 5+,"%6 A66+,& :" ",P"oce(."e C+6" 6 +, %,+ +, :% %/$, =/ %"#,+%. ,-,, %"6%+, #"#",+, : "6, : E" S" #% %"R"6,",6 ="%" %"-%" :" +,6="% +, /"+%, =+6 6"4 , WON %"6,",6 +%" +, =/- -%6, % , ""66 : -%6,Petitioners stand@4 Y"6& $" RA 32 ". %/$6 #%+, : %" +, %, $. R"+, C%, A#,6%+, +, +,. /"% !+ #%+,6 : %" +, %, , /" 5/6@4 RA 2207 +, 32 +6 +"6 #%+,6 : /" !"%,#", 6": $"RA 2207 +6 +$- #%6 +-/%" $. /" 5%"6",& $. +, , $"/+: :!"%,#", RA 32 +6 ,+"6 /+ ,. %!+" +%"6 #+. #% %"

-,"% 6 %!6,6 T/"6" RA6 +%" ,. , +, C##,="+/ A N138 =// 6+.6 /+ , + -%/+6"6 $. !$",": : /" ""@ +%-#", +,& %!, /" #"/+,6 :% 6#"#",+,

4 W/ 6 :%#+ %+,+,& /" %"!!" C,%"66 : /" 5/,"6 (:%#+.,!"," , *-. 27& 1987) !"% "6+!" ="% :%# /" 5%"6", +,6+%" 6 =, "$"%+,6& ,-, "",6!" -$ /"+%,6& , /"#%!"#", : /" ,"%"66 : :+%#"%6 T/" %"6-& +:"% +#6 + ."+% :6%" "$+"& =+6 /" ",+#", : R6A6 N%6 JJ@& /"%=6" ,=, +6 /"C%10(7&+; A5()(+)& R2%(1 L)< %2 => & =// 5%"6", A-,6," , *-," 10& 1988 T/6 +=& =/" ,6"%+$. /+,, /" "+%"%#",," ",+#",6& ,"!"%/""66 !"6 /"# 6-"%. "::" ,6:+% +6/". +%" , ,,66", =/ 6 %!6,6

ISSUES1 WON ",6 +%" -6+$"2 WON 5D N 27& 5%"6",+ 5%+#+, N 131& EO N6 228 +,229 +, RA ''7 ,%+!"," /" C,6-, , /" %-,6 ,"% ++ :6"+%+, : ="%6& -" %"66& "-+ %", +, /" ,6-,+

#+, /+ , %!+" %"%. 6/+ $" +", :% -$ -6" =/- -6#",6+,S-$ 66-"6+ T/" ""%#,+, : -6 #",6+, #+. $" #+" ,. $. + -% :-6" +, , $. /" 5%"6", : /" 5/,"6$ T/" -6 #",6+, ,"#+" $. /" B : R/6 6 +.+$" ,. ,#,". % , +6/ $- , , /" :%# : $,6 % /"% /,6 : !+-" I, ,6"%, %",+6 +6 +!+," +.#", , /" +,& EO N 228"%!"6 /" ","%6 : /"% %"%. %/6 +6 %"" $. -" %"66 T/" "-+ %", +-6" 6 !+" =/", /" $-%", : 6!, /"+%+%+, %$"#6 6 +" , /" =,"%6 ,. : +%--%+ +,6" I, "+%, /" $",":+%"6 -,"% 5D N 27 $" /" =,"%6 : /"+,6 -" $. /"#& EO N 228 ,%" -+ %"%+!"6 +, 6!+" -" %"66: T/" ="% %!" :% + C#%"/",6!" A%+%+, R":%# 5%%+# +6

"%"" $. /" C,6-, $",6 C,%"66 +, , /" 5%"6",A/-/ ","%6 +%"" /+ /" 5%"6", - ""%6" "6+!" ="%-, /" C,%"66 =+6 ,!","& /". ,", /+ 6/" - 6 ,. ",+ "#"%",. #"+6-%"6 -%, /" "% T/" #,". ,""" %"+" /" 50 $, 6"+ :-, -,"% 5% N 1316 in futuro& , in esse, "& /+6 ." $" %+6" +, +,, $" +%%+"+ /+ #"/ T/" 6-+% +,"%6 +%-" /+ /". +%" + 6"+%+" %- =/ %$"#6"-6!". /"% =, +, $. $", -#" , /" 6+#" "6+, =/ /"%:+%#"%6& /"% %/ "-+ %", /+6 $"", !+" T/"%" =+6 + :+-%" "6+$6/ $. "+% +, ,!,, "!"," /",""66. :% /" ""%6" : /" ="%6 : "#,", #+,& +, /" !+, :/" :-,+#",+ %/ =, %"%. T/" ","%6 +6 "%. /" ",+. :% ,,4%"6%+, : /" +,6& =//6 /" "%%+, : /" 6+ +, :% +, +#-, "-+ /" !"%,#",

+66"66%J6 !+-+, : /" +, :% + -%6"6 O, /" /"% /+,& : /"


25/139

+,=,"% "+%"6 /6 =, !+-+,& /" 6 -,-6. %"-%" ##"+".+. /" %%"6,, +"6 , /" +,& , !+, : /" -,:%#. %-" 10

EO N 229 !+"6 /" ,6-,+ %"-%"#", /+ + $ 6/+ /+!" ,.," 6-$"& $" "%"66" , 6 "

HELD=6 RD:Y"6 T/" C-% = +66-#" -%6, !"% + ,6-,+ -"6,,. : 6 6/=, /+ /" "66",+ %"-6"6 : + -+ ,-%. , 6-/ +-"6, +%" :%6 6+6:" $- "!", : /". +%" , !"%" $. /" ":,,& 66 =/, /" =" 6%", : /" C-% =+!" /" %"-%"#", +, 6%"#!" /" #"#", 6 +%"66, +, %"6!, /" 6"%-6

,6-,+ -"6,6 %+6")6 T/" ""%#,+, #+" $. /" DAR 6 ,. %"#,+%. -,"66 +"" $.+ +%"6 ,"%," O/"%=6"& /" -%6 : -6" = 6 /+!" /" %/ %"!"= =/ :,+. /" 6+ ""%#,+, , /" ""%6" : =/+ 6 +#". +-+ :-,, (S" 1':)86 I +,, $" "," /+ /" %+,+ #"-# :% /" +.#", : -6#",6+, 6 #,". +, , /"% A, 6& ,:%#+$.& /+6 -6#",6+, $"", + , /" +6 6". , /+ #"-# H="!"%& =" ,"+ /"%" =/ /" %+,+ ""%6" : /" ="% : "#,", #+, 11T/6 6, +, %,+%. "%%+, =/"%" ,. + 6": %"%. : %"+!". #"+%"+ 6 6-/ $" +", $. /" S+" :%# 6 =,"% :% + 6": +,"%/+6 + -%6" W/+ =" "+ =/ /"%" 6 + %"!-,+%. , :"%%+,$6 W/", EO N 228& +"%+. 6+" , 6 S", 1 /+A -+:" :+%#"%4$",":+%"6 +%" ,= ""#" :- =,"%6 +6 : O$"% 21&

1972 : /" +, /". ac/uired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

6T/" CAR5 L+= ,,6 /" %+,6:"% : 66"66, +, =,"%6/ : /"

+, /" !"%,#", , %"" $. /" +,=,"% : /" %%"6,,+.#", % /" "6 $. /" DAR : /" #",6+, , +6/ % LB5 $,6=/ +, +"66$" $+, , /",& " %"#+,6 =/ /" +,=,"% N-%/ /+," : =,"%6/ 6 ,"#+" "/"%26 T/" ="% : 5%"6", A-, %#-+" 5% N 131 +, EO N6228 +, 229 =+6 +-/%" -,"% S", ' : /" T%+,6%. 5%!6,6 : /"1987 C,6-, I 6 , %%" 6+. /+ /"6" #"+6-%"6 "+6" $"

