distanciuri brzolis iarari msvildigeorgians-weapons.com/tsurtsumia.m.pdf · 2017. 5. 11. · 559...

523

qarTuli laSqari (900-1700)

distanciuri brZolis iaraRi

mSvildi

mSvildi distanciuri brZolis sasroli iaraRis kategorias miekuTvneba. is Sedgeba xisa da sabelisagan. xe mSvildis muSa nawilia, romelzec sabeli ebmeba; sabeli (lari) ki mSvildis mzidi nawilia, romelic isars aCqarebas aniWebs. zurgi ewodeba mSvildis miznisaken miqceuli mxares, muceli ki mSvildis larisaken miqceuli mxarea. saxeluri aris mSvildis Sua nawilSi xelis mosAKakidi adgili. mxari (goza)548 mSvildis drekadi nawilia, romelic mozidvisas zambaris rols asrulebs. mSvildis bolo ewodeba nawils, romelsac sabeli emagreba. mSvildis kilo – TaRovani an samkuTxa Wrilia boloze, sadac sabelis maryuJi magrdeba.549 (sur. 234)

mSvildi sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: martivi, mxolod xisagan ga-keTebuli mSvildi,550 gaZlierebuli – zurgze dawebebuli myesebiT da kompozituri (Sedgenili), romelic rqis, xisa da myesebisagan iyo Sedgenili. umTavresad, gavrcelebuli iyo martivi da kompozituri mSvildebi.551

Tavisi arsiT, mSvildi drekadi rkalia, romlis ori bolo sabe-liTaa moWimuli. mozidvisas mSvildi mxrebSi agrovebs potenciur energias, romelic gadaecema isars da gatyorcnis mas.552 kompozitu-ri mSvildis xis sxeulze garedan (zurgze) myesebs awebebdnen, Sida, mSvildosnisken moqceul mxareze (mucelze) ki rqovani firfitebi magrdeboda.553 kompozitur mSvilds berZnuli Σ an rusuli М forma aqvs: is Sua nawilSi sabeliskenaa Seweuli, mxrebi ki amozneqili aqvs.554

548 `goza – mSvildis (m)w(v)ervali; mSvildis rqa~. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 165. goza warmodgeba sparsuli sityvidan ghuse. Khorasani, Arms and Armor from Iran, 302.

549 Худяков, Вооружение Енисейских Кыргызов VI-XII вв., 66; А.Ф. Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие: лук и стрелы, самострел, VIII-XIV вв.,” Археология СССР (Москва, 1966), 10.

550 martivi tipis iyo saxelganTqmuli inglisuri mSvildic.551 R. Miller, E. McEwen, and C. Bergman, “Experimental Approaches to Ancient near Eastern Archery,”

World Archaeology, vol. 18, no. 2 (1986), 179-80.552 Edward McEwen, Robert L. Miller, and Christopher A. Bergman, “Early Bow Design and Construction,”

Scientific American, 6 (1991), 76.553 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 13; McEwen, Miller, Bergman, “Early Bow Design and

Construction,” 80. firfitis qveda zedapiri daRaruli iyo, rom ufro mkvidrad miwebeboda mSvildis xis sxeuls. Гаврилова, Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племен, 87.

554 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 8; А.П. Окладников, Ю.С. Худяков, “Образ воина на писаницах Монголии,” Военное дело древних племен Сибири и Ценральной Азии (Новосибирск, 1981), 25. kompozituri skviTuri mSvildis formas straboni Savi zRvis Crdilo sanapiros moxazulobasac adarebda. Brzezinski, Mielczarek, The Sarmatians, 36. rogorc Cans, es Sedareba sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo antikuri xanis mwerlebSi: strabonis garda Savi zRvis sanapiros

sur. 234

mSvildi: a) saxeluri, b)

goza, g) bolo, d) kilo,

e) sabeli, v) maryuJi, z)

zurgi, T) muceli.

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kompozituri mSvildis boloebi gareT, miznisakenaa moxrili, rac mSvildis zurgze dakruli myesebis zemoqmedebiTaa gamowveuli. ga-dacmuli sabelis moxsnis Semdeg kompozituri mSvildi isev sawinaaR-mdego mxares ixreboda.555 amitom, sabelgadacmuli mSvildis mxrebi Zlier daWimulia da mozidvamdec did energias inaxavs.556 kompozi-tur mSvilds mravali upiratesoba gaaCnia martivTan SedarebiT: misi tareba SeiZleba gadacmuli sabeliT, sabrZolo Tvisebebis dakarg-vis gareSe; mas aqvs didi Sefardeba mozidvis sigrZisa mSvildis sig-rZesTan, rac Zalian mniSvnelovania. kompozituri mSvildis zurgis myesebze, romlebic oTxjer ufro gamZlea xesTan SedarebiT, gaWimvis Zala moqmedebs, muclis rqovan firfitebze ki, romelTa gamZleoba orjer metia xisaze, – kumSvis. rqis firfitebi drekadia da advilad ibrunebs sawyis formas. am masalaTa moqnilobis xarjze mSvildis Se-darebiT mokle mxrebi did energias agrovebs mozidvisas. mSvildis wingadaxrili bolo qmnida e.w. `gorgolaWis~ efeqts, rodesac mo-zidvisas sabeli gadmoixveva `datrialebuli gorgolaWidan~ da misi sigrZe izrdeba. sabelis gaSvebisas mSvildis boloebi win gadaadgil-deba, amoklebs sabels da isars did aCqarebas aniWebs.557

mSvild-isari erT-erTi uZvelesi da farTod gavrcelebuli universaluri iaraRia, romelic omSic gamoiyeneba da nadirobaSic.558 is adamianis pirveli nakeTobaa, romelsac energiis Senaxva da gamoTavisufleba SeeZlo.559

kompozituri mSvildi gamoCnda Zv.w. III aTaswleulSi erTdrou-lad da erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad mesopotamiaSi, anatoliasa da aziis CrdiloeT stepebSi.560 aRmosavleT evropis teritoriaze da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi kompozituri mSvildi skviTTebTan erTad ga-moCnda Zv.w. I aTaswleulSi.561 skviTuri (parTuli) mSvildis samSoblo evraziis stepebia, sadac mas brinjaos xanaSic vxvdebiT. skviTuri mS-vildis gaumjobesebuli formaa hunuri mSvildi.562

mSvilds adarebs amiane marceline, pomponius mela, pliniusi da sxv. georgika. bizantieli mwerlebis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, teqstebi qarTuli TargmaniTurT gamosces da ganmartebebi daurTes al. gamyreliZem da simon yauxCiSvilma, t. I (Tbilisi, 1961), 106, 148.

555 Медведев, “Оружие Новгорода Великого,” 143; М.В. Горелик, Армии монголо-татар X-XIV веков. Воинское искусство, оружие, снаряжение (Москва, 2002), 18.

556 McEwen, Miller, Bergman, “Early Bow Design and Construction,” 80.557 iqve, 79-82.558 Соловьев, Военное дело коренного населения Западной Сибири, 20.559 elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 5; Antony Karasulas, Mounted Archers of the Steppe 600 BC-AD 1300

(Oxford, 2004), 18.560 McEwen, Miller, Bergman, “Early Bow Design and Construction,” 80; Paul William Westermeyer, “The

Development and Decline of Romano-Byzantine Archery from the Fourth to the Eleventh Centuries,” MA Thesis (Ohio State University, 2010), 4.

561 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 7.562 Деревянко, Очерки военного дела племен Приамурья, 14.

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skviTuri mSvildis saerTo sigrZis SedarebiT mcire nawili iyo drekadi (ZiriTadad, mxrebi). mSvildis Zalis gasazrdelad saWiro iyo drekadi nawilis gazrda, romelic an udreki nawilebis (saxelu-ri, boloebi) zomis SemcirebiT unda momxdariyo an mSvildis saerTo zomis gadidebiT. hunuri mSvildis ganviTareba saerTo zomis ga-didebiT warimarTa da misma sigrZem 1.2-1.6 m-s miaRwia.563 klasikur hunur mSvilds Svidi rqovani firfita aqvs: ori wyvili boloebze da sami SuaSi.564 es firfitebi mSvildis saxelursa da boloebs moxris sa-Sualebas ar aZlevs.565 Soreul aRmosavleTSi ki mSvildi zomaSi Seam-cires, radganac patara zomis mSvildis gamoyeneba ufro mosaxerxe-beli iyo cxenidan srolisas. mSvildