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Chapter 4 - Pg. 1

Chapter 4: Salt and Sand/Salt

Table of Contents

SALT and SAND/SALT - INTRODUCTIONRevised February 17, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Taking Action: Salt and Sand/Salt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

STORAGE (salt & sand/salt)Revised February 11, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

ANTI - ICING (pre-wetting, etc.)Revised February 11, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

DE-ICING (salt, calcium chloride, etc.)

Revised February 11, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

FRICTION MATERIALS(sand, crusher dust, gravel, etc.)Revised February 11, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

DUST CONTROLRevised February 11, 2003 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

LEVELS OF SERVICE SUMMARY TABLE

Revised January 9, 2002 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

SALT AND SAND/SALT AUDIT QUESTIONNAIRERevised February 11, 2003

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 2

SALT and SAND/SALT - INTRODUCTION Revised February 17, 2003

Nova Scotia depends heavily on Road Salt to maintain safe highways during the winter months. Road Salt has been proven to be more effective and less expensive than any alternatives for this region. However, Road Salthas also been under scrutiny for its effect on the environment. Improperly managed salt storage and use hasresulted in negative environmental effects from salty well water to plant and animal mortality. Environment

Canada has recently placed Road Salt on its Toxic Substance list which means that stricter management controlswill be enforced for departments such as TPW that use Road Salt.

This section of the manual details the storage and use of salt and explains some of the newer ice management procedures the department is now using such as anti-icing and de-icing techniques.

The following suggestions and Taking Action Sheet should assist you in implementing this chapter.

Organize toolbox meetings with all staff members to go over specific items of interest. The more staff know about departmental expectations with regards to salt and sand/salt management, the more involvedthey will be.

Spot check progress periodically to ensure that staff are following the proper procedures. Annual auditsof the facilities will be done, so it is best to get staff involved early in doing things the right way.

Sample audit questions are included at the end of this section. Familiarize yourself with what the auditorswill be looking for to ensure your salt management program meets departmental expectations.


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 3

4. Taking Action: Salt and Sand/Salt

T Investigate the salt storage facility and make sure that it is water tight. If trucks can not be loaded inside thesalt shed, make sure there is a cement or rubber pad outside the shed where the trucks park for filling andthat any run off from this area will be contained and/or diverted from waterways, sewers and vegetation.

T Develop a system for employees to promptly clean up any salt spilled while filling trucks or loading sheds.

T Determine how best to cover the sand/salt pile (tarps, shed, etc.) and how to divert run off from this pileaway from waterways, sewers and vegetation.

T Maintain the salt content in the sand/salt pile at 5% if necessary. If you purchase and stockpile your sandwhen it is dry and cover it at that point, salt may not need to be added at all. Plan ahead!

T Use the record system for:-Daily reports on salt and sand/salt used-Bi-weekly (every 2 weeks) reports on quantities on hand and hauled in-Bi-weekly provincial salt use report detailing salt applied to date in each area, along with a comparisonto previous years.-District monthly salt and sand/salt summary

T Look up the Winter Maintenance Standards for the recommended application rate of salt and sand toroadways. Make sure that employees are up to date on the best practices for minimizing the amount of salt and sand used.

T The Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) has developed a comprehensive web site on road saltinformation including an on-line course at http://www.tac-atc.ca/whatnew/environment.htm if you wantmore information. Encourage any employees who might benefit to take the on-line course.

T Make sure that the compuspread systems on each vehicle are checked after each use to make sure that they

are properly calibrated for correct application rates, that the conveyor door on the salt box is at the proper opening, that the conveyor and the ground speed are calibrated and that the emergency override isworking.

T Inform employees about the salt and sand/salt management program and their responsibilities in preventing and cleaning spills, minimizing usage, doing maintenance and keeping records.

T Make sure that employees are aware of the Salt and Sand/Salt Management chapter in the EMS binder andwhat sort of information it contains. Make the binder accessible to employees.


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 4

#1 STORAGE (salt & sand/salt) Revised February 11, 2003

H ighl ights of L egislation The Occupational Health and Safety Act - An employer shall provide such information, instruction,

training, supervision and facilities as are necessary to the health and safety of the employees . Environment Act - Nova Scotia Environment Act and regulations do not directly regulate salt storage

and handling practices.

General I nformation

Product Use &Information

Road salt is the preferred deicing chemical in Canada because of its cost,effectiveness, and ease of handling.

Sand/salt mixtures are generally applied on icy graveled roads to improvetraction. At lower temperatures, (i.e. below -10C), salt is less effective so asand/salt mixture may be used on paved roads. By using proper storage

practices, environmental contamination can be minimized. Storage facilities for salt are domes, silos or shed style buildings. Sand/salt

mixtures are stored in domes, shed style building or, as in most cases at themoment, stored outside. These outdoor piles should be tarped or otherwisecovered.

We have five levels of service for salting and sanding. For each level thereis a recommended application rate which allows its use to be monitored andcontrolled. For complete information on levels of service see Winter Maintenance Standards, RO90 104/105/106 SNOW AND ICECONTROL.

The Transportation Association of Canada (TAC) has developed acomprehensive web site on road salt information including an on-line course athttp://www.tac-atc.ca/whatnew/environment.htm

Yard Maintenance Dont leave piles of salt exposed to the elements. Dont have water leaching inside the building. Unused salt or sand/salt should be unloaded and placed in the appropriate

storage location. Load trucks inside the storage building, if building size allows for it.

Compliance Issues A five year scientific assessment by Environment Canada determined that insufficient concentrations, road salts pose a risk to plants, animals and the aquaticenvironment. As such, Environment Canada has recommended its addition toSchedule 1 (List of Toxic Substances) under CEPA because of environmentalconcerns associated with road salt.

Occupational Healthand Safety

Provincial Department Safe Work Practices # 063 and # 066.


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#1 STORAGE (salt & sand/salt) Revised February 11, 2003

Chapter 4 - Pg. 5

Structure types Domes. Fabric Roofed Buildings. Framed Single Peaked Roof- A Barn. Gambrel Arch. Silos.

Storage(Salt and Sand/Salt)

Storage shed should have a concrete or asphalt concrete pad. The entrance should have a berm to contain runoff. Loading area should have a concrete or asphalt concrete pad. Loading area should be cleared of excess spillage from trucks and put back

into the storage shed, if not contaminated. The base of the building should be enclosed by a concrete wall. Building entrance should be facing away from prevailing winter wind

direction.

Sand/salt stockpiles stored outside should be on an asphalt pad preferably ina cone shape. The pile should be tarped and weighed down (e.g. with tires). Thiswill help to minimize leaching. Some bases have been having luck with a lightcover of tack on the sand piles.

Record keeping Daily local reports on salt and sand/salt used. Bi-weekly area reports on quantities on hand and hauled in. Bi-weekly provincial salt use reports on salt applied to date in each area,

along with a comparison to previous year. Monthly district salt and sand/salt summary reports.

Site Drainage Identify waterways (streams, brooks, swamps etc.) near bases. Site should be graded to direct drainage away from storage areas and to the

extent possible, away from any down gradient ground well water location. Salt-laden water can be collected in tanks and used in brine production or

sent for disposal at sewage treatment facilities.

Facilities Inspect sheds weekly for snow and ice build up during the winter season. Conduct a survey of facilities looking for structural integrity, operating

efficiency, and salt loss. Plan, schedule and carry out repairs to existing facilities in preparation for the

new season. Consider needed capital investment to address storage needs.

Responsibilities Supervisors are responsible for maintenance of yards in and around storagesheds, for training staff in proper handling and distribution and for ensuring thatrecords of salt and sand/salt use are being kept.


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 6

#2 ANTI - ICING (pre-wetting, etc.)Revised February 11, 2003

H ighl ights of L egislation The Occupational Health and Safety Act - An employer shall provide such information,

instruction, training, supervision and facilities as are necessary to the health and safety of theemployees .

Environment Act - Nova Scotia Environment Act and regulations do not directly regulate salt storageand handling practices.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act - Road salt is considered CEPA toxic (i.e. in sufficientquantities can have serious effects on the environment), thus its storage and use should be under controlled conditions.

General I nformation


Anti-icing is the snow and ice control practice of preventing the formationor development of bonded snow and ice by early applications of a chemicalfreezing-point depressant, such as salt, chemicals or brine. This early applicationof salt means that the snow plows can do their job sooner and more effectively.

Application of salt onto a highway pavement at the start of a winter storm, or even prior to the beginning of precipitation, inhibits the development of a bond

between the snow or ice and the pavement surface. Furthermore, moderate and periodic re-applications of the chemical during the storm can continue this effect.Such preventive operations are the core of an anti-icing program.