1:%$. +-%" %!+" +,6 ,"," :% -$ -6" -, +.#", : -6 #",6+, /" =,"%@ I6 ,/"%", $"+-6" "66 =/- ,"" :% "6+,& "& "!", : 6 , 6+,," $. +,. += %"!", /" C,6-,& /" S+" #+. ""%6" W/.X B"+-6" /"6" ="%6 +%" ,""66+%. :% + 6+" "6 T/" /"% = +%" " ="% +, ++,12

F%+,.& I ,A%+%+, +,N+-%+ R"6-%"6 R":%#@=// %+,6 :+%#"%6 +, :+%#4=%"%6 =/ +%" +,"66& /" %/ %". %"!". =, /" +, /". +%" ,4!"6 +, -%. %+6, 6 ::"%", :%# % : +%#, , /+ +, 6 , +%#+%. ,- , /" :%#"%

ISSUEWON S3($)& 11& 13 a 32 : RA ''7 +%" ,6-,+ ,6:+% +6 6+ +=,-"6 /" raising of livestoc+, poultry and swine , 6 !"%+" +6 =" +6 ,6 I#"#",, R-"6 +, G-","6

HELDI,6+, ", GRANTED S3($)& 11& 13 a 32 : RA ''7 +%" ,6-,+,6:+% +6 6+ += ,-"6 /" raising of livestoc+, poultry and swine , 6!"%+" +6 =" +6 , 6 I#"#",, R-"6 +, G-","6 +%" /"%"$."+%" ,- +, ! :% $", -,,6-,+ +, /" =% : %"#,+%.,-,, 66-" 6 /"%"$. #+" "%#+,",Raio /" -"6, %+6" 6 ," : ,6-,+ ,6%-,; , ,6%-,+,. +#$--6 %!6,6& /" -%6 #+. /" "$+"6 : /" ,,4/" %+,6%6 : /" 198' ,, "+%. 6/= /+ /" #"+,, : /" =%>+%--%+@ (6 ,+%. #"+,, +6") =+6 ,"!"% #"+, ,-"

!"6 +, -%. ,-6%"6 , 6 !"%+";/"%" 6 , %"+6, ,-" !"6 +, -%. +,6 , +%+%+, %":%#


26/139


27/139

+ 5. : /" -%6 6 +! %-, , ,6-,+ -"6,6 +, %"6-#" /+ /" +6 : /" + "+%#",6 +%" !+ , /"+$6"," : + "+% +, -,#6++$" 6/=, /" ,%+%. T-$ 6 6-6+,

$ $+6" , /" %," : 6"+%+, : ="%6 =// ",,6 -,"+/ "+%#", + $"#, %"6" :% /" +6 : /" /"%"+%#",6

/"%. 6 /+ +6 /" , + : C,%"66 +, /" 5%"6", : /"5/,"6& + += /+6 $"", +%":-. 6-" +, ""%#," $" ,+%+," =/ /" :-,+#",+ += $":%" =+6 :,+. ",+"

4 /" +-6" : -,,6-,+. /+6 , $"", %!" $. /" ","%

A "6 , !+" +,. : /" ,6-,+ %!6,6 /" ","%/+6 #",," W/+ =" 6"" /"%" 6 + "$+" , /" =6# % /" "::+. : /" A& $-

/6 6 + #+"% , =// =" +%" , #"", %-"+ I, A,+%+ ! E"%+ C##66, /" -+%. "6 , +66 -,

-"6,6 : =6#& -6" % """,. : "6+,$ +=" ,. 6"" +-+ ,%!"%6"6 ,!!, %/6 =// +%"

"+. "#+,+$" +, ",:%"+$"& +, #+. , +,,- +, + :/" + "+%#",6 6#. $"+-6" =" :"" 6 -,=6" %#%++

T/"%" 6 , %%"-+%. +6& /+ 6/=6 /+ /"%" /+6 $"", + %+!"+$-6" : 6%", +#-,, + % ""66 : -%6, , /"+% : +,. $%+,/ % ,6%-#",+. : /" G!"%,#",

Decision 5", 6#66"

CALALANG ;6 WILLIAMSLAREL; D""#$"% 2& 190

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

P"oce(."e M+# C++,& , /6 ++. +6 %!+" ", +, +6 +++."% : M+,+& :" + ", :% + =% : %/$, ++,6 /" C/+%#+,: NTC& D%"% : 5W& A, S"%"+%. : 5WC& M+.% : M+,+ +, A,C/": : 5" : M+,+

