BUILDING UP THE COLLECTED MODEL OF MEDICINAL PLANTS

WITH THE PARTICIPATION OF LOCAL PEOPLEIN THE BUFFER ZONE OF BACH MA NATIONAL PARK,

THUA THIEN HUE PROVINCE, VIETNAM

By Le Thi Dien

ReportNovember 2008

Supported by: Rufford Small Grants

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thank to:

— The Rufford Small Grants program in supporting us for conducting this research;

— Hue university of Agriculture and Forestry in supporting us with equipment, staffs and time forthose who participate in the research;

— Bach Ma National Park, People’s Committee of Loc Tri in cooperating with the research team;

— The community of Khe Su in participating in the models and providing information for theresearch;

— Students in conducting researches;

— My colleagues in providing information, supporting the research team in implementing researchactivities.

The author

Le Thi Dien

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1. INTRODUCTION

Vietnam has a distinct geographic position, one part is closely related to the terrestrial part, and the other is closely attached to the ocean. It also lies in the tropic area with high variation of the typical tropical climate from the low mountain from the South to the semi-tropical climate in the North. Such diverse in geography and climate has created the abundance and diversity the fauna and flora of Vietnam of which has the potential of medicinal plants. Following the data of the Medical Institution published in 2002, Vietnam has 3.854 flora species that are used as medicinal sources. This source is not only diverse in number of species but also diverse in the treatment capability. However, until now, people knowledge of these species is limited, there are many more medicinal plant species in nature that people do not know or just a small part of it applicability.

Medicinal part is an important part of the Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and is of special importance to local people living in the rural and mountainous area of Vietnam where the social, economic and infrastructure conditions are low and deficit. During their development, each people have its own tradition, knowledge and experience in using the natural medicinal plants. However, most of the indigenous knowledge of using medicinal plants are only passed with a limited scope of the communities and are not written down for the conservation. Thus, this precious knowledge is easy to be neglected and forgotten. Moreover, overharvesting of forest resources, the degradation of the vegetation due to the expansion of agriculture production and constructions … has put some of the medicinal plants in scare status and even go extinction.

Loc tri is a commune lying in the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park, which has a very diverse flora status. Due to the difficulties in the transportation system to the other area, local people usually treat the common diseases by the medicinal plants in

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the area. Through a long time, they have accumulated precious experiences in using medicinal plants. However, these days when the livelihoods of local people have been improved, the infrastructure as well as transportation system to the villages have been upgraded and the clinic system are also installed to the lowest administrative unit (village level) thus the usage of medicinal plants were gradually less concerned due to the fact that local people started using medicines that have quick effects and easy usage. Moreover, the overharvesting of medicinal plants in a long time and the urgent need of cultivation land force local people to convert the forest land – where many medicinal plants live – so that many of the species become scare or extinct.

In order to avoid the threat of being neglected of the indigenous knowledge as well as the run out of the medicinal plants resources, the research of conservation of medicinal plants as well as ancient medicinal plants script are of great importance and has the meaningful value.

2. PROJECT AREAS AND METHODOLOGY

2.1. Project areas

Loctri lies in the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park which is quite close to the district centre, only 3.5 km away from the district to the North-west. The South and the East is faced with Bach Ma Range; the East is adjacent to Loc Thuy commune (Phu Loc District); the North is adjacent to the Cau Hai Lagoon (figure 01).

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Figure 1: The map of research area

— The forest land of the commune is 3.143 ha occupying 49.94% of natural land, this is an advantage for forestry production especially it is possible to integrate the restoration of natural medicinal plants and intercropping of medicinal plants under the natural forest canopy.

— The hilly area that are unused is 1.351,8 occupying 21.48% of natural land, can be used for planting medicinal plants.

— Most of the natural land of the area is hilly area which is suitable for farm model with agro-forestry activities of which the integration of medicinal plants are possible.

— Local people have livelihoods that are depended on forest resource and they have good knowledge of the medicinal plants thus forest products take important roles for the household income. This is a very good condition for developing the medicinal plant resources.

— The Abundant labour forces that have a laborious tradition are another advantage.

— Belonging to the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park thus local people have received a lot of programs/projects from outside. Thus the agriculture and forestry development activities in the area have many chances, of which there are potential for the medicinal plant development. Besides, the medicinal plant resource is well protected by the forest rangers of the National Park.

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Researcharea

2.2. Methodologies

— Typical transects would be established through different landscape such as home garden, swidden field, plantation forest, natural forest. On each transect there would be at least 2 standard plots of 200m2 as the representatives of different landscape. On each plot, the medicinal plants will be identified, specimens will be collected and photo is taken. There would be discussion with local people and after that published documents will be used to determine the local name, scientific name of the species and families.

— Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) method would be used with the specific tools such as: (1) semi-structured interview for elder people who have experience in using medicinal plants, those who usually go to the forest especially those who work as physician in the area; and (2) Representative meeting of those who know a lot about medicinal plant in the area.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSIONS

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3.1. The diverse of medicinal plants in the study area:

Through the survey, we daftly identified 120 medicinal plants species belonging to 110 genus and 67 families which are harvested and used by local people in the study area (Appendix 01). Of those 120 species surveyed:

— Distribution: There are 90 species appears to be wild; 23 were planted; 07 species existed both in nature and also planted in the household gardens.

— Possibility of seeing in nature: 28 species has highest possibility; 59 species has high potential; 31 species has low potential and 2 species has very low potential of being seen in nature.

— Frequency of usage: 3 are extremely largely used; 30 species are commonly used; 56 are little used and 31 are rarely used.

The diversity of the medicinal plants species in the study area are presented as followed:

3.1.1. Classification of medicinal plants following biological taxonomy

Even though the above mentioned results are not yet fully describe the medicinal plant resources in the study area but it shows that this is a rich area of the medicinal plant potential. However, the components of each level are not equally distributed, in the 67 families collected, there are more than 40 families (over 50%) only have one species. This is the typical characteristics of the tropical diversity. The ratio of families of the flora phylum is presented in table 01:

Table 01: Taxonomies of medicinal plants in the flora phylum

No Phylum Families Genus Species % species

1 Lycopodiophyta (Nganh Thong dat)

1 1 1 0,83

2 Polypodiophyta (Nganh Duong xi)

4 4 4 3,34

3 Pinophyta (Nganh Thong) 1 1 1 0,834 Magnoliophyta (Nganh 61 104 114 95

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Ngoc lan) Total 67 110 120 10

(Source: Data collected 2008).

It can be seen that the medicinal plants in Loc Tri mostly belonging to Magnoliophyta phylum occupying 114 species, with the ratio of 95% total number of species. Comparing to the Magnoliophyta phylum, numbers of species of other phylum has very low ratio: Polypodiophyta has only 4 species, occupying only 3.34%; The two other phylums are Lycopodiophyta and Pinophyta each only has one species occupying only 0.83%.

Analysing the genus, family indexes of the Magnoliophyta phylum of the flora in the study area we had the following results:

— Family index is 1,87 which means each family has in average 1,9 species;

— Genus index is 1.1 which means each genus has in average 1.1 species;

— On average, each family has 1.7 genuses.

With the small scope of the area and the conditions of the study area have been affected by local people, these indexes could to some extent reflect the diversity of medicinal plant species in the flora of the study area.

The ratio of the Liliopsida species and Magnoliopsida is one of the indexes that are used to evaluate the characteristic of the flora. This is a very important index for indentifying the diversity of the flora. Following De Candolle, the closer to the equator, the higher the diversity of the lower the ratio of liipopsida is. The analysing of the ratio of the Liliopsida species and Magnoliopsida are as followed:

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Figure 02: The ratio of Magnoliopsida and liliopsida

The Magnoliopsida phylum always has higher numbers of genus and species than Liliopsidaph phylum. For the tropical flora, this ratio at species level is 3:1. In the study area, this ratio is 3.22:1 proving that the area has typical tropical characteristic. This ratio is even higher than in Cat Tien (2.63:1) and is equivalent to Cuc Phuong (3.29:1).

3.1.2. Classification of medicinal plants following the living forms:

The classification of 120 medicinal plant species used by local people following the living forms of those species area presented in table 02.

Table 02: Classification of medicinal plant species in the study area

Living forms Number of species % of the totalBig tree (GOL) 2 1,67Average tree (GOT) 3 2,50Small tree (GON) 8 6,67Bush tree (BUI) 5 4,17Small tree or bush tree (GNB) 24 20,00Woody climber (DLG) 5 4,17Standing herbaceous (COD) 25 20,82Climbing herbaceous (COL) 48 40,00

Total 120 100(Source: survey data 2008)

Through the table 02, we can see that the medicinal plants of the study area have very highly diverse forms of living. From the tree, bushes, woody to herbaceous living forms. In the total of 8 groups the Climbing herbaceous group has the highest number of species occupying up to 40% of the total number of species, next is the Standing herbaceous occupying 20,82% the small tree or bushes has 20%. This is understandable because this living form is very common and they usually live near the house or in the swidden field that are convenient for harvesting, processing as well as preserving thus they are widely used by local people. Usually, these are the

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species that local people harvest for daily use such as: Diep ca, Co muc, Tia to, Rau ma, Rau can… which has the capability of treatment and prevention of some disease for children and woman such as: fewer, cough, headache… The group that has lowest using ratio is big and average tree 1.67% and 2.5% respectively. These species are distributed in the high areas which are unfavourable for harvesting as well as limited number of species. The big tree is only of concern for timber.

La khoi Binh voi Thach xuong bo

Thus, the harvesting of medicinal plants in the study area does not affect much to the structure of the forest because the species used are mainly herbaceous, climbers and bushes. However, if harvested with high concentration of some species such as Bo bo, Thach xuong bo, Sa nhan… then the threat of losing the diversity is very high.

3.1.3. Classification of medicinal plants following the part used:

Using medicinal plant should be taken into consideration of the parts used in order to increase the effectiveness as well as avoid the unexpected result. Because with some species, this part is useful for treating disease while other part are toxic for health of people.

The classifications of the medicinal plants following the parts used are presented in the table 03:

Table 03: classification of the medicinal plants following the parts used

Parts used Number of species Ratio (%)Whole parts 43 35,83

Stump, Branches 27 22,5Leaf 17 14,17

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Bud, head 3 2,50Rood, Tupe, 20 16,67Fruit, Seed 6 5,00

Bark, latex, oil 4 3,33Total 120 100

(Source: survey data 2008)

It can be identified that local people in the study area use the whole part of the plants for the medicine; the species used occupy 35.83% of the total 120 species. This is very favourable for the conservation and preservation of medicinal plants because for those species that can be used all part with the same usage, we can choose to harvest those parts that are easy to recover to meet the regular demand such as: leaf, branch, bud… and restrict harvesting those part that are difficult to recover and have great impact to the regeneration such as root, tupe, bark, flower, fruit, seed… Moreover, those that are harvested whole plants are mainly bushes and herbaceous. These species have really high capability of regenerate and are abundant in nature such as: Buom bac, Chac chiu, Ngay, Nhan tran, Ngai cuu… thus local people usually clear cut with only the root left, this also is a cleaning mechanism of forest that bring about the forest product but not to make them scare. However, with those that are difficult to regenerate such as Kim tuyen, Ba kich, Bach benh, Thach xuong bo, Vang dang, O duoc... the clear harvesting affect to the existence and regeneration ability of the plants ad it lead to the reduction in numbers if the management and harvesting activities area not planned.

O duoc Bach benh Vang dang

Each medicinal plant has different part for harvesting, the processing also produce different usage medicine. Especially medicinal plants should be harvested in the right season to bring about active effect. The medicinal plants sometime need to be integrated with each other, if used alone one species can be toxic such as the chó de

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has the ability to cool down the liver and reduce liver complaint but if it is used alone, it can make the woman being infertility. Thus, we have to use the right time, right species, and right disease in order to high effectiveness in the measurement and treatment of disease for local people.

3.1.4. Classification of medicinal plant following the usage:

The diversity of medicinal plants in the area leads to the diversity of usage and value of those species. Following the experience of local people, we classify the medicinal plants into 9 groups presented in table 04:

Table 04: Classification of medicinal plant following the usage value

No Usage Number of species

Ratio %

1 Stomach-ache, Nephrolith, liver complaint

28 23,34

2 Malaria, fewer, cough, cold 12 10,003 Tonic, tranquillizer, antidote 13 10,834 Colic, typhoid 15 12,505 Furuncle, sore 11 9,176 Back pain, arthraegia, sprain 17 14,177 Snake bite, 4 3,328 For woman 8 6,679 Other treatments 12 10,00

Total 120 100(Source: survey data 2008)

In the 9 groups, the highest group is treatment for Stomach-ache, Nephrolith, liver complaint with 23, 34%. This is a group of dangerous disease and costly for treatment thus local people actively have the prevention and treatment by available medicinal plants in the area with low cost and high effectiveness. Local people usually use leaf of Dong, Khoi to boil for drinking water, the tupe of Bach can be soaked with wine or the tupe of Nghe den drilled and mixed with honey bee for daily

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use to treat with stomach. Those who have Colic, typhoid use re Tranh, Co cu, Ma de… to boil and use that water for drinking. Those who have liver complaint usually use Cho de, Nhan tran, Cuc chi thien… because these species can have the ability to release toxic for liver. The next group is for treatment of Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain with 14, 17%. Local people usually use Sam bong bong to boil or soaked with wine to reduce weary. Day dau xuong, Day com nguoi, Kim cang for boiling for Sprain treatment. The groups with lowest number of species used is for snake bite with the ratio of 3, 32%.

Nhan tran La khoi Kim cang

Table 05: Medicinal plants classification in the study area following the habitats

No Habitat No of species only existed

in each habitat

No of speciesin eachhabitat

Ratio of no of species in

Each habitat/total

speciessurveyed

1 Natural forest 27 73 60,832 Plantation forest 0 67 55,833 Home garden 23 67 55,83

Total species surveyed

120

(Source: survey data 2008)

Through table 05, we can see that natural forest is the habitat that have highest number of medicinal plant species that local people use most (73 species) occupying 60, 83% of the total number of species surveyed. However, this ratio is not that different compared to other ratio of species distributed in plantation forest and home garden (only 5% different). This means that the medicinal plants species used by

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local people distribute quite balance in different habitats. This does not mean that plantation forest and home garden has the diversity of medicinal plants as in the natural forest but because due to the tradition of local people, they usually use those medicinal plants that are close to the household that is easy for finding and harvesting. Thus, even thoughnatural forest has higher diversity of the medicinal plant species but due to difficult transportation so local people has low access and knowledge to these diverse resources. Most of them are only concerned to high value medicinal plant species that can only be found in natural forest such as Re huong, Kim tuyen, Thach xuong bo… As in the survey, there are 27 species used by local people only be found in the natural forest. In reality these species exist with low quantity due to the overharvesting. Because of that, there need to have conservation measures to these species by protecting, restoring in order to preserve the gene to help them recover.

In the home garden habitat, there are 23 species used as medicinal plants that are not distributed in natural forest such as: Dao tien, Hoan ngoc, Huyet du, Dinh lang, Trinh nu hoang cung… these are species that have been brought from other place to plant in the garden. This is an advantage in order to develop the community-based conservation and development models of medicinal plants.

In the plantation habitat, even though there are 67 species used by local people has the distribution in this habitat, but there are none of them could only be seen in plantation forest. This is due to the fact that all the plantation forest in the area are originally from natural forest that have been converted to plantation forest thus the vegetation of these area still have the natural forest’s characteristics. Besides, there are some species that have original from home garden and do not exist in plantation forest Nghe den, Nghe vang… but local people plant in these area to explore the potential of space under the un-close plantation forest canopy. Thus local people usually plant Thien nien kien, Re quat, Sa, Nghe, Gung, Sa nhan…under the plantation forest in order to increase the income as well as conserve and develop the medicinal plant species in the area.

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Home garden habitat Plantation habitat Natural forest habitat

3.2. Knowledge in harvesting, using of medicinal plants of local people:

Being a community living near forest and within the buffer zone of Bach Ma National Park thus local people of Loc Tri has the potential to access the diverse and abundant medicinal plant resources. Thanks to this, even the clinic system is quite developed nowadays and the western medicines are widely distributed, some local people still use the medicinal plants for disease treatment because they consider the western medicines are dangerous, they can treat with one disease but it contain the possibility of creating other. For them, traditional medicinal plants have slow effect but less side-effect, available and no cost. However, as the physician, elder people inthe area, the demand of using traditional medicinal plants have reduced due to the development of the western medicine, especially the young generation that keen on these products due to the fashion of quick and effective of western medicines. This is one of the reasons that traditional medicinal plants are being neglected especially when the elders pass away, most of the precious medicinal plants are out of concerns of local people for disease treatment. Thus, from right now, there should be researches in order to document the precious traditional local knowledge in harvesting, utilizing the medicinal plant resources.