Pre-wetting is the addition of a liquid (preferably a salt brine to salts or abrasives) prior to the application to the roadway. When a liquid is applied to a

particle of salt, the particle begins to soften and dissolve so that it is less likely to bounce off the road or be swept away by traffic.

De-icing is the reactive application of salt and abrasives to a roadwaywhere snow has already accumulated and may have formed a bond (ice) withthe highway.

Typical ProductIngredients

C Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is the generally accepted anti-icingchemical presently used in Nova Scotia. Calcium Chloride(CaCl) is sometimes used to clear frozen culverts.

C The brine solution is made from locally mined rock salt.

Spray Systems The most common method of pre-wetting is through the use of on-boardspreader spray systems. A spreader equipped for pre-wetting can apply liquidsdirectly to the material being spread.

Pre-wetting equipment can be an integral part of the spreader design or itcan be a system that is added to an existing dry-material spreader.

The hydraulic sprayer is in-line with the conveyor/auger motor which provides a constant relationship with the amount of material being spread. Thesystem includes a liquid spray pump, hydraulic motor, cab controls, nozzle kit,spray tanks, and necessary hoses and fittings. The system includes between twoand three brass spray nozzles.


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Revised February 11, 2003

Chapter 4 - Pg. 7

Usage To make brine: add salt to water in a tank, agitate, measure concentrationwith a salimeter, adjust mixture accordingly [i.e. Add salt or water to achieve20% to 23% concentration (NaCl)].

For precipitation events pre-wetted solid applications, like liquid treatments,can be used either in advance of the storm or as an early-storm treatment. In thelatter case, the application can be placed on dry, wet, slush covered, or lightlysnow covered pavement.

It should be completed before accumulation or snow pack bonds to the pavement.

Applications onto dry pavement, either as a pretreatment or early-stormtreatment, should be monitored to avoid excessive loss of material.

Late applications onto pavements with more than a light covering of slush or snow can result in excessive dilution of the chemical, and should be coordinatedwith plowing.

Where there is sufficient moisture after snowfall has begun, dry solidchemicals can be applied. Application of dry solid chemical onto dry pavementis not recommended, and therefore should not be used as a pretreatment.

Timing of an initial dry solid chemical application for snowstorm events iscritical. It should be made as soon as possible after sufficient precipitation hasfallen to prevent loss, but before snowpack or ice bonds to the pavement.

Storage Anti-icing solution should be stored in fibreglass tanks on a concrete (spillresistant) base.

Disposal The impurities which settle out in the tank are primarily inert rock and are notconsidered environmentally harmful, thus can be disposed of at the base.

Pollution Prevention Prevent spills

Record keeping As the Compu-spread computers keep track of the amounts dispersed there isno requirements for record-keeping. Regular downloading of the informationfrom the Compu-spread computers should be done.

Spills As salt is considered CEPA Toxic (harmful to the environment), spills should be cleaned up immediately.

Responsibilities Supervisors are responsible for having the brine mixed to appropriateconcentration levels.

Operators are responsible for the handling and distribution.

#3 DE-ICING (salt, calcium chloride, etc.)Revised February 11, 2003

H ighl ights of L egislation


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 8

The Occupational Health and Safety Act - An employer shall provide such information, instruction,training, supervision and facilities as are necessary to the health and safety of the employees .

Environment Act - Nova Scotia Environment Act and regulations do not directly regulate salt storage andhandling practices.

Canadian Environmental Protection Act - Road salt is considered CEPA toxic (i.e. in sufficientquantities can have serious effects on the environment), thus its storage and use should be under controlled conditions.

General I nf ormation


Road salt is the preferred deicing chemical in Canada because of its cost,effectiveness, and ease of handling.

Storage facilities for salt are domes, silos or shed style buildings. By using proper storage practices, environmental contamination can be minimized.

We have five levels of service for salting and sanding. For each level thereis a recommended application rate which allows its use to be monitored andcontrolled. For complete information on levels of service see Winter Maintenance Standards, RO90 104/105/106 SNOW AND ICECONTROL.

The Role of RoadSalt in WinterMaintenance

A clear trend to achieving more efficient salt use and safer road conditions isto apply the salt at the beginning of the storm to create a road condition that will

prevent the initial freezing and the formation of the snow/road bond. This pro-active and preventative approach requires less road salt than that required tode-ice the road once the snow/ice pack has formed. It also helps keep the road

ice-free throughout the storm. This is why we often see trucks spreading saltimmediately after the storm has started. Rock salt should never be applied to

bare pavement. The early application of salt is often referred to as anti-icing. Following the initial salt application, plowing can proceed to remove

continuing snow accumulations. Additional salting is only required to ensuresufficient traction and an ice-free surface.

Road Salt and theEnvironment

Surface and Groundwater - Salt that goes into the ground can increase theamount of salt in well water. Heavy salt loading to streams during sensitive

periods of the year can adversely affect fish. Vegetation - High concentrations of salt in soil, groundwater and salt spray

from roadways can damage roadside vegetation such as trees, shrubs and grass. Soil Impacts - The sodium in road salt can react with soil and cause

increased hardness, increased pH and reduced permeability for some soil types.These characteristics in the roadside soils can adversely affect the fertility of thesoils and their ability to grow plants.


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 9

Road Salt and theEnvironment (contd)

Wildlife - Some animals are often attracted to the roadside were there is ahigh spring salt concentration. The presence of wildlife near roadways is alwaysa potential hazard to the public.

Vehicle and Structural Corrosion - Road salt contributes to the corrosionof vehicles and structures (e.g. bridges, parking garages etc.) Technologicalimprovements in materials and paints have reduced the corrosive effects of roadsalts.

Reducing theEffects of Road Salt

There are many initiatives being evaluated and/or used to reduce the amount of salt that is needed to maintain a safe bare-pavement road.

These involve: Reducing the accumulation of snow and ice on the roads, therefore

eliminating the need for salt. Better predicting when and where salt needs to be applied.

Improving the accuracy with which salt is placed on the road to achieve the best results.

Reducing the amount of salt lost to the roadside shoulders and ditches before it has had a chance to work.

Improving the storage and handling of salt at the maintenance yards.

Decisions for usingSalt depend on

Maintenance quality standards, including response times and route cycletimes.

Road condition assessment (observation or remote sensors) Forecast of weather and road conditions

Economic considerations

Record keeping Daily salt reports on salt usage. Bi-weekly salt reports on quantities in salt sheds and hauled in. Monthly district salt summary.

Sensible Salting Salt at beginning of storm. Dont salt during storm, only for traction purposes. Follow recommended speed for trucks. Salt for the Level of service for each road. Dont overload trucks (spillage). Follow routes that are assigned to the truck.

RWIS(Road Weather

Information System)

An automated weather reporting station installed along the roadway which alsohas special sensors embedded in the road and a live camera to assist weather forecasters in predicting icing conditions before they occur. Measures:

Air Temperature. Relative Humidity. Wind Speed and Direction Precipitation


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 10

CompuSpreadCS220

Ensure: Proper calibration for correct application rates. Conveyor door on salt box is at proper opening. Conveyor is calibrated. Ground speed is calibrated. Check blast button

Levels of Service See attached chart.

Responsibilities Supervisors are responsible for maintenance of yards in and around saltstorage sheds and for ensuring that records of salt use are being kept.



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Chapter 4 - Pg. 11

#4 FRICTION MATERIALS(sand, crusher dust, gravel, etc.)

Revised February 11, 2003


The Occupational Health and Safety Act - An employer shall provide such information, instruction,training, supervision and facilities as are necessary to the health and safety of the employees .

Environment Act - Nova Scotia Environment Act and regulations do not directly regulate salt storage andhandling practices.



Sand/salt mixtures are generally applied on icy graveled roads to improvetraction. At lower temperatures a sand/salt mixture may be used on paved roads

because salt is less effective. Storage facilities for sand/salt mixture include domesor shed style buildings but in most cases it is presently stored outside.

We have five levels of services for sanding. For each level there is arecommended application rate which allows sand/salt use to be monitored andcontrolled. For complete information on levels of service see Winter Maintenance Standards, RO90 104/105/106 SNOW AND ICE CONTROL.

To keep levels of salt in sand piles to a minimum: reduce fines for sand (reduces clumping) tighten up tenders with regards to delivery times - ensure sand is

delivered early in the fall and is dry sand piles can be sprayed with a light layer of tack immediately

after delivery to reduce moisture content of pile

Methods ofTraction on

Ice Covered Roads

Sand/salt mixture (5% salt). Sand only (no salt added). Crusher Dust. Ice blades (grader).

Levels of Service See attached chart.

Responsibilities Supervisors are responsible for maintenance of yards in and around salt/sandstorage sheds and for ensuring that records of salt and sand use are being kept.



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Chapter 4 - Pg. 12

#5 DUST CONTROLRevised February 11, 2003


Environment Act - Nova Scotia Environment Act and regulations do not directly regulateCalcium Chloride (CaCl) storage and handling practices, however, bulk storage practices

should be in place for CaCl tanks.



Calcium chloride is applied to gravel roads because it retains moisture for prolonged periods. This helps to hold down dust and stabilize unpaved roadsurfaces.

The road should be bladed and shaped to allow water to drain off properly.A 38% solution of calcium chloride should be applied using a tank truck with arear-mounted distribution bar that spreads the liquid evenly.

Typical ProductsIngredients

Calcium chloride is also known as calcium dichloride, calcium chlorideanhydrous, Caltac, and Dowflake.

Will not biodegrade, will not bioaccumulate.

Handling andTraining

See WHMIS for details on safely handling this product (MSDS).

Storage Keep in a tightly closed container, stored in a cool, dry, ventilated area. Protect against physical damage. Moist calcium chloride and concentrated solutions can corrode steel.

When exposed to the atmosphere, calcium chloride will absorb water and

form a solution. For more information, see Chapter 6, guide #4 on Calcium Chloride storagetanks.

Disposal Procedure There should be no need to dispose of the calcium chloride as it should beused up by spreading it onto roadways.

Containers from the calcium chloride may be hazardous when empty sincethey retain product residues (dust, solids); observe all warnings and precautionslisted for the product. Containers may be recyclable, check with local recyclingdepot for details.

Alternative DisposalTechniques

None recommended.

Pollution Prevention Alternative products:

Soybean soapstock; biodegradable soybean oil by-product. Somewhat moreexpensive than calcium chloride but will last the summer while calcium chloridemust be applied more often.


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#5 DUST CONTROLRevised February 11, 2003

Chapter 4 - Pg. 13

Spills Ventilate area of leak or spill. Wear appropriate personal protective equipment.

Sweep up and containerize the product for reclamation or disposal.Vacuuming or wet sweeping may be used to avoid dust dispersal. Small amountsof residue may be flushed to sewer with plenty of water.

Off-SiteTransportation

Not regulated.

Responsibilities Supervisors are responsible for maintenance of yards in and around bulk tanks.Operators are responsible for the handling and distribution.

Waste Disposal Sites (Add specific information here on local waste disposal sites).


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Chapter 4 - Pg. 14

LEVELS OF SERVICE SUMMARY TABLERevised January 9, 2002

LEVEL OFSERVICE

Level 1A Level 1B Level 2 Level 3 Level 4

Type of Road- All 100 Series- Selected high

volume highways

- All Trunks- Selected

highways as per AADT limits

- All Routes- Selected

highways as per AADT limits

- All Local PavedRoads

- All GravelRoads

AADT Limits > 7,500 7,500 - 4,000 4,000 - 1,500 < 1,500

Primary objectiveEssentially Bare

Pavement *1Essentially Bare

Pavement *1Centre Line Bare

2.5m to 5.0mCentre Line Bare

1.2m to 2.5mSnow Packed

Time to meet primary objectiveafter end of storm,not exceeding

8 hrs 12 hrs 12 hrs 24 hrs 24 hrs

Salting- Application of

saltBeginning ofstorm and

during as required

Beginning ofstorm and

during as required

Beginning ofstorm and

after

Beginning ofstorm whererequired and

after

N/A

Max. Application Rate

(Rate based on2-Lane Road)

125 kg/CL km 125 kg/CL km 110 kg/CL km 85 kg/CL km N/A

Plowing# 25mm # 25mm # 50mm During storm as

requiredDuring

storm asrequired

- Begin plowingwhen snowaccumulation

- Max allowableaccumulation # 75mm # 100mm # 150mm # 200mm # 200mm

Sanding-Application of

sand

- Not normallysanded

- Sand onlyduring severe coldwith slipperyconditions

Beginning ofstorm for environmentally

sensitive areasorduring severe

cold with slipperyconditions

Beginning ofstorm for environmentally

sensitive areasorduring severe

cold with slipperyconditions

- Beginning ofstorm whererequired and

after - For

environmentallysensitive areas- Slippery

conditionswhen required

- After storm- For

environmentally

sensitiveareas

- Slipperyconditions

whenrequire d

Max. ApplicationRate

(Rate based on 2-Lane Road)

N/A 800 kg/CL km 800 kg/CL km 500 kg/CL km 500 kg/CL km


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