ISSUES1 WON C##,="+/ A N 8 6 -,,6-,+ $"+-6" ,6-"6+, -,-" ""+, : "6+!" ="%

2 WON /" %-"6 +, %"-+,6 %#-+" ,6-" +, -,+=:-,"%:"%"," =/ "#+" $-6,"66 % %+" +, +$%" /" %/ "%6,+$"%. +, :%""# : #,3 WON /" %-"6 +, %"-+,6 #+," : ,:%," /" -, /",6-,+ %"" %"+%, /" %#, : 6+ -6" ,6-%" /"="4$", : + /" ""

HELD1 NT/" L"6+-%" +,, ""+" ="% #+" +=; $- +, #+" ++= ""+" + ="% ""%#," 6#" :+ % 6+" : /,6 -, =///" += #+"6& % ,",6 #+"& 6 =, +, "",

Reasonin0%. adherence to precedentR-$ !6 5%!,+ B+% : M,%& W+.#+, !6 S-/+% =+6 /" /"%"

/+ 6%", #+. $" ""+" ""-!" "+%#",6 % 6-$%,+"::+6 /" ""-, : "%+, +6& :,+ , -"6,6 : :+

2. textual interpretation of )ommonwealth ct 6o. 74'T/" %!6, /+ >?/" D%"% : 5-$ W%6& =/ /" +%!+ : /"

S"%"+%. : /" 5-$ W%6 +, C##-,+,6& 6/+ %#-+" %-"6+, %"-+,6 %"-+" +, ,% /" -6" : +, %+:: , ,+,+%+6?@& 6 +, )*1+&+.().+; :-,, =// +,, $" %". 6/+%"$. /" N+,+ A66"#$.

=. practicalityT/" #""6 : #"%, !"%,#",6& /" #-+, : /" 6-$"6 :

!


28/139

FACTS4 T/" !"%+%/, /"#" : /" +6" "+6 =/ /" %"!",, /"#6+%%+, % #+%#", : 5/," %+,:%"66 +, +%%"6 /"-,+$+" /"#%%/+" : /" -,%./%""4:-, %-"@ -,"% MECS O%"% c12& S"%"6 : 1972S+, D" :" + ", :% #+,+#-6 + /" V+",-"+ RTC& ,!, /6,6-,+ %/6 ++"# :%""# +, -+. "-+, I, +,+#"," #+,& /" %+6" /" +,+ %-,6 : -" %"66 +, "-+%", +, +6 /+"," /" ,6-,+. : /" +:%"#",,"%"%4 5","," "& =/ /" +%""#", : $/ +%"6& /" =+6 +=" +" +::/ +"# + NMAT T/6 +"# /" +6 :+"4 RTC "6, %""+6" *-. 1989 %+," /" ", +, "+%" /"/+"," %"% ,!+ I /" /+ /" ","% /+ $"", "%!" : /6%/ -%6-" + #"+ "-+, /%-/ +, +%$%+%. ""%6" : /" "="%

ISSUE

WON + "%6, =/ /+6 /%" :+" /" N+,+ M"+ A#66, T"6(NMAT) 6 "," +" ++,O%& WON /" /%""4:-, %-" 6 + %"% ""%6" : /" " ="% : /"S+"

HELDRaio M"+6-%"6& 6-/ +6 +#66, "+#6 +, /" /%"" :-, %-"& "6,"

+-" /" ++"# %"+%+, : +, ++, :+ =/, /"!+ ""%6" : /" " ="% : /" S+"

Reasonin01 ' %2 0($*&.: I, a"larin v. #utierre:, -,+,#-6 C-% -/" /"

