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DELINEATION OF HEAVY METAL ZONE IN AQUIFER SYSTEM USING GEOELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY AND HYDROGEOCHEMICAL METHODS

Nur Islami Samsudin Hj TaibIsmail Yusoff  Department of Geology, Faculty of SciencesUniversity of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

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CONTENT

Introduction Statement of problems: Summary Contribution to the knowledge Objective of the study Geology and hydrogeology Methodology Result and discussion Conclusions

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INTRODUCTION

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455000 460000 465000 470000 475000 480000 485000 490000 495000

640000

645000

650000

655000

660000

665000

670000

675000

680000

685000

690000 South C hina Sea

N

Kota Bharu

Bachok

M achang

Kelantan R iverPengkalan D atu R iver

Kem asin R iver

Paddy F ie ld

Tobacco F ie ld

Palm O il F ie ld

R ubber Trees F ie ld

C oconut F ie ld

Legend

Met

er

M eter

4 Km

Malacca

Strait

The area covers approximately 487 Km2 which of the surface elevation is less than 35 m above mean sea level.

Introduction

Introduction

The study area known as the North Kelantan Quaternary sediment lies within the latitude 5.83N and 6.23 N and longitude 102.14 E and 102.44 E.

It is located in the northern portion of the State of Kelantan which is on the north-eastern coast of Peninsula Malaysia

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Introduction

Groundwater is among North Kelantan’s most important natural resources

Almost hundred percent urban and rural communities uses groundwater resource to fulfil their daily domestic use. In the area around Kota Bharu (capital of Kelantan State), domestic water for the communities is supplied by a water company (Air Kelantan Sdn Bhd).

The company use 85% of its water resources extracted from groundwater, the rest is derived directly from the river. The company pump groundwater and apply some treatment for certain purpose (Ismail and Kiat, 1995).

In the southern and northeastern region of Kota Bharu, mainly the communities use the groundwater of shallow aquifer extracted from their dug well or borehole.

Introduction

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Introduction

Agricultural activity (natural and or chemical fertilizer) can cause negative impact of groundwater quality

(Bernhard et al. (1992), Singh et al. (1995), Obire et al. (2008) among others).

emission of nitrate into groundwater (Vosoughifar et al., 2004; Mahvi et al., 2005; Jain et al., 2005).

The contaminant (especially nitrate) leaching from agricultural soils has been widely studied (Almasri and Kaluarachchi, 2004; Saadi and Maslouhi, 2003).

Introduction

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Introduction

Annual report from Mineral and Geosciences Department indicate that high Fe concentration in groundwater for certain area including Perol, Pintu Geng pumping well station and other

Introduction

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STATEMENT OF PROBLEMS : SUMMARY

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Statement of problems: Summery

The probability of groundwater contaminated by human activity (chemical fertilizer in agriculture area) and natural process (heavy metal and salt/brackish) is very high.

The combined methods is aimed to solve the problem

Statement of problems : Summery

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OBJECTIVE

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OBJECTIVE

To study heavy metal in the soil that is related to the high heavy metal concentration in the groundwater.

Objective

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GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

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Topography feature of Kelantan State

Geology and Hydrogeology

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The geology and potential aquifer map of Kelantan State(Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia – Kelantan, 2008)

Geology and Hydrogeology

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The North Kelantan plain is covered by Quaternary sediments overlying granite bedrock.

It is drained mainly by short rivers and streams which flow into the South China Sea.

The central part of the plain is drained by the largest river in the region, the Kelantan River, and in the South East, it is drained by Pengkalan Datu River.

GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

Geology and Hydrogeology

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The thickness of the Quaternary deposits varies from 25 m inland to about 200 m near the coast. There are three formation: Gula Formation, Beruas Formation, Simpang Formation (Bosch, 1986)

The loose quaternary sediments consist of alternating layers of coarse gravels to silts or mixtures of the two

There are two main aquifer Shallow aquifer, mostly unconfined but occasionally confined or

semi-confined, thickness normally 2-3 m and may reach up 17.5 m. => first aquifer

Deep aquifer, mainly confined, thickness usually more than 15 m, this deep aquifer comprises three different layers, separated from each other by semi-permeable strata of silt. => second, third and fourth aquifer.