The traditional harvesting of local people mostly depending on the distribution of the species, as Thach xuong bo usually lay along the stream, on the rock edge. Kim tuyen lie in the hole in the rock which has high humus. Son thuc growths in the moist land that have thick layer of rotten leaves under the forest canopy. Nap am usually growths in muddy area or along the farm. It is also depended on the growth period of each species to have different harvesting time to ensure the highest amount of active contamination. For example, harvesting of root, tupes of Gung, Nghe, Binh voi… is

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implemented in the beginning of spring or starting of winter because in this hard time, the tree is dried out and the active contamination concentrate into the root or tupe. For those to harvest bud or leaf such as Hoan ngoc, Dua, Quay cho… are harvest in the spring-summer. For those to harvest flowers is at the time of blooming season. For the fruits is to harvest when the fruit is ripen such as Gac, Vong vang, Day trun. However, the harvesting of medicinal plants usually takes place in the free day of agriculture leisure time or with the integration of other forest product harvesting such as: hatch leave, Rattan, hunting…

Medicinal plants are mainly harvested for household usage; some are sold in the market but not that much. There are some physicians in the area but they do not harvest with large amount for storage but only go to harvest with the requirement from the patients. On average, the processing of these products is primitive such as dried in the sun or fire. The medicinal plants are used diversely with different target. Some are soaked with wine for restorative medicine, back pain treatment such as Ba kich, Sam bong bong, Thach xuong bo, O duoc.... Women usually use Huong nhu, Buom bac, Ngai cuu, Co sua, Bum bup… to boil for drink after giving birth. For the kids, the green leaves are boiled or grilled to treat with fewer such as Kop, Co nho noi, Re quat, La bong…

Those medicinal plants used by local people have different distribution and habitat: in the forest, in the swidden field, some wildly growth along the roads, in the home garden. Besides, some medicinal plants are planted in the home garden and used as vegetation, medicines and when necessary can be sold to increase income such as Diep ca, Sa, La lot, Gung, Nghe den, Nghe vang... The survey result of medicinal plants that are most planted in the home garden is presented in table 06:

Table 06: List of medicinal plants planted in the home gardens

No Name Usage Mục đích1 Bong bong Restorative, detoxicating +2 Chuoi tieu Treatment for diabetes +

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3 Co dau Uremic +4 Ma de Uremic +5 Dao tien Anorexia, insomnia +6 Diep ca Furuncle, sore +7 Dinh lang Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain +8 Dua Stomach-ache, Nephrolith, liver

complaint+

9 Dua can Malaria, fewer, cough, cold +10 Gac Pain relief ++11 Gung Malaria, fewer, cough, cold ++12 Hoan ngoc Colic, typhoid +13 Huyet du For woman disease +14 Khe Allergic +15 Kho sam Colic, typhoid +16 La Mo Colic, typhoid +17 Lo hoi Colic, typhoid +18 Lot Furuncle, sore +19 Ngai cuu Pregnancy pain +20 Nghe den Stomach-ache, Nephrolith, liver

complaint++

21 Nghe vang Stomach-ache, Nephrolith, liver complaint

++

22 Oi Colic, typhoid +23 Rau can High blood pressure +24 Re quat Digestion system +25 Sa Cold ++26 Sam dai hanh Stop blood bleaching +27 Tam phong Red eyes +28 Thuoc bong Fever +29 Tia to Cold, headache +30 Vu sua Stomach-ache +

(Source: survey data and discussion 2008)Note: +: For household usage; ++: For sale

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Meeting with local people

Of those species, as stated by local people, Nghe den has highest value; the price of 1kg of pre-processed is 70-90,000 VND and usually in hot sale. This is not the original species from the area, it was provided by Bach Ma National Park for the program of building up the medicinal home garden in the Khe Su village, one of the many that lie in the buffer zone of the Park. From then, people realized the economical value as well as the biological suitability of this species and they try to find out the seedling to expand the model. Also in this program, the Park provided other medicinal species such as Huyet du, Sam bong bong, La khoi, Re quat… but these species do not have the market and have low economic potential thus they do not get the concern of local people. From this point, we can see that, in order to develop the community-based medicinal development model, it is needed to deal with the market for the products so that local people would be willing to participate.

Medicinal plants processing

Through time, local people experience with testing, practises, learning and accumulatingexperiences in utilizing medicinal plant following precise treatment group. From the survey, the

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research group has recognized 9 groups of treatments that are used by local people within thecommunity:

— Group of treatment for Stomach-ache, Nephrolith, liver complaint including of species: Binh voi, Nghe den, Nghe vang, Co cu, Thach xuong bo, O duoc, Lau do, La dong, Cuc chi thien, Chac chiu, Tiet de, Ma de, Ngay, Co muc, Cho de, Ha thu o do, Thanh nganh, Nhan tran, Co tranh, Rau can…

— Group of treatment for malaria, fewer, cough, cold including species: Tia to, Hanh, Cuc tan, Gung, Cuc chi thien, Re quat, Nho noi, Rau sam, Thai lai tia, Sa, Oi, Ngai cuu, La bong…

— Group of treatment for Tonic, tranquillizer, antidote: Ha thu o do, Ngay tia, Nhan tran, Buom bac, Thach xuong bo, Bong bong, Ba kich…

— Group of treatment for Colic, typhoid: Co nho noi, Rau ma, Co sua, Rau sam, Oi, Sa, Quyt, Gung…

— Group of treatment for Furuncle, sore: Bo cong anh, Ke dau ngua, Tho phuc linh, vong vang…

— Group of treatment for Back pain, arthraegia, Sprain: Nhau, Ngai cứu, Buoi bung, Chia voi, Day dau xuong, Cuc tan, Ngai cuu, La lot, Thien nien kien, Gac, Rau can…

— Group of treatment for snake bite: Nghe vang, Tia to, Bay la mot hoa, Lau…

— Group of treatment for woman disease: Co cu, Ngai cuu, Ngay, Che vang, Nhan tran, Buom bac, Huyet du, Co nho noi, Re quat, Ich mau, Cu gau, Diep ca…

— Other treatment group: Rau ma, Dua, Khuc khac, To dieu, Sam dai hanh, Khe, Co hoi…

3.3. Threats to medicinal plant resources in the study area:

The medicinal plant resources in the area are really great. Even though there has many supports and concerns from the local authorities, conservation groups and especially from the Management Board of Bach Ma National Park and the participation of local people in conserving the medicinal plant resources in the area. However, the medicinal plant resources in the area are threatened by many other reasons. Through group discussion and meetings with those who has good knowledge of the medicinal plant resources, everybody agreed to lay down the different threats to the medicinal plant resources that create the degradation of medicinal plants resources in the area (Table 07).

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Table 07: Threats to the medicinal plant resources in the area

No Threats Degree of affecting1 Degradation of the vegetation cover ++++2 Overharvesting +++++3 Waste of medicinal plant resources ++4 Increase of the usage demand +5 Chang of crop composition +++6 Swidden field, forest plantation +++7 Un-documented of indigenous knowledge +++8 Development of western medicines ++9 People do not want to share their

experiences++

(Source: survey data and discussion 2008)Note: ++++: Very serious +++: Serious

++: Medium +: Low— Degradation of the vegetation cover: Due to the pressure of the population

growth, livelihoods and development activities such as expansion of cultivation land, forest product harvesting, road building, building of eco-tourism area especially the clearing of natural forest to set up plantation forest have cause serious degradation of the vegetation cover. The degradation of the vegetation covers lead to the direct affect to the medicinal plant resource as well as destroys their living habitat. Moreover, the usage of pesticides in the home garden, plantation forest have make the vegetation in general and medicinal plants in specific go extinct and meet with difficulties to recover.

— Overharvesting: It means harvesting over the restoring capability of medicinal plants. This is cause by population blooming and greater demand of medicinal plants not only for domestic use but also for export. In reality, the harvesting of medicinal plants in the area is under great interference of the market. Any medicinal plant has high economic value would be under great threat of extraction by local people without planning and protection measurement. They do not care at all to the existence of those species. Such plants as Vang dang, Ba Kich, Re huong, Thien nien kien etc that have widely distributed in the area previously but up to this moment, they are really scare.

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— Waste of the medicinal plant resources: due to the lack of techniques and equipments for processing and storing. In the area, there are some physicians, they harvest the medicinal plant resources in large amount to sell and store for time that those medicinal plant species cannot be harvested such as Sa nhan, Kim tien thao… However, these medicinal plants were only dried under the sun so if it rain after the harvest those harvested products would be useless. Moreover, if they are used afterward, the quality of the products would be very low.

— Increase of the usage demand: People recognise the safety and easiness of usage of medicines from medicinal plants, they seem to turn back to use medicines and products that originally from plants. Moreover, with the development of science especially in the physic, people discover new medicine that can treat with new disease thus medicinal plants are being harvested with higher speed and they are hardly to recover. Following elder people in the village, Vang dang was abundant in the area but after being harvest to sell to medicinal companies and they are now very scared; or Thạch xuong bo which used to growth along the streams nearby but now people have to go very far into the forest to see them.