,6-,+. : /" NMAT +6 + #"+6-%" ,"," # /" +#66, #"+ 6/6 ,. /6" =/ /+!" ,+. %!" /"% #""," +,%"+%+, :% + #"+ "-+,

- )&)4%59: T+$+%, +6" a +6" + $+% 66-" 6 ++"# %"+%+, :/" ++, A#66, "6 +, /" /%""4:-, %-" +%" $/ !+#"+6-%"6 , /" %"-+, : /" #"+ %:"66, T/" %"-+, : /"%+" : #"," , + 6 $%+,/"6 6 + %"+6,+$" #"/ : %",/" /"+/ +, 6+:". : /" -$ T/6 ="% %"-+" +, ,% /"%+" : #"," +6 ,-"6 /" ="% %"-+" +#66, /"%+,6 : /6" +-/%" %+" #","

2 T/" 0%4+$ 0%


29/139

-%6" :% =// /" 6 $"6 6-" +6 ""%#," $. ,+ "66 +,"!+-+,6Decision 5", 6 %+," D"6, : V+",-"+ RTC %"!"%6" C66++,6 %!+" %"6,", S+, D"

CARINO V INSULAR GOVERNMENTMALCOLM; F"$%-+%. 23& 1909

FACTS4 A, +"+ %"!"= /" -#", : /" S-%"#" C-% : /" 5/,"

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30/139

%"6%+," :% /"% =, +, /" ","%+ : /" 5/,"6 N% +,," 6+. /+ -" %"66 : +=& /+6 , $"", :=" T $+ -%":,, : -" %"66 : += +, "-+ %", : /" +=6& /"%" "66 ++=; /" += 6""#6 $" %"+6,+$"; 6 ",:%" +%, /" %"-+%#"/6 : %"-%" %"6%$"; +, +"6 +" + : + +66

2 NO C,6"%"& /"%":%"& -%". +6 +, ""%6" : /" " ="%& /"-%6 +,, :+%. 6+. /+ /" L"6+-%" /+6 """" 6 %/:- +-/%.I 6& ,""& +, -,-6-+ ""%6" : /+ ="% B- + %"+ #++. %"-%"6 +,"-+. %+6 %"#".4 A6 + , =// /+6 $"", ": :% /" ", : /6 "6, +, =// , +6"

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W" +, 6"" , $", /" ++, : -$ . +6 + %+"", E!"%. %"+. ,"= -"6, /+ #"6 $":%" /" -%6 6& ,/" +6 +,+.66& ""%#," , /+ /"%.& =/", , ""%#," $.::"%",+, : /" %," : + %% +6" % ," : +6"6& % $. /"+ : +,+"6 :-%,6/" $. 6-/ %% +6"6 I, $++,, ,:,6-,6& /+ ," 6 "%"!" /" 6+"6 =// /" -% $""!"6= $"6 %#" /" -$ =":+%" , 6 %$+$" "%+, +6 + ","%+%-" 21 : /" A#,6%+!" C" "6 , "%!" + "%6, : /6$"%. =/- -" %"66 : += +, "6 , ",. /# /" "-+%", : /" +=6& +, /+ ,:,"#", , %"6"%!+,6 ,

+%+," =/ 6+ 6", "6 , ,6-" 6+!"%. +, ,!-,+%.6"%!-" W" +%" :-%/"% : /" ,, /+ 6", 21 : /"A#,6%+!" C" 6 + "#+" ""%, : /" " ="%&6#"=/+ +,+-6 /" I,+, . : /" ," S+"6 S",21 : /" A#,6%+!" C" : 1917 6 ,6-,+

Decision 5","%6 +%" , -,+=:-. #%6," % %"6%+," : /"%$"%. H+$"+6 %-6 +,& /"%":%"& , 66-"

SEPARATE OPINION

CARSON! T/" "6+!" +, +#,6%+!" /6%. : /" 5/," I6+,6 "+%.66"6 /+ /" 6+,+% : !+, =// + 6": %$" #-6 $" :-, /+!" +!+,"& -6:. 6 %"#!+ :%# /" +66 "#$%+" =/, /""6%!" "%# ,,4C/%6+,& +6 /+ "%# 6 -6" , /" 5/," 6+-"4

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

+ ,,4C/%6+, %$" /+ /". + +,. #" +/"%" % #+,+,"+"+," 6-/ + %$"; +, =// =- -+:. /"# =/"/"% /". %"6"

=/, % $"., /" /+$+ : + ,,4C/%6+, %$"& , ,. #+,+, +#" : :" ,"",", : +, ++% :%# /+ #+,+," $. 6-/ %$"& $- +#" : :" +6 =- , $" ,#+ /" !"6 % %"%. % ","%+ =":+%": /" !" ,/+$+,6 : /" I6+,6 =/ =/# /". +%" $%-/ , ,+4 T/" ,",, /+ , /6 +%-+% +6"& +, =/- /+",, /" !+.: /" 6+-"& /" =% 6/- 66-" $"+-6" : /" :+-%" !" /"6"","%6 +6 =" +6 /" %"6 : /" ::"", /-6+, M+,-+,"6 $. /"%",",%+, %"% +, %-,. $" /"+% $":%" +,. +"# =+6 #+" ",:%" & $"6 /" -"6, +, 6& : -%6"& +,+#-, + ,",,/+ /"%" 6 , +-/%. , += :% /" 66-+," : 6-/ +, %"%

MOIR4 I %"+" /+ ) *+&.+&5 %0+&+%& $)((+ 4+..4


31/139


32/139

4 5","%6J %/ 6-" as taxpayers +,, $" 6-6+," $"+-6" /6 +6""6 , ,!!" "+ 6$-%6"#", : -$ :-,6 N% as concernedciti:ens +, /". $%, /6 6- $"+-6" , 6": ,-%. 6-::"%" $. /"# 6+"" A6 :% /" ","%6& =/ +%" #"#$"%6 : C,%"66& /"% %/ 6-"as legislators +,, $" ,!" $"+-6" /". , #+, : +,.,:%,"#", : /"% %/6 +6 "6+%63 I,"" , /" :%6 +6" =+6 /" /+ /" 5CSO -,"% 6 /+%"% (RA N11'9& +6 +#",") +,, ","% , +,. :%# : +66+, % +$%+,=/ +,. +%. , "%+, +, ,4," "%. HOWEVER THE ESTIONSRAISED IN THIS CASE ARE LEGAL ESTIONS AND THE CLAIMSINVOLVED ARE SBSTANTIALLY DIFFERENT FROM THOSE INVOLVED

IN THE 5RIOR CASE BETWEEN THE 5ARTIES AS ALREADY STATED&THE ELA IS SBSTANTIALLY DIFFERENT FROM THE CONTRACT OFLEASE DECLARED VOID IN THE FIRST CASE

A6& /" C-% ," , 6 "6, /+ /" %!6,6 : /" :%6 ,%+&=// ="%" ,6"%" $" :"+-%"6 : + , !",-%" +%""#",& /+ $"",%"#!" , /" ,"= ,%+

VALMONTE V BELMONTE, RCORTES; F"$%-+%. 13& 1989

FACTS4 5","%6 +%" #"+ %+,"%6 =/ =6/ ,:%# %"%6 /+ "%+,#"#$"%6 : /" B++6+, 5+#$+,6+& ,-, 6#" #"#$"%6 : /"6,& ="%" %+," >"+,@ +,6 :%# /" GSIS $":%" /" F"$%-+%.

198' "",6 5","% V+#," :" + 6"+ ! +, :% #+,+#-6=/ %"#,+%. ,-,,& %+., /+ %"6,", B"#,"& , /6 ++.+6 GSIS G","%+ M+,+"%& $" %"" 1 F-%,6/ ","%6 =/ + 6 : /" ,+#"6 : /" #"#$"%6 : /" ":-,B++6+, 5+#$+,6+ =/ ="%" +$" 6"-%" >"+,@ +,6 :%# /" GSIS##"+". %% /" F"$%-+%. 7& 198' "",6 /%-/ /" ,"%"66, :/",4F%6 L+. I#"+ M+%62 F-%,6/ ","%6 =/ "%:" %-" "6 : /" -#",6 "!",,6+ +,63 A= ","%6 +"66 -$ %"%6 :% /" 6-$" ,:%#+,

ISSUESP"oce(."a+: H+!" ","%6 :+" "/+-6 +#,6%+!" %"#""6XS.!sanie:1 D"6 /" ,:%#+, 6-/ $. ","%6 :+ -,"% >#+"%6 : -$

,"%,@X2 D"6 + ,:",+ %"+,6/ "6 $"="", GSIS +, 6 $%%="%6X3 A%" +, %+,6+,6 : /" GSIS& $", #"%". ,",+ 6 ,6-%+,":-,,& %!+" , ,+-%"X

HELDP"oce(."a+: N T/" %," : "/+-6, : +#,6%+!" %"#""6 66-$" 6"" "",6& +#, =// 6 =/", ,. + -"6, : += 6,!!" T/" 66-" %+6" $. ","%6& =// %"-%"6 /" ,"%%"+, :/" 6" : /" ,6-,+ %/ ,:%#+,& +, $" +66" -, $. /"-% #%" #"",. /+, GSIS % 6 B+% : T%-6""6S.!sanie:1 Y"6 T/" -$ ,+-%" : GSIS :-,6 +, /" -$ ::" /" $. /"+"" $%%="%6 #+" /" ,:%#+, 6-/ "+%. + #+"% : -$,"%"6 +, ,"%,

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: 6"%!" /" "" T/+ /" GSIS =+6 ""%6, + %%"+%. :-,, ,%+,, /" +,6 =- , -6:. /" "-6, : /" %+,6+,6 :%# /"!"%+" +, 6" : /" %/ ,:%#+, T%+,6+,6 ","%" , $./" GSIS& + !"%,#",4,%" %%+, %"+" $. 6"+ "6+,&+%" =/, /" +#$ : /" ""+"66 ::+ %"%6@& /" C,6-, "6, +% /"# + %/ #" -6+,6 : -$ %"%6 %"+%"66& +$6%+6& 6-##+%"6 +, /" " , /"% "6%" +-%",:%#+, , #+"%6 : -$ ,"%, I 6 "66",+ :% + =% :#+,+#-6 " /+ /" ++, /+6 + ="4":,"& "+% +, "%+,

%/ /" /, "#+," +, /+ 6 /" #"%+!" -. : /"":",+, "%:%# /" + %"-%"

CHAVEZ V PRESIDENTIAL COMMISSION ON GOODGOVERNMENT

5ANGANIBAN; D""#$"% 9& 1998

FACTS4 T/"6" +%" /" #+, -"6,6 %+6" , /6 %,+ +, 6"", (1) %/$ +, >",, %"6,",6 P5CGG +, 6 /+%#+,Q :%# %!+".","%, ,& "%:", +,% ""-, +,. +%""#", =/ /" /"%6 : /"+" 5%"6", F"%,+, E M+%6 %"+, +, ,"%,, /"%"%"6 +, +66"6 : F"%,+, M+%6 +" , /" 5/,"6 +,%+$%+ ,-, /" 64+" M+%6 /+%@; +, (2) >#"

%"6,",6 to ma+e pu"lic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

=/6" %/ +# :%# /" M+%6 :+#. +,% /" M+%6 "6+" 6%"," $. /" "6, , In re Estate of Ferdinand $arcos@

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",:%"#", : /" #%#6" +,% #" /" 5CGG 66" /"-$ /" "%#6 ,+," , 6+ A%""#",6 H="!"%& ","% 6 /"%"6"", /" -$ 66-%" : >+ ,"+,6 +, +%""#",& $" /".,, % "%:""& +, -#",6 %"+" % %"+, 6-/ ,"+,6+, +%""#", $"="", /" 5CGG +, /" M+%6 /"%6@ I, /"% =%6& /"", 6 , #"%". ,:," /" A%""#",6 /+ /+!" +%"+. $"",%+=,& $- "=6" +,. /"% ,, % :--%" -,"%+, =+%6 +,.6""#", , /" +"" M+%6 T/" %" 66-" $6 =, /" %"6","%%"+,& , "%#6 : 6"& : /" =, ,6-,+ %!6,6 ,>-$ %+,6+,6@S.!sanie:1 Y"6 T/"%" 6 , -$ /+ /" %"!"%. : /" M+%6"6< +"" 4",="+/ 6 + #+"% : -$ ,"%, +, #$-" =/ -$ ,"%"6 >I4",="+/@& $. 6 !"%. ,+-%"& +66-#"6 + -$ /+%+"% T/" +66"6 +,%"%"6 %":"%%" 6-6". %,+" :%# /" !"%,#", 6": T +

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principal defendants , /" 6+" : 4", ="+/ +6"6 ,=",, $":%" /" S+,+,$+.+, T/" %!6, 6 ++$" #+,.


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witnesses=/ %!" ,:%#+, % "6:. ++,6 + %"6,",& ":",+,% +-6" , +, 4", ="+/ +6") ,"% I"# N 2 : /" G","%+ A%""#",& /" 5CGG ##6 ""#:%# + :%#6 : +"6 /" %"%. $" %"+," $. /" M+%6 /"%6 T/6 6+ "+% !+, : /" C,6-, T/" ="% + +, %+, +""#,6 6 !"6" , C,%"66 +,& + "%+, "",& , /" +"6+!" $"6 T/" 5CGG /+6 +$6-". , ="% %+, +""#,6& "!", -,"% /" !"% : 6 +-/%. #%#6" 4",="+/ +6"6 E!", %+,, /+ C,%"66 ",+6 /" += ""#, /"M+%6"6 :%# +., +"6 , /"% %"%"6& 6-/ += = ":,". ,+66 /" "6 : /" "-+ %", +-6" -,"% /" B : R/6 A,. 6"+

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

%"6",& % :--%"& #+-%" % ,/+"&@ ++,6 /" M+%6"6 T/6 +4",#+66, 6-+, 6 ,%+%. += ,"% /" C! C"& +, +, :%:--%" :%+- #+. , $" =+!" T/6 6 + ++$" !+, : /" -" %"66+, "-+ %", -+%+,""6 : /" C,6-, I "::"!". ",6,"6/" M+%6"6 $"., /" %"+/ : /" +=!) T/" A%""#",6 , %!" :% + ":," % ""%#,+$" "% =/,=// /" +%"6 6/+ :-: /"% %"6"!" %"6+,6 I #+. +" + :"#"$":%" /" M+%6"6 6-$# +, ,!",%. : /"% + +66"6!) T/" A%""#",6 , 6+" =/ 6":. /" 6+,+%6 :% ""%#,,=// +66"6 6/+ $" :%:"" $. /" !"%,#", +, =// 6/+ $" %"+,"$. /" M+%6"6 W/" /" S-"#",+ A%""#", %!"6 /+ /"M+%6"6 6/+ $" "," 2 "% ", : /" 3' #, S=66 "66("66 !"%,#", %"!"%. "",6"6)& 6-/ 6/+%, +%%+,"#", "%+,6 ,. /" 6+ "6 N 6#+% 6, 6/"#" 6 ":," =/ %"6" /"/"% %"%"6 N"/"% 6 /"%"& +,.=/"%" , /" A%""#",6& + 6+"#", :/" $+66 :% /" 247 "%", 6/+%, %+!) T/" +$6"," : /",45%"6", F" R+#6< +%!+ : /" %,+A%""#",& +, "%"66 ,, /"%",& %","%6 /" #%#6" ,#""+, -,",:%"+$" N"!"%/""66& "!", : 6-/ +%!+ ="%" $+,"& /"A%""#",6 =- 6 , $" !+

RESOLUTION5ANGANIBAN; M+. 19& 1999

FACTSM+ I#"+ M+%64M+,& F"%,+, R M+%6 II +, I%"," M+%64A%+,"+ :" $":%" /" -% + #, :% "+!" ,"%!"," +, + #, :%+%+ %",6"%+,& +", /+ /". ="%" +%"6 +, 6,+%"6 /"G","%+ +, S-"#",+ A%""#",6 =// /6 C-% "+%" >NLL ANDVOID :% $", ,%+%. += +, /" C,6-,@ T/". +# >/+!" +

"+ ,"%"6 , /" #+"% , +,& % , /" 6-"66 : "/"% : /" +%"6% +, ,"%"6 ++,6 $/ +6 =+%%+, /"% ,"%!",,@ T/". + /+ /"%

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