Digital Libraries for Education: Foundations to Case Studies

Invited Talk at

Digital Library --- Advance the Efficiency of Knowledge Utilization

September 6-8, 2004

Century Golden Resources Hotel, Beijing, China

Edward A. Fox

fox@vt.edu http://fox.cs.vt.edu

Acknowledgements (Selected)

• Sponsors: ACM, Adobe, AOL, IBM, Microsoft, NASA, NLM, NSF, OCLC, SUN, US Dept. of Ed. (FIPSE)

• VT Faculty/Staff: Debra Dudley, Weiguo Fan, Gail McMillan, Manuel Perez, Naren Ramakrishnan, Layne Watson, …

• VT Students: Yuxin Chen, Shahrooz Feizabadi, Marcos Goncalves, Nithiwat Kampanya, S.H. Kim, Aaron Krowne, Bing Liu, Ming Luo, Paul Mather, Fernando Das Neves, Unni. Ravindranathan, Ryan Richardson, Rao Shen, Ohm Sornil, Hussein Suleman, Ricardo Torres, Wensi Xi, Baoping Zhang, …

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (NDLTD)

• NDLTD Board of Directors, previous Steering Committee + other NDLTD committees; those running Electronic Thesis & Dissertation (ETD) initiatives in universities, regions, countries

• Helpful sponsorship by many organizations, especially Adobe (new initiative!), CONACyT, DFG, FIPSE (US Dept. Education), IBM, Microsoft, NSF (IIS-9986089, 0086227, 0080748, 0325579; DUE-0121679, 0136690, 0121741, 0333601), OCLC, SOLINET, SUN, SURA, UNESCO, VTLS, many governments (Australia, Germany, India, …), …

• Colleagues at Virginia Tech (faculty, staff, students), and collaborators at many universities

• Slides included from: Vinod Chachra, Thom Hickey, Joan Lippincott, Gail McMillan, Axel Plathe, Hussein Suleman, …

Part 1

The 5S Model:

A Formal Model for the

Digital Library

Motivation

• DLs are not benefiting from formal theories as have other CS fields: DB, IR, PL, etc.

• DL construction: difficult, ad-hoc, lacking support for tailoring/customization

• Conceptual modeling, requirements analysis, and methodological approaches are rarely supported in DL development.

5S Layers

Societies

Scenarios

Spaces

Structures

Streams Compare:5 elements

Definition: Digital Libraries are complex systems that

• help satisfy info needs of users (societies)

• provide info services (scenarios)

• organize info in usable ways (structures)

• present info in usable ways (spaces)

• communicate info with users (streams)

5S Model: Examples, Objectives

Models Examples ObjectivesStream Text; video; audio; image Describes properties of the DL

content such as encoding and language for textual material or particular forms of multimedia data

Structures Collection; catalog; hypertext; document; metadata; organization tools

Specifies organizational aspects of the DL content

Spatial Measure; measurable, topological, vector, probabilistic

Defines logical and presentational views of several DL components

Scenarios Searching, browsing, recommending,

Details the behavior of DL services

Societies Service managers, learners, teachers, etc.

Defines managers, responsible for running DL services; actors, that use those services; and relationships among them

5S Model: Definitions

5S DefinitionStreams Sequences of elements of an arbitrary

type

Structures Labeled directed graphs

Spatial Sets and operations on those sets

Scenarios Sequences of events that modify states of a computation in order to accomplish some functional requirement.