(Saim 1999)

GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY

Geology and Hydrogeology

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METHODOLOGY

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Methodology

Geolectrical Resistivity profiling direct surface measurement (field and

lab) Hydrogeochemical

groundwater samples analysis groundwater data from Mineral Geosains

Malaysia Soil Property Analysis Drill a new well

Methodology

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Geoelectrical Resistivity

Abem Terrameter SAS 4000

Methodology

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Geoelectrical Resistivity

Wenner Configuration

Methodology

a = 2a ∆V/i Highest signal strength(Schrott and Sass, 2008; Kneisel, 2006; Loke, 2004; Abu-Shariah, 2002, etc)Less time

Depth of investigation is 0.519 time electrode spacing (Loke, 2004; Merrick, 1997; Barker, 1991;Edwards, 1977)

Why Wenner??

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Data Coverage and Resolution

Data coverage using Wenner configuration for four cables with 5m electrode spacing

a= 5 m

a= 10 m

a = 40 m

a = 100 m depth = 51.9 m a = 110 m depth = 57.09

5.19 m

This layer is not covered

Cannot be distinguished if resistivity value for both layer is not too contrast

Geoelectrical Resistivity

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Geoelectrical Resistivity

Data Processing Res2DINV Inversion software (Loke,

1995; 1996, 2002, 2007) The basic is aimed at finding a resistivity

distribution that gives a response similar to the actual measured values

Methodology

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Geoelectrical Resistivity

Direct Resistivity Measurement Field Laboratory

For the small electrode spacing, the apparent resistivity becomes the true resistivity of the material assuming that the material is homogeneous (Telford, 1990).

Methodology

C1 P1 P2 C2

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Hydrogeochemical

In-situ Parameter pH Temperature Conductivity Total Disolved Solid Salinity Physical well parameter (Well depth, depth to water table, and XY

location, ground level)

Major Cation and Anion

Methodology

Soil Water Sampler

Ion Chromatography (IC)Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP)

Tritor

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Soil Property Analysis

Grain size distribution (Hamlin, 1991) Soil moisture content (Black, 1964) Hydraulic conductivity (Porchet method

(Oosterbaan and Nijland, 1994; van Hoorn, 2007)

Methodology

Hand auger

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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No Dominant Medium

Moisture Resistivity Value

1 Clay to Fine sand (surface)

Low (8-10%) (unpolluted)

350-450 ohm.m

2 Clay to Fine sand

Fully saturated (unpolluted)

150-250 ohm.m

3 Medium sand (surface)

High (unpolluted) 30-60 ohm.m

4 Medium and coarse sand

Fully Saturated (unpolluted)

50-100 ohm.m

5 Granite basement

bounded by saturated soil

>400 ohm.m

0 40 80

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

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GravelCoarse SandMed sandFine SandSilt & Clay

Percentage (%)

Depth

(m

)

0 5000

0

1000

00

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

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K CaMg NaPb CdSe AlMn CuZn FeAs

Concentration (mg/Kg)

Depth

(m

)

24.1 m

Test-site 3

5

1 23 4

60m

Grain size

Chemical soil

Surface measurement

Well Ground Depth Water

No Sample X Y Depth Levelto

Water Level TDS Cond Sal T pH Chloride Nitrate Sulfate Fluoride K Ca Mg Na Al Fe CO3 HCO3 ID m m m (msl) mg/L S/cm 0/00 C mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L mg/L

1 KB20 472600 666200 44.8 8.84 2.98 5.86 46.8 98.1 0 31 6.03 2.63 0.12 0.379 0.265 4.697 5.335 3.301 9.502 12.07 0 6.72 KB21 472600 666200 29 8.81 4.03 4.78 52 107.7 0 30.7 6.04 2.55 0.11 0.329 0.343 4.889 6.769 4.517 7.459 0.134 13.17 0 03 KB25 476400 673500 52.9 6.44 5.45 0.99 86 94 None None 7.1 3 3.9 <5 <0.5 5 4.3 2.1 8.6 0 10 <1 484 KB26 476400 673500 33.5 6.44 5.14 1.3 74 103 None None 7 2 4.7 <5 <0.5 3.8 5.2 3.1 7.6 0 7.6 <1 545 KB28 471600 674700 113.2 6.07 7.95 -1.88 104 107 0 28.7 7.1 2.9 0.1 0.238 0.339 8 3.5 3.7 8.5 0 10 <1 546 KB29 471600 674700 62.2 6.08 7.99 -1.91 44.7 95.1 0 30.2 6.17 3.19 0.17 0.317 0.168 5.363 2.879 3.302 7.867 12.99 0 3.47 KB30 471600 674700 14.2 6.01 7.43 -1.42 44.7 96.5 0 28.6 5.24 10.12 5.84 6.215 0.015 2.128 2.992 1.524 10.13 0.43 0 08 KB36 477400 665900 35.5 5.87 3.23 2.64 56 76 None None 7.2 4 2.4 9 <0.5 6.6 2.6 2.4 5.7 0 9.4 <1 299 KB37 477400 674200 13 4.11 3.49 0.62 174 102 None None 6.8 6 <0.5 15 <0.5 2.7 6 2.9 62 0 3 <1 205

10 KB39 479200 672200 16.5 5.88 1.95 3.93 78 131 None None 8.1 20 1.5 10 <0.5 1.7 0.9 1.6 21 0 0.7 <1 1711 KB42 474800 673300 11 6.18 5.13 1.05 48 67 None None 8.2 6 4.3 <5 <0.5 1.6 3.5 1.8 5.9 0 0.1 <1 2312 KB43 475200 671100 15 6.26 5.12 1.14 44 57 None None 7.1 6 5 <5 <0.5 1.2 2.6 1.3 4.6 0 11 <1 1613 KB44 476500 671100 14.8 5.67 4.52 1.15 86 123 None None 7.9 12 4.3 14 <0.5 1.8 2.6 1.6 20 0 1.4 <1 3114 KB45 476300 675200 12 6 4.76 1.24 84 137 None None 7 8 9.7 6 <0.5 2.8 8.2 1.3 7.9 0 2.3 <1 3315 KB49 471550 674500 14 7.44 3.8 3.64 104 182 None None 7.4 12 1.4 14 5 3.1 23 2.6 9.2 0 2.3 <1 7016 WA201 472187 674575 6 7 3.1 3.9 119.5 217.12 0 27 6.73 6.3 16.5 11.25 0.155 3.068 6.475 2.978 8.462 0.135 0.796 0 6.217 WA202 474470 674742 <7 7 2.4 4.6 22.7 45.24 0 26.7 7.81 1.08 0 0.545 0 2.364 4.018 2.384 6.284 0.245 0.642 0 22.418 WA203 477990 674718 <7 7 None None 12.4 26.3 0 26.3 7.6 3.31 2.05 9.642 0.122 1.456 2.845 1.384 5.845 0.125 0.587 0 15.419 WA204 478537 670628 <7 7 None None 28.4 48.71 0 25.7 6.89 3.42 0 2.203 0.069 3.143 4.797 1.047 4.382 0.132 0.263 0 1420 WA205 471314 671360 6 12 3.1 8.9 20.1 46.74 0 30 6.7 5.63 0 0.881 0 1.029 3.746 0.455 2.098 0.215 0.072 0 021 WA206 481202 671004 <7 12 2.65 9.35 10.8 25.11 0 29.5 7.98 1.65 0 0 0 0.824 3.71 0.426 0.86 0.064 0.107 0 022 WA207 477057 669403 <7 8 1.9 6.1 11.7 27.2 0 29.1 7.34 1.59 0 0.169 0 1.024 4.779 0.571 1.589 0.032 0.044 0 1.823 WA208 474066 667941 <7 13 2.8 10.2 26.9 45.53 0 28.7 6 2.9 0 2.684 0.08 2.431 2.604 0.753 2.895 0.176 0.332 0 7.624 WA209 480084 667965 6 11 2.3 8.7 144.7 301 0.1 31.2 6.04 7.87 0 192 0.329 22.99 59 18.52 13.64 0.122 0.491 0 113.425 WA210 468975 667269 6 12 2.26 9.74 13.9 32.3 0 29.3 6.65 1.63 0 0 0 1.038 5.433 0.598 1.423 0.056 0.062 0 9.326 WA211 470633 666528 <7 12 2.23 9.77 21.6 50.2 0 28.5 6.24 1.83 0 0 0 1.057 5.88 0.671 1.746 0.035 0.061 0 11527 WA212 479159 665816 <7 11 2.09 8.91 22.5 52.3 0 29.2 6.31 6.19 0 0.881 0 0.795 4.174 0.466 1.983 0.29 0.122 0 028 WA213 470336 664245 <7 12 2.22 9.78 18.9 43.9 0 28.6 6.37 5.95 0.53 0 0 0.961 4.537 0.548 2.13 0.1 0.103 0 2.629 WA214 471906 662674 <7 12 1.8 10.2 12.3 28.6 0 28.1 6.51 2.27 0 0 0 0.992 4.782 0.517 1.214 0.02 0 0 9.130 WA215 474946 662852 8 13 2.6 10.4 27.5 41.05 0 30.3 5.58 3.61 0 0.788 0 1.805 2.529 0.576 2.915 0.126 1.016 0 11.231 WA216 479179 662447 6 15 2.8 12.2 15.3 32.2 0 32.2 5.85 5.12 0 0.483 0.05 5.111 7.064 1.28 5.113 1.464 5.333 0 48.232 WA217 475731 660712 <8 22 3.4 18.6 19.3 40.8 0 27.2 5.77 4.29 0 0.696 0 3.983 2.114 0.711 2.566 0.282 0.671 0 16.233 WA218 473016 660510 5 11 1.81 9.19 15.2 35.3 0 28.1 6.16 2.14 0 0.475 0 1.26 3.971 0.498 1.346 0.047 0.013 0 12.3

250 45 400 1.5 150 200 0.2 0.3

In-situ parameters and water chemical result for Area 2. In the bottom, limit concentration for domestic use by WHO (1992) and U.S.EPA (2002) is displayed.

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No indication of brackish water

Relatively lower nitrate concentration

High Fe concentration

Hydrogeochemical result

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465000 470000 475000 480000 485000

660000

665000

670000

675000

N

Kelantan R iver

Pengkalan Datu R iver

M arak H ill

G unong Panchor H ill

_

o.

Legend

G eoelectrica l R esistiv ity

G roundwater Sam pleSoil Sam ple

4 Km

Me

ters

M eters

???

Selected geoelectrical model

60m A201

60m

60m

60m

A202

A204

A208

A210

28m

Potential aquifer

Granite Bedrock

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465000 470000 475000 480000 485000

660000

665000

670000

675000

N

Kelantan R iver

Pengkalan Datu R iver

M arak H ill

G unong Panchor H ill

_

o.

Legend

G eoelectrica l R esistiv ity

G roundwater Sam pleSoil Sam ple

4 Km

Me

ters

M eters

60m

60m

60m

60m

60m

???

60m

Potential aquifer

Granite Bedrock

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What is the cause of relatively lower resistivity value (<20ohm.m) appear in some geoelectrical model?Songyu et al. (2008), reported his experiment result

that polluted soil by Fe has a good negative correlation with resistivity value0 50000 100000

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Al

Fe

Concentration (mg/Kg)

Depth

(m

)

0 50000 1000000

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Al

Fe

Concentration (mg/Kg)

Depth

(m

)

WA1WA2

Contrast chemical soil

Fe = 0.098 mg/l

Fe = 13.85 mg/l

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0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 300000

