current use of bioenergy from forests in finland and ... · juha laitila 15.12.2006 3 use of wood...
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![Page 1: Current use of bioenergy from forests in Finland and ... · Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 3 Use of wood fuels in Finland-Wood fuels are 20 % of primary energy production-Black liquor from](https://reader034.vdocuments.net/reader034/viewer/2022051322/602ce6803670174b3046ecfe/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Metsäntutkimuslaitos Skogsforskningsinstitutet Finnish Forest Research Institute www.metla.fi
CurrentCurrent useuse of of bioenergybioenergy fromfrom forestsforestsin Finland and in Finland and futurefuture prospectsprospects
NSFP- seminar: Forest regeneration and bioenergy15.12.2006, Vantaa
M.Sc. Juha Laitila Joensuu Research Unit
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Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 2
SixSix K of K of forestforest energyenergy fromfrom the the forestforesttechnologytechnology pointpoint of of viewview
• Korjuuketjut (supply chains)
• Kone- ja laitekehitys (machine & device development)
• Kertymät (Availability & accumulation of forest chips)
• Kustannukset (Costs)
• Klapi (Chopped firewood)
• Kansainvälisyys (Internationality, technology & know-how transfer)
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Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 3
Use of wood fuels in FinlandUse of wood fuels in Finland- Wood fuels are 20 % of primary energy production- Black liquor from pulp mills is the major source of
wood fuels, 50 %- Major resources of solid wood fuels are debarking
residues, forest chips and sawdust (process residues)- Forest chips are quite modest source of fuel, but is has growth potential.
Current level 3,0 Mm³-2,6 Mm³ in large scale use and 0,4 Mm³ in small scale use
Consumption of solid wood fuels 2005, Mm3
Sawdust 1.7
Bark 7.6
Forest chips 3.0
Chopped firewood 5.7Pellets
etc. 0.7
Industrial chips 1.0
0
2
4
6
8
Mm
3 pe
r ye
ar Goal 5 Mm³ by 2010
NOTE: Level of annual roundwood cuttings in Finland is 54 Mm³ & 15 Mm³ impoterted wood (2004)
+
in households
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BorderBorder of the of the largelarge scalescale and and smallsmall scalescale useuse
Large scale50 - 500 MW
Municipality scale1 - 50 MW
Small scale20 - 1000 kW
Fireplace scale5 - 20 kW
15%15%70%70% 10%10% 5%5%
Large scale50 - 500 MW
Municipality scale1 - 50 MW
Small scale20 - 1000 kW
Fireplace scale5 - 20 kW
Quality requirements for the forest fuelsLOW
HIGHDry and homogenous raw material =
stem wood chips, pellets
2,6 Mm³ per year 0,4 Mm³ + about 5,7 Mm³ per year
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Logging residues from final fellingsStumps from final fellings
- A side product of final cuttings- Accumulation easy to estimate and locate- Integration with roundwood harvesting and regeneration- Harvesting costs are quite low- Selected stands are spruce dominanted
Small diameter trees from early thinnings- Harvesting costs are high- Cost difference to logging residue chips is about 10 - 15 €/m³- Resources difficult to locate, measure and get to market- State subsidies enables harvesting activities (10-11 €/m³)
78 % = 1,66 + 0,38 Mm³
22 % = 0,57 Mm³
ThreeThree main main sourcessources of of forestforest fuelsfuels in the in the largelarge scalescale useuse
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Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 6
Stumpage price of logs 44-53 €/m³(birch, spruce & pine).
Minimum top diameter 15 cm.Lenght of bolts 3,1 - 5,5 meters
Stumpage price of pulpwood13-23 €/m³(birch,aspen,pine
& spruce). Minimum top diameter 6-8 cm.
Lenght of bolts between 3-5 meters
Stump & root wood30 -125 €/ha + savings in the
site preparation 75-150 €/ha
Logging residues30 - 125 €/ha
Small trees from precommercial thinnings
Stumpage price 0-(4) €/m³ (Pulpwood compensation)
30-60 m³/ha
45-85 m³/ha
50-75 m³/ha
BorderBorder of of industrialindustrial roundwoodroundwood and and energywoodenergywood in Finlandin Finland
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HarvestingHarvesting of of logginglogging residuesresidues and and stumpsstumpsfromfrom sprucespruce dominateddominated clearclear cutcut areasareas
- Spruce stumps have a high wood content and stumpis loosely in the ground
- Stump harvesting is often combined with mounding(excavator & uprooting rake with mounding blade)
- Dry and homogenous raw material. Storing improves the quality. Excellent control fuel in wintertime.
- Stones & sand cause problems in comminution and in combustion
- High investment costs to heavy crushers limits the use of stump wood = “large scale fuel”
- Spruce stands, since the yield of logging residues is more than twice compared to pine and birch stands
-The recovery rate is about 70 % when the biomass is harvested as fresh with needles (green chips) and 60 % after summer seasoning at stand (brown chips)
- Logging residues consist of crown mass and stem wood loss
- Short storage life. One year is maximumAnnual harvested area 25 000 ha – an estimation
Annual harvested area 6000 ha – an estimation
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-Due to the small stem volume (15 - 45 dm³) felling bunching costs are high
-Energy wood accumulation per hectare is small
-Number of remaining trees limits the productivity of the work
The typical logging sites are overstockedhardwood or pine stands
HarvestingHarvesting of of smallsmall diameterdiameter treestrees fromfromearlyearly thinningsthinnings
+ Annual availability of small-sized energy wood is independent of harvesting of industrial roundwood
+ Young forests is the largest unutilized source of forest energy. Annualpotential depending on stand selection criterias 8.4 – 1.4 Mm³per year
+ Thinning of young stands has silvicultural benefits.
+ Chips quality is high. Excelent fuel for small plants. Long storage life
? Harvesting is based on state subsidies
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Logging residue procurement
- Slash piling to heaps is integrated into roundwood cutting
- Piling cost to the heaps is 0,3 €/m³
Stump & root wood procurement
- Splitting & uprooting + site preparation time per stump is 1 minute(on average 6-9 + 2-3 h/ha)
- Stump volume in final fellings is 150 -200 dm³(spruce)
- Cost of stump pulling is 4 – 6 €/m³
Small trees from pre-commercial thinnings
- Due to the small stem volume felling bunching costs are 12-15 €/m³
- Delimbing decreases productivity by 10 – 40 % compared to the harvesting with branches(mechanized cutting)
CostsCosts of of slashslash pilingpiling, , stumpsstumps uprootinguprooting & & fellingfelling--bunchingbunching of of thinningthinning woodwood ??
In the other phases of the procurement chain cost differences are rather small
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CostCost of chips at of chips at plantplant –– ExampleExample calculationcalculation
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Trees from early thinnings Stumps Logging residues
Cost
at
the
powe
r plan
t, €
/m³
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Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 11
FutureFuture prospectsprospects……
0
500000
1000000
1500000
2000000
2500000
3000000
Trees from earlythinnings
Logging residues Stumps Total
Use
of
fore
st c
hips
in la
rge
scal
e, m
³
Year 2000Year 2001Year 2002Year 2003Year 2004Year 2005
-The use of forest fuels has been growing fast during the last years.
- To promote the trend and use of forest energy we need more large, medium and small scale customers.
- Forest energy is a local energy and plants should be located nearresoursces.
- The significance of stumps in energy production will increase in the future.
Source: Metla/Ylitalo 2001-2006
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Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 12
-In Finland the forest biomass is number one fuel in renewable energy production
- “Normal” forest industries is not threatened by forest energy, on the contrary, it can give remarkable possibilities in the future
- Integration of energy wood harvesting with roundwood harvesting in thinnings is a great challenge —> Line between fibre and energy use will soften
- Large scale biomass refineries, liquid fuels and wood gas are probable future technologies in forest fuel business
FutureFuture prospectsprospects……
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Juha Laitila 15.12.2006 13
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