Societies Sets of communities and relationships among them

Overview of 5S and DL formaldefinitions and compositions

5S

structures (d.10)streams (d.9) spaces (d.18) scenarios (d.21) societies (d. 24)

structural metadataspecification(d.25)

descriptive metadataspecification(d.26)

repository(d. 33)

collection (d. 31)

(d.34)indexingservice

structured stream (d.29)

digitalobject (d.30)

metadata catalog (d.32)

browsingservice

(d.37)

searchingservice (d.35)

digital library(minimal) (d. 38)

services (d.22)

sequence (d. 3)

graph (d. 6)function (d. 2)

measurable(d.12), measure(d.13), probability (d.14), vector (d.15), topological (d.16) spaces

event (d.10)state (d. 18)

hypertext(d.36)

sequence (d. 3)

transmission(d.23)

relation (d. 1) language (d.5)

grammar (d. 7)

tuple (d. 4)*

Semantic relationships among DL concepts: Partial concept map

Service

Repository

CatalogCollection

Digital Object DescriptiveMetadata

extenduse

is_version_oftranslation_of

1 11

n1 n

Society

scenario

actorsmanagers

participates_in has

useruns

has

containscontains

storesstores

is_described_ by

Metadata Format

conforms_with

built_over

is_described_by

Streams

text

audio

image

video do mss

R

C DMc

describes

stores

is_version_of

Ic

Se

Sc

e

extendsreuses

SM

Ac

opexecutes

participates_in

recipient

runs

Scenarios

Societies

inherits_from/includes

association

uses

Top

Pr Metric

Measurable

Measure

describes

employsproduces

employsproduces

employsproduces

Structures

Spaces

Vec

belongs_to

contains

ms

is_ais_a

precedeshappens_before

is_a

redefinesinvokes

Overview of 5SGraph

Workspace

(instance model)

Structured

toolbox

(metamodel)

Overview Architecture forDL Modeling and Generation

5S Meta

Model5SGraph

DL Expert

DL Designer

5SL DL

Models

5SLGen

Practitioner

Researcher

TailoredDL

Services

Teacher

component pool

ODLSearch,ODLBrowse,ODLRate,ODLReview,

…….

5S Framework and DL Development

Requirements Analysis Design Implementation Test

5S 5SLOO ClassesWorkflow Components

DLEvaluation

5SGraph 5SLGenFormalTheory/Metamodel

DL XMLLog

DL Services/Activities Taxonomy

BrowsingCollaboratingCustomizingFilteringProviding accessRecommendingRequestingSearchingVisualizing

AnnotatingClassifyingClusteringEvaluatingExtractingIndexing

MeasuringPublicizing

RatingReviewing (peer)

SurveyingTranslating (language)

ConservingConverting

Copying/ReplicatingEmulatingRenewing

Translating (format)

AcquiringCataloging

Crawling (focused)DescribingDigitizingFederatingHarvestingPurchasingSubmitting

PreservationalCreational

AddValue

Repository-Building

Information SatisfactionServices

Infrastructure Services

Searching Browsing

Ic

AcquiringUser interests/needs

query anchor

UniversalCollection

Ci

DMCi

Indexing

Society

actor

DescribingCataloguing

Linking

Hypertext

Infra-structure Services(fundamental)

Information Satisfaction Services(fundamental)

criteria sortOrder

{doi}

Submitting

Authoring

dok

mskj

Defining Quality in Digital LibrariesDL Concept Dimensions of Quality

Digital object Accessibility

Pertinence (*)

Preservability (*)

Relevance

Similarity

Significance

Timeliness (*)

Metadata specification Accuracy

Completeness

Conformance

Collection Completeness

Impact Factor

Catalog Completeness

Consistency

Repository Completeness

Consistency

Structures for Navigation Navigability (*)

Services Composability

Efficiency

Effectiveness

Extensibility

Reusability

Reliability

Completeness of Metadata (1)

• Degree of completeness of a metadata specification msx

• Completeness(msx) = 1 - (no. of missing attributes in msx/ total attributes of the schema to which msx conforms)

• According to 5S definition of conformance

Completeness of Metadata (2)

• Example of application: • OCLC NDLTD Union

• average of completeness of all metadata specifications (records)• of the NDLTD union Archive• administered by OCLC• as of Feb, 23, 2004• regarding to the Dublin Core metadata standard

(15 attributes)

00. 10. 20. 30. 40. 50. 60. 70. 80. 9

1

GW

UD

LSU

VTETD

MIT

UBC

PH

YSN

ET

VTIN

DIV

VAN

DER

BILT

NC

SU

USASK

PIT

T

HKU

HU

MBO

LT

OC

LC

BG

MYU

DR

ESD

EN

VIE

NN

A

GATEC

H

ETSU

USF

MU

EN

CH

EN

UTEN

N

CC

SD

WATER

LOO

NSYSU

LAVAL

UPSALL

A

CALT

EC

H

UC

L

WagU

niv

Completeness of Metadata (3)

AuthoringModifying

OrganizingIndexing

Storing

Archiving

NetworkingAccessing

Filtering

Creation

DistributionUtilization

Reputation

Similarity

Desirability

AccuracyCompletenessConformance

Discovery

SearchingBrowsingRecommending

Relevance

Timeliness

Accessibility

Usage

Inactive

Active

Discard

RetentionMining

Semi-Active

Preservability

Timeliness

Part 2

Digital Libraries,

Education

Case Studies in Education

• Refactoring Scholarly Communication:• Creating, Sharing, Reviewing, Teaching,

Learning, Collaborating, …

• Physics: PhysNet

• NSDL: GetSmart (CMs), OCKHAM (P2P)

• Focus here: CITIDEL, NDLTD

PhysNet

OCKHAM Library Network

NSDL

OCKHAM

Services

NSDLServices

Teachers LearnersLibrarians

OCKHAMLibrary

Network

LibraryServices

Digital Libraries in Education

• Analytical Survey, ed. Leonid Kalinichenko

• © 2003, www.iite-unesco.org, info@iite.ru

• Transforming the Way to Learn

• DLs of Educational Resources & Services

• Integrated/Virtual Learning Environment

• Educational Metadata

• Current DLEs: US (NSDL, DLESE, CITIDEL, NDLTD), Europe (Scholnet, Cyclades), UK (Distributed National Electronic Resource)

Digital Libraries in Education - 2

• Advanced Frameworks & Methodologies• Instructional course development with learning

module repositories, Learning Object reuse• Community organization around DLEs• Other content for science and research• Cyberinfrastructure, data grids• Curriculum-based interfaces (see Krowne et al.)• Concept-based organization of learning materials and

courses (CMs, ontologies)

DLEs: Future Vision (p. 6)

• Global learning environment of the future:

• Student-centered

• Interactive and dynamic

• Enabling group work on real world problems

• Enabling students to determine their own learning routes (styles, personalization)

• Supporting lifelong learning

DLEs: Objectives (p. 11)

• Long-range: lifelong/distance/anytime-anywhere

• Intermediate goals• Support for students, teachers, parents• Enhanced student performance• More students excited about science• More Internet-based science educational resources

• with increased quality and comprehensiveness,• easy to discover and retrieve,• preserved and universally available

DLEs: Guiding Principles (p. 12)

• Driven by educational and science needs

• Facilitating educational innovation

• Stable, reliable, permanent

• Accessible to all

• Leveraging prior research: DL, courseware, …

• Adaptable to new technologies

• Supporting decentralized services

• Resource integration thru tools/organization

Part 3

Digital Library

Support for Computing

CS -> CSTC -> CRIM• NSF and ACM Education Committee are funding

a 2 year project “A Computer Science Teaching Center” - CSTC - http://www.cstc.org/

• College of NJ, U. Ill. Springfield, Virginia Tech

• Focus initially on labs, visualization, multimedia

• Multimedia part is also supported by a 2nd grant to Virginia Tech and The George Washington University: http://www.cstc.org/~crim/ (with curricular guidelines also under development)

CS Teaching Center (CSTC)

• Instead of building large, expensive multimedia packages, that become obsolete and are difficult to re-use, concentrate on small knowledge units.

• Learners benefit from having well-crafted modules that have been reviewed and tested.

• Use digital libraries to build a powerful base of support for learners, upon which a variety of courses, self-study tutorials & reference resources can be built.

• ACM support led to Journal of Educational Resources in Computing (JERIC), accessible from www.cstc.org

Browsing (2)

Computing and Information Technology Interactive Digital Educational Library (CITIDEL)

• Domain: computing / information technology

• Genre: one-stop-shopping for teachers & learners: courseware (CSTC, JERIC), leading DLs (ACM, IEEE-CS, DB&LP, CiteSeer), PlanetMath.org, NCSTRL (technical reports), …

• Submission & Collection: sub/partner collections www.citidel.org

www.CITIDEL.org

• Led by Virginia Tech, with co-PIs:• Fox (director, DL systems)• Lee (history)• Perez (user interface, Spanish support)

• Partners• College of New Jersey (Knox)• Hofstra (Impagliazzo)• Villanova (Cassel)• Penn State (Giles)

DIGITAL LIBRARY SERVICES

REPOSITORIES

USER PORTALS

Overview of CITIDEL architecture

Annotations

OAI Data

Harvester

EDUCATORS

ADMINISTRATORS LEARNERS

Multilingual Searching

Revising Annotating Filtering Browsing Administering

Filtering Profiles User Profiles

Union Metadata

OAI Data

Provider

Remote and Peer Digital Libraries (eg. NSDL -CIS)

PORTALS

SERVICES

REPOSITORIES

Digital library architecture for localand interoperable CITIDEL services

English

Spanish

Nominated

Editor reviewed

Java

Multimedia

LLaanngguuaaggee TTooppiicc

QQuuaalliittyy

Identified by crawl

Peer reviewed

Algorithms

Multi-dimensional Categorization

CITIDEL: Computing & Information Technology Interactive Digital Education Library

Cluster Search Results from CITIDEL

Cluster NDLTD-Computing

CITIDEL + PIPE

• Adds Interaction Personalization to CITIDEL

•Automatically handles multi-modal conversion to Cell phone, PDA, Etc.

•Can be adopted to any digital data set, only requires XML file of content with hierarchy maintained.

CITIDEL Technology Features•Component architecture (Open Digital Library)

•Re-use and compose re-deployable digital library components.

•Built Using Open Standards & Technologies

•OAI: Used to collect DL Resources and DL Interoperability

•XSL and XML: Interface rendering with multi-lingual community based translation of screens and content (Spanish, …)

•Perl: Component Integration

•ESSEX: Search Engine Functionality

•Very fast, utilizing in-memory processing

•Includes snap-shots for persistence

•Multi-scheming

•Integrates multiple classifications / views through maps, closure

CITIDEL -> NSDL

• A collection project in the

• National STEM (science, technolgy, engineering, and mathematics) education Digital Library – NSDL

• National Science Digital Library

• www.nsdl.org

Part 4

NSDL

NSDL ProgramTracks

• Core Integration: coordinate a distributed alliance of resource collection and service providers; and ensure reliable and extensible access to and usability of the resulting network of learning environments and resources

• Collections: aggregate and actively manage a subset of the digital library’s content within a coherent theme / specialty

• Services: increase the impact, reach, efficiency, and value of the digital library in its fully operational form

• Targeted (Applied) Research: have immediate impact on one or more of the other three tracks

• Pathways: large efforts across broad ranges of areas or approaches or users

NSDL Information ArchitectureEssentially as developed by the Technical Infrastructure Workgroup

referenceditems &

collections

referenceditems &

collections

Special Databases

NSDLServicesNSDL

ServicesOther NSDLServices

CI Services

annotation

CI Services

discussion

CI Services

personalization

CI Services

authentication

CI Services

browsing

Core Services:information retrieval

Core Collection-Building Services

harvesting

Core Collection-Building Services

protocols

Core Services:metadata gathering

Portals &ClientsPortals &

ClientsPortals &Clients

Usage Enhancement

Collection Building

User Interfaces

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

NSDLCollections

CoreNSDL“Bus”

Part 5

NDLTD

A Digital Library Case Study

• Domain: graduate education, research

• Genre:ETDs=electronic theses & dissertations

• Submission: http://etd.vt.edu

• Collection: http://www.theses.org

Project: Networked Digital

Library of Theses & Dissertations

(NDLTD) http://www.ndltd.org

The Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

www.NDLTD.org

Leader of the Worldwide ETD(Electronic Thesis and Dissertation) Initiative

Training AuthorsExpanding Access

Preserving KnowledgeImproving Graduate Education

Enhancing Scholarly CommunicationEmpowering Students & Universities

Main Message

• Digital libraries can help advance education.

• China is invited to engage in NDLTD, as well as CITIDEL, NSDL, and other DL ventures.

• UNESCO Analytical Survey on Digital Libraries in Education is recommending DLE in each nation.

• Local and national support can• stimulate activities, including collaboration• promote a sharing culture, especially in research and teaching• leverage others’ investments (networking, computing, …)• encourage / facilitate learning

• Please join NDLTD!

What led to today’s meeting?• 1987 mtg in Ann Arbor: UMI, VT, …• 1992 mtg in Washington: CNI, CGS, UMI, VT and 10 universities

with 3 reps each• 1993 mtg in Atlanta to start Monticello Electronic Library (regional,

US Southeast): SURA, SOLINET• 1994 mtg at VT: std: PDF + SGML + multimedia objects• 1996 funding by SURA, US Dept. of Education (FIPSE)• 1997 meetings in UK, Germany, ...• 1998 – 1st symposium – Memphis (20)• 1999 – 2nd symposium – Blacksburg (70)• 2000 – 3rd symposium – St. Petersburg (225)• 2001 – 4th symposium – Caltech (200)• 2002 – 5th syposium – BYU, Provo, Utah• 2003 – 6th syposium – Berlin (215) • 2004 – 7th syposium – U. Kentucky• 2005 – 8th syposium – Sydney, Australia

What are the long term goals?

• 400K US students / year getting grad degrees are exposed / involved

• 200K/yr rich hypermedia ETDs that may turn into electronic portfolios (images, video, audio, …)

• Dramatic increase in knowledge sharing: literature reviews, bibliographies, …

• Services providing lifelong access for students: browse, search, prior searches, citation links

• Hundreds/thousands of downloads / year / work

ETDs: Library Goals • Improve library services

• Better turn-around time • Always available

• Reduce work • catalog from e-text • eliminate handling: mailing to ProQuest, bindery

prep, check-out, check-in, reshelving, etc.• Save space

• Aiding universities to enhance graduate education, publishing and IPR efforts

• Helping improve the availability and content of theses and dissertations

• Educating ALL future scholars so they can publish electronically and effectively use digital libraries (i.e., are Information Literate and can be more expressive)

What are we doing?

NDLTD Incorporation

• Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations incorporated May 20, 2003 in Virginia, USA

• Charitable and educational purposes (501 c 3)• Can accept donations, collect dues, receive funds

• LeClair Ryan provides legal counsel

• Officers• Executive Director (Ed Fox)• Secretary (Gail McMillan)• Treasurer (Scott Eldredge)

Board of Directors• Suzie Allard (ETD 2004, U. Kentucky)• Denise A. D. Bedford (World Bank)• Julia C. Blixrud (ARL, SPARC)• José Luis Borbinha (National Lib Portugal)• Alex Byrne (ETD 2005, ADT: Australia)• Tony Cargnelutti (ETD 2005, Australia)• Vinod Chachra (VTLS)• Susan Copeland (RGU, UK)• Jude Edminster (Bowling Green St. Univ.)• Scott Eldredge (Treasurer, ETD 2002, BYU)• Edward A. Fox (Exec Director,Virginia Tech)• John H. Hagen (West Virginia U.)• Thomas B. Hickey (OCLC)• Christine Jewell (U. Waterloo, Canada)

• Delphine Lewis (ProQuest)• Joan K. Lippincott (CNI)• Mike Looney (Adobe)• Gail McMillan (Secretary, Virginia Tech)• Joseph Moxley (ETD 2000, USF)• Eva Müller (U. Uppsala, Sweden)• Ana Pavani (PUC Rio, Brazil)• Axel Plathe (UNESCO, Paris)• Sharon Reeves (National Library Canada)• Peter Schirmbacher (ETD 2003, Humboldt)• Hussein Suleman (U.Cape Town, S. Africa)• Shalini R. Urs (U. Mysore, India)• Eric F. Van de Velde (ETD 2001, Caltech)

NDLTD Committees (Chairs)• Awards (John Hagen)• Conferences (Tony Cargnelutti)• Development (Peter Schirmbacher)• Executive (Edward Fox)• Finance (Scott Eldredge)• Implementation (Ana Pavani)• Membership (Shalini Urs)• Nominating (Sharon Reeves)• Standards (Thomas B. Hickey)• Union Catalog (Vinod Chachra)

Selected Projects / Sponsors• Australia (ADT)• Brazil (BDT, IBICT)• Canada• Catalunya• Chile (Cybertesis)• Germany• India (Vidyanidhi)• Korea• OhioLINK: 79

colleges/univs

• Portugal (National Library)

• South Africa• UK (British Library,

JISC, Edinburgh, …)• UNESCO (especially

Latin America, Eastern Europe, Africa)

• Venezuela

Some Countries• Australia• Belgium• Brazil• Canada• Chile• China, Hong Kong• Columbia• Finland• France• Germany• Greece• India• Italy• Jamaica• Korea• Lithuania• Malaysia• Mexico

• Namibia• Netherlands• Norway• Poland• Russia• Singapore• S. Africa• S. Korea• Spain• Sudan• Sweden• Switzerland• Taiwan• Thailand• Turkey• UK• USA• Venezuela• Yugoslavia

Some Institutional Members• British Library• Cinemedia• Coalition for Networked Information (CNI)• Committee on Institutional Cooperation (CIC)• Consorci de Biblioteques Universitàries de Catalunya• Diplomica.com• Dissertation.com• Dissertationen Online (Germany)• ETDweb, a Division of Answer4.com• Ibero-American Science & Technology Education Consortium (ISTEC)• National Documentation Centre (NDC), Greece• National Library of Portugal (for all universities)• OCLC Online Computer Library Center• OhioLINK• Organization of American States (SEDI/OAS)• Southeastern Library Network (SOLINET)• UNESCO (www.unesco.org/webworld/etd)

UNESCO and ETDs(by Axel Plathe at ETD2003)

• Promoting the use of the Internet as a tool for disseminating scientific knowledge

• Facilitating the transfer of ETD expertise from developed to developing countries

 

• 1998: Member of the NDLTD Steering Committee• 1999: First UNESCO ETD meeting on ETD internationalisation  

• 2002: “UNESCO Guide to Electronic Theses and Dissertations” 

• 2003: Model training programmes and training courses• 2003: Sponsor pilot projects• 2003: Pilot projects (Africa, Europe, Latin-America)

NDLTD Membership

ETD Initiative (and ProQuest)

StudentsLearn aboutDL, EPub

TDsbecome more

expressive

N. Amer. (T)Ds areaccessible, archived

Global TDsbecome more

accessible,archived

ProQuest

Universities

How can a university get involved?

• Select planning/implementation team• Graduate School

• Library

• Computing / Information Technology

• Institutional Research / Educ. Tech.

• Join online, give us contact names• www.ndltd.org/join

• Adapt Virginia Tech or other proven approach• Build interest and consensus

• Start trial / allow optional submission

Convene Local Planning Group

ETD

Build Local ETD Site

Digital Library

Policies

Inspection/Approval

Workshop/Training

ETD

ETD

NDLTD

Computer Resources

Research

Literature

Student Prepares Thesis/Dissertation

Student Defends & Finalizes ETD

My Thesis

ETD

Multimedia Use in ETD Collection

File type Examples Count

Still image BMP, DXF, GIF, JPG, TIFF 328

Video AVI, MOV, MPG, QT 58

Audio AIFF, WAV 18

Text PDF, HTML, TXT, DOC, XLS 7601

Other Macromedia, SGML, XML 51

Student Gets CommitteeSignatures and Submits ETD

Signed

Grad School

Graduate School Approves ETD, Student is Graduated

Ph.D.

Library Catalogs ETD, Access isOpened to the New Research

WWW

NDLTD

QuickTime™ and aCinepak decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-2227102539751141/

http://www.ngo.org/

Status of the VT Project

• Approved by university governance Spring 1996; required starting 1/1/97

• Submission & access software in place

• Submission workshops for students (and faculty) occur often: beginner/adv.

• Faculty training as part of Faculty Development Initiative

• Over 5000 ETDs in collection – some have audio, video, large images, software, …

Archiving ETDs

• Every 15 minutes back-ups made of not-yet-approved submissions

• Hourly back-ups of newly approved ETDs

• Weekly back-ups of entire ETD collection

• Copies stored on-site and off-site

VT ETD Cataloging

• same as current cataloging policies, except:• author-assigned keywords (not LCSH)• generic (not LC) call no.• fields/subfields as required for computer files• full abstracts

• time savings• cataloger familiar with computer files• equipment, software for word processing• 5 minutes avg. (10-15 minutes for paper TDs)

ETD-MS

• ETD Metadata Standard• XML-encoded metadata standard

(content and encoding) for Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs)

• in part conforming to Dublin Core (DC)

• using RDF

• using UNICODE

• Will specify relationship with MARC

Library Resources• Hardware: with Apache web server

• Maintenance and security• Started small; now: Sun 2-processor Enterprise 250--Solaris 2.7

• Software• Submission scripts written by DLA

• Includes e-mail notifications to authors, advisors, UMI• Use it too: http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/

• Log files analyzed with Analog • Survey scripts written by DLA

• Data from authors and readers• Use it too: http://lumiere.lib.vt.edu/surveys/

• Search Engine• Started small; now: InfoSeek’s ULTRASEEK

Digital Library Benefits:Low margin, high use

• Incorporate ETDs with other digital library activities• Ejournals, online class materials, digital images, etc.• Additional equipment, staff may not be necessary

• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/data/setup.html• Use DSpace, or VT programs, scripts, etc.

• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/ETD-db/• Online accesses vs. circulation of copies

• 1990-1994, average circulation per copy per year:• 2.2 for theses, 3.2 for dissertations

ETD Union Collection (OAI)

VIRTUA

Merged Metadata Collection

ODL (VT)

Virginia Tech ETD Archive

Brazil ETD

Archive

OCLC ETD

Archive

Future: recommender, …

… OAI Data Provider

OAI Service Provider

OAI Harvesting

LEGEND

Union catalog: OCLC

• OCLC will expand OAI data provider on TDs.

• Is getting data from WorldCat (so, from many sites!).

• Will harvest from all others who contact them.

• Need DC and either ETD-MS or MARC.

• Has a set for ETDs.

OCLC SRU Interface

Union catalog: VTLS, VT

• VTLS will enhance search/browse service for ETDs

• Will harvest from OCLC’s set of ETD records

• Will receive through other mechanisms

• Will work with MARC-21 and ETD-MS

• VT will continue to offer experimental services

ETD Union Search Mirror Site in China (CALIS)(http://ndltd.calis.edu.cn – popular site!)

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Program

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Document

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Document

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

ETD-1

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Program

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

ETD-2

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Image

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Image

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

ETD-3

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Video

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

Video

1010100101010010101010010101010101010101

ETD-4

ETD DL for the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations

(www.ndltd.org)

Search

Filter

Filter

Union

Recent

Browse

PMH

PMH

PMH

ODLRecent

ODLBrowse

ODLUnion

ODLUnion

ODLSearch

ODLUnionPMH

PMH

US

ER

INT

ER

FA

CE

Students and researchers ETD collections

Example Open Digital Library

VTLS Union CatalogContent Languages

The VTLS NDLTD Union Catalog has data in 6 different languages. These are: English German Greek Korean Portuguese Spanish

Examples follow

Language = German; hits = 137

Full record display

Relationship with publishers

• Concern of faculty and students that still wish to publish books or journal articles, voiced: campus, Chronicle, NPR, Times

• Solution: Approval Form gives students, faculty choices on access, when to change access condition; use IPR controls in DL

• Solution: by case, work with publishers and publisher associations to increase access• AAP, AAUP• AAAS, ACM, ACS, Elsevier, ...