100002000030000400005000060000700008000090000

100000

f(x) = 2.76645435244161 x + 22413.8004246284A1S01A1S05A1S10A1S13A2S04A2S05A2S06A2S09A2S10A2S11W2-02W1-02Fe (mg/Kg)

Al (m

g/K

g)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.40

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

f(x) = 21646.4471403815 x + 4567.07105719237

WA106WA103WA119WA215WA201KB39WA211WA115

Fe in water (mg/l)

Fe in s

oil (

mg/K

g)

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.50

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

WA106WA103WA119WA215WA201KB39WA211WA115

Al in water (mg/l)

Al in

soil (

mg/K

g)

Fe and Al had the same source when they were deposited along geologic time

Fe in groundwater is influenced by Fe concentration in soil

Al in ground water does not show any correlation with Al in soil (Al dissolve at pH ~2)

Fe and Al concentration in other location soil sample

Fe distribution in groundwater (Area 1 and Area 2)

460000 465000 470000 475000 480000 485000 490000 495000640000

645000

650000

655000

660000

665000

670000

675000

680000

685000

690000

Kelantan R iverPengkalan D atu R iver

Kem asin R iver

South China Sea N

M arak H ill

Panchor H ill

Boundary Range

Jawa H ill

0 to 0.1 0.1 to 0 .2 0.2 to 0 .3 0.3 to 0 .4 0.4 to 0 .5 0.5 to 0 .6 0.6 to 0 .7 0.7 to 0 .8 0.8 to 0 .9 0.9 to 1 1 to 2 2 to 3

Unit in m g/L

M eter

Met

er

Kota Bharu

Bhacok

4 Km

Fe concentration (mg/L) in shallow aquifer (<10 m ) 33

Fe concentration (mg/L) in aquifer (10-20 m )

460000 465000 470000 475000 480000 485000 490000 495000640000

645000

650000

655000

660000

665000

670000

675000

680000

685000

690000

Kelantan R iverPengkalan D atu R iver

Kem asin R iver

South China Sea N

M arak H ill

Panchor H ill

Boundary Range

Jawa H ill

Unit in m g/L

0 to 0.5 0.5 to 1 1 to 1.5 1.5 to 2 2 to 2.5 2.5 to 3 10 to 13

M eter

Met

er

Kota Bharu

Bhacok

4 Km

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Fe distribution in groundwater (Area 1 and Area 2)

Fe concentration (mg/L) in aquifer (>20 m )

460000 465000 470000 475000 480000 485000 490000 495000640000

645000

650000

655000

660000

665000

670000

675000

680000

685000

690000

Kelantan R iverPengkalan D atu R iver

Kem asin R iver

South China Sea N

M arak H ill

Panchor H ill

Boundary Range

Jawa H ill

Unit in m g/L

0 to 1 7 to 8 8 to 9 9 to 10 10 to 11 11 to 12 12 to 13 13 to 14

W A2

W A1

M eter

Met

er

Kota Bharu

Bhacok

4 Km

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Fe distribution in groundwater (Area 1 and Area 2)

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Relatively higher Fe concentration in aquifer

Depth slice of resistivity distribution

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CONCLUSION

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Conclusion

The zones of higher Fe concentration in aquifer system has been delineated along depth slice of resistivity distribution.

Fe concentration extends dipping from the northern side of Boundary Range to the northwestern.

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Recommendations

The methods applied in this study have been successful for chemical fertilizer monitoring, detection nitrate in groundwater, delineating present of heavy metal in the aquifer and to predict concentration of salt water content in the aquifer. A similar approach could be applied to the other location in the Peninsula Malaysia to get new water resources.

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Acknowledgements

I am most grateful to my supervisors Assoc. Prof. Dr. Samsudin Hj Taib and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ismail Yusoff for their invaluable suggestion, criticism and encouragement throughout the study period.

Thank to Prof. Dr. Wan Hasiah Abdullah the one who has given me a way to continue my study in University of Malaya.

The financial support through the University of Malaya research grants no PJPFS308/2008C is gratefully acknowledged.

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya

Jabatan Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia Kelantan for providing water chemical data and Geology map

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THANK YOUTerimakasih