Phuc Am Nhat Lam ghi lai li giang day cua cac Tong o

Lm. J. TRNH HNG K

DN VO

TN CTp II CHNG VIN THNH GIUSE

LI NI U

DN VO TN C I gm c phn nhp v su chng. Phn nhp trnh by mt s nim thit tng cn bit trc khi hc hi Tn c nh Thnh Kinh l g ? Thnh Kinh gm nhng sch no ? Tnh cch duy nht ca Thnh Kinh, Gio Hi vi vic hc Thnh Kinh, nim v i tng ca Khoa Thnh Kinh nhp mn, i cng v Tn c

Trong Tn c, Phc m l pho sch quan trng nht v nh Phc m m chng ta bit c v cuc i Cha Gisu Kit, cc cng vic Cha lm, cuc T nn ca Cha. Ngi Li Nhp Th l mt s kin lch s. Mt s kin lch s bao gi cng xy ra trong khng gian v thi gian nht nh. gip vic tm hiu Phc m, Chng I trnh by khung cnh a l Phc m v c bit lu n nhng ni Cha Gisu qua cuc i dng th ca Ngi.

Chng II ni v thi i ca Cha Gisu : lch s, i sng tn gio, x hi, phong tc tp qun, gio thuyt cng nh gio phi Do-thi thi Cha Gisu.

Chng III l tiu s s lc v cuc i Cha Gisu. Chng ny cng vi Chng I c mc ch gip xc nh hon cnh khng gian v thi gian nhng vic Cha lm v nhng Li Cha dy, t l i vi nhng vic quan trng v nh vy gip hiu Li Cha hn.

Chng IV c mc ch tm hiu qu trnh hnh thnh ca Kinh b Tn c.

Chng V kho st xem cc sch Tn c c lu truyn ti chng ta th no ?

Chng VI trnh by s lc v cc sch Tn c c mc ch gip nhng ngi bt u hc hi Tn c c mt nim tng qut v cc sch Tn c c bit v cc sch Phc m. Nu khoa hc v cc sch Tn c tip theo ngay th chng ny khng cn cn thit na, ch nn lu n phn ni v nhng c tnh thn hc v vn chng ca mi sch so snh v b tc cho phn ni v vn ny trong DN VO TN C II.Nhng vn trn y c trch dch t nhng cun dn vo Thnh Kinh ni chung v dn vo Tn c ni ring. Nhng vn ny c sp xp li; c khi ly mt hay nhng phn trong sch ny c xp t li; c khi ly mt hay nhng phn trong sch ny b tc hay thay th phn tng ng trong sch kia, c khi thm vo nhng tiu hay nhng phn gii thch; c khi rt gn li hay n gin ha cch trnh by t tng ca tc gi; c khi thay i cc k hiu trong vic chia cc phn, cc on; c khi b i nhng phn khng cn thitNhng sch trch dch s ghi trong phn th mc.

c mong DN VO TN C I gip phn no trong vic tm hiu Li Cha.

Lm. J. TRNH HNG K

BNG CH VIT TTI. CC SCH THNHCU C

St

Xh

Lv

Ds

nl

Gs

Thp

Rt

1Sm

2Sm

1V

2V

1Ks

2Ks

Esd

Neh

Tb

Gh

Est

1Mac 2Mac

Gb

TvSng Th

Xut Hnh

Lvi

Dn S

Nh Lut

Giosu

Thm Phn

Rt

Samuel quyn 1

Samuel quyn 2

Cc Vua quyn 1

Cc Vua quyn 2

K s quyn 1

K s quyn 2

Esdra

Nhmia

Tobia

Giuch

Esther

Macab quyn 1

Macab quyn 2

Giob

Thnh VnhCn

Gv

Dc

Kng

Hc

Is

Gr

Ac

Br

Ez

n

Os

Gl

Am

Ab

Gn

Mi

Nh

Hb

Sph

Ag

Zac

MlkCch Ngn

Ging Vin

Diu Ca

Khn Ngoan

Hun Ca

Isaia

Girmia

Ai-ca

Ba-rc

Ezkiel

aniel

s

Gael

Amt

Abia

Gio-na

Mika

Nahum

Habacc

Sphnia

Agg

Zacharia

Malakia

TN C

Mt

Mc

Lc

Ga

Cv

Rm

1Cr

2Cr

Gal

Ep

Phil

Col

1Tx

2Tx

Math

Marc

Luca

Gioan

Cng V Tng

Rma

1 Crint

2 Crint

Galata

phs

Philipph

Clss

1 Thessalonica

2 Thessalonica1Tm

2Tm

Tit

Plm

Dt

Gc

1Pr

2Pr

1Ga

2Ga

3Ga

G

Kh

1 Ti-m- th

2 Ti-m- th

Tit

Phi-l-mon

Do-thi

Gia-c-b

1 Ph-r

2 Ph-r

1 Gioan

2 Gioan

3 Gioan

Giua

Khi Huyn

2. VN CHNG DO THIAJ

BJ

Bar II

CD

VI Esdra

Giub

Hen I

Hen II

VI Mac

Ps Sal

I QS

I Qsa

I QSb

I QH

I QpHa

I QM

TRLch s Do Thi

Cuc chin tranh Do Thi

Khi Huyn Baruch

Ti liu Damasc

Sch VI Esdra

Sch Giubil

Sch Henoch Ethipic

Sch Henoch Slavic

Sch VI Macab

Thnh Vnh Salomon

Lut Cng ng

Lut Cng ng Israel

Nhng li chc tng

Tp cc bi ca

Ch gii Habacc

Lut chin tranh

J. Bonsirven SJ. Textes Rabbiniques des deux premiers sicles chrtiens pour servir lintelligence du Nouveau Testament, Rma- 1955.

3. NHNG CH VIT TT KHCCN

TKCng nguyn

Th k

NHP

1. Thnh Kinh

Thnh Kinh l nhng sch c vit di s linh ng ca Cha Thnh Thn, v th, tc gi sch l Thin Cha v c truyn li cho Gio Hi nh th (C. Vatican I).

Ton b Thnh Kinh chia lm hai phn : Cu c v Tn c. Cu c, gm nhng sch vit trc Cha Cu Th Ging sinh. Tn c gm nhng sch c bin tp trong th k I sau Cha Kit.

Danh t Cu c dng ch giao c gia Thin Cha v dn Do-thi trn ni Sinai qua Maisen lm trung gian (Xh 24,1-8; 34,10-28; Lv 26,3-45). Nhng dn Do-thi khng trung thnh gi li giao c v Thin Cha ha s k kt mt giao c mi vi ton th nhn loi (Gr 31,31-34). Giao c mi ny gi l Tn c, c k kt bng Mu Cha Kit ra trn Thp gi (Mt 26,28).

Theo li hon danh (mtonymie), ngi ta dng danh t Cu c ch nhng sch cha ng li giao c m Thin Cha k kt vi Israel, v danh t Tn c ch nhng sch cha ng li giao c m Thin Cha k kt vi ton th nhn loi.

2. Cc sch Cu c

Cu c gm 46 cun, chia lm ba loi : S k (21 quyn), Gio hun (7 quyn) v Tin tri (18 quyn).

a. Loi S k : gm cc sch; Sng Th, Xut Hnh, Lvi, Dn s, Nh lut, Gisu, Thm Phn, Rt, 1-2 Samuel, 1-2 Cc Vua, 1-2 K S, Esdra, Nhmia, Tbia, Giuch, Esther, 1-2 Macab.

b. Loi Gio hun (cng gi l sch Khn Ngoan) gm cc sch: Giob, Thnh Vnh, Cch Ngn, Ging Vin, Diu Ca, Khn ngoan, Hun ca.

c. Loi Tin tri gm cc sch : Isaia, Girmia, Ai-ca, Baruc, Ezchiel, Daniel, s, Gael, Amt, Abia, Nahum, Habacuc, Sphnia, Agg, Zacaria, Malakia.

3. Cc sch Tn c

Tn c gm 27 quyn v cng nh Cu c, chia lm ba loi : S k (5 quyn), Gio hun (21 quyn) v Tin tri (1 quyn).

a. Loi S k gm 4 Phc m : Matth, Luca, Gioan v Cng v Tng .

b. Loi Gio hun gm 14 th Thnh Phaol v 7 th quen gi l th Cng gio.

c. Loi Tin tri gm c sch Khi Huyn ca Thnh Gioan.

4. Tnh cch duy nht ca Thnh Kinh

Tuy do nhiu tc gi khc nhau bin son v ti mi cun khc nhau, nhng ton b Thnh Kinh c mt tnh cch duy nht l lng khng nhng v ngun gc Thnh Kinh l Thin Cha, m cn v Gio l cha ng trong . Thnh Kinh l lch s n cu ca chng ta c th hin trong Cu c v c th hin trong Tn c : nhng trang u ca Thnh Kinh tin bo mt ng Cu Th s gii phng nhn loi (St 3,15), nhng trang cui cng trnh by Ngi ni thnh Girusalem Thin Quc cng vi nhng k s c cu chuc nh cuc T nn ca Ngi (Kh 5,9; 21,3).

Hn na, Thnh Kinh l lch s chnh ng Cu Th, v Ngi l trung tm v tt nh ca Thnh Kinh, trong Cu c, Ngi c cc Tin tri bo trc, trong Tn c, Ngi c cc Tng minh chng. Ngi ni lin Cu c vi Tn c; nh vy, Cu c v Tn c c tng quan mt thit v ha hp vi nhau. Do m ta thy c thnh ng sau y: Tn c tim n trong Cu c v Cu c t hin trong Tn c. Thnh Hirnim ni mt cch hu l rng: Khng bit Thnh Kinh l khng bit Cha Kit.

5. Gio Hi vi vic hc Thnh Kinh

Cc c Thnh Cha nh L XIII, Bnict XV, Thnh Pi X, Pi XI, Pi XII, Gioan XXIII, Phaol VI lun lun cao s cn thit v li ch ca vic hc Thnh Kinh, v Thnh Kinh l Li Cha. Cng ng Vatican II trong Hin ch Tn L Dei Verbum v mc khi ca Thin Cha tha thit khuyn nh cc tn hu nht l cc Linh mc, cc nam n tu s phi nng c Thnh Kinh, hc bit khoa hc siu vit v Cha Kit (Phil 3,8) v khng bit Thnh Kinh l khng bit Cha Kit (T.Hirnim). Thnh Cng ng cng nhc nh cc Linh mc, cc tu s nam n v cc tn hu rng : Vic cu nguyn phi i i vi vic c Thnh Kinh, c mt cuc trao i gia Thin Cha v ngi ta, v khi ta cu nguyn l ta tha chuyn vi Cha v khi ta c Li Cha l ta nghe Cha phn vi ta (T.Ambrsi).

VIC C THNH KINH RT CN THIT :

a. i vi khoa thn hc v Thnh Kinh l nh linh hn ca khoa Thn hc.

b. i vi i sng thing ling ca cc tn hu ni chung v ca cc linh mc, cc tu s nam n ni ring v Thnh Kinh cha ng Li Cha, m Li Cha l Li Hng Sng, l Li Ban S Sng. Thnh Kinh cha ng nhng iu phi tin v nhng iu phi gi c sng i i.

c. i vi i sng mc v, nht l i vi khoa ging thuyt.

Mun c v suy nim Thnh Kinh mt cch hu ch, cn phi c nhng tm tnh xng hp :

- Trc phi c mt lng tn knh su xa i vi cc sch cha ng Li Cha.

- V Sch Thnh cha ng nhng chn l nhiu khi vt trn tr nng nhn loi, nn trong vic ch gii, tm hiu Sch Thnh, khng c theo ring mnh, nhng phi khim nhng theo nhng li gio hun ca Gio Hi, v theo s quan phng ca Thin Cha, Gio Hi c trch nhim gn gi v gii thch Li Cha.

6. nim v i tng ca khoa Kinh Thnh nhp mn

Trong th th hai ca Ngi, Thnh Phr vit v th Thnh Phaol rng : Trong cc th y c nhng on kh hiu m nhng ngi khng c hc v nhng ngi khng vng tin gii sai ngha (2Pr 3,16).

Li ca Phr trn y c th p dng t nhiu vo cc quyn khc trong b Thnh Kinh : Cu c v Tn c, v trong cc sch c nhiu ch kh hiu do ni dung, ngn ng v v chng ta xa l vi th gii Cn ng c thi, ni xut x ca b Thnh Kinh. V l do trn v cng v l do h gio1 chng li nhng ai c tnh xuyn tc tnh cch linh hng, chnh xc, ton vn ca Thnh Kinh, cc c Gio Hong nhiu ln ra thng ip tuyn b Thnh Kinh rt cn thit v khuyn khch hc Thnh Kinh. p li nguyn vng v hn na li truyn ca c Gio Hong, ng k cc sch ch gii v mi quyn trong b Thnh Kinh cn c khoa Thnh Kinh nhp mn dn li ch ng trong vic tm hiu Li Cha.

Thnh Kinh nhp mn c th hiu theo ngha rng v ngha hp : Thnh Kinh nhp mn theo ngha rng gm cc khoa gip ta hiu Li Cha v th gm cc khoa ph thuc nh : t ng hc, a l, lch s hc, c hc Thnh Kinh.

Thnh Kinh nhp mn theo ngha hp gm hai phn: Thnh Kinh nhp mn i cng v Thnh Kinh nhp mn chuyn bit.

Thnh Kinh nhp mn i cng bn v cc vn c lin quan ti ton b ca Thnh Kinh. Trc ht ni v tnh cch linh ng ca cc Sch Thnh, sau kho st xem nhng sch no c tnh cch linh hng trong phn ni v Kinh b; tip n kho st xem khi cc chnh bn mai mt, Li Cha c c lu truyn hu th mt cch trung thnh hay khng trong phn ni v lch s vn bn; sau ht dy nhng qui tc phi theo trong khi gii thch Thnh Kinh tm hiu v trnh by ngha chn thc ca Sch Thnh.

Thnh Kinh nhp mn chuyn bit v cc vn lin quan ti mi quyn Sch Thnh : tc gi, ni dung, b cc, nin hiu, bin tp, xut x, c gi, tnh cch chnh xc v ton vn, nhng c tnh ca mi cun.

TM TT

Thnh Kinh nhp mn theo ngha rngGm cc khoa gip ta hiu Li Cha nh: t ng hc, a l, lch s, c hc.

Thnh Kinh nhp mn theo ngha hp

Thnh Kinh nhp mn i kho st nhng vn c lin quan n ton b Thnh Kinh.

Thnh Kinh nhp mn chuyn bit kho st nhng vn c lin quan n mt cun Thnh Kinh 1. n linh hng

2. Kinh b

3. Lch s vn bn.

4. Quy tc gii thch Thnh Kinh

1. Tc gi.

2. Ni dung, b cc.

3. nin hiu bin tp.

4. Xut x, c gi.

5. Tnh cch chnh xc.

6. Nhng c tnh.

7. i cng v Tn c.

Danh t Tn c (Novum Testamentum) trong vn chng Kit gio bui s khai ch n cu ca Cha Gisu Kit lp thay th cho Cu c (2Cr 3,6 ; Gal 4,24; Dt 8,6; 9,15; 12,14). Danh t chnh Cha Gisu t ra trong Ba Tic Ly khi Ngi ni n mu ca Ngi (mu ra trn Thp gi) l nn tng ca Giao c mi vi nhn loi (Mt 26,28; Mc 14,24) : y l Mu Thy, Mu Giao c mi (Lc 22,20; 1Cr 11,25; Chn ny l Tn c trong Mu Ta.T cui th k II, Gio Hi Cng Gio dng danh t Tn c ch nhng sch ca mnh v danh t Cu c ch nhng sch ca dn Do Thi. Nhng sch Tn c c trc tc vo hu bn th k th nht, nhng ch trong th k th hai, mi c lit k vo pho Sch Thnh, ngang hng vi nhng Sch Thnh ca dn Do Thi. Ban u s Sch Thnh khng c nht nh; mi n th k th V, c Gio Hi Hy-lp v Latinh u cng nhn 27 cun m by gi lm thnh b Tn c. Nhng sch l : Phc m theo Thnh Matth, Thnh Marc, Thnh Luca, Thnh Gioan, Cng v Tng do Thnh Luca bin tp, 14 th Thnh Phaol , 7 th Cng Gio v sch Khi Huyn ca Thnh Gioan.

CHNG I

KHUNG CNH A L PHC MI . PALESTINA, QU HNG CHA GISU

1. V tr, din tch, a hnh

Cuc i dng th ca Cha Gisu din ra trong khong t ni lin Syria vi Aicp dc theo b bin a Trung Hi. Khong t , tri qua bao th h, c nhiu tn khc nhau v bin gii cng khng duy nht. Ngy nay, cng nh trong tc phm ca Hrt1 (s gia Hy-lp, th k V trc cng nguyn), ngi ta gi khong t l Palestina.

Palestina mn ng gip sa mc Syria v -rp, mn Ty gip a Trung Hi, pha Nam v pha Bc bin gii khng c r rng lm. Tuy nhin, c th ly thung lng chy ngang t pha nam ni Liban n ni Hermon lm gii hn v pha bc v x Iduma v nhng min hoang vu pha Nam Bersaba v Bin Cht lm gii hn v pha Nam. Trong Cu c thng dng kiu ni : T Dan n Bersaba ch lnh th dn Do-thi c ng.

Palestina vo v tuyn 31-33,20 v kinh tuyn 34,20-36. B di t chn ni Liban ti Bersaba l 230km; b rng ti thiu t a Trung Hi ti sng Jordan l 37km v ti a l 150km ( mn Nam Bin Cht). Din tch pha ty sng Jordan l 15.643km2 v pha ng l 9.481km2. Tng cng l 25.124km2.

Thung lng Jordan chia Palestina lm hai min. Thung lng ny l mt hin tng a l duy nht trn a cu. Thung lng ny bt u t ni Taurus qua x Celesyria (Bc), Palestina ri tip tc qua pha ng bn o Sinai ti Bin . pha Bc thnh Dan cn cao hn a Trung Hi 550m, ch 10km v pha Nam xung ti 2m v khi ti h Tibria, mt nc xung ti 208m, thp hn a Trung Hi, n Bin Cht th mt nc thp hn a Trung Hi 392m.

Gia thung lng ny c sng Jordan pht t ni Hermon chy qua h El-Hule v h Tibria ri vo Bin Cht. T ngun n ca sng theo ng thng di hn 200km nhng v chy quanh co nn dng sng di 360km. H El-Hule di 6km, su t 3-5m. H Tibria cng gi l h Gennezareth di 21km, rng ti a l 12km, su 45m, nc h trong xanh v c nhiu c. Bin Cht di 85km, rng 16km, su 42m. Nc bin c nhiu lch thanh (bitume) v c nhiu mui, v th khng c sinh vt no sng trong c.

Min duyn hi t ni Liban n ni Carml rng t 2-6km pha trong l i ni. T ni Carml xung pha nam n dy Gaza, b bin ng u v theo ng thng c ch rng ti 20km. Min ny c hi cng Akko, Haifa v Jaffa (Jpp). Gia hi cng Haifa v Jaffa, Hr i vng xy thm cng Czara. T ni Carml n Haifa gi l bnh nguyn Saron ph nhiu, t Jaffa tr xung pha nam l bnh nguyn Philista (Saphla) hay x nhng ngi Pelishtim. Danh t Palestina l mt danh t dn xut ca danh t ny.

Bnh nguyn Esdrelon t mn bc ni Carml chy theo hng ng Nam chia phn t pha Ty sng Jordan lm hai phn : pha Bc l x Galila, pha Nam l x Samaria v Giua. X Galila v pha Bc c nhiu ni, pha Nam l bnh nguyn Esdrelon. Min duyn hi x Samaria v Giua l ng bng, min gia l i ni thp dn v pha sng Jordan.

Min bn kia sng Jordan l mt min i ni, thi Cha Gisu chia lm ba min : Trachonitide mn ng Bc Tibria, Thp tnh mn ng Nam h v Pra bn ng sng Jordan v Bin Cht, i din vi x Samaria v Giua.

2. Dn C

Galila l qu hng Cha Gisu v l khi im Kit gio, nhng trong lch s Do-thi khng quan h l bao v dn c khng c ng c v xa trung tm quc gia mn Nam.

Thi Cha Gisu, x Giua vi th Girusalem l trung tm sinh hot tn gio Do-thi. Dn x Samaria khc vi dn Do-thi v chng tc v tn gio. H l con chu ca nhng ngi thuc chng tc Mzptamia m nhng ngi Assyria di dn n vo th k VIII TCN v nhng ngi Israel v sn li, sau khi Sargon II h thnh Samaria nm 721 TCN. V phng din tn gio, ban u h th thn tng (Iolatria) ri dn dn h tin n tn gio th c Giav. Vo u th k VI TCN, ri h xy mt n th trn ni Garizim. Nhng ngi Samaritan cho rng : ni Garizim l ni chnh thc phng t c Giav i lp vi n th Giru-salem v ch mnh h l con chu cc T ph Do-thi xa v l nhng ngi tha hng tn gio ca cc T ph . Do , gia nhng ngi Samaritan v Do-thi c mt mi th truyn kip. Mi th ta gp thy trong cc ti liu thi xa v nay cng cha chm dt (Ga 4,9).

Ngi Do-thi khng bao gi chim c hon ton min bn kia sng Jordan. Trc thi i Hy- (t th k IV TCN n th k I TCN), c nhiu b lc Aram mn bc; sau cuc chinh phc ca Alexandr i , nhiu ngi Hy-lp n c ng ti , thi Cha Gisu, h lp thnh min Thp tnh.

l mt nhm cc tnh thuc vn minh Hy-, con s khng nht nh nhng vo khong trn gii 10 tnh, c l c lin lc vi nhau nh mt kiu lin minh, v th mi c tn gi l Thp tnh. Trong s cc thnh ny, ch c thnh Scitopolis (Beysan) l bn ny sng Jordan, cn cc thnh khc u bn kia sng Jordan. Nhng thnh c ting hn l amas pha Bc, Hippos bn bin h Tibria, Gaara, Grasa, Pella, PhiladelphiaMt s cc thnh ny chu phc quyn Alexandr (107-76 TCN), nhng sau li c Pompa gii phng vo nm 63 TCN. Mi thnh u c mt khong t t tr lm thnh nhng o vn minh Hy- gia mt min m a s l dn Do-thi v thuc vng quyn Do Thi.

3. Kh HuPalestina c hai ma : ma ma hay ma ng t thng 11-4 v ma nng t thng 5-10. Ma h ma rt t, ma ng mc nc ma trung bnh khp ni l 600 ly.

Kh hu thay i ty min. Thung lng sng Jordan nng hn cc min khc c khi ti 50 ; dc b bin a Trung Hi, trung bnh ma xun l 18 , ma h 25 , ma thu 22 , ma ng 12 , min i ni nhit thp hn mt cht.

Girusalem, cao 740m c nhit trung bnh 16 , nhit trung bnh thng ging l 10 , thng tm 26 , nhit ti a l 40 , ti thiu c khi xung di 0 .

Nazareth cao 300m, c nhit trung bnh l 18 , nhit trung bnh thng ging l 11 , thng tm l 27 , nhit ti a l 40 , t khi nhit xung di 0 .

Palestina, t khi c tuyt, thng thng nu c l vo thng ging.

Ma xun v ma thu thng c gi nng thi t pha ng gi l Xeckide v t pha ng nam gi l khamsin hay simun, hai th gi ny lm hi ma mng v sc khe. Ngi Assyri coi hai th gi ny nh nhng con qui vt.

V kh hu x Palestina ngy nay so snh vi c thi c l khng khc nhau l bao, nhng v phng din ph nhiu th km xa c thi. L do s sa st ny l v di thi thng tr ca ngi Hi Gio dn c ph rng v b vic canh tc. Tuy vy y vn cn du vt s ph nhiu thi xa, t d chung quanh Capharnaum v dc theo pha Ty bc b Tibria. Cn nhng min khc, nhng ni no ngi ta bt u canh tc vi nhng phng tin hp l v trng cy li th t ai li tr nn ph nhiu. Trong Cu c thng m t t Ha nh mt ni chy sa v mt ong.

II. NHNG NI CHA QUA

Tr mt thi gian ngn Ai-cp, cuc i dng th ca Cha Gisu din ra t Palestina. Theo Phc m, Cha sinh ra Bethlem, 8 cy s v mn Nam Girusalem. Sau khi Ai-Cp v, Thnh Gia ti nh c Nazareth thuc x Galila.

Trong thi gian cng khai ca Cha Gisu (t ma ng nm 27 hay ma xun 28 ti L Vt Qua nm 30 SCN), x Palestina thuc quyn quc Rma v chia lm 5 min :

1/ Mn Nam l tnh Giua thuc quc Rma, gm x Giua v Samaria.

2/ Vng quc vua Hr Antipa gm x Galila v Pra mn ng sng Jordan.

3/ Vng quc ca Philipph mn ng Bc h Genezareth.

4/ Min Thp tnh pha Nam h Genezareth.

5/ X Phnicia mn Ty x Galila thuc tnh Syria, thuc a ca quc Rma.

Chng ta khng th n nh mt cch chnh xc theo th t thi gian nhng ni Cha i qua, v cc Phc m nu ghi chp cn thn nhng li dy ca Thy Ch Thnh th cng khng ghi li mt cch t m nhng ni v thi gian Cha i qua. Tuy nhin, ta vn c th theo di Cha Gisu bng cch chia i cng khai ca Ngi l 4 giai on :

1. Bui s khai,

2. Thi k Cha ging dy Galila,

3. Cha i Girusalem ln cui cng,

4. Cuc T nn v Phc sinh ca Cha.

1. Bui s khai cuc i hot ng

Cuc i cng khai ca Cha Gisu bt u trong lc Thnh Gioan Ty Gi rao ging s n nn thng hi nhiu ni trong thung lung lng sng Jordan (Lc 3,3; Ga 3,32). Phc m Nht Lm khng ni Cha chu php ra ch no, ch ni l Cha chu php ra mt ni m sau ny m ngi ta xy ct tu vin Prodromos (Tin H) cch ca sng Jordan 6 Km. Phc m Thnh Gioan khng ghi li vic Cha chu php ra nhng nhc li cuc gp g gia v Tin H v mt phi on ca Hi ng Ti Cao Do-thi Bthania, bn kia sng Jordan. Bthania y l Tell-el- Medh, by gi trn hu ngn Wadi Nimrin, mt sng nhnh ca sng Jordan, gn ch sng ny gp sng Jordan. Origne v mt vi co bn Hy-lp, qun rng Thnh Gioan ging nhiu ni, cho rng cuc gp g din ra chnh ni Cha chu php ra.T sng Jordan, Cha Gisu ln sa mc, mt ni hoang vu gn min h lu sng Jordan. Mt c truyn c t th k th IV ch ch Cha l Gebel-el-Duq, mt ngn ni kh ch mn Ty bc Giric thi l hoang vu. By gi ngi ta gi ni l Gebel Quarntal (ni 40) nh ti 40 ngy Cha qua y. Lng o c truyn thng cho rng Cha chu cm d ni y : qu cm d Cha lm cho tr nn bnh trong mt hang lng chng ni v cm d Cha th ly mnh trn nh ni. T trn nh ni ta c mt ci nhn bao qut sng Jordan v mn ng, v v mn ty, tm mt c th nhn ti Girusalem.

Sau khi thu thp cc mn u tin min h lu sng Jordan, Cha Gisu tr li x Galila, c l Cha theo con ng dc b sng Jordan v khi ti Canna, Cha lm php l u tin : lm cho nc tr nn ru. Canna l mt thnh nh 10 Km v pha ng bc NazareThnh

2. Thi k ging dy x GalilaTi im ny ta thy gia Phc m Nht Lm v Phc m thnh Gioan c nhiu im khc nhau. Trong Phc m Thnh Gioan ghi li nhiu cuc hnh trnh i Girusalem ca Cha Gisu, 3 Phc m khc ch chp li i ging gio ca Cha x Galila v nhng min ln cn. c mt ci nhn kh th t v nhng cuc lu chuyn ca Cha, ta c th b qua nhng ln i Girusalem, v tuy quan h nhng ch din ra trong mt thi gian ngn, v chia nhng cuc lu chuyn ca Cha trong thi k ny lm 3 phn.

a. V x Galila v nhng thng hot ng u tinSau khi lm php l cho nc tr nn ru Canna, Cha Gisu tr li x Giua ving n th Girusalem vo dp l Vt Qua (nm 28). L xong Cha tr v x Galila qua x Samaria qua con ng xuyn qua ni Ebal v Garizim. Samaria l mt min t chin v phng din chng tc, ri o v phng din tn gio v khng c thin cm vi dn tc Do-thi. Trn ni Garizim c th xy vo khong nm 332 TCN. Sichem mt thi l th Samaria, by gi ch l lng Sichar tiu ty, pha ng thung lng xuyn qua ni Ebal v Garizim. Trc cng lng, gn ging Giacp Cha gp thiu ph x Samaria (Ga 4).

ang khi Cha Gisu tr v x Galila, th bn kia sng Jordan, Thnh Gioan Ty Gi b b ngc i ngy kt liu s mng Tin H bng mu. Cc Phc m u ghi li vic Thnh Gioan Ty Gi b bt v hai Thnh Matth v Marc k li mt cch t m ci cht bi thm ca v Tin H nhng khng ni vic xy ra u. Nh Joseph Flavius, ta bit Thnh Gioan Ty Gi b git pho i Macheront, xy trn sn mt ngn ni min cc nam x Pra ( thuc quyn H-r- Antipa) mn ng Bin Cht. Trong danh t Macheront, ta thy d m ca ting (machaira = gm) thc l mt tp hp vi mt ni ni ting v nhng ti c.

Capharnaum, trung tm cuc rao ging ca Cha Gisu Galila, v pha Ty bc h Genezareth, by gi l Tell-el-Hum. Theo Origne, Capharnaum c ngha l Lng an i, l ni m Cha dy nhiu iu cao siu v Tin Mng v cng l ni chng kin lng cm hn ngy mt gia tng ca ngi Bit Phi vi Cha Kit. Hi ng Do-thi Capharnaum m Phc m nhc ti nhiu ln, chnh ch ca Hi ng Do-thi xy vo khong nm 190 - 225 SCN. Nhng cuc khm ph ca cc nh kho c hc t nm 1905 ti nm 1926 cho ta nhng vt tch cn li.

T Capharnaum Cha Gisu thng n nhng ni yn tnh xung quanh hay l i ging dy nhng lng mc x Galila. Mt ln Cha Gisu v thm Nazareth, qu hng Ngi. Cuc ving thm sut kt liu mt cch bi thm. Nhng ngi Nazareth tc gin v nhng Li Cha dy (Lc 4,16-30) : h em Cha ln mt mm dc nh x Ngi xung nhng Ngi r qua gia h ri i (Lc 4,30). Mm thng c coi l tng dc trn dy ni bao qut cnh ng Esdrelon cch Nazareth 2km v mn ng1.

Mt trong nhng ln Cha ti ni yn tnh, dn chng ti tm Cha v Cha ging dy dn mt bi thng gi l Bi ging trn ni (Mt 5,1-14; Lc 6,20-23). Ni ny, trong mt thi gian kh lu c coi l Qurn Hattim, mt ngn i kh cao (316m) vo khong trung trn ng t thnh Tibria ti Capharnaum. Quan nim thi xa coi ni Bt phc l mt ngn i thp (150m) cch Capharnaum 3km v mn Ty nam. Nhng cuc khm ph mi ca cc nh kho c hc 1935 hnh nh chng t tnh cch hu l ca gi thuyt th hai. Ni Bt phc ng bc bnh nguyn Gennezar v bao qut mt ging ng t nhin di 1.200m. C l Cha khng ging t trn nh ni , nhng mt mm nh ra sn i, Cha ging cho dn chng t hp di bnh nguyn.

K c ca nhng gio l thi xa xc nhn gi thuyt trn. Trn sn i cch h Genezareth chng 800m, t th k th V-VI, ngi ta xy mt n th gi l n th 12 Tng knh nh 12 Tng m theo nh Phc m k li, vic c lin quan mt thit vi bi ging trn ni. Ni y cng l ni Cha Gisu hay lui ti trong vng lng. y cng c coi l ni xy ra nhiu vic khc m Phc m k li nh m c l (Ga 21), Cha cha ngi phong hi (Mt 8,1-12), Cha gp ngi i trng (Mt 8,5) v l ni Cha thng ging dy dn chng.

b. Bn ng h TibriaNhng cuc lu chuyn ca Cha Gisu sang bn ng h Genezareth khng phi l t. Phc m thut li Cha bn ng h Genezareth, min nhng ngi Geraseni, ri sau mt thi k bn pha ty h, li ghi Cha min Bethsaida Julia. Min nhng ngi Geraseri hay Gadareni m Cha Gisu v cc Tng ti sau mt chuyn sang sng gi, ta phi tm min ng nam k cn vi h Genezareth ch khng phi Gerasa gn sng Yabbok. Cc Phc m khng ghi cng mt tn : Gerasa (Lc, Mc), Gadara (Mt). l mt du ch rng Cha ch ven b h ch khng ti chnh thnh Gadara ( gn h) hay Gerasa (30 dm v pha ng Nam h). Cu chuyn Cha cha ngi b qu m (Mt 8,28-34; Mc 5,1-20) c l xy ra mt mm ni n ra h Tibria i din vi Magdala. Mm ni ngy nay ngi Rp vn cn gi l Ni Heo (Gebel- el khanazi).

Bethsaida Julia qu hng Philipph, Anr v Phr mn ng Bc h Genezareth, gn sng Jordan. Bethsaida c hai khu vc: mt khu ven b h v mt khu hi xa h. Trong mt ln ti thm khu ny, Cha lm php l ha bnh ra nhiu ln th nht. (Mt 14,6; Lc 9) mt ni, theo nh Phc m thut li, khng qu xa thnh Bethsaida, c l v pha ng. Mc d Phc m nghi r, mt c truyn li cho rng : Cha lm php l ha bnh ra nhiu mn Ty nam Capharnaum, trong cnh ng Tabgah. Thm ch c mt t ngi ngh rng: trong cnh ng ny xa c mt thnh tn l Bethsaida khc vi Bethsaida Julia l qu hng ba v Tng ni trn.

c. Ngoi bin gii x PalestinaTrong khi ging dy Galila, Cha Gisu c ln ra khi bin gii x Palestina. Mt ln na chng ta khng th din t li cuc hnh trnh ca Cha trong cc chi tit. Cc Phc m ch Cha ti Tyr v Sin, ti min Thp tnh, mt ln na li ti Bethsaida ri i Csara Philipph, v sau ht trn mt ni cao Cha bin hnh.

Dn min Tyr v Sin thuc x Phnixi c nghe danh v Tin tri tr tui x Galila nn khng c chi l nu Cha ti x h. Nu cuc i Thp tnh tip theo ngay cuc hnh trnh i Tyr v Sin th, ti min Thp tnh, Cha phi i qua pha ng h Tibria xung mi tn min ng Nam h. y, Cha cha lnh mt ngi ic v ngng v lm php l ha bnh ra nhiu ln th hai (Mt 15,32-38; Mc 8,1-9). T min Thp tnh, Cha li i thuyn v bn Ty h gn Tibria ri Cha li i Bethsaida.

Nhng Cha khng min b h lu v ngay sau Phc m nht lm thut li Cha vi cc Tng min Csara Philipph, di chn ni Hermon v pha Nam. Thnh ny nhc ta nh ti vic Thnh Phr tuyn xng Cha Gisu l c Kit Con Thin Cha Hng Sng v Cha Gisu ban quyn ti cao cho Thnh Phr (Mt 16,13-20). Thnh ny mang tn tiu vng x Itura l Philipph khi ln vi x Csara trn b bin a Trung Hi, th ph ca tng trn x Giua.

T Csara Philipph Cha Gisu ti ni cao Cha bin hnh. Mt s tc gi c thi thy vic xy ra Csara Philipph v cu chuyn Cha bin hnh gn nhau ngh rng danh t ni cao y ch ni Hermon cao 2.750m ngay mn Bc thnh Csara. Nhng phn ng tc gi ngh rng danh t ni cao ch ni Tabor mn ng bc bnh nguyn Esdrelon. Ni Tabor khng cao lm v ch cao hn min chung quanh 320m nhng v gia bnh nguyn nn t ng xa c th trng thy v xem nh cao hn trong thc t.

3. Cha Gisu t bit Galila i Girusalem ln cui cng

B x Galila, Cha Gisu ri trung tm hot ng dn dn ln Girusalem, thi gian ny lu c n my thng v Cha khng i thng ti Girusalem nhng ging dy Samaria, Pra, Giua v mt i ln c ti Girusalem. Nhng cc Phc m Nht Lm v nht l Thnh Luca xp c cc cuc lu chuyn vo mt cuc hnh trnh c bit c kt thc bng mu nhim Thp gi (Lc 9,13). Hn na, Thnh Luca cn tp trung vo cuc hnh trnh mt phn quan trng nhng vic lm v nhng li dy ca Thy Ch Thnh (Lc 9,51; 19,27).

Khng c tham vng din li tng bc Cha Gisu qua, chng ta ch nghi li nhng ni Cha ti trong thi cui cng ca i Cha di trn nhng ly Girusalem lm trung tm v bt u t nhng ni xa trung tm .

Phc m nghi Cha c mt min bin gii gia Galil v Samari khong ngang thnh Scythopolis. Trong thi k ny, Cha t Samaria nhiu ln, ri Cha qua Pra, Cha gp i biu Bit Phi v dy nhng d ngn v lng nhn hu (Lc 14-17). Khi lng cm hn ca nhng ngi cm u Do-thi tin ti nh th tiu Ngi (Ga 11,54), Cha Gisu cng cc mn lui v Ephraim gn sa mc. Giua, Cha sai 72 mn i rao ging.

on ng cui cng ca cuc hnh trnh din ra t thung lng Jordan ti Girusalem. y Phc m Thnh Luca cho ta bit kh y v chi tit. T Giric trong thung lng sng Jordan, Cha Gisu ln min ln cn Girusalem. Thnh Girusalem c i cy xung quanh : bn ng l ni Cy Du, trn ni c ng i t Girusalem n Giric. Trn sn ni pha ng c lng Bethania qu hng ca Mattha, Maria v ng Lazar. Trn nh ni Cy Du c lng Bethphag, khong ny Cha bt u khi hon vo thnh Girusalem. Gn l ni Cha dy kinh Ly Cha v ging v th mt.

4. Nhng ngy sau ht ca Cha Gisu. Cuc T nn v phc sinh ca Cha.

Thi Cha Gisu thnh Girusalem trn hai ngn i, gia l thung lng Tyropeon, xuyn qua hai i theo hng Bc Nam. i pha Ty l khu c x v i pha ng l khu n th. Mn ng n th l thung lng Cedron. Bn kia thng lng Cedron l ni Cy Du. Thng lng Cedron gp thung lng Gehenna Nam n th. Thung lng Gehenna l ranh gii thnh Girusalem v pha Ty.

Trc ngy T nn theo Phc m thnh Gioan, ta bit Cha Gisu nhiu ln ti Girusalem. Phc m Gioan cn cho ta bit nhng ni Cha i qua : h Bzatha c nm dy hnh lang ca chin (Ga 5,2), v mn Bc n th ging Silo mn Nam i Ophel (Ga 9,7), gn c thp Silo m Phc m Luca nhc ti (Lc 13,4). n th l ni Cha hng ti ving mi khi ln Girusalem v cng l ni chng kin nhng cuc tranh lun gay go gia Cha Gisu v cc th ch ca Ngi. ng ch l hnh lang Salomon v mn ng. Pha ng nam sn n th l Pinnaculum ( ni cao ca n th), l ni, theo c truyn, qu cm d Cha Gisu gieo mnh xung.

Khc vi phn khc trong i Cha Gisu, phn T nn c 4 Phc m k li mt cch t m nn ta c th theo di mt cch d dng nhng vic xy ra trong my ngy y nhng k nim thnh . Nh Tic Ly l ni Cha dng ba ti sau ht vi cc mn , theo mt c truyn t th k th IV, mn ty Nam thnh Girusalem. ti vn Gitsmani, Cha phi theo cn ng mn theo chiu di thung lng Ghena qua mn Nam i Ophel ri ln ni Cy Du. Vn Gitsmani pha Ty ni Cy Du, i din vi n th. Sau khi Cha b bt, qun Do-thi dn Cha theo con ng Cha qua ti Thng T Caipha mn Bc nh Tic Ly. y din ra cuc thm vn ln th nht. Cuc thm vn ln hai cng din ra hay phng hp pha Ty Nam sn trong n th, pha thung lng Tyrpon. Sau khi Hi ng Ti Cao Do-thi (Sindri) kt n t hnh Cha, h dn Cha ti Pretri, ta n Tng tn x Giua, trong nhng ngy Girusalem m bo trn t trong dp L Vt Qua. Rt c th ta n c t n Antnia, ni qun i Rma ng, v mn Ty Bc sn n th. T n Antnia, Philat sai dn Cha ti dinh Hr Antipa, c l vo gia khu c x. B dn v n Antnia ln th hai v b Philat kt n t hnh, vi thp gi trn vai, Cha theo con ng kh (Via Dorosa) di my trm thc qua ca Ephraim ti i Calvari ngoi bc tng mn ty bc. By gi Vng Cung Thnh ng M Thnh bao ph ni Calvani. y Cha b ng inh v c mai tng trong huyt mi ca ng Giuse Arimathia cch khng xa.

Sau khi sng li, Cha hin ra vi hai mn lng Emmaus. Cc bn vn khng ghi ging nhau v khong cch gia Girusalem v Emmaus. S ng bn vn ghi l 60 dm1, mt s bn vn khc li ghi l 160 dm. V th c ngi ngh rng Emmaus ni trong Phc m l Emmaus by gi cch Girusaalem khon 30 km (160 dm) c ngi cho Emmaus l lng El Qubeibeh gn Girusalem hn (60 dm). Cha cn hin ra vi cc mn chnh Girusalem, h Tiberia, trn mt ngn i ni Galila (Mt 28,16-20; Mc 16,15-18).

Cha Gisu ln tri ni Cy Du. Hin mt ngi nh nh, di tch ca mt Vng Cung Thnh ng trng l thi xa bao ph phn t m theo tc truyn Cha t ln tri.

BN CHT MC KHI

Thin Cha nhn t v khn ngoan mc khi chnh mnh v cho bit mu nhim thnh Ngi (Ep 1,9), nh , loi ngi c th n cng Cha Cha nh Cha Gisu Kit, Ngi Li nhp th trong Cha Thnh Thn v c thng phn vo bn tnh Thin Cha (Ep 2,18; 2Pr 1,4). Trong s mc khi ny, Thin Cha v hnh (1Cr 1,15; 1Tm 1,17), bi tnh thng chan cha ng li vi loi ngi nh vi bn hu (Ep 33,11; Ga 15,14-15) v i thoi vi h (Bar 3,38) mi gi h n s hip nht vi Ngi v n nhn h vo s hip nht . Nhim cc mc khi ny c th hin bng cc hnh ng v li ni c lin h mt thit vi nhau : cc vic Thin Cha thc hin trong lch s cu by t v cng c gio l v nhng iu m li ni din t, cn li ni th cng b cc s vic v lm sng t mu nhim cha ng trong . Nh mc khi ny, chn l thm su v Thin Cha v v cu ri con ngi, c sng t cho chng ta trong c Kit, trung gian v ng thi l s vin mn ca ton th mc khi.

(Hin ch Tn l v mc khi ca Thin Cha s 2)

CHNG II

THI I CHA GISU

I. LCH S DO-THI T NM 63 TCN TI NM 70 SCN

Trong nhng trang u ca Phc m, hnh nh vua Hr l ai v nhng hon cnh no a ng ln ngi bu. i ngc li dng thi gian nh th, ta gp dng h Asmn l con chu Macab m hai cun Sch Thnh (1+2 Mac) k li.

1. Anh em Macab

Vi cuc lu y i Babylon, dng h avit lng danh mt thi b lu m tuy khng tuyt hn. Nm 539, Cyrus chinh phc x Babylon. Nm 538, Cyrus cho dn Do-thi hi hng. Dn Do-thi tuy c t do tr v x s v ti lp i sng x hi, tn gio (Esdra, Nhmia Agg v Zacharia), nhng khng c c lp v chnh tr, x Giua vn l mt tnh thuc Ba-t v sau khi hong Alexandr thng Ba-t (333), dn Do-thi li thuc quyn Hy-lp. Nm 323, hong Alexandr bng h, quc ca ng chia lm 4 vng quc : Macnia thuc quyn Cassanr; Thracia thuc quyn Lysimac; Syria thuc quyn Seleucus v Ai-cp thuc quyn Ptlm.

Trong thi k u di quyn Hy-lp, Palestina thuc quyn thuc quyn kim sot ca Pt-l-m- Ai-cp. H Ptlm i x vi x Palestina t t; nhng khong t nm 200, h Sleucidi nh bi h Ptlm Csara Philipph (Panin), x Palestina li thuc quyn Sleucidi. Antic IV Ephiphan sau khi ln ngi, vi mc ch on kt ton lnh th, em nm ha Hy-lp ph bin khp trong nc. Palestina cng trong tnh trng . Trong khi cc tn gio khc chu ci mnh trc vn ha Hy-lp vi nhng thi tc nhiu khi v lun l, o Do-thi phn ng mnh m. Antic IV dng sc mnh Hy ha Palestina. Nhiu ngi Do-thi cng quyt d cht cng khng theo ngoi gio. l trng hp ca ng liazar, ngoi chn mi tui v mt b m vi 7 con t o.

Cuc xch mch gia Do-thi v Syria, ngoi nhng yu t c truyn v chnh tr v kinh t cn c nhng yu t v tn gio; l mt phn ng quyt lit v bn b ca dn Do-thi i vi nh Hy-lp ha nhng ngi theo o Giav.

Trong khung cnh , ta phi t cng lao ca dng h Macab, v t t Mattathia v nm ngi con ca ng; trong c Giua, Gionathan v Simon tri hn c. Theo hai sch Macab v Joseph Flavius, cha con Macab khi xng v ch huy mt cuc chin tranh lu di v anh hng dnh li c lp cho qu hng. Cuc chin tranh ny ko di t nm 166 ti nm 142 k c nhng thi k nh chin. Qun i khng chin dnh t do, sau khi Mattathia cht, c Giuda (ngi con th ba) ch huy t nm 166 ti nm 161. Giuda cng gi l Macab ( = ba hay ngi Cha ch) thng trn oanh lit, nh bi cc tng ca Antic IV, Antic V (164- 162), Demetri (162-159); ty u n th (1Mac 4,36- 41) v k hip c lin minh vi dn Rma (1Mac 8,1-22).

Sau khi Giua t trn, Gionathan ngi em t ln thay anh v cai tr dn t nm 161 n 143 (1Mac 9,23..; 12,52).

Nm 142, Simon anh th hai ca Giuda c bu lm thng t v a dn Do-thi ra khi ch thng tr ca dn Macnia sau 170 nm (B.J 1,2,2; 1Mac 13,41; 14,41tt).

2. Nh Asmn

Sau khi Simon b con r lm phn v b git vi hai con l Mattathia v Giua, dn chn Gioan Hyrcan, ngi con th ba ca Simon, ln lm ch tch (1Mac 16,11-24).

Gioan Hyrcan I (135-104) nhn quyn thng t v cc chc v ca cha bt u mt dng vua mi tc gi l Asmn.

Nhng vua k nghip Hyrcan I l Aristobul I (104-103); Alexandr Jann (103-76) tm a c c, hnh h dn, bch hi nhng ngi Bit Phi; hong hu Alexandria (76-67), v vua Alexandria Jann i x nhn hu vi nhng ngi Bit Phi.

Hong hu Alexandra v khng th gi chc thng t ca chng nn gn chc cho con c l Hyrcan II, mt v hong t t lanh li v khng am hiu chnh tr. Nhng ngi con th l Aristobul II, tnh kh hng hi, trong khi hong hu Alexandra lm bnh, vi s gip ca bn hu, t chc mt o qun, chim mt s thnh tr t xng vng khng m xa chi ti nhng li trch mng ca m. t lu sau, hong hu Alexandra bng h (67).ASMN

MATTATHIA

Gioan Gaddis Simon Giua Maccab Elizar Gionathan Ch huy trng ch huy trng 166-161 ch huy trng 161-143

V thng t 143-135 thng t 153-143

Gioan Hyrcan I

Vua v thng t 135-104

Aristbul I Alexandr Jannr Antign

Vua 104-103 vua v thng t 103-76

Ci b Salom Alexandra

N hong 76-67

Hyrcan II Aristbul IIThng t 76-67 v 63-40 vua v thng t 67-63

Qun vng 47-41

Alexandra Alexandr Antign

Vua v thng t 40-37

Mariamme I Aristbul IIILy Hr i vng thng t 36-35

3. quc Rma can thip vo x Palestina

Ci cht ca hong hu Alexandra l khi im mt thi k tranh chp gay go gia hai anh em (Hyrcan II v Aristobul II) m kt qu l a t quc ti ch dit vong, mt quyn t ch, ph mc t quc cho quyn hnh quc Rma v mt dng vua ngoi lai ght ngi Do-thi.

Hai anh em u xin Pomp, khi ang Tiu-, can thip. V ang bn i ph vi nhng ngi Nabatei , nn Pomp khng mun can thip ngay. Trc thi ca Pomp, Aristobul II ngh rng Pomp s c quyt nh bt li cho mnh nn chng li Pomp. Nm 63, Pomp ch thn can thip, chim thnh Girusalem, thng Aristobul II v st nhp x Palestina vo tnh Syria, thuc quc Rma.

Tuy b ngoi x Palestina cn c v c lp v Hyrcan II vn cn c mt t quyn v chnh tr nhng phi t di quyn kim sot ca Tng trn x Syria. Trong nhng nm tip theo, Aristobul II v hai con ng l Alexandr v Antign c gng dnh li quyn t do nhng khng lm c mt kt qua no tch cc v lu di.

Palestina, thc quyn trong tay Antipatr ngi x Iuma (mn nam x Giua) v l cn thn ca Hyrcan II; Antipatr l mt ngi trung thnh vi quc Rma. Trc gip Pomp v sau li gip Csar trong cuc chinh pht Ai-cp (nm 47). V tr n, Csar phong vng cho Hyrcan II v cho Antipatr lm tng trn ton x Giua.

Li dng quyn hnh trong tay, Antipatr em hai con mnh l Phasal v Hr vo nhng a v quan trng. Phasal c c lm th trng thnh Gi-ru-sa-lem v H-r- ngi con th, bn lnh cng quyt, c lm Tng trn x Galila ri sau kim c Celesyria (min bc nc Liban by gi) v Samaria. Antipatr b Malic u c nm 43.

4. H-r- i vng

Sau khi Antipatr b git, Antign, con trai Aristobul II, ni ln chng vi Hyrcan II v cc con ca Antipatr : Phasal v H-r-. Ban u Antign thua nhng sau vi s gip ca ngi Parthes, Antign nh bi Hyrcan II v xng vng. Nhng ngi Parthes dng mu bt c Hyrcan II v Phasal, np c hai cho Antign. Antign ct tai Hyrcan II v y i Ba-t. Phasal b tng giam v t vn (Bellum Jud 1,13,9). H-r- trn thot, tr v x Iuma, sang Ai-cp ri i Rma, c hong Antoni phong lm vua nhng ngi Do-thi nm 40-39, mt phn v Antoni ght Antign v coi Antign l k phin lon v l th ch ca ngi Rma.

Tuy c phong vng nhng H-r- cn phi chinh phc vng quc ca mnh. H-r- tr v x Palestina. Antign by gi ang gi chc thng t v l vua Do-thi. Vi s gip ca qun i vin chinh Rma, nm 37 H-r- d chim c ton lnh th x Palestina v xi Antoni git Antign.

t lu trc khi ly thnh Girusalem, H-r- ly d vi Dri (ngi x Iuma), ci Mariamme I, chu vua Hyrcan II, nh th tr nn thng gia vi hong tc v lm cho vic ln ngi ca mnh c v danh chnh ngn thun.

Tt c nhng c gng ca H-r- u hng v Rma gi vng v lm tng thm cc n hu c. Trc v phe Antoni v sau trn Actium (nm 31) li v phe Octavian (August - 27 TCN - 14 SCN). i vi Antni cng nh vi Octavian, H-r- ht sc ly lng bng cch gip h khi i chinh pht, dng nhiu tng phm, np thu hu, rt mc tn knh v nnh ht khng cht bi ri, chp nhn nhng phong tc tp qun ngoi gio, gi con i Rma hp th nn gio dc m ngi Rma mun hun luyn cho cc ch hu tng lai.

p li nhng s gip tch cc ca H-r-, cc hong Rma lun lun coi H-r- nh mt ngi bn trung thnh v nh ng minh, cho H-r- thm t ai v ban cho H-r- quyn t tr kh ln trong vic cai tr x Palestina. Nhng Octavian bt H-r- phi tng phc s xt x v chp thun ca hong v vn ni ngi.

T vn ngoi giao chuyn sang vn ni tr, ta thy H-r- thch xy nhng thnh tr trng l v l mt ngi c c. C hai chnh sch u nhm mt mc tiu : gi vng ngai vng. H-r- mun lm tng uy tn v th tiu nhng ch th chnh tr trong thc t hay trong tng tng.

Ta thy H-r- khng tic tin trong vic sa sang n th Girusalem. Cng vic bt u t nm 18 nin hiu H-r- (20/ 19 TCN). Sau tm nm, xy ct xong nhng dy hnh lang v lm L Cung Hin n th. Nhng phi i n nm 63 sau cng nguyn mi hon thnh (Ga 2,20), nn ca n th v i m cc Tng khen ngi (Mc 13,1-2) cng c xy di triu H-r-. H-r- cn tu b nhiu thnh ph khc nh Sebast, Csara x Palestina v Tyr, Sin, amas ngoi bin gii.

HR TH PH

Antipatr, ngi x Iduma

Tng trn x Iduma

Antipatr

Cn thn Hyrcan II Giuse

Phasal HR I VNG Salm Frra Giuse

37-4tr.CN

Ci

ri Mariamme I Mariamme II Malthak Clpatra 5 b khc

Antipatr Alexandr Aristbul Hr Philipph ARCHLAO HR ANTIPA PHILIPPH Hr

Ci Glafira ci Hria 4tr CN-6sCN 4trCN-39sCN 4trCN-34sCN

Con vua x ci con vua ci Salm

Ccia Salm x Arta v

Hria

Tigrane IV Alexanr Hr Hria HR AGRIPPA I Aristbul

Vua x Armnia 41-44

Tigrane V HR AGRIPPA II Brnic Mariamme Drusilla

Vua x Armnia Ly Aziz vua Emsa

V tng trn Felix

H-r- phi kh nhc vt v chinh phc x Palestina, dng xo tr, v lc, ti c gn gi v lm vng ngai vng. Bit bao ti c ty tri m ng vua c ti ny l th phm, mt trong nhng ng vua kht mu nht m lch s ghi li.

Cu chuyn Thnh Matth k v cc nh bc hc cho ta thy r s qu quyt v gi hnh ca H-r- (Mt 2,1-12). Phng php dng th tiu v vua dn Do-thi i vi H-r- l phng php thng thng.

H-r-, gi l H-r- i vng, hoc v thi hnh nhng d tnh tham vng mt cch cng quyt bn b hoc vt cc vua trc sau v lng ly xa hoa v v ti c, cht sau mt cn au n nm 4 TCN (750 UC).

Bnh lun v H-r- v gia quyn ng, Joseph Flavius nhn xt rng nhng cuc thng trm ca H-r- v gia quyn ng chng minh rng Cha quan phng can thip vo cc vic ca nhn loi ; lm con chu khng ch g, c nhng sc mnh quyn th m ngi ta thng cy da vo cng khng ch g; v, thc vy, con chu H-r- rt ng m, tr mt s t, tiu dit hn ni trong mt th k (A.J 18, 53).

5. Nhng vua k v H-r-

Ban u khi Mariamme I, chu vua Hyrcan II cn sng, H-r- theo ch c th; hn na, v n Mariamme I, nn ly d vi ngi v th nht ri, tuy ri sinh h c mt con trai tn l Antipatr. Tri li, sau khi git Mariamme I, H-r- theo ch a th v c nhiu con, mt vi ngi trong s k v H-r-. Trong chc th cui cng, H-r- nc rng ln ca ng cho ba ngi con l Archla, H-r- Antipa, con b Malthak, ngi x Samaria v Philiph, con b Clpatra, ngi thnh Girusalem.

Vi ci cht ca H-r-, vic thng nht x Palestina cng tan. Hong Rma chun y chc th ca H-r-. Archla (4 TCN-6 SCN) cai tr x Iuma, Giua v Samaria vi chc vua. Bt chc cha v bo tn, Archlao git 3000 ngi Do-thi trong n th v mun ni lan (Mt 2,22).

V sau dn khng th chu ni tn bo cha, tha vi hong Rma. Archla b i y Vienne, x Gallia, Archla khng c ngi ni ngi. T nm 6 n nm 41, x Iuma, Giua v Samaria tr thnh mt tnh ca quc Rma v c mt Tng trn ngi Rma cai tr.

H-r- Antipa, sau khi cha cht, cai tr x Galila v Pra t 4 TCN n nm 39 SCN. Chnh H-r- Antipa sai ngi git thnh Gioan Ty Gi trong ngc (Mt 14,1-12) v i x tn nhn vi Cha Gisu trong hi thng kh (Lc 23,6-12). Thng gi l vua (Mc 6,16) nhng thc ra ch chc qun vng (Tetrarcha).

Philiph (4 TCN-34 SCN), con ca H-r- v b Clpatra, cai tr nhng x bn ng, min thng lu sng Jordan v h Genezareth ; x Batania, x Trachnoti, x Auraniti, x Itura v x Gaulaniti, dn c phn ng l ngoi gio.

Philiph kt hn vi Salm con H-r-ri-a-. Philiph l mt ngi hiu ha, c bng tt, cng bnh v l mt ngi bn thnh thc ca Rma. ng xy li thnh Bethsaida bn h Genezareth v gi l Julia, knh ng vua Julia, con hong August; tu b thnh Csara gn ch pht nguyn ca sng Jordan v gi l Philiph, phn bit vi thnh Csara trn b a Trung Hi.6. Cc tng trn Rma

Sau khi Archlao b ct chc (6 SCN), x Giua, Samaria v Iuma tr thnh mt tnh Rma t di quyn mt Tng trn ngi Rma.

Quyn t do hnh ng ca Tng trn b hn ch mt phn no v nhng c n m dn Do-thi c hng. Tuy nhin, quyn cn kh rng ln. L ch huy qun s c min, di quyn Tng trn c nhiu o binh ( 1000 ngi) v mt i k binh. Tng trn c quyn x t. c quyn ct t cc v thng t, c tin v ly thu trc thu.

Thu gin thu do nhng t nhn u t gi l publicani (tlonai=nhng ngi mua thu). Nhng ngi ny li dng cc nhn cng thu thu. Dn chng cng gi hng ngi ny l publicani, nhng chnh ra theo danh t Rma phi gi nhng ngi ny l ngi thu thu mi ng. Nhiu khi nhng ngi thu thu ny li dng nhiu hn tin thu phi tr (Mt 5,46; 9,11; 21,31; 3,13).

Thng thng Tng trn ng Csara trn b a Trung Hi : l n Stranton m Hr i vng xy li. Nhng trong cc dp i l thng ln Girusalem phng nga v dp yn nhng cuc ph ri trt t c th xy ra v s cc gio hu thng rt ng trong cc dp . Tng trn th nht l Cpi (6-9), ri ti Marc Ambivi (9-12), Anni Ruf (12-15), Valri Grat (15-26), ng ny t Caipha lm thng t, v Pontio Pilat (26-36).

V Pontin Philat, ta c bit r hn v Phc m v Joseph Flavius u c ni ti kh nhiu. Phc m cho ta bit Philat l mt ngi khng c t cch trong vic x Cha Gisu. V lo cng c a v, s mt chc nn sau nhiu do d, ng ln n t hnh Cha Gisu d bit Cha v ti. Theo Joseph Flavius , Philat ngy cng t ra ght ngi Do-thi v nhiu khi dng v lc n p. Khng m xa n lut Do-thi cm t bt c hnh nh no trong thnh, Philat em hnh hong Rma vo thnh ban m. Philat cng ly tin ca n th xy mt thy l v ra lnh cho lnh nh nhng ngi Do-thi phn i n ni c nhiu ngi cht.

ng cn ra lnh git mt s ln nhng ngi Samaritan m mt Tin tri gi xui dy lon. Dn Samaritan tha vi Vitelli, c s ton quyn ca Rma Syria. Vitelli ct chc Philat v bt phi v Rma vo khong cui nm 36 t bo cha nhng ti c m ngi Samaitan tha. Hnh nh ti Rma, Philat b y i Vienne v bt phi t vn.

Sau Philat l Marcell (36-37) v Marull (37-41). Nm 41, hong Claudi cho H-r- Agrippa I, chu H-r- i vng, x Giua, Samaria v Idum. Trc t lu (37), hong Caligula cho H-r- Agrippa I vng quc ca Philiph v ti nm 40 li cho H-r- Agrippa I x Galila v Pra, vng quc ca H-r- Antipa. Nh vy, trong mt thi gian ngn (41-44), H-r- Agrippa I thng nht ton lnh th, gm x Iduma, Giuda, Samaria, Galila v Pra. Nm 44, H-r- Agrippa I mt. Con trai cng tn l Agrippa mi ln 17 tui. Claudi mun cho Agrippa ni ngi cha, nhng cc quan cn thn cho rng Agrippa cha trng thnh v thiu kinh nghim nn Claudi li ti lp ch Tng trn Giua.

Nhng Tng trn k tip t nm 44 n nm 66 lm cho dn chng ni lon v nhng bt cng ca h. l cuc chin tranh Do-thi (66-70).

7. Cuc chin tranh Do Thi

T nm 66 n nm 70, mt cuc chin tranh m mu din ra trn t Palestina v nhng ngi Do-thi ni ln chng li vi ngi Rma. Nguyn nhn xa cuc ni lon l lng cm th nhng ngi ngoi bang t mt th k dy xo v lm nh bn t ca cha ng (Tv.Sal 17). Nguyn nhn gn l s cng phn i vi ch bc lt ca cc Tng trn Rma. T nm 44 ti nm 66, c by tng trn k tip nhau : Cuspi Fad (44-46), Tibri Alexandr (46-48), Ventidi Cuman (48-52), Antni Flic (52-60), Porci Fest (60-62), Luccei Albin (62-64), v Gessi Flr (64-66). Tr Cuspi Fad, Tibri Alexandr v Porci Fest, cc tng trn Rma u ni ting v lng tham nhng, bt cng v hon ton khng hiu tnh tnh ngi Do Thi. Ti t nht l Gessi Flr nh mt ao ph c sai n pht nhng ngi b kt n, bc lt v hnh h dn cch ( B.J 2, 17, 2).

Cuc ni lon cng c lin lc vi s cung tn ca nhng ngi quc gia qu khch c qun chng tn thnh v ng h, c kch thch bng nim trng i ng Msia v c duy tr bng lng tin cy Cha s lm php l can thip. Quyt nh khng dng l vt cu cho hong Rma nh du cuc tuyt giao vi Rma.

Nhng khng phi ht mi tng lp dn Do-thi u ng h cuc ni lon . Nhng ngi khn ngoan bit suy tnh, phn ng thuc hng qu tc, t ra thi phn i hay do d, nhng b sc hng hi ca qun chng li ko vo cuc chin tranh. Vua Agrippa II ht sc khuyn dn b nh ni lon nhng v hiu.

Cuc chin tranh bt u bng nhng cuc hnh hung i vi nhng ngi Rma v nhng ngi Do-thi c cm tnh vi Girusalem v cc tnh, dn dn c t chc v tr nn mt cuc chin tranh thc s, quyt lit.

Ma thu nm 66, Cesti Galli, c s Rma Syria em o qun XII Fulminata phi hp vi dn qun tn cng thnh Girusalem v b tht bi. i vi ngi Do Thi, cuc chin thng ny lm tng lng hng khi ca nhng phn t i quc v thc y nhng ngi lng chng tham gia chin tranh.

Ma xun nm 67, theo lnh Nron, Vespasian em o qun V Macedonia, o qun X Fretensis phi hp vi o qun XV Apollinaris do con l Tit tuyn m Alexandria cng vi 23 i dn qun, 6 i k binh tng s l 60.000 ngi tin nh x Gallila. Sphris gi n Jotapata v chng c c 47 ngy. Sau khi h thnh, Vespasian ra lnh bt Joseph Flavius lm t binh v i x vi Joseph Flavius t t. Thng 7 nm 69, Vespasian c tn lm hong .

V tn hong trong nhng thng u nm 70 ra lnh cho con l Tit tip tc cuc chin tranh. Tit tin n Girusalem vo dp L Vt Qua nm 70 v vy thnh.

Sau nhiu trn nh, n Antnia b chim v b ph. T n Antnia, qun i ko vo sn trong ca n th v mt tn lnh nm thanh ci chy vo n th. n th lng ly nguy nga bc chy v chn vi hng ngn ngi Do-thi chy vo trong tr n. Hm l mng 6 thng 8 nm 70. Mn Nam thnh cng tht th. Ngy mng 2 thng 9 n lt pha Ty thnh tht th. Girusalem b tn ph bnh a. S t binh l 97 ngn ngi. Trong s chin li phm c c nhng dng trong n th.

Thng ngh vin v dn Rma, sau khi Tit cht, dng khi hon mn knh nh ng. Trn khi hon mn, trong s nhng hnh chm ni, ta thy cy nn by ngn v bn th dng bnh bng vng.

Girusalem tht th, ngi Do-thi mt trung tm i sng tn gio, x hi. chng minh s thn phc ngi Rma v mt quyn t ch hon ton, ngi Do-thi b buc phi ng mi nm hai ng cho n th Jupiter Capitlin Rma, hai ng m trc h ng cho n th Girusalem (Mt 17,24-27; B.J 7,6,6). Cuc chin thng ca ngi Rma lm cho ngi Do-thi tn mc khp ni.

II. NHNG TH CH TN GIO

X HI V PHONG TC DO THI

1. Sindri, Hi ng Ti cao Do-thi

Sau khi ch qun ch b tiu dit v nn thng tr ngoi bang c thit lp trn x Palestina, trong tay nhng v i din dn tc cn li mt quyn bnh c tnh cch tn gio nhiu hn. Quyn bnh trong tay hng t t v nht l Hi ng Ti cao.Sindri hay Hi ng Ti Cao Do-thi l mt hnh thc thng ngh vin qu phi c quyn t php, tn gio v trong mt gii hn, quyn chnh tr. Trong vn chng Rabbi thng c gi l i hi hay ta n. Hi ng Ti Cao c thnh lp v hot ng di thi thng tr ca Hy-lp theo mt hnh thc cai tr cc tnh thuc vn ha Hy-lp (1Mac 11,23; 14, 8). Hi ng Ti Cao gm c 71 nhn vin (Ds 11,16) chia lm ba hng : cc v thng t , k lo v lut s. Di thi Macab- Asmn v di thi H-r-, Hi ng Ti cao khng c thc quyn l bao nhng di thi cc tng trn Rma, quyn ca Hi ng Ti cao tr nn quan trng v hu hiu v cc Tng trn Rma p dng tn ch chung l cho dn Do-thi hon ton t do v phng din tn gio v c t tr trong lnh vc hnh chnh mt cch kh quan.

Hi ng Ti cao, di s hng dn ca v Thng t, c nhim v gi gn trt t chung v v th c mt i cnh st ngi bn x (Mt 27,65tt). Hi ng Ti cao c quyn thu mt vi th thu v quyn t php. Bt c vn tn gio hay x hi no c lin quan ti lut Do-thi u thuc thm quyn Hi ng Ti cao. Cha Gisu, cc thnh Tng : Phr, Giacb, Gioan, Phaol v thnh Stphan phi ra trc Hi ng Ti cao v b n nh nhng Tin tri gi v nhng k ni phm thng.

Hi ng Ti cao Do-thi thng hp trong phng Vung gc Ty Nam sn ca n th. Trong nhng trng hp c bit khn cp cng c th hp ti nh v Thng t, ch tch hi ng.

Di thi cc Tng trn Rma, nhng quyt ngh ca Hi ng Ti cao c gi tr hnh php tr quyn x t. Hi ng Ti cao c quyn tuyn n x t, nhng ch c quyn thi hnh n hnh sau khi c tng trn Rma chp nhn.

2. Hng t t

Cc v t t, v chuyn lo vic phng t Thin Cha, nn rt c uy tn. Theo lut Maisen, h Lvi c tn hin cho vic phng t. Aharon, hai con ng : lazar v Itamar v con chu hai ng c tn lm t t chnh thc, cc chi tc khc thuc h Lvi c tn lm tr t (Levite). Nhng tr t c nhim v iu khin v c hnh nhng bi ht phng v trong n th. Sau cuc lu y v trong thi Tn c, nhng tr t t c quyn hnh v nh hng.

Tn hin cho Cha, cc v t t phi tch bit ra khi m ng qun chng bng cch n v y phc. v t t phi gi nhng quy ch v s tinh sch theo lut php (puret lgale) rt nghim khc. Y phc ca v t t gm c mt o bng vi gai t c xung di chn, mt giy tht lng nhiu mu rng v di; mt khn bng vi gai trng, hnh nn. c bit l y phc ca v Thng t ngoi o di, v cn mc mt o ngoi ta nh o dng mu thanh thin di ti u gi, v ephod, mt o ging Rma che trc ngc v sau lng, trn ngc c tm bng qu gi, trn tm bng c 12 vin ghi tn 12 chi h Isrsel. Pha trc khn trm u, c mt bng nh di bng vng khc ch tn hin cho Cha.Trong n th, cc t t khng i giy. Y phc cc t t trong n th. Trong thi k lm vic phng t, cc t t khng c ung ru v cc ung c men (Lv 10,8tt).

Vua avt chia cc t t ra lm 24 phin thay nhau phc v trong n thnh, mi phin mt tun (1Ks 24). Trong Phc m, cng c nhc ti cc phin (Lc 1,5), nhng ta khng bit r c bao nhiu phin trong thi Cha Gisu. Nhiu t t ngoi thnh Girusalem v ch n Girusalem khi phi phc v n th.

Cc t t c nhim v phc v trong n th v bn th, thay bnh trn bn th, chc lnh cho dn chng v qun l ti sn ca n th.

Tn c v Joseph Flavius c ni ti v t t coi n th c trch nhim gi gn trt t ni thnh, v c mt cng s vin l th qu.

V thng t ng u hng t t, l trung gian chnh gia Thin Cha v dn Ngi, nn c knh trng v c nh hng nhiu trong i sng dn tc.

Trc thi H-r- i vng, chc thng t c tnh cch cha truyn con ni. V thng t u tin l Aharon, ri ti Elazar. Cc v thng t tip theo thuc chi tc Elazar. Vi thng t Hli, chc thng t li v chi tc Ithamar (xem Elazar). n thi Salomon, thng t Abiathar thuc chi tc Ithamar b cch chc, thng t Sadoc thuc chi tc Elazar ln thay. Thi Macab- Asmon, chc thng t li v tay h ny ( h Macab- Asmon l dng di t t).

Di thi H-r- v ngi Rma, chnh quyn c cch chn v thng t v nhiu khi chn nhng ngi t lt nhiu tin bc v c th tin cy v phng din chnh tr, v th nhim v thng t mt tnh cch cha truyn con ni.

T thi H-r- n khi Cha Gisu chu T nn, trong khong 65 nm, c ti 15 v thng t. Trong cc v , c v ch gi chc Thng t trong vng mt nm hay ngn hn. Nhng v Thng t b ct chc cng vi nhng ngi trong chi tc lm thnh mt giai cp m Phc m v Joseph Flavius gi l nhng thng t. Phn ng cc Thng t thuc phi Sauc (Cv 5, 17).

Thi Cha Gisu, th gi cc v thng t b suy gim nhiu v cc thng t ny thuc phi Sauc. Phi ny b dn chng ght v gio thuyt ca h b cc Bit phi v cc lut s kch.

Phc m nhc ti hai thng t l Anna v Caipha (Ga 18,12). Anna lm thng t t nm 6 TCN n nm 15, Anna b Valri Grat ct chc. Tuy b ct chc trong thc t, nhng Anna vn cn uy quyn v trong s su v thng t k tip th nm ngi l con ng v mt ngi l con r ca ng. Sau Anna, n Elazar (16-17). Nm 18, Valri t Caipha, con r ca Anna lm thng t. Caipha gi chc thng t ti nm 36. chnh trong thi k Caipha lm thng t, Cha Gisu b kt n v v chu T nn. Sau Caipha l Gionathan (36-37), Theophil (37-41), Matthia (42-43), Anan (Anna- 61-67). Anan b git trong cuc chin tranh Do-thi nm 67.

Chc thng t khng cn tn ti sau khi Girusalem b tn ph vo nm 70.

3. n th v cc Hi ng (sinagoga)

thc sng ng v nhng giy thn i ni kt cc phn t ca dn Cha chn thnh mt khi lm cho nhng ngi Do-thi qu trng v tin tng vo s hiu nghim ca nhng vic phng t Cha cch cng khai v c tnh cch cng ng. Nhng vic phng t chnh gm c dng l vt, cu nguyn chung, v dng cho Cha mt phn thi gi bng cch gi ngy Sabbat v cc ngy l khc.

i sng tn gio lm chng ta ch trng n nhng ni th phng : n th Girusalem v cc Hi ng.

n th i vi ngi Do-thi l ni duy nht dng l vt ln Thin Cha mn ng thnh Girusalem. Cha Gisu lui ti n th do vua H-r- xy. n th th nht do vua Salomon xy b Nabucodonosor ph hy nm 587 khi h thnh Girusalem. n th th hai c xy ct sau thi lu y v khnh thnh nm 515 b H-r- ph hy dn dn xy dng li cho nguy nga hn. n th do H-r- xy gm c ba phn : hnh lang, sn n th v n th.

Nhng dy hnh lang rt p vy quanh n th. ng k nht l dy hnh lang pha nam cng gi l hng tr quan v hnh lang pha ng cng gi l hnh lang vua Salomon (Ga 10,22; Cv 3,11).

Pinnaculum hay ni cao ca n th c l l gc ng Nam ch hai dy hnh lang ni trn gp nhau.

n th gm c sn ngoi tc l sn ch dn, tt c mi ngi c th lui ti, pha trong sn gn n th c mt hng lan can ch gii hn ngi ngoi gio khng c php vt qua. c nhng tm bng vit bng Hy ng v La ng cm ngi ngoi gio vo qu gii hn ch, nu vi phm s b t hnh. Nm 1871, ngi ta tm thy mt trong nhng tm bng vit bng Hy ng. Qua sn ch dn, ln my bc thang l ti sn trong, chung quanh c tng dy bao bc. Sn trong chia lm ba khu : sn ph n, sn Israel v sn dnh cho cc t t, c bn th ton thiu. Mt thang 12 bc dn ti ni in. Ni in gm c tin ng, ni Thnh v ni Cc Thnh. Tin ng ging nh mt khi hon mn, rng 50m, cao 50m, c mt ca ln, trn ca c mt phng hong bng vng. Qua tin ng l ni thnh di 20m, rng 10m, cao 10m, gia ni Thnh c bn th dng hng bng vng, hai bn bn th dng hng v mn bc c bn th dng bnh v pha Nam c cy nn by ngn. Mt bc mn ln ngn tin ng v ni Thnh.

Theo lut, ch c cc t t trong khi lm vic phng t mi c vo ni Thnh. Trong cng l ni cc Thnh, hnh lp phng mi b 10m. Trc lu y, Ni Cc Thnh l ch hm ng bia Thp gii v gy ng Aharon n hoa. Sau lu y, thay v hm ng bia Thp gii l mt tm , trn tm ny, v thng t t bnh hng ngy L Sm Hi.

Sau lu y, nhng Hi ng (Sinagoga) gip ch nhiu trong vic duy tr v bnh trng o Do-thi, nng i sng o c ni tm c nhn v gin tip gip vic truyn b o Kit gio. Trong thi lu y, nhng ngi Do-thi thng hi nhau cu nguyn v hc gio l. Thi quen c tip tc v ph bin sau thi k lu y v khng th ln Girusalem d cc nghi l phng t chnh thc mt cch d dng.