Some responses from publishers

• ACM: need to acknowledge copyright• Elsevier: need to acknowledge copyright• IEEE-CS: endorse initiative• ACS: After first publication, can release• Textbook publishers: different market,

manuscript significantly reworked• General: restricting access to local campus

will not cause any problems

Summary: ETDs and Publishing

• Early controversies waning• Faculty: prior publication?

• Protective of future academics• Surveys of publishers

• No specific policies largely• Consider submissions individually

• VT ETD Alumni• None had problems getting published

• Authors• Retain some rights, e.g., link to curriculum vitae,

online course materials

ETDs and Copyright

• Author’s rights• Reproduction, modification, distribution, public performance, public

display• Retain rights • Share non-exclusive rights:• Permit library to store / provide access

• Author’s obligations: fair use• Balance factors or get permission

• Notification: optionalCopyright 2002 by Gail McMillan ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

• Registration: optional• Possibly receive greater compensation, with less documentation, if

filing infringement law suit

ETDs and Long-term Preservation• Concerns: Access without paper

• Long term preservation• Standard multimedia formats

• PDF Reader: open source• http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/archive.html

• Addressed Concerns• Cooperatives, e.g., OhioLink • Why not: OCLC, NDLTD?• Commercial options

• ProQuest: traditional microfilming• Frequent, regular back-ups available on, off-site

Added Support by NDLTD

• Links from NDLTD site• ETD individuals support – submit ETD

• ETD discussion (e-prints) – community activities

• Conference papers and presentations – community activities

• Automated support to “join NDLTD”• Marcel Dekker book now available

• Edward A. Fox, Shahrooz Feizbadi, Joseph M. Moxley, and Christian R. Weisser, eds., The ETD Sourcebook: Theses and Dissertations in the Electronic Age, New York: Marcel Dekker, 2004

Why ETD?Short Answer

• For Students:• Gain knowledge and skills for the Information Age

• Richer communication (digital information, multimedia, …)

• For Universities: • Easy way to enter the digital library field and benefit thereby

• For the World: • Global digital library – large, useful, many services

• General:• Save time and money

• Increased visibility for all associated with research results

The Process?Short Answer

• For Students:

• Plan on ETD from day 1

• Secure knowledge from: workshops, online info, colleagues

• Work with faculty to plan approach

• PDF? XML? TEI? Multi/hypermedia? Data sets? Viz?

• Get signed approval form: access, ©, proxy assignment

• After defense and approval, submit ETD to university

• For Universities:

• Form team

• Adapt solution from work at other universities, attend ETD conference

• Pilot -> Option -> Requirement

Spirit of NDLTD• Help make a better (smaller) world• Win-win-win (everyone can benefit)• Have fun helping others• Helpers/teachers learn more than those they work with• Build on standards• ETDs are preservable, popular, expressive, “better”

• Doable, feasible, learnable, affordable, sharable

• Please join NDLTD!

Selected Links - http://fox.cs.vt.edu• CITIDEL (computing education resources)

• www.citidel.org• NCSTRL (computing technical reports)

• www.ncstrl.org• NDLTD (electronic theses and dissertations worldwide)

• www.ndltd.org and etdguide.org• NSDL (National Science Digital Library)

• www.nsdl.org• OAI (Open Archives Initiative)

• www.openarchives.org• Virginia Tech Digital Library Research Laboratory

(DLRL, www.dlib.vt.edu)• 5S, AmericanSouth.Org, CSTC, DL-in-a-box, ENVISION,

ETANA, MARIAN, NDLTD, NSDL, OAD, ODL, …)

Questions/Discussion?