current perspectives on campylobacter ecology
DESCRIPTION
Presented at 2013 Arkansas Association for Food Protection annual conference. Irene Hanning Assistant Professor University of Tennessee Department of Food Science and TechnologyTRANSCRIPT
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CURRENT PERSPECTIVES ON CAMPYLOBACTER ECOLOGY
Irene HanningAssistant ProfessorUniversity of TennesseeDepartment of Food Science and Technologye-mail [email protected]
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Campylobacter•Leading cause of foodborne bacterial illness
•Non-robust pathogen
•Susceptible to most stresses•Temperature
•pH
•Desiccation
•Colonizes poultry as a commensal
•Colonizes the gastrointestinal tract of poultry about 2 to 3 wks of age
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Campylobacter
Colonizes the gastrointestinal tract about 2 to 3 wks of age?
Gut development
•Histological development
•Mucus layer
•Microbial colonization
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Histological development
•Early absorption of yolk sac stimulates peristalsis, microvilli development, and mucus secretion
•Lengthening of the villi promoted by feed intake due to a need for increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
•Delayed access to first feed causes a reduction in the villus surface area, particularly in the jejunum (Geyra et al., 2001).
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Histological development• Ecology of microflora impacts histology of the GI tract
• Germ-free birds show reduction in relative weight and length of intestines.
• Altered amounts of lamina propria, lymphoid tissue, reticuloendothelial cells, intestinal weight and moisture in germ-free birds (Stutz et al. 1983).
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Mucus layer
•Provides innate immunity
•Forms supportive and protective barrier
•Development is influenced by access to feed post-hatch
•Highly glycosolayted mucins provide attachment sites for microflora
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Mucus layer
Mucus production begins at 3d prior to hatch
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Mucus layer
Campylobacter colonizes deep in the mucin layer
•Forms protective barrier
•Creates a microaerophilic niche
•Campylobacter can utilize mucin as a carbon source
•Chemoattractant
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Intestinal community
• Educate the immune system• Protection from pathogen colonization• Taking up space• Production of antimicrobial substances
• Synthesize vitamins• Breakdown indigestible substances• Reduce allergic responses• Impact nutrient acquisition
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Intestinal community
•Campylobacter does not possess genes for phosphofructokinase
•Community dependent because it needs secondary metabolites
•Community stimulates production of mucin
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CampylobacterDynamics of the intestinal community
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Campylobacter
Campylobacter colonizes the gastrointestinal tract about 2 to 3 wks of age because…..
•Gut development
•Microaerophilic environment
•Community dependent
•No phosphofructokinase
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CampylobacterHow is Campylobacter affected by the community?
How does Campylobacter change with the community
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Microbial Populations
• Gene transfer
• Quorum sensing
• Resistance
• Gut fermentation
• Degradation
• Cooperation
• Competition
• Predation
Functions and Actions
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Microbial Populations
•Biofilms
•Spoilage
•Soil
•Water microcosms
•GutLocation, location, location……
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Biofilms
•Support susceptible
organisms
•Resist environmental
stresses
•Quorum sensing
(intra and inter-
species
communication
Campylobacter
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Campylobacter
•Diversity in genotypes increases over rearing period
•C. jejuni is replaced by C. coli
Campy and the community
0
20
40
60
80
100C. je-juniC. coli
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CampylobacterHow is Campylobacter affected by the intestinal community?
How does Campylobacter change with the intestinal community?
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Antibiotics• Tend to “stabilize” the gut populations
• Antibiotics reduce the relative weight and length of the intestines (Visek, 1978; Postma et al., 1999).
• Increase growth rate• Improve health• Reduce infections
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Campylobacter gains resistance from the community
• Growth promoter in poultry production
• Controls coccidiosis
• Bioconverted to arsenate (AsV) and arsenite (AsIII) in poultry litter
• Birds ingest arsenic compounds while pecking at the litter
Roxersone
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Campylobacter gains resistance from the environment
• Fluoroquinolones used in poultry production
• Results in Cipro-resistant Campylobacter
• Banned in 2005
• Resistance conferred fitness in the absence of selection pressure……
……..Hence persistence of resistance
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Campylobacter gains resistance from the environment
• Tylosin – a macrolide used in chickens as therapeutic/prophylactic agents for the control of chronic respiratory diseases caused by mycoplasmas and as subtherapeutic agents for improving growth rates and feed efficiency
• At 0.53 g/L of water -reduced Campy and no resistance obtained
• At 0.05g /Kg of feed – Campy resistance emerged
• Highly resistant strains with mutation in the 23S RNA gene
• Lower resistance levels no mutation, utilized CmeABC efflux pump
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Campylobacter control efforts
Preharvest• Antibiotics• Direct fed antimicrobials• Probiotics• Vaccination• Bacteriocins
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Campylobacter control efforts
•Should be targeted at the production level
•Affordable
•How and when?
•If we target C. jejuni will we leave a niche for C. coli?
•Candidate genes should be conserved among strains
Vaccines
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Campylobacter
Direct Fed Antimicrobials
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Campylobacter control efforts
Belguim study reports lowering load of Campylobacter by 2 logs would reduce the number of cases by 84% (Messens et al. 2007)
Danish study reports 2 logs can reduce incidences by 97% (Rosenquist et al. 2003)
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Campylobacter control efforts
• Increase scalding water temperature• Improve evisceration techniques• More water during processing• Forced air-chilling• Disinfectants in the water………….Reducing exposure of carcasses to fecal materials
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Consumer food safety
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Consumer food safety
Food safety in the home
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Campylobacter control efforts
Pre-Harvestantimicrobials, vaccines, probiotics, etc..
ProcessingAntimicrobials, temperature, etc..
ConsumerEducation
Post-HarvestPackagingTemperature
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AcknowledgementsU of Arkansas
• Poultry Science• Mike Slavik• Dan Donoghue• John Marcy• Yan-Bin Li• Casey Owens• Billy Hargis• Hong Wang• Geetha Kumar• Ann Woo-ming
• Food Science• Steve Ricke• Phil Crandall• John-Francios Meullenet• Latha Devereddy• Sun-Yook Lee
• Biological Sciences• David McNabb• Ines Pinto• Carmen Padilla
• Chemistry• Roger Koeppe
• Animal Sciences• Charlie Rosenkrans
• Plant Sciences• Ken Korth• Carlos Avilos
• UTK• Qixin Zhong• Michael Davidson• Ann Draughon• David Golden• John Mount• Frederico Harte• William Morris• Doris D’Souza• Dwight Loveday• Jennifer Richards• Svetlana Zivanovic• Chayapa
Techathuvanan• Bill Brown• Steve Oliver
• Chicago Field Museum• Jacques Hill
• U of Delaware• Mark Parcells
• U of Minnesota• Tim Johnson• Randall Singer
• MIT• Eric Alm• Arne Materna• Lawrence David
• Cobb-Vantress• Robin Jarquin• Joe Schultz
• Tyson Foods, Inc.• John
• Pel-Freeze• Regina Stowe
• Gerber Products• Melanie Reed• Rama Holloway• Susan Allen• Jarius David
• Cargill• Brian Woo-ming
• USDA• Ann Donoghue• Bill Huff• Jerri Huff• Naryan Rath
• FDA• Rajesh Nayak• Steve Foley• Jin Han
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Thank You!