Thi Cha Gisu, hu ht nhng ni no c ngi theo o Do-thi u c Hi ng. Ngay Girusalem cng c nhiu Hi ng cho nhng ngi Do-thi t xa v trong cc dp i l. C nhng cng ng Do-thi ngoi x Palestina cng c Hi ng.

Theo nhng khm ph mi ca khoa kho c hc, Hi ng l mt ngi nh rng hnh ch nht c hai hng ct chia nh lm ba gian. Mt trc Hi ng hng v Girusalem. Hi ng c ba ca : mt ca chnh v hai ca ph.

c trong Hi ng gm c mt t ng sch thnh, trc t c mt hay nhiu n chu, mt yn sch cho ngi xng kinh, cho ngi c sch thnh v cho ngi gii ngha sch thnh v mt s gh cho cc o hu. Ch tch Hi ng trng nom Hi ng v ch ta cc bui hi hp. V ny c trch c trong cc bc k lo ca cng ng (Cv 13,15). Ch tch Hi ng c mt ty vin gip ng trong nhng phin hi, dy gio l cho tr em v thi hnh hnh pht bng roi ca ta n a phng (Mt 10,17). Thng thng hi vo ngy th by v cc ngy l, chng trnh gm c cu nguyn, c Sch Thnh v dy gio l.

Bui hi bt u bng kinh Shema gm c ba on Kinh Thnh (nl 6,4-9; 11,13-21; Ds 15,37-41) ri tip n Shemore esse, 18 li chc tng din t nim tn th Cha v xin cho c thng ch th. Sau nhng li chc tng Cha, n gi c nhng on Sch Thnh rt trong cc sch lut v cc Tin tri bng ting Do-thi, nn sau khi c bng ting Do-thi, cc on Sch Thnh c dch ra ting Aram. Tip n l mt bi ging gii thch nhng on Sch Thnh va c. Bt c ai c mt trong phin hi u c quyn ging. Din gi hoc c ch tch Hi ng chn trc hay t xin ging. Cha Gisu v cc Tng li dng th tc ny rao ging Tin Mng cho nhng ngi Do-thi x Palestina v tn mc khp ni. Bui hi kt thc bng cu chc lnh rt sch Dn s 6,22-27. Nu trong s nhng ngi hin din c mt thy t t th thy t t c li chc lnh . Trong trng hp khng c thy t t th tt c mi ngi c chung.

4. Cc ngy l

Dn Israel nhn quyn ti cao ca Thin Cha v dng Cha mt phn th gi bng cch ngh lm vic xc ngy Sabbat v cc ngy l. Cc thy Rabbi dy : ai khng gi cc ngy l th cng nh ngi th thn tng (T.R 870). Trong cc ngy l, ngi ta dng nhiu l vt, ngh lm vic xc, v hp nhau ni Hi ng.

Ngh vic xc ngy Sabbat l mt c im phn bit Do-thi vi cc dn ngoi (Xh 20,10) v theo cc Lut s, i vi ngi Do-thi l mt trong nhng nhim v cn bn. Sch Giubill chp rng Thin Cha v cc Thin thn cng gi ngy Sabbat. Trong ngy Sabbat phi tm tr vo vic ca ngi Cha, phi ngh hon ton v cm ngt khng c lm vic g (Xh 20,8-11), c n vic t la nu n (Xh 35,3) hay kim ci. Ngy Sabbat bt u t hong hn chiu th su ti hong hn chiu hm sau. Ngy th su phi sa son tt c nhng g cn thit cho ngy hm sau, v th gi l parasceve (Ga 19,31). Vi thi gian v qua li gii thch ca cc lut s, vic ngh vic xc ngy Sabbat tr nn rt phin toi. Nhng iu phi gi tr nn t m, kht khe v nng nhc. Sch Mishna k 39 th vic khng c lm trong ngy Sabbat.Tuy vy, trong mt vi trng hp, t d trc mt vic bn phn quan trng hay cp bch ngi ta c th lm m khng li lut, t d c lm cc vic phng t, trnh xc cht, hay ko b sa h ln.

o lut qu kht khe ny lm cho nhiu ngi tm cch trn lut m khng phi ti (T.R tr 189).

Trong cc ngy l ng ch l : ngy u thng, cc l hnh hng (l Vt Qua, l Nm Mi v l Lu), l Sm hi v l cung hin n th, l s mnh.

A. Ngy u thng

Ngy u mi thng coi l thi gi thnh. Trong n th ngi ta dng nhiu l vt v trong mi gia nh c t chc yn tic. Ngy u thng by nh du u nm dn s, hm phi king vic xc.

B. Cc ngy l Hnh hng

Mi nm ngi Do-thi mng l Vt Qua, l Nm Mi v l Lu : l nhng l hnh hng (Xh 23,14-17; Lv 23). Trong cc dp l ny, ngi Do-thi phi ln n th Girusalem v theo cc ti liu thng c mt s rt ng v d l Girusalem. Ph n, tr em di 12 tui v nhng ngi tn tt c min (Lc 2,41).

a) L Vt Qua: i vi ngi Israel, l Vt Qua l mt i l v l l k nim cuc gii phng khi nc Ai-cp. Sch Giubil dy : Ai khng gi ngy l Vt Qua s b tiu dit (49,8). L Vt Qua bt u mng vo chiu 14 Nissan v ko di tm hm. Trong thi gian cm khng c dng bnh c men, v th l Vt Qua cng gi l l Bnh khng men ( Dies Azimorum) (Xh 12,15; Mt 26,17; Cv 20,6).

Ngy 14 Nissan- ngy th nht tun n bnh khng men (Mc 14,12) sau hong hn, bt u tic Vt Qua trng th v ko di ti na m. Cc ngi d tic nm ta trn cc gh di xung quanh bn. Nghi thc ba tic c ghi r rng trong sch Mishna.

Khi mi ngi an ta, gia trng ly mt ly ru c li chc tng v trao cho mi ngi d tic, nhng ngi ny ung ru, n bnh khng men v rau ng chm trong mt th nc dng c mu gch gi l haroshet. Sau khi gia trng gii thch ngha ca cuc l, nhc ti nhng n hu ca Cha vi k nim gii phng khi Ai-cp, bt u n tht chin vi rau ng v bnh khng men. Ngi gia trng cm ly bnh khng men, c li chc tng Cha, b bnh ra trn rau ng c chm vo nc dng v trao cho nhng ngi d tic. ang khi n, ung ly ru th hai. Con chin ny c git sn n th, xu vo hai que ci nng v khng c lm gy mt chic xng no. Sau , ung ly ru th ba v c phn th nht ca khc Hallel gm cc Thnh Vnh 112-113,1-8. Tip theo l ly ru th t. Ba tic c tnh cch tn gio ny kt thc sau khi ht phn cui khc Hallel gm cc Thnh Vnh 114-117. trc v trong ba tic c ra tay theo nghi l.

Ngy 15 v 21 Nissan phi king vic xc. Ngy 16 phi dng mt b la t n Cha v ma mng thu hoch v nhn ch quyn ca Cha trn mi sn phm ca tri t. Dp l vt Qua thng c ca nht v c ni n ma xun v ca ngi tnh yu ca Thin Cha i vi dn Ngi, m s gii phng khi x Ai-cp l tiu biu ca lng yu thng .

b) L Nm Mi : L Nm Mi i vi ngi Do-thi cng rt quan trng, L Nm Mi cng gi l l hoa qu u ma hay l 7 tun v mng vo cui tun th by sau ngy dng b la vo dp l Vt Qua. Trong dp l, ngi ta dng trong n th bnh u ma lm bng nhng ht min mi, nhiu l vt, hm phi king vic xc.

Theo truyn thuyt cc thy Rabbi, L Nm Mi l l k nim ngy Thin Cha ban lut trn ni Sinai ; Rabbi Elazar (270 SCN) tuyn b : L Nm Mi l ngy m Lut c ban. Trong dp l ny ngi ta c truyn b Ruth v cu chuyn k li trong sch xy ra vo ma gt.

c) L Lu : t ngy 15 n ngy 22 thng 7 (Tishri), khong thng 910 DL, ngi Do-thi mng L Lu. Trong thi gian , ngi Israel trong lu hay nhng nh lm bng cnh v l cy (Ga 7,2). L ny c tnh cch bnh dn v vui v (Lv 23,34). L ny c mc ch t n Cha ph h cho dn trong sa mc v t n Cha v nhng thu hoch hng nm. Phi king vic xc ngy u v ngy cui l. Ban ti ngy th nht, ngi ta t n sn ph n v ma theo nhp ht cc Thnh Vnh 119-133. Trong by ngy, vo dp l t ban mai, v t t xung ging Sil mc nc ri trn bn th cng vi ru k nim php l Cha lm cho nc chy t phin ra. Khi dng l vt, ngi ta ht Thnh Vnh 117. Trong dp l ny, ngi ta c sch Ging Vin ni v i chng qua, m nh l l tiu biu.

C. Cc ngy l khc :

a) L Sm Hi :

Mng mi thng by (Tishri), c L Sm Hi. L ny c tnh cch n ti v king vic xc. Ngi Israel n chay; v trong n th v thng t dng nhiu l vt xin Cha tha ti. Vo dp ny v thng t vo ni Cc Thnh v ly mu b, d ry trn hm bia.

Nghi l mc ch ti lp s hp nht gia Thin Cha v dn Ngi m ti li lm gin on hay thng tn. Ri v thng t gi tay trn u mt con d, xng ti ca dn v ui n ra sa mc.

b) L Cung hin n th : Ngy 25 thng 9 (Kisleu- thng 11,12 dng lch) c l Cung hin n th (Encaenia) k nim vic Giuda Macab tu b v ty u n th nm 164 TCN, sau khi b Antich Epiphan lm nh bn (1Mac 4,52; 2Mac 10,1-8) cng gi l l nh sng v trong tm ngy lin tip ngi ta chng n n th v cc nh t nhn (Ga 10,22).

c ) Cn mt l na l l S mnh (Purim) vo trung tun thng Adar (thng 2,3 dng lch), k nim cuc chin thng ca ngi Do-thi trc x Bat ( Esther 8-10).

5. i sng o c c nhn

a) Cu nguyn. Nhng ngi Israel ngoan o qu trng vic cu nguyn. Vn chng Do-thi ng thanh ca ngi s cn thit v qu gi ca s cu nguyn. Theo gng v li khuyn ca cc tc gi cun Lut Cng ng , ngi ta phi lun lun dng ln Thin Cha li nguyn ca ngi Cha. Nhng ngi Do-thi c thi quen cu nguyn mi ngy ba ln : sng, tra, ti ( nl 6,11.14).

Mi ngi phi c kinh Shema sng, chiu. Cc lut s cn dy phi c mi ngy 18 li chc tng Cha. Khi n cm cng thng c mt vi li nguyn v chc tng.

b) Chy tnh. Mt c im ca lng o c Do-thi l chay tnh. Trong nhiu trng hp, chay tnh l mt lut bt buc. Ngy l Sm Hi, mi ngi phi gi chay nghim ngt t chiu ngy mng 9 n chiu ngy mng 10 thng by xin n tha ti. Khi tri i hn hay khi t quc lm nguy, h n chay cu ma hay xin Cha cho khi tai ng. Mi tun hai ln ngi Do-thi n chay. Theo quan nim ca sch IV Esdra, ngoi vic chc c n tha th cc ti li, chay tnh cn lm Cha oi thng n k ti li v m tr hiu cc s mu nhim ( IV Esdra 5,20.1; 6,35).

c) Li khn. Lut cn dy phi thi hnh nhng li khn (vota). Li khn c th l mt li ha s lm mt vic thin hay dng Cha mt ca g ( nl 23,22).

Mt thin trong sch Mishna (Nedarim) thu thp nhng tp truyn ca cc tin s Do-thi v li khn. Thng thng khi mun dng Cha ca g, ngi ta ni Qorban, ngha l ca dng, i khi ngi ta ni l Qonam. Cc Rabbi cng ch nh r trong trng hp no ngi ta c min khng phi gi li khn (khn v v , v s hay khng th thi hnh c T.R 1338). H cng dy nhng cch thc hnh khi phi gi li khn vi Cha m khng phm lut (Mt 15; Mc 7; T.R 1348,1351,1379,1645).

d) Php ct b. Nhng c ch tn gio cn bn v rt mc quan trng nh Cu c ni r, l php ct b. Php ct b l du ch giao c gia Thin Cha v Abraham (St 17; Xh 12,44.48; Lv12,3). y ta ng trc mt th tc min cn ng c trc li giao c ca Cha v th tc ny ni dn Israel c thm ngha tn gio; theo quan nim trong Kinh Thnh, mt hip c c ph chun bng mu. Nhng phn t u t vn hiu rng ngi ta phi lo ct b trong tm khm ( nl 30,6; 10,16; St 4,4; 6,10; 10,25).

Nhng tc phm o Do-thi u ng thanh nhn mnh ga tr ca php ct b trong th gii hin ti cng nh trong th gii mai ngy (Giub 15,26; T.R 1342,1906). c tnh l con chu Abraham m php ct b l biu hiu, bo m cho tt c nhng ngi Israel trong th gii ngy mai (T.R 1900).

Tr s sinh phi ct b ngy th tm d ngy l ngy Sabat (St 17,12; Ga 7,22); trong dp ny, ngi ta t tn cho con tr v c li chc tng (T.R 492). Thng thng nghi l l c c hnh nh do ngi cha dng con dao bng ; sau ny, nghi l c giao cho mt ngi chuyn mn (moel). Cc n l v tn tng cng phi chu php ct b. Ct b cho cc tr s sinh ch rng con tr sinh li cch thing ling qua s tn hin cho Cha.

e) S tinh sch theo lut php ( purat lgale)

S tinh sch theo lut php l mt trong nhng iu m dn Do-thi lo lng hn c, v c nhiu ngi coi nh l cn bn ca s hon thin v i sng lun l (T.R 620). u theo lut php l mt im xu ca c th do mt s hnh ng ( th d : bnh phong ci...). Nhng hnh ng hay nhng trng thi c bit tuy khng lm cho Israel mc ti nhng lm cho h khng c tham d vo nhng vic phng t v thu hp s t do hnh ng ca h. Lut k ra nhiu th u theo php lut (Lv 11...). V s tr nn u theo php lut, nn ngi Israel c sc trnh tip xc vi ngi ngoi gio v t v bnh ca h l u v l dng c truyn b s u (Am 7,17 ; Es 4,13 ; Os 9,3). Ngi Israel mun gi s tinh sch theo lut php c d vo vic phng t nn lo lng ty u khi b u theo php lut. ty u, h phi gt qun o, tm gi ; ry nc v trong mt vi trng hp phi dng l vt (Lv 12,6...; Ds 19 ; Mt 8,4 ; Lc 2, 22-23).Theo v lp php, nhng l lut v s tinh sch theo lut php c mc ch chnh l nhc dn Israel c tnh l dn c tn hin cho Cha v bn phn phi n thnh thin, cng chnh (nl 7,5... ; Lv 11,43 ; 19,2 ; 20,7) ; ng thi cng gio dc h v gi h khi nhng tip xc nguy him vi ngi ngoi gio.Nhng tc phm ca Do-thi gio c bit ch n s tinh sch theo lut php bng cch nh r nhng trng hp v nhng hon cnh lm cho u theo lut php cng nh bng cch gii thch nhng lut v s tinh sch theo lut php. Trong nhng lut l , ngi ta ch trng n nhng lut v vic ra tay trc khi dng ba (Mt 15; Mc 7).6. i sng kinh t v x hiSch Thnh v cc tc gi khc, th d nh Joseph Flavius cho chng ta bit cnh vc kinh t x hi ca nhng ngi sng ng thi vi Cha Gisu.Kinh t x Palestine tp trung vo nng nghip nhng vic chn nui sc vt cng kh thnh hnh (Tv 22; Ez 34 ; Mt 25,32 ; Gr 10,11-16 ; T.R 1589). Ngnh tiu cng ngh cng kh m mang (Hc 38,27-32); cng c mt vi th k ngh th s nh k ngh lm mui, k ngh dt len v vi ; mt s kh ng chuyn ngh thuc (Is 3,7; St 8,32; Hc 38,13; T.R 1589) v thng ch trng ti nhng v thuc loi tho mc (2 V 20, 7; Is 1,6; Lc 10,34; 1Tm 5,23; Gr 8,23; 46,11; Ez 47,12; Hc 38,4.6; Kn 7,20; Kh 3,18; nhng xem Tb 6,8tt). Hot ng sn xut nhm mc ch cung cp nhng vt liu ti cn cho ngi dn; lng v phm ca nhng sn phm khng cho php xut cng mt s kh quan. Joseph Flavius ni ngi Do-thi khng thch vic thng mi v phi giao tip vi cc dn tc khc (Contra Apione).Cng cn ni thm rng ngi Do-thi rt chung th cng (St 3,19; Xh 20,9; Lv 19,13; nl 24,14; Ga 7,2; Cn 13,4; 20,4; 24,3034; T.R 11,191) v trong x hi Do-thi khng c nhng s chnh lch ng k.7. i sng gia nh c mt ci nhn y v i sng gia nh ngi Do-thi thi Cha Gisu, ta khng th b qua khng ni n nhng tp qun gia nh.Lut cho php ch a th v ly d tuy khng khuyn theo (nl 24). Sau lu y, ch c th tr nn thnh hnh; nhng mt th d v ch a th ta thy gia nh H-r-. Vn ly d cn thnh hnh ngay c trong thi Tn c. Khi ly d, ngi chng phi cho ngi v mt t ly d tuyn b ngi v hon ton t do. Mn phi Hillel, m a s theo, cho php ly d v nhng l do khng ng k (T.R 335,1542). Lut n nh nhng ngn tr hn phi (Lv 18) nhng ng thi trong vi trng hp, lut buc phi ly nhau (Ds 36,6; Tb 6,12; nl 25,5-10; lut Levirato; Mt 22,23 ...).Theo phong tc Do-thi, hn l c c hnh lm hai giai on : thi k nh hn v tic ci. L nh khng phi ch l mt li ha nhng l kh c hn nhn : v hn phu v v hn th k l thnh hn v v th v hn phu v v hn th, theo php lut l v chng, tht tn trong trng hp ny coi nh ti ngoi tnh v nu khng ly nhau na lm t ly d.Dp l nh hn, ngi con trai phi cho cha ngi con gi mt s tin (Xh 22,16; T.R 1951,1837). Qua mt thi gian, mt nm sau th lm l ci. V hn phu cng vi nhng ph r ti rc v hn th v t tht, m tic ci nhiu khi ko di mt tun l ( Tb 11, 2 theo bn Ph Thng).Nhng ngi n l cng thuc v gia nh, khc vi nhng ngi lm thu, ch lm trong mt thi gian v khng thuc v gia nh. Nhng n l khng phi Israel nhiu khi cng chu php ct b v tham d c nghi l phng t chung ca dn Do-thi, mt ngi n l gi 30 nn bc (Xh 2,32; Mt 26,15).Nhng ngi Israel cng c th tr nn n l hoc t nh khi mun trnh cnh c cc hay tr n hoc b n lm n l, t d k cp khng th tr ca ly hay n nhng s thit hi. Nhng n l Israel sau su nm s c gii phng (Xh 21,5), hoc khng n su nm nu trong thi gian c mt nm i x v c th ly tin chuc li t do (Lv 25,8- 22). Thng thng Israel, i sng n l khng kh cc bng cc dn tc khc (Gb 31,13-15 ; nl 15,12-18).III. GIO THUYT O DO THINhng quan nim tn gio v lun l ca dn Do-thi gii thch nhng bin c lch s cng nh nhng phong tc c bit ca dn . Tm hiu v i su vo nhng quan nim tc l tm hiu v i su vo linh hn ca o Do-thi v nh th ta s d dng hiu t tng cc tc gi Tn c, nhng ngi c sinh trng v sng trong cnh vc Do-thi.Thin Cha, lut ca Ngi, Thin thn v qu, nhng c n ca Israel, lng trng i ng Messia, vn th mt l nhng ti gio l quen thuc ca o Do-thi m cc tc phm Do-thi thng cp n.1. Thin Cha Vinh quang cao c ca dn Do-thi l c tin c thn, c tin ny c gn gi qua bao th h v c bo v trc nhng tn cng m hoc ca s sng bi ngu tng. Lng tin Thin Cha duy nht v gm ght bt thn thng c din t mt cch mnh m trong vn chng Do-thi (Hen II, 10,6; 66,2.5; Giub 12,2...; T.R 490, 292). Ta thy ngi Do-thi c mt quan nim rt cao c v Thin Cha qua nhng danh t m h dng ch Ngi.Thin Cha l Cha t (Hen 1,1-2), l Cha cc thn linh (Hen 37,4), l Cha vinh quang, Cha cng bng (22,14), khn ngoan (63,2), Cha t th gii, Cha nhng ngi giu sang quyn th (63, 2), Cha thm phn, Vua hng hu (25, 5). Thin Cha l ng quyn php khng ai c th chng li c; l ng Ti Cao (IV Esd 4,2), ti i (Hen 1,1-3).S hon thin v bin ca Thin Cha c din t r rng trong vn chng Do-thi. Ngi ta ca tng v uy nghi v s vinh hin ca Cha ng trn tri v c bit ca tng uy quyn Ngi, s khn ngoan thnh thin Ngi, lng nhn hu ca Ngi i vi ti nhn.V c mt quan nim cao c v Thin Cha nn ngi Do-thi ht sc knh trng thnh danh Cha, trong s to dng v tr, trong s cai qun th gii, trong s thm phn. Ngi ta nhn mnh n cng trnh sng to ca Cha (IV Esd 6,38-54). Cha phn mt li th mi vt t h v m c. Cha dng nn vn vt v Cha gn gi mi vt dng nn. Thin Cha nh hng mt cch quyt nh trn mi hot ng ca ngi ta v cng ca cc vic ta lm thuc v Cha nht l cc vic thin.Cng nh mi sinh vt u do Cha dng nn v hon ton phc quyn Cha, mi sinh vt s phi Cha phn xt. Cha l ng thm phn cng minh.2. Lut (Torah)Nm 587, Nabucodonosor ph hu n th Girusalem. i vi ngi Do-thi, l mt tai ho ln v n th l trung tm phng t quc gia v l yu t on kt ton dn. H avt mt ngi, mt yu t thng nht quc gia khc na b tiu dit.Tuy phi tn mc khp ni, nhng dn Do-thi khng b tan r, khng b ng ho vi cc dn tc ni h lu y v vn gi c s duy nht v dn tc tnh v tn gio. S kin ny l do lng yu mn Lut to ra. Mo th Baruch vit : By gi chng ta khng cn g ht, ch cn ng Mnh M v Lut ca Ngi (83,3). Ngi Do-thi c mt quan nim rt cao v Lut. i vi h, Lut c mt sc mnh cu .Lut ting Do-thi l Torah. Theo nguyn ng hc, Torah c ngha l ngi gio hun ; theo Kinh Thnh v vn chng Rabbi, Torah ch phng din thc hnh ca mc khi : Li Cha l nguyn tc hot ng. Vn chng Do-thi ng thanh ca tng Lut. Lut l mt thc ti linh thing v l s khn ngoan Thin Cha Nhp Th (Hc 24,1-3). Lut c c tnh bt bin v tn ti n mun i; t tri xung v c th ban sc mnh cho ngi ta (T.R 46; 105; IV Esd 14,22). Ca qu bu v gi ny l c quyn ca Israel (T.R 296). Do , dn Israel vt ln trn ht cc dn tc khc.Nhng v tin s Do-thi dng cc kiu ni bng din t ngha cao c v qu trng ca Lut. Nhng li ca Torah l hng thm ca i sng (T.R 295). Lut l nc, ru, du, mt; v cng nh cc yu t , Lut l ngun nh sng v sc sng. L mt thc ti ling thing, ngun ca mi iu thin, giy lin kt gia Cha v dn Ngi. Lut cn l rng ct v tr, trung tm mi t tng v tnh cm ca ngi Israel ngoan o. c qua vn chng Do-thi, ta c cm tng r rng rng Lut i vi ngi Do-thi c mt a v ging nh Cha Gisu i vi cc tn hu.Trong t tng ca nhiu ngi ng thi vi Cha Gisu, Torah l dng c cng chnh ho v cu ri v Lut lm cho mi ngi hiu bit v cho h nng lc thi hnh iu thin v nh nhng vic thin h c hng cng bnh v s sng. Lut lm cho ngi ta sch ti (T.R 295; 15; 424; 345; Sal.didal 9,7...Bar 11,14,12; 51,3.7; 85,2 ). V th, quan nim v Lut c lin quan vi vn t do v thng pht.Vn chng Do-thi thng ch trng n s t do ca con ngi v cn c kh nng thi hnh mi i hi ca lun l v t ch trng n n Cha (Hen 11,30,15; T.R 25; 300; 433).Nhng tc phm Do-thi ni r v nguyn tc thng pht v hnh nh theo cc tc phm nguyn tc ny l cn bn ca n cu . nim cao c v s t do ca con ngi cng vi nguyn tc thng pht lm cho mt s ngi Bit Phi xc tn rng Thin Cha mc n h v v nhng vic h lm, h c quyn hng thi i cu th v cnh chung.Nhiu ti liu cho ta bit v s sng bi Lut, v s cu hiu nghim ca Lut, nhng ti liu cng cho chng ta thy lng tn nhim su xa vo s t do ca con ngi v kh nng thc hnh ng thi nhn mnh v tng thng pht. Thi lm cho nhiu ngi sa vo hnh thc ch ngha, ngh rng mt khi thc hnh nhng vic v nhng nghi l bn ngoi l lm trn phn s i vi Thin Cha m khng cn ch trng n bn trong.Nhng ta cng khng qun t tng ca cc nh mo th v nhng co bn tm thy gn Bin Cht. Bn cnh tro lu t tng qu lc quan c mt tro lu t tng khc m ta c th cho l bi quan. Ngc li vi cc gio hun ca Rabbi, t tng xc nhn s thiu st v bt lc ca Lut v mong i lng t bi ca Cha (IV Esd 3,20; 7,12; 8,36; Psal.Sal 15,15 v TQS 10,16...; 11,2...).3. Lut truyn khuLut Maisen gm nhng mc khi ca Thin Cha cho cc T Ph v nht l mc khi c truyn li trong Ng Th cn c xc nh, ch gii v nhng im khng c r v thch nghi vi hon cnh mi. S thch nghi v xc nh ny c thc hin dn dn do cc Lut s v to thnh lut truyn khu.Ngi ta cho rng lut truyn khu c t i Maisen. Lut truyn khu hay nhng li dy ca tin nhn (traditions des anciens) gm c hai loi. Loi truyn k qung din lch s thnh, mt c gi tr da trn ti liu, mt phn v gi tr. Chng ta c mt vi du vt c trong Tn c, nh da vo truyn thng Do-thi, ngi ta xc nh rng Cha ban lut cho Israel qua cc Thin thn lm trung gian (Gal 3,19; Dt 2,2; Giu 9; Tm 3,8). Nhng truyn thuyt ny gi l Haggada ( = truyn k).Nhng nhng li dy ca tin nhn ch trng hn n nhng phong tc, l nhng nguyn tc thc hnh do cc bc thy c danh ting lp ra qua nhiu th h. Nhng quy tc ny n nh cch i x trong mi trng hp ca i sng. Nhng nguyn tc do cc tin s lp lut ra v bt dn theo c thu thp li trong sch Mishna v gi l Halakha, c ngha l quy tc hnh ng.Ngi ta gn cho lut truyn khu mt gi tr tng ng (T.R 633) v i khi hn c lut bin tp. Lut truyn khu nh l bc ro ca lut bin tp (T.R 9) v thc ra ta phi cng nhn trong c nhiu li khn ngoan (T.R 9-47), nhng ta cng cng nhn rng vi thi gian, lut ca cc thy Rabbi tr nn phin toi v t m, do lm kh d hn l san bng con ng gii rn ca Cha.4. Thin thn v quPhc m nhiu ln nhc ti cc Thin thn. Phc m cng nhiu ln ni ti qu d nh l th ch ca nhn loi v nht l th ch ca Nc Thin Cha do Cha Gisu sng lp. Thc ra trong thi i Tn c, gio thuyt Do-thi v cc Thin thn, mt phn do nh hng ngoi lai, c ch ni mt s gio phi, nhng nhiu khi thi qu, do tr tng tng. Tri li, gio thuyt ca Phc m v cc Thin thn v qu cn c vo truyn thng ca Cu c rt mc thc v c cn bn.Cc Thin thn c Cha to dng t thu s khai (ngi ta tranh lun v vn Cha dng nn cc Thin thn ngy th nht hay ngy th hai, v th loi tr cc thuyt Nh Nguyn, phim thn v do loi tr s th phng cc Thin thn). Thin thn l to vt khng c th xc, ngi ta khng th trng thy v khng th hiu c. Thin thn l cn thn ca Cha, rt ho hp vi nhau v ch bit ca ngi Cha v thi hnh mnh lnh ca Ngi. Cc mo th m t vi nhiu chi tit cc phm trt Thin thn v nhng nhim v ca cc v . Ngoi s phn chia cc Thin thn ra hai bc : Thin thn v Tng Lnh Thin thn, ngi ta cn ni ti cc v Seraphim, Cherubim, Ophanim, cc v Hnh chnh, Quyn bnh, Dng lc, B to...Tuy cng nhn cc Thin thn l cc v khng c xc, cc mo th c nhiu on di t hnh th cc v trn tri hay khi hin ra : gn cho cc v c cnh...Mt s cc Thin thn cai qun Thin thn v v tr, cc v khc gip vic Cha trong lc thm phn vi t cch l cng t vin, trng s hay thi hnh n ra, nhng v khc can thip vo lch s Do-thi bnh vc ph h nhng ngi cng chnh, c nhng v gi nhng nhim v quan trng trong vic Cha ban Lut cho dn Ngi (Gal 3,9; Cv 7,38). Nhng nhim v quan trng c bit thng do cc Tng lnh Thin thn ph trch : Michael l th lnh o binh ca c Giav, l bn mng bnh vc dn Cha v dn a cc linh hn n trc to Cha; Gabriel l Thin thn mc khi, truyn tin nhng b nhim ca Thin Cha; Raphael l Thin thn cha cc bnh xc hn...Ngi ta cng nhc ti cc v Uriel, Raguel, Saraquiel, Ramiel v nhiu v khc na.Gio l v qu cng khng km tin b. Qu l cc Thin thn sa ng, c thn, thn d, l th ch ca Cha v nhn loi ( Kn 2,44; St 3,5). S hin hu ca cc thn c l mt truyn thuyt da trn mt vi on Kinh Thnh (Lv 17,7; 2Ks 11,5; nl 32,17; Tv 106,37; Is 13,21; 34,14). V ngun gc ca c thn, nhng truyn thuyt khng ging nhau tr im ny l Cha dng nn cc thn tt c, nhng v li ca h, h tr nn c thn. Mt vi truyn thuyt m cc sch Henoch, Giubli, Khi Huyn Baruch l i biu, cho rng Sng Th k on 6,1-4 k li s sa o ca cc c thn, nhng theo nhng truyn thuyt khc, cc thn t chng li vi Thin Cha hay do mt vi th lnh xi gic. Vn chng Rabbi m t bn th v hot ng ca cc qu mt cch rt l bch : qu c nhng hnh th l lng, c cnh, c n ung, sinh sn v bit tng lai. Cc c thn khng chng li Thin Cha bng chng li loi ngi (nhng khng lm hi c ngi cng chnh); c thn c th lm hi ngi ta trong th xc v trong tm hn : v th sinh nhiu s hi, m tn v cc php tr qu (Mt 12,27). Cc qu cng c mt th lnh. Quyn lc ca th lnh ny s b tiu dit trong thi i Cu Th. Th lnh c nhiu tn : Satan, Belial, Mastema, Azazael, Beelzebul (Mc 3,2; Lc 11,15; Mt 9,34; 12,24; 10,25...). Mt vic thm hi m Satan lm cho loi ngi l cm d Nguyn t phm ti (Kn 2,24).5. Dn Cha chnNhng ngi Do-thi xc tn rng h l mt dn tc khc vi nhng dn tc khc v c Cha yu thng. Theo Baruch (48,20), Israel l mt dn tc m khng mt dn tc no c th snh c, mt dn tc vt trn mi chng tc v c Cha ban cho Lut h gip v nng . Sch IV Esdra cn dng nhng li tha thit hn ca tng i v c bit ca Israel IV Esd 5,21,27; T.R 47,97; 303; Giub 13,29-32).Trong phm vi dn Cha chn, cc T Ph ; Abraham, Isaac, Jacop v lut gia Maisen tri hn c (T.R 1807). Nhng v ny ni ting v lng o c c dn chng khm phc v knh trng ( IV Esd 3,13...; T.R 220).Trong cc b lc, b lc Giuda v Lvi tri hn c (Giub 31,14-20). C th ni nn tng php l i v dn Israel i vi Thin Cha l giao c trn ni Sinai (Bar II,19,1; T.R 160).Trong o Do-thi, mt t tng c cc tin tri ni ti nhiu, o l s cu ri mt thiu s hay s st. Cha pht dn Cha nhng khng ph hu hon ton. Cha cho Maisen bit sau khi sa ng, dn Israel s tr li. Israel l dn Cha nn c Cha ph h cch ring (Hen 1,20,3; T.R 234). Du ch lng yu thng ca Cha i vi dn Ngi l Shenkina (T.R 222) ngha l s hin din, c ch Cha hin din trong Nh Xp v trong n th (Rm 9,4; T.R 93; 239).Ngi Do-thi cng nhn rng loi ngi do mt ng t m sinh ra, v mi ngi u bnh ng v suy tn Cha l ng to thnh mun loi (IV Esd 6,55..). Du vy, dn Do-thi hin ngang v nhng c n ca h, nhiu khi khinh mit cc dn khc. Theo ngi Do thi, nhng dn khc tuy cng do Adam m sinh ra nhng ch l khng, ging nh mt cht nc bt, v s ng o ca h ch l mt git nc t mt chic bnh rt xung (IV Esd 6,56; T.R 493). Esdra tha vi Cha rng tt c cc dn ngoi u xu xa (3,43); ngi Do-thi coi cc dn ngoi l n l ca Satan (T.R 362) v s phi s phn trm lun Ghenna (T.R 354).6. Lng trng i ng Mssia trong o Do-thic tin c thn v lng trng i ng Mssia l hai ca bu thuc phm vi tn gio m dn Israel c hng. Tri qua nhiu th h, cc Tin tri khi qung din nhng mc khi v s cu , xc nh ngy mt r thm, dng di, nhng c n v s mnh ca ng Mssia. ng Mssia theo cc Tin tri l con vua avt, l mt v li lc, c ti c v n Thnh Linh, l vua vinh hin v i khi l ngi Ti T au kh (Is 52,13; 53,12). Vn chng Do-thi cng ni nhiu v s trng i ng Messia, v hnh ng ca v Thin Sai, v c gng ni r bn th v hon cnh xut th ca Ngi.Cc mo th cho ta bit lng trng i ng Messia rt mnh lit trong qun chng (Ps.Sal 17,23). Lng tin ng Messia c ph bin trng cc Rabbi v trong gii tr thc ( T.R 5,7,225,657) c ni nhng phn t cng ng Qumran v Damas (IQS 9,11; C.D 12,23-13,1,14; 19,10..; 20,1; IQS 2,12-15).Ta thy tinh thn quc gia Do-thi bc l rt r trong quan nim ca h v nhim cc ng Thin Sai, ng Mssia s cu dn Ngi v dn Do-thi s c gii phng vnh vin khi ch n l v sum hp trong x s ca cha ng (Hen I,46,4; 69,26; IV Esd 13,37- 40,48; T.R 214,219). ng Thin Sai s bo m cho dn Ngi mt cuc sng vt cht y (T.R 213; 25; 357; 63; 1288 v 657). Hn na, theo mt vi tro lu t tng, ng Mssia s cn thc hin nn phc hng tn gio v lun l Ps.Sal 17,28; 18,9; Jub 1,15.22). i khi cng ni ti s cu cc dn ngoi (En I,84,4; 90-30-38).ng Cu Th l ngun bao hng n nn nhng ngi sng di thi i ca Ngi tht l hnh phc (T.R 449,1025).Hnh ng ca ng Cu Th rt quan trng i vi nhn loi. l mt nhn vt m i sng lun l, o c vt xa nhng ngi thng. Tn ca ng Cu Th lm ta hiu t cch ca Ngi. ng Cu Th c gi l Mssia (ting Hy-lp) ngha l ng c xc du (IV Esd 7,28; 12,32; Hen I,48; 10; Bar II,70,9). ng Cu Th thuc dng di avt, nhim v va Ngi l cu Israel, i khi Ngi c gi l Con Thin Cha (IV Esd 13,22); vn chng Rabbi thng gi Ngi l Con vua avt ( T.R 1904; 6), ta cng gp danh t trong Tn c (Mt 21,9) danh t ch dng di ng Cu Th v nhn mnh n vng tc ca Ngi. Sch Enoch dng danh t Con Ngi ch ng Cu Th, m ch n chim bao m tin tri anien thy (n 7,13). Trong sch Enoch, danh t Con Ngi xen ln vi danh t ng c chn. ng Cu Th cng l ti t ca c Giav (Bar 2,70,9). Theo cc Rabbi, v gii phng tng lai ca dn tc thuc dng di avt (IV Esd 12,32), v s ng tr vinh hin trn dn Israel. Tuy phi s phn khng may, nhng trong tm tr Thin Cha, nh avt vn gi quyn lm vua (Ps Sal 17,5). Nhng n s Bin Cht hnh nh trng i hai v Cu Th, mt v thuc dng di t t, mt v thuc dng di avt.Vn chng Do-thi ni r Ngi c bn th nhn loi. i khi cng ni n tnh cch siu vit v tin hu ca Ngi. Ngi c lu i trc khi xung a cu (IV Esd 12,21; 13,26). Theo vn chng Talmud, tn ng Cu Th c trc khi dng nn tri t (T.R 9829). Cc sch nhiu khi ni r uy quyn cao c ca Ngi. Hn nhng thng dn, ng Cu Th tham d sc mnh (IV Esd 11,37; 12,31), s khn ngoan, lng nhn hu v s thnh thin ca Thin Cha v hp nht mt thit vi Ngi. Nhng on ni v s au kh v s nhc nh ca ng Cu Th khng c r rng. Ch ni qua rng Ngi s c nhng ch th, trong s c nhng ngi khng c iu , v nhng ngi nhng v dng (T.R 358). Nhng ngi ny s hp nhau chng li ng Thin Sai, nhng ng Thin Sai s thng chng mt cch d dng (IV Esd 13,8-9).Cc sch cng ni n ci cht ca Ngi, nhng ch l mt ci cht thng thng, khng c mt hiu lc g c bit. Cng nh i vi mi ngi, cuc Phc sinh s tip theo ci cht ca ng Cu Th (7,29-32).Li Isaia tin tri v Ngi Ti T c Giav (Is 52,13-53,12) ni r v nhng au kh ca ng Cu Th. Nhng thng thng cc sch Do-thi khng ch trng n li tin tri ny. Sch Targum c ni ti khng lm ni bt ln o thuyt phong ph v c o ny (T.R 498).7. Vn th mt trong o Do-thiNhng ngi Do-thi ngoan o suy nim v li dy ca Cu c, xc nh vn bn kia nm m. Cng nh Sch Thnh, h nhn mnh ngi ta c i sau. Xc tn ny oc nhn mnh trong o thuyt hai th k thnh hnh trong o Do-thi ( T.R 366; 1998). V i sng mai ngy h tin rng sau khi cht, mi ngi phi xung Shol ( m ph, m ti) (Bar II,11,6). Hn na, nhng mo th cn cho bit kh r rng ngy cui cng ca ton th nhn loi v mi ngi, v nhng iu s xy ra trong ngy th mt c lin quan n ton th nhn loi v v s phn mi c nhn.S phn ca mi ngi s c tuyt i n nh trong ngy phn xt (Bar II,54,21). ngha, mc ch, cch thc, thi gi v cc hon cnh khc ca ngy trng i c xc nh. Cuc thm phn s nh du s ton thng ca iu thin v iu c phi hu dit; mi ngi u phi chu thm phn (Giub 5,14; Hen II,65,5; T.R 32); trong ngy cc vic ngi ta lm u c em ra nh sng (IV Esd 14,35). Ngi ta cng nhn mnh rng ngy tn th ch n khi s ngi c sinh ra bi Adam y ( Bar II,23,4...) v tham d hnh phc (IV Esd 4,36); y ngi ta ngh rng ngy tn th c nhiu im bo trc, nhng hin tng l lng v gh s, ti c s tng thm v cc dn tc s bin ng (IV Esd 5,1-5).Cui cng, Thin Cha s can thip v vic u tin l lm cho ngi cht sng li. Lng tin ngi ta s sng li rt ph bin trong dn Do-thi, tuy khng hon ton (IV Esd 14,35; T.R 295; 346; 500). i khi ch ch ti s sng li ca ngi cng chnh m khng ni ti nhng ngi bt lng. Nhng ngi phi cht vnh vin (T.R 1930). Tuy th, rt nhiu ngi tin rng ht mi ngi s sng li (T.R 490; IV Esd 7,32...).Sch Esdra v Baruch cho rng cuc sng li s thc hin vo cui thi i Cu Th (IV Esd 7,28-36; Bar II,70...) v c lin quan ti cuc thm phn. Ni khc cho rng cuc thm phn, sng li s thc hin vo u thi i Cu Th. S sng li s do quyn php v bin ca Thin Cha. Sau khi sng li (hay trong lc sng li), ngi ta s c i mi.Cc mo th cng r s phn ca ngi cng chnh v nhng k bt lng sau khi cht. Chnh vo dp thm phn chung, Cha s phn bit ngi xu k tt (Is 14,35). Nhng ngi cng chnh s c hng hnh phc v bin, s c sng vi Cha v cc Thin thn, trn y nim vui mun thu (IV Esd 7,98).Tri vi nim vui v bin ca nhng ngi cng chnh, k bt s phi chu kh cc tuyt vng vnh vin. Mt nt khng th hn gn l s phn nhng ngi . H s b Cha chc d, s b vnh vin tch khi cuc sng hnh phc ca nhng ti trung ca Cha v b au kh xu x (Jub 36,8; Hen I,103,7; T.R 381; IQS 4,12...).Nhiu sch nhn mnh n tnh cch vnh vin ca hnh pht m k bt lng phi chu (Hen I,103,8; IV Mac 9,8tt; IQS 4,12; Ps.Sal 15,13tt). i khi ta ngc nhin thy cc sch Do-thi ni n tnh cch tm thi v mau qua ca hnh pht Gehenna (T.R 1930; 1057); nhng tnh cch tm thi ny ch p dng cho mt vi hng ngi thi, hng ngi ny c th c luyn sch trong i sng mai sau (IQS 4,20...; 3,4...; 2Mac 12,43...). Hin gi nhng ngi Do-thi vn cu cho nhng ngi qu c.Nhng tc ng canh tn ca Thin Cha khng phi ch gii hn trong phm vi nhn loi nhng cn bao trm c v tr. Th gii v to vt s c Thin Cha canh tn (Giub 1,29; Rm 8,18-21).Th mt vi la thng c nhc ti mt trt vi nhau (Hen II,1,6; I Qm 14,17...). Vi thi gian, ngi ta ch trng ti s phn c nhn trong hin ti v mai sau hn. Ngi ta c gng xc nh tnh trng linh hn trc khi thm phn chung v dn dn ni r rng, nhng ngi cng chnh tuy cha c hng nim vui y v trn vn, nhng c mt phn no d chu, tri li nhng ti nhn phi cc kh (Bar II,30,2; En 122,1-14; IV Mac 18,23; T.R 164).Sch Esdra cho bit r thm tnh trng linh hn sau khi la xc. Theo sch , sau khi phn xt chung mi thi hnh phn thng cho ngi lnh v hnh pht cho k d. Nhng ngay sau khi cht, linh hn ti nhn phi sng trong mt tnh trng bun phin, cn linh hn nhng ngi cng chnh sng trong nim vui mt ni dn sn.Mt i khi, ta thy nhc ti mt cuc phn xt ngay sau khi cht (T.R 19,424).IV. NHNG NG PHI DO THI

Thi Cha Gisu, trong o Do-thi c nhiu nhm khc bit nhau. Danh t ng phi thi khng ng ngha vi danh t ng phi thi hin i. l nhng phong tro c tnh cch tn gio hay quc gia. Nhng ng phi chnh l Bit Phi, Sauc v Essni.Ta bit ngun gc v c tnh ca nhng phong tro nh cc sch Macab, cc mo th, cc tc phm ca Joseph Flavius, Phil thnh Alexandria v cc ti liu tm thy gn Bin Cht.Nhng ng phi ny hnh nh tiu biu cho tin trin ca hai phong tro trong o Do-thi t i Macab : Khuynh hng Hasi (ngoan o, nhn c) bo th v phn i tt c nhng g khng phi l Do-thi (1Mac 2,42; 2Mac 14,6) v tro lu nhng ngi theo vn ho Hy-lp, sn sng nhn mt vi yu t do hong Alexandri ph bin. Nhng Bit Phi v Essni thuc tro lu Hasi, nhng ngi Sauc thuc tro lu nhng ngi chu nh hng vn ho Hy-lp.1. Bit Phi Cc s gia Do-thi v Kit gio ni kh nhiu ti Bit Phi, tuy vn chng Talmud thng ch ni ti Bit Phi vo th k II sau cng nguyn, hn l ti Bit Phi thi Cha Gisu. Pharisiu theo nguyn ng (do tnh t ting Aram phrisaia) c ngha l tch bit. C l l mt danh t ngi ta gn cho h ri sau chnh h nhn nh l mt danh t xng hp ch nhng khuynh hng cn bn ca h.Gi l Pharisiu, v hiu bit Lut su xa hn v gi nhim nht cc lut bin tp v truyn khu; nht l lut king vic ngy Sabat, ng thu thp phn v gi s tinh sch theo lut php, h sng xa cch v tch bit khi nhng ngi khng