— Chang of crop composition: Many household and the community land that used to be plants with traditional medicinal plants are now removed and converted into high yield crops for the economic development purposes. Previously, the gardens of those people such as Le Ngoc Toan, ông Truong Van Nguyen, Nguyen Chu in Khe Su village have many medicinal plant species and were tended well especially the garden of Mr. Le Ngoc Toan which have been highly valued by local people and have been visited by many groups coming to Bach Ma National Park. However, recently the income from the gardens is not high so they were converted to plant the citrus tree group.

— The clearance of natural forest for swidden field and the plantation forest development project have reduce the area of medicinal plants, which make many species difficult to develop and even the loss of genetic such those species as Ba kich, Re quat, Son thuc…

— The local knowledge usages of medicinal plants have not been documented. Most of the knowledge of usage of medicinal plants of those communities are

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transferred by verbal expression from generation to generation and are not recorded thus it is very easy to disappear, that lead to the fact that the young generation do not concern about medicinal plants and of course they would not concern of restoring these precious resources. Following the people of Khe Su village, the father of Mr. Truong Van Nguyen knew many precious prescriptions and had treated for many people in the village but when he got old, those prescriptions have not been transferred to anybody. This is a waste of resources.

— The development of modern medicine and the look down upon the traditional experiences: Nowadays, with the development of the transferring system of modern medicine as well as it fast effect have made people toward using of modern medicine and do not concern about those medicinal plants that have slow effects. This easily leads to the degradation of the traditional knowledge of using medicinal plants.

— People do not want to share their knowledge of using medicinal plants: Many people have good prescriptions but they do not want to let other know and they want to keep that for them and their family only, usually, they only transfer to people within the family, clan so it can be easily lost. During the survey for the research, we also meet with difficulties because some people do not want to share their knowledge, they do not answer the questionnaire or only answer with general manner and even when they are invited to the meeting or discussion of the medicinal plant, they also refuse to participate.

In summary, the medicinal plant resources in the area have been and are threatened due to the fact that natural habitat of them are reduced, most of the high economic value have been down in number, some of the rare species would go extinct. Moreover, the current management strategies are not really suitable, there have not been any clear regulation for the harvesting, utilizing of medicinal plants; local people freely go harvesting without plans. The harvesting are not in accordance with protecting, restoring or in other words, medicinal plants are not sustainably used.

The following table show threat level to some medicinal plants in the study area following the red book of Vietnam (1996).

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Table 08: List of medicinal plants in the study area that are threatened by extinction due to overharvesting

No Scientific name Local name Threat levels

1 Paris poyphylla Sm. Var. chinensis (Franch.) Hara.

Bay la mot hoa R

2 Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl. Kim tuyen E3 Ardisia silvestris Pit. La khoi V4 Nepenthes annamensis Macfarl. Nap am R5 Lindera myrrha (Lour) Merr. O duroc V6 Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Re huong K7 Coscinium fenestratum (Gagn.) Colebr. Vang dang V8 Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr. Day dau xuong K9 Smilax glabra Roxb. Tho phuc linh V

10 Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. 1906 Ngu gia bi gai T

(Source: survey data 2008)

Note:— (E): Endangered, threatened with extinction.— (V): Vulnerable can be extinct.— (R): Rare, can be vulnerable.— (T): Threatened.— (K): Listed in the list but with insufficient data.

Ngu gia bi gai Tho phuc linh Bay la mot hoa

Above are list of medicinal plants which have been identified in the area with the reduction in amount seriously due to the overharvesting to provide the higher demand of users, their distribution habitat are being reduced due to human activities.

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Thus the conservation and development of medicinal plants in general and the above mentioned species are critical for the local authorities.

3.4. Choosing important medicinal plants for the propagation and conservation with theparticipation of local people

From the criteria of: (+) High value of disease treatment; (+) Important to local community which have been widely used; (+) Species which can be traded in the future; (+) Currently rare species, hard to find, local people want to restore and develop; (+) Species that have the ability to live in dry area, easy to plant. The research group worked with local people and find out a list of medicinal plants species which have been suggested by local people:

Table 09: medicinal plants species suggested for expansion by local people

No Local name Scientific names1 Ba kich trang Morindada cochinchinensis DC.2 Kho sam Croton tonkinensis Gagnep.3 Lo hoi Aloe vera L.4 Re quat Belamcanda sinensis Lem.5 Sam bong bong Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.6 Sam dai hanh (Toi Lao) Eleutherine Subaphylla Gagnep7 Thach xuong bo Acorus tatarinowi Schott8 Tho phuc linh Smilax glabra9 Ha thu o do Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

10 La khoi Ardisia silvestris11 O duoc (Dau dang) Lindera myrrha (Lour) Merr.12 Vang dang Coscinium usitatum13 Ngu gia bi gai Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. 190614 Nghe den Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe.

(Source: Group discussion and village meeting 2008)

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The medicinal plants chosen by local people for restoring and expanding in the area includes 14 species. This is the demand and desire of local people, they wish their knowledge of utilizing traditional medicinal plants could be restored and conserved as well as being expanded, especially to transfer to their younger generation.

From this, local people also suggested some solutions for conserving, developing these species in the area, they are presented in the table 10.

Table 10: Some solutions for conserving, developing of medicinal plants raised by local community

No

Species

Method Advantages Disadvantages

1 Ba kich trang

Plant in the home garden intercropping under plantation forest

- Suitable for the local climate- High demand from the market

- Lack of seedsources

2 Kho sam

Plant by stump or seed in the home garden in the Spring

- Available seed source- Easy to plant, less labour needed

- Low marketdemand

3 Lo hoi Plant in the homegarden

- Naturally distribute inthe area.- Available seed sources

- Low marketdemand- Hard to processand restore

4 Re quat Intercropping under forest canopy, under fruit trees in the home garden

- Suitable for the local climate- Available seed sources.- Suitable for drycondition

-Unformed market- Easy to die in flooding condition

5 Sam bong bong

Plant in the home garden or swidden field by stump orseedlings

- Suitable for hot and dry season- Available seed sources

- Unformed market- Lack of processing and restoring techniques

6 Sam dai hanh

Plant in the home garden or swidden field by stump orseedlings

- Available seed sources.- Easy to plant, less labour cost

- Low marketdemand

7 Thach xuong bo

Plant along the stream, moist area with running water

- High value in themarket.- Under the concerns ofmany people by its usage

- Difficult to findseed sources- Low experience inplanting and tending

8 Tho phuc

Planting under forest canopy

- Easy to plant, less labour cost

No seed sources in

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linh - Huge market demand the area

9 Ha thu o do

Plant in the home garden or under plantation forest canopy

- High market demand.- High value.

- Lack of seedsources

10 La khoi Plant in the home garden or in the swidden field

- High market demand.- Under the concerns of many people by its usage for stomach treatment

- Difficult to find seed sources- Low experience in planting and tending

11 O duoc Restoring in nature, plant under plantation forest

- High market demand.- Naturally distribute inthe area

- Difficult to find seed sources

12 Vang dang

Restoring in nature, plant under plantation forest, swidden field or home garden

- High market demand.- High value.- Naturally distribute inthe area

- Difficult to findseed sources- Low experience in planting and tending

13 Ngu gia bi gai

-Restoring in nature-Plant underplantation forest

- High market demand.- Available seed sources

- Hard to manage- Low experience in planting and tending

14 Nghe den

Plant in the home garden

- High value.- Available seed sources, suitable for local conditions.- Local people have experience in planting, tending

- Harvesting, processing andstoring in primitivenature so it is very easy to be rotten, degraded

(Sources: Group discussion, 2008)

Lo hoi Re quat Sam bong bong

3.5. The result of building up collection garden- Scale: 2 ha.- Vegetation treatment: treat the forest canopy in order to provide enough light

for the medicinal plants model below. Weeding, create favourable condition for planting.

- Preparation of the holes: the size is depended on species: 20cmx20cmx30cm or 30cmx30cmx40cm.

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- Distance: depending on the species.- Planting pattern: intercropping under forest canopy into plots- Fertilizer: lay down the fertilizer before planting.- Time: From February to April 2008.

Hereafter are some techniques of planting some species in the collection model:

Table 11: Techniques of planting some medicinal plants

No

Species Planting and tending technique

1 Ba kich (Morinda officinalis How.)

* Creating of seedlings:There are two way of producing seedlings: from the seeds and from the stump:- From the seed:+ Collecting of fruit: only take the fruits from 3 years old mother plants, taking the red ones:After harvesting, put the fruits into a bag to keep for several days to let the skin ripe, take out to rub and clean with water, take the seeds and put in the shading area to dry. After processing, it should be bring to sow immediately.+ Sowing: Using the nylon bag with 5-7cm diameter and height of 12-15cm. The compositions of the bag include 78% soft soil+ 20% decomposed manure + 2% Phosphorus. Bag packed are folded in to bed. Use a stick to put a hole of 2cm and put 3-4 seeds in to each bag, cover with soil. Cover the bags and water sufficiently.Time in the nursery garden until transplantation is 6-7 months, the seedlings used for plantation is 20-25cm high.- Creating seedlings from stumps:+ Choosing and cutting of stump: take the stumps from 3 years old mother plants; take the whole part from the main trunk without the green tops. Chose the trunk or branches with > 3mm diameter and has 1-3 internodes with 2-4 knots. Each stump is 25-35 cm long and cut all the leave. Stumps are raised immediately.+ Time of rising: In the spring or autumn time. .+ Raising technique: make floating bed with small slits 10 cm depth on the bed, distance between slits is 30cm. Put the stumps in the slit with the angle of 450, stump by stump 5cm then cover with 2-3cm of soil and jam. Cover and watering sufficiently.Standard stump for plantation is when the secondary shoots get the height of 20-25cm, with 5-6 pair of leaves and the length of root is about 5-7cm.- Tending of the planted seedlings:Watering sufficiently, in the first time water every day in the early morning or late afternoon. When the plant growth stably, water sufficiently 2 – 3 day a time.

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Break the soil cover 7-10 days to ensure the soil soft and well-aired. When the plant has more than 3 pair of leaves, fertilize with a composition of 70-80% decomposed manure + 20-30% phosphorus.Seedlings from seeds in the nursery time use to be disease; the measurement is to have good cleaning of the nursery, do not let the water saturation and waste accumulation, do not use the fresh manure. When the disease occurs, take out and set on fire of diseased plants and spray of the entire nursery with Boocdo 0.5% with the amount of 1 litre/m2.* Planting mode:- Choosing and soil preparation:+ Choose a high, fertile and moisture place (not saturated area)+ Deeply dig the soil, let the soil exposed to air, and make beds with 20-30cm high, 60 cm width (for one row) or 1 m (for two rows).+ The hole is 20 cm depth, 30 cm width, 60 cm away from each other. Decomposed manure is 500 g/hole.- Planting:+ Season: from March to April+ The stump cut is planted right away after cutting, each hole can be planted 2 - 3 stumps.+ Put the stump in, jam the soil and only out to the air 1-3cm.+ Cover with straw* Tending:- Regularly water to keep moisture.- After 6-7 months make the frame for the plant to climb.- Weeding and turning the soil 1-2 times/year.- In the second year, apply about 3 kg of decomposed manure or 0, 3 kg NPK fertilizer/plant.

2 Bach bo (Stemona tuberosa Lour.)

* Planting:- Choose the moisture, drainage and humus soil.- Seed source: from seeds or foot bud, foot bud is better.- Planting:+ Season: in the spring when having rain, at the beginning of rainy season, or in autumn time.+ Planting in holes or bed with 0, 8-1 m width.+ Make the hole with the size of 30x30x30cm.+ Each hole is planted with 2-3 stumps.+ Put the stump inclined, only out to the air with 1-3cm.+ Covered with straw.* Tending:- Weeding and turning the soil around the foot of the plant withthe area of 0, 5-0,8m.- When the plant is 20 cm high, make the frame for it to climb.- Adjusting the shading of 0, 4-0, to 5.

3 Binh voi (Stephania * Planting:27

rotunda Lour.) - Choose the moisture, drained and low acid soil.- Seed source: collect the mature fruits, put under the shade to let it dry. Slightly rub it to open the cover and then bring to sow.- But the seeds into warm water (3 hot, 2 cold) in 15-30 minutes. Take out and let it to drain. Put in beds which are 5 – 6 cm depth, 20-25cm away from each others. Use the silky soil to cover the seeds and water. Make the frame to let the shade around 30-40%. Weeding and turning the soil regularly.- Standard of Seedlings: 10-15cm height has 3-4 leaves without diseases and pets.- Planting season: in the spring when having rain, at the beginning of rainy season, or in autumn time.- Planting in the holes or in beds 0, 8-1m width.- Hole with the size of 30x30x30cm.- Plant by bare stumps but it should be covered by soil around the root. Dig the hole then put the stump straight, cover with soil then jam hard. Cover the area by straw.* Tending:- Weeding, turning the soil with the area of 0, 5-0, 8 m around the foot of the plant.- Put the frame for the plants to climb.- Adjust the shade from 0, 4 to 0, to 5.

4 Bo beo (Gomphandra tonkinensis Gagnep.)

* Planting:- Weeding, dig the whole 1 m away from each other, put the decomposed fertilizer covered with soil.- Use the seeds.- Planting: sow directly the seeds into the hole.* Tending:Weeding, turning the soil, watching for pet and diseases to have suitable preventive measurement.

5 Bong bong (Dracaenaangustifolia Roxb.)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing land:+ Plough and turn the land, weeding, and making the beds.+ Dig holes with the depth of 25-30cm, put down basic fertilizers (about 300g decomposed manure/hold) cover with straw.- Seedlings: Choose the moderate branches to cut into stumps of 25-30cm long or take the regenerated seedlings to plant.- Planting:+ Season: Spring+ Put the stumps with the angle of 450, cover with soil 2/3 of the stump and jam the soil, cover the foot with straw. Plant alternate beds, each stump are 20-25cm long from each others.+ Sufficiently water. About 15-20 days, the stump will germinate.* Tending:- After the bud grow, in the sunny days, there need to have sufficient watering.

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- Throughout the growth of the plants, check to pick out pestilent insect.

6 Che vang (JasminumSubtriplinerve Blume)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil:+ Choose the clear place with fertile, soft, drained soil around forest, hill or along the road, open area in forest.+ Make holes with the size of 30x30x30cm.- Seedlings: Cut the stump with moderate trunks with the diameter of 0, 6-0,8cm, and the length of 20-25cm, raise in sand about 15-20 days to take roots, take the stumps into bags with the composition of 1/2 sandy soil and 1/2 silk soil. Three months old plants with the length of the bud of 2 – 5 cm can be brought to plant.- Planting:+ Season: Spring or Autumn.+ Put the stumps straight, covered with soil, jam hard.+ Cover the foot of the plant with straw.* Tending:- Weeding and turning the soil around the foot.- Make the frame for the plants to climb.

7 Dinh lang (Polyscia fruticosa (L.) Harms.)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing land: choose the fertile, high and dry, soft soil. Weeding, dig holes 3 m away from each other with the size of 30x30x30cm, put the basic fertilizer and cover with soil.- Seedlings: raise from branches.- Season: Spring or Autumn.- Planting: Planting right away from cutting stumps, covered with soil of 2/3 of the stump, jam and cover foot with straw.* Tending:Weeding and turning soil 1 – 2 times/year.

8 Gung (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

* Planting:- Can be planted all year round but best in Summer.- Choose big and undamaged tubes for planting.- The bed should be ensured to drain quickly. Make the bed with the high of 20-25cm, and with the width of 60-70cm.- On the bed, dig holes with distance of 30-40cm, in the hilly area, no need to make the beds.* Tending:- After planting, it is needed to turn the soil; wedding and pile up the foot of the plant until it form the tube.- Put the straw, rice husk in the planting area. Fertilizer should be applied to make the good growth of the plants.

9 Hoang dang (Fibraurea recisa Pierre)

* Planting:- Choose the moisture, drained and soft soil.- Seed sources:+ Stumps are taken from 2 – 5 years old mother plants. Stumps are 20-30cm long, raise right after cutting.+ Stumps are fixed in ditches, water sufficiently. Straw is removed when the stumps have buds. Shading should be 30-40%, watering and tending until the seedlings meet the standard requirements.- Planting:

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+ Season: Spring or Autumn+ Plant in holes or in ditches with the width of 0, 8-1m.+ Dig holes with the size of 30x30x30cm.+ Put the seedlings straight, cover soil fully, jam. Cover withstraw.+ Make the frame for the plants to climb.* Tending:- Weeding and turning soil around the foot of plants. .- Make the frame for the plants to climb.- Adjusting the shade from 0, 4-0, 5.

10 Kim ngan (Lonicer japonica Thunb.)

* Planting:- Raising by branches: best time is Spring or Autumn.- Choose the moderate branches then cut with the length of 15-20cm. Round it up to make a circle and put in the holes, then cover with soil. The buds will come out after 10-16 days. When the plant grows, make the frame for the plant to climb.* Tending:- Apply fertilizer 2-3 times/year.- In the Autumn, it is needed to repair the frame and prune theaged branches to let the young ones grow.

11 Kim tien thao (Desmodiumstyracifolium (Osb.) Merr)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: not a soil selective plant except for saturation or too much shading.- Seedling sources: can be plant by stump from trunk or branches but the best is from to sow directly from seeds because of the availability of the seeds.- The best time for sowing and planting is Spring or rainy season. Put the seeds into hot water (3 hot + 2 Cold) in 4 – 5 hours, take out to mix with ash, sand then sow, cover with soil of 2 – 3 cm and then straw. Take out the straw when the seeds germinate. When the seedlings has 3-5 leaves then adjust the density with the distance 0,8 x 0,8 m; when the seedlings has 6 -10 pile up the foot, fertilize with decomposed manure or chemical fertilizers.

12 La khoi (Ardisia sylvestris Pitard.)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: moisture soil along stream, river with high shading. Make and turn the soil around the foot of the plant with the size of 20cm x 20cm x 20cm.- Seedlings: From seeds or raising.+ Seeds harvested in December and sow right away from harvesting in moisture sand. After 15 to 20 the seeds germinate. Take out and put into the bag. The composition of the bag is ½ sand + 1/2 clay. Put the bags under shading, watering regularly. After 3 months, the seedlings can be planted.+ Stump taken from the mother plants (choose the one that have diameter from 1-1,5cm). Cut into section of 20-35cm. Put those sections into moisture sand. After the stumps take root, take and put into the bag (as from the seeds).- Planting:+ Season: Spring or Autumn.

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+ Put the plants straight, cover with soil, and jam then cover with straw.+ Make the frame to let the plant climb.* Tending:- Weeding and turning the soil.- Adjusting the shading of 0, 6-0, 7.

13 Lo hoi (Aloe vera L.) * Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: sloppy land, drained. Dig and make the bed with 30-40cm height, with of 40-50cm, hole from hole is 40-50cm, apply fertilizer, cover with soil of 3-5cm.- Seedlings: small plants.- Planting: put the seedlings straight, put the soil, jam.- Water sufficiently.* Tending:- Water in hot and dry day.- Weeding, piling foot when the plant grows.

14 Mia do (Costus speciosus (Koening) Smith)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: deep soil, moisture, with the shading.- Seedlings: there are some kind of making seedlings as followed:+ From seeds: collect seed and sow to meet the requirements.+ Cut the buds near the trunk to raise.+ Cut the young trunk with some roots when harvesting to replant.- Planting: minimum distance between hold is 0,8m. Dig the hole, put the seedlings straight, pile up the foots of the plants.- Put basal fertilizer by decomposed manure.* Tending:Watering, keeping the moisture in the dry and hot season,weeding, piling up the foot and apply fertilizer for the plants.

15 Nghe den (Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe.)

* Planting:- Soil preparation: soft and drained soil, make the bed with the width of 1-1,2m, with the height of 20-25cm. Apply phosphorus.- Seedlings made from good tube roots, divided the root into small part and put into the hole.- Plant tube by tube with the distance of 20 – 25 cm and row by row with 30 – 35 cm. Cover with soil and straw afterward.* Tending:- After the root germinate (5 – 7 days) remove the straw. .- When the plants has 5-6 leaves, apply potassium and pile up the foot.

16 Nghe vang (Curcuma domestica Valet.)

* Planting:- Soil preparation: soft and drained soil, make the bed with the width of 1-1,2m, with the height of 20-25cm. Apply phosphorus.- Seedlings made from good tube roots, divided the root

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into small part and put into the hole.- Plant tube by tube with the distance of 20 – 25 cm and row by row with 30 – 35 cm. Cover with soil and straw afterward.* Tending:- After the root germinate (5 – 7 days) remove the straw.- When the plants has 5-6 leaves, apply potassium and pile up the foot.

17 Ngu gia bi gai (Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr.)

* Planting:- Soft and moisture soil along stream. Dig holes with the distance of 3 x 3 m with the size of 30x30x30cm, apply basal fertilizer, cover with soil.- Seedlings: sow seeds into bags, taking care until the seedlings are 40-50cm high. We can also take the seedlings in natural forest to put into the bag.- Planting: Put the seedlings straight, cover with soil, jam, watering.* Tending:As tending plants in plantation forest.

18 Sa (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf)

* Planting:- Season: Any time but best in Spring.- Seedlings: take from the clustered bushes.- Make the bed 20-30cm high, 45-50cm wide. Hole from whole 50 cm, fertilizer, soil covered.- Put straight, watering regularly.* Tending:- Check and replace dead seedlings.- Weeding, turning the soil, piling up foot, watering in hot and dry day.

19 Sam bo chinh (Abenmoschusmoschatus)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: soft, moisture with enough light. Total turning of the soil, making beds of 1.0 - 1.5m. Apply basal fertilizer of decomposed manure mixed with 2% phosphorous- Season: end of December, planting in the Spring.- Seedlings: sowing seedlings from seeds or raising stumps in October - November so that can plant in January and February. Seeds is put into warm water for 10 hours, keep in bag for 2 days and then mix with ash and sand to put on the ditches* Tending:- Watering for the newly stage and on hot and dry time.- Weeding, turning the soil, prevention of pests.- Apply additional fertilizer by dissolved decomposed manure. If do not have the need of seeds, cut the flower bud to make root bigger.

20 Thien nien kien (Homalonema occulta)

* Planting:Cut the aged root to plant, 4 seedlings/1m2

21 Tho phuc linh (Smilax glabra

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil:

32

Roxb.) + Need the soil depth over 1 m, low acid, silky or sandy soil+ Under the secondary forest with the shading of 0, 4-0, 5. Plantation forest with unclosed canopy or have been done with thinning.+ Weeding around hole or patches.+ Holes with the size of 30x30x30cm.- Seedlings: From seeds or stumps+ Seeds collected from 2 – 3 years old mother plants. Choose the mature seed, dry in shading area and bring to sow after harvesting.+ Stumps taken from 2 – 3 years old mother plants. Cuttings are 20-30cm long with 2-4 eyes,+ Seeds and stumps are fixed with patches with the distance of 10-15cm, and 5-6cm deep, cover seeds and stumps by soil. Cover the patches by straw, water sufficiently. Keep the shading 40-50%- Planting:+ Season: Spring or autumn, choose the cool day with small rain.+ Put the seedlings straight, covered with soil, jam. Pile up the5-6cm, covered with straw.+ Make the frame for the plants to climb.* Tending:- Weeding and turning the soil.- Adjusting the shade from 0, 4-0, 5.

22 Thuoc bong (Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.)

* Planting:- Choosing and preparing soil: Choose dry land; dig the soil with the size of: 20cm x 20cm x 20cm.- Seedlings: From trunk stump: cuttings with the length of 20-25cm. After taking roots, take the seedlings to the bag which is composed of 1/2 silk soil and 1/2 sandy soil. Watering regularly.- Planting:+ Season: Spring or autumn.+ Put the seedlings straight, cover with soil, jam, covered with straw.* Tending:- Weeding, turning the soil around the foot.- Adjusting the shading of 0, 3-0, 4.

23 Vang đang (Cosciniumfenestratum)

* Planting:- Choose soft, moisture, and drained soil- Seedlings:+ Stumps taken from 2-5 years old plants with the length of 20-30cm,+ Stumps are put in patches with the distance of 10-15cm, 5-6cm deep,- Planting:+ Season: Spring or+ Plant in holes or in patches 0, 8-1m.+ Make the hole with the size of 30x30x30cm.+ Put the seedlings straight, cover with soil, jam, covered withstraw.+ Make the frame for the plant to climb.

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* Tending:- Weeding, turning the soil around the foot.- Adjusting the shading of 0, 4-0, 5.

Up to now, it is only 6 month after the establishment of the model. The result shows

that those species planted in the model growth quite well, high living ratio ranging

from 60-90%. The building of the collection model are highly valued and appreciated

by local people and they participate actively. The suggested techniques have been

applied to the testing model of the research.

3.6. Training workshops for local communities, students and related

stakeholders

The research have organized 4 trainings for local people, students, staff of Bach Ma

National Park and also young lecturers of Faculty of Forestry in Hue University of

Agriculture and forestry with the following content:

i. Identification and specimens processing capability;

ii. Propagating, planting, tending, harvesting, processing, storing and utilizing

medicinal plants;

iii. Managing the model, nurseries and the experiment plots in the field;

iv. Participatory species conservation ability.

The training was taken right in the field where the models would be implemented. Learners of the training would be those who build the models.

The training result shows that, participants are fully participated; they actively give ideas, comments to improve the techniques. Participants learnt very quickly because they all have experience in the daily activities. Participant evaluated the training themselves by 70% good and 30% at the average level.

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Training and workshop

3.7. Model propagating

The research has collected 30 dry specimen of 30 species, 10 posters for training and learning purposes.

The research also held 3 field training for students to identify species composition and distribution of medicinal plants as well as instruction for specimen collection and processing and drying for teaching purposes.

Training for students

Moreover, the research have provided 1,200 seedlings of ba kich; 2,000 of kim ngan; 300 of dinh lang; 500 of la khoi; 600 of ha thu o do; 1,000 of sa nhan; 300 of kim tien thao; 2,000 of tiem mao sam and many other species for the training farm of Hue University of Agriculture and Forestry as well as adjacent communities.

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Seedling of Ba kich Seedlings of Tiem mao sam Seedlings of Kim ngan

Seedling of Dinh lang Seedlings of La khoi Seedlings of Ha thu o do

Seedling of Kim tien thao Seedlings of Binh voi The sources of Sa nhan

The research also published one paper on the related magazine. Up to now, there was one student defence and got excellent result (10/10) with the content of the research and two other groups of student are finalizing their reports.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS:

From reality, it can be said that the medicinal plant resources in the study area are extremely diverse. This diversity is presented by the distribution of taxonomies of flora phylum, living form, part used, usages and habitat distribution.

In order to conserve and develop the medicinal plants resources in the study area, we recommend following options:

- It is needed to keep on surveying the medicinal plants distributing in the area of the village, its form and usages should be clearly studied.

- For those scare species that have high value, they should be propagated and expanded such as: Kim tuyen, Ngu gia bi gai, Bay la mot hoa, Bach benh, La

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Khoi..., It is necessary to consider the natural conditions, solid and suitable techniques for the conservation purposes.

- It is also needed to have experimental propagation of medicinal plants in the forest such as: Ba kich trang, Thach xuong bo, Tho phuc linh, Ha thu o do, Day dau xuong... in order to determine their adaptability in the artificial conditions as well as their ability in regenerate in nature to have proper measurements.

- It is necessary to build up medicinal plant model in villages of the communes, to hold workshop, training to raise the awareness of local people in conserving and developing natural resources.

5. REFERENCES

1. Agricultural extension of Vietnam, 2002. Ky thuat trong mot so cay an qua va cay dac san o vung nui thap. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

2. Department of Agriculture and Forestry expansion, 2003. Nhung dieu nong dan mien nui can biet. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

3. Do Tat Loi, 2001. Nhung cay thuoc va vi thuoc Vietnam. Publishing House of Medicine. Ha Noi.

4. Giap Kieu Hung et al., 2004. Trong va so che cay lam thuoc. Publishing House of Thanh Hoa.

5. Huynh Van Keo, Tran Thien An (1996), Da dang sinh hoc cay thuoc vung nui Bach Ma, Publishing House of Thuan Hoa, Hue.

6. Nguyen Hoang Nghia, 1997. Bao ton nguon gen cay rung. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

7. Nguyen Ngoc Binh, Pham Duc Tuan, 2002. Trong cay nong nghiep, duoc lieu va dac san duoi tan rung. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

8. Nguyen Ngoc Binh, Pham Duc Tuan, 2005. Ky thuat canh tac nong lam ket hop o Vietnam. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

9. Nguyen Xuan Quat, Pham Ngoc Thuong, Dang Van Thuyet, 2004. Mo hinh Lam nghiep xa hoi o Vietnam. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

10.Phan Cong Chung et al., 2005. Hoi dap ve trong trot va trang trai. Publishing House of Thanh Hoa.

11.Medicinal Institute, 1990. Cay thuoc Vietnam. Publishing House of Science and Technique, Ha Noi.

12.Vo Dai Hai, Nguyen Xuan Quat, Hoang Chuong, 2003. Ky thuat nuoi trong mot so cay con duoi tan rung. Publishing House of Agriculture, Ha Noi.

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13.Vo Van Chi, Tran Hop, 2002. Cay co co ich o Viet Nam. Publishing House of Education, Ha Noi.

14.Vo Van Chi, 1997. Cay rau lam thuoc. General Publishing House of Dong Thap, Dong Thap.

15.Vo Van Chi, 2000. Cay thuoc tri benh thong dung. Publishing House of Thanh Hoa.

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Appendix 01: Composition of medicinal plants distributed in study area

No

Vietnamese name Latin name

Ngành Thông đat Ho Quyen bá

A. LYCOPODIOPHYTA1. Selaginellaceae

1 Quyen ba Seganillea uncinata (Desv.) SpringNganh Duong xi Ho To dieu

B. POLYPODIOPHYTA2. Aspleniaceae

2 To đieu Asplenium nitidus L.Ho Bong bong 3. Lygodiaceae

3. Bòng bong Lygodium flexuosum (L.) SwHo Luoi ran 4. Ophioglossaceae

4 Sâm bòng bong Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.Ho Duong xi 5. Polypodiaceae

5 Duong xi Microsorum steerei (Harr.)Nghanh Thong Ho Kim giao

C. PINOPHYTA6. Podocarpaceae

6 Thông tre Podocarpus nerriifolius Don.Nganh Ngoc lan Ho Ô rô

E. MAGNOLIOPHYTA7. Acanthaceae

7 Hoàn ngoc Pseuderanthemum reticulatum8 Tam phòng Justica gendarussa L.F.

Ho Thích 8. Aceraceae9 Quay chó Acer tonkinensis Lec. Subsp tonkinensis

Ho Loa kèn đo 9. Amaryllidaceae10 Trinh nũ hoàng cung Crinum latifolium

Ho Hoa tán 10. Apiaceae11 Ngò tàu Eryngium foetidum L.12 Rau can Apium graveolens13 Rau má Centella asiatica (Linn.) Urban.

Ho Trúc đào 11. Apocynaceae14 Dùa can Catharanthus roseus15 Kop Kopsia harmadiana Pierre. Ex Pit.

Ho Ráy 12. Araceae16 Ráy dai Alocasia odora (Roxb.) C. Kock.17 Thach xuong bo Acorus tatarinowi Schott18 Thiên niên kiên Homalomena occulta (Lour.) Schott

Ho Nhân sâm 13. Araliaceae19 Ngũ gia bì gai Acanthopanax trifoliatus (L.) Merr. 190620 Đinh lăng Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms.

Ho Thiên Lý 14. Asclepiadaceae21 Hà thu ô trang Streptocaulen griffithii Hook.f

Ho Cúc 15. Asteraceae22 Bo công anh Lactuca indica L.23 Co hôi Ageratum conyzoides L.24 Co nho noi Eclipta prostrate25 Cúc chi thiên Elephantopus scarber L.26 Đai bi Blumea balsamifera27 Ké đau ngua Xanthium inaequilaterum DC.28 Ngai cuu Artemisia vulgaris L.

39

Ho Núc nác 16. Bignoniaceae29 Đào tiên Crescentia cujeta

Ho Dua 17. Bromeliaceae30 Dua Ananas comosus

Ho Dây goi 18. Celastraceae31 Chóc máu Salacia chinensis L.

Ho Bua 19. Clusiaceae32 Co noc soi Hypericum japonicum Thunb. Ex Murray33 Thành nghanh đep Cratoxylon formosum34 Thành nghanh nam Cratoxylon cochinchinensis Bl.

Ho Bàng 20. Combretaceae35 Dây giun Quisqualis indica L.

Ho Thài lài 21. Commelinaceae36 Thài lài tía Zebrina pendula Schnizl

Ho Bìm bìm 22. Convolvulaceae37 Bìm bìm Ipomoea cairica (L.) Sweet.

Ho Thuoc bong 23. Crassulaceae38 Thuoc bong Kalanchoe pinnata (Lam.) Pers.

Ho Bí 24. Cucurbitaceae39 Gac Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.)

Spreng.40 Giao co lam Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb).

MakinoHo Cói 25. Cyperaceae

41 Co Cú Cyperus rotundus L.Ho So 26. Dillenniaceae

42 Chac chìu Tetracera scandensHo Dau 27. Dipterocapaceae

43 Sao đen Hopea odorataHo Phat du 28. Dracaenaceae

44 Bong bong Dracaena angustifolia Roxb.Ho Thau dau 29. Euphorbiaceae

45 Chó đe Phyllanthus amarus46 Bùm bup Mallotus aspelata47 Chó đe dáng đep Phyllanthus pulcher Wall ex. Muell-Arg.48 Co dau Pedilanthus tithymaloides49 Co sua Euphorbia thymifolia50 Kho sâm Croton tonkinensis Gagnep.51 Xuong rong ông Euphorbia antiquorum L.

Ho Đau 30. Fabaceae52 Hàm xì Flemingia macrophylla53 Trinh nu Cassia mimosoides L.54 San dây Pueraria montana var chinensis

Ho La don 31. Iridaceae55 Re quat Belamcanda sinensis Lem.56 Sâm đai hành Eleutherine Subaphylla Gagnep

Ho Hoa môi 32. Lamiaceae57 Tía tô Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

Ho Re 33. Lauraceae58 Ô duoc Lindera myrrha (Lour) Merr.59 Re huong Cinnamomum parthenoxylon60 To xanh Cassytha filiformis L.

Ho Loa kèn 34. Liliaceae61 Bay lá mot hoa Paris poyphylla Sm. Var. chinensis

40

(Franch.) Hara)62 Huyet dụ Cordyline fruticosa63 Lô hoi Aloe vera L.

Ho Bòng bong 35. Lygodiaceae64 Bòng bong Lygodium flexuosum (L.) Sw.

Ho Bông 36. Malvaceae65 Coi xay Abutilon indicum (L.) Sweet66 Vông vang Abelmoschus moschatus L.

Ho Tiet dê 37. Menispermaceae67 Bình vôi Stephania rotunda Lour.68 Dây cóc Tinospora crispa Miers.69 Dây đau xuong Tinospora sinensis (Lour.) Merr.70 Dây tiet dê Cissampelos pareira L.71 Hoàng đang Fibraurea recisa Pierre72 Vàng đang Coscinium fenestratum (Gagn.) Colebr.73 Mán đia Archidendron clypearia

Ho Dâu tam 38. Moraceae74 Ngái Ficus hispida L.75 Vú bò Ficus hirta

Ho Chuoi 39. Musaceae76 Chuoi tiêu Musa paradisiacal

Ho Đon nem 40. Myrsinaceae77 Com nguoi Ardisia gigantifolia Stapf.78 Lá khôi Ardisia silvestris

Ho Sim 41. Myrtaceae79 Oi Psidium guajava L.80 Sim Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight.

Ho Nap am 42. Nepenthaceae81 Nap am Nepenthes annamensis Macfarl.

Ho Nhài 43. Oleaceae82 Chè vang Jasminum subtriplinerve Blume

Ho Luoi ran 44. Ophioglossaceae83 Sâm bòng bong Helminthostachys zeylanica (L.) Hook.

Ho Phong lan 45. Orchidaceae84 Kim tuyen Anoectochilus roxburghii (Wall.) Lindl.

Ho Chua me đat 46. Oxalidaceae85 Khe Averrhoa carambola L.86 Me đat Oxalis corniculata L.

Ho Cánh buom 47. Papilionaceae87 Kim tien thao Desmodium styracifolium (Osb.) Merr

Ho Lac tiên 48. Passifloraceae88 Mam nêm Passiflora foetida

49. Pentaphramataceae89 Rau tai nai Pentaphragma sinense Helms. & Wils.

Ho Tiêu 50. Piperaceae90 Lot Piper lolot DC.

Ho Mã đe 51. Plantaginaceae91.

Mã đe Plantago major L

Ho Hòa thao 52. Poaceae92 Co tranh Imperata cylindrical p.var major (Ness)

L.E.. Hubb93 Sa Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf

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Ho Rau răm 53. Polygonaceae94 Hà thu ô đo Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.

Ho Cheo thui 54. Proteaceae95 Cây đông Helicia petiolaris Been.

Ho Hoa hong 55. Rosaceae96 Ngay tía Rubus parvifolius L.

Ho Cà phê 56. Rubiaceae97 Ba kích trang Morindada cochinchinensis DC.98 Buom bac Mussaenda pubescens Ait. f.99 Lau đo Psychotria rubra (Lour.) Poir.100

Nhàu núi Morinda citrifolia L.

101

Trang tàu Ixora chinensis Lamk.

Ho Cam chanh 57. Rutaceae102

Buoi bung Glycosmis citrifolia (Willd.)

Ho Sen 58. Sapotaceae103

Vú sua Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Ho Lá giap 59. Saururaceae104

Diep cá Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

105

Hàm ech Saururus chinensis (Loureiro) Baillon

Ho Hoa mõm sói 60. Scrophulariaceae106

Bo bo Adenosma indianum (Lour.) Merr.

Ho Thanh that 61. Simaroubaceae107

Bách benh Eurycoma longifolia Jack. subsp. longifolia

Ho Kim cang 62. Smilacaceae108

Kim cang Smilax corbularia Kunth. Subsp synandra Koy.

109

Tho phuc linh Smilax glabra Roxb.

Ho Bách bo 63. Stemonaceae110

Bách bo Stemona sp.

Ho Râu hùm 64. Taccaceae111

Râu hùm Tacca vietnamensis Thin et Hoat

Ho Co roi ngua 65. Verbenaceae112

Đuôi chuot Stachitarphera jamaicensis

113

Xích đong nam Clerodendrum japonicum (Thumb.) Sweet.

Ho Nho 66. Vitaceae114

Dây chìa vôi Cissus repens Lam

Ho Gung 67. Zingiberaceae115

Gung Zingiber officinale Rosc.

11 Gung gió Zingiber zerumbet (L) Sm.

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6 117

Nghe đen Curcuma zedoaria (Berg.) Roscoe.

118

Nghe vàng Curcuma domestica Valet.

119

Rieng mép ngắn Catibium breviligulatum

120

Sa nhân Amomum villosum Lour.

BUDGET OF THE PROJECT

Heading Details Total cost

(£Pound)

Requestedor

obtained

from other

sources(£Poun

d)

Requested

form the

RuffordSmallGrant

(£Pound)

1. Research personnel1.1. Principalresearcher

Research design, organizing to implement project activities, monitoring the overall technical aspect of the project, surveying, holding workshop, writing overall report of the project, translating. Working time: one week/month: £35/month x 18 month

630 0 630

1.2. Otherresearchers

Conducting survey, data collection, data analyzing, tree identification and tagging, implementing guiding and monitoring of model, participate in workshop, working time: 1 week/month: £15/month x 18 month x 2 people

540 0 540

1.3. Farmers Participate in surveying, data collection, monitoring of model, participate in workshop,working time: 1 week/month: £5/month x 18month

90 0 90

2. Research expenses2.1. Field work- Hiring car Hiring car from Hue to study area:

1 time/month. Total 18 times x £30/time

540 0 540

- Paying for villagers for providing information

Every local people providing information get 2/day: 5 people x 3 day x £2/day

30 0 30

43

(Interview keyperson)- Paying for local villagers for participation inbuilding up model

Model design: 3 villagers x 2 days x £2/day; boundary mapping: 3 villagers x 2 days x £2/day; Clearance: 10 villagers x 6 days/ha x 2ha/model x £2/day; Digging holes: 10 villagers x 6 days/ha x 2ha/model x £2/day; Planting: 10 villagers x 6 days/ha x 2ha/model x £2/day

744 0 744

- Paying for students for participation inbuilding up model

Seedlings collection and tagging (10 students collect seedlings for 10 days): 10 students x 10 days x £3/day

300 0 300

2.2. Consumablesand materials- Card/Tag making

Name card/Tagging for 200 species: 2 cards/species x 200 species x £0.25/card

100 0 100

- Seedlings Seedling collection in natural habitat (15 households collect seedlings in 10 days): 15 households x 10 days x £2/day; Purchase for seedlings planted: 2,000 seedlings x £0.2/seedlings

700 0 700

- Fertilizer 0,5kg micro-org. fertilizer/1 tree x 3.300 trees/ha x 2ha x £0.1/kg

330 0 330

- Equipment GPS, topographic maps, compass, hammocks, boots, raincoats

700 700(1) 0

2.3. Meetings/seminar

0

- Per-diem forworkshop

2 workshops x 1 day x 30 persons/workshop x £0.25/person

15 0 15

Hiring room andequipment forworkshop

2 workshops x 1 day x £40/workshop

80 80(2) 0

- Hiring car to meetand see off workshopparticipants

1 shift x 2 workshops x 1 day x £30/shift

60 0 60

Materials formeetings

2 workshops x 1 day x 30 persons/workshop x£0.4/person

24 0 24

2.4. Training/education

0

Materials fortraining

4 courses x 30 trainees/course x £0.7/trainee

84 0 84

-Paying for trainer

4 courses x 1 trainer/course x 2 days x £20/day

160 0 160

- Paying forparticipants

4 courses x 30 trainees/course x £2/trainee

240 0 240

44

- Paying for student's field practice

3 shifts x £35/shift 105 0 105

-Paying for tourintroducing modelfor neighbouringcommunities

1 shift x £35/shift 35 0 35

3. Indirect costs3.1. Accountinghelp

One part-time accountant will be hired to work for the project, 2 days/month.: 2 days/month x 18 months x £4/day

144 0 144

3.2. General office expenses

Office stationary: £5/month x 18months

90 55(3) 35

3.3. Communicationscosts

Telephone, fax contacting with local area, £5/month x 18 months

90 55(4) 35

3.4. Disseminating,printing andphotocopying

Printing, photocopying, picture taken, dryspecimens.

200 150(5) 50

TOTAL 6031 1040 4991

(1) Budget is contributed by Faculty of Forestry in kinds GPS, topographic maps, compass, hammocks, boots, raincoats.(2) Budget for hiring room and equipment for workshop supported by local authority(3, 4, 5) Budgets supported by research team members and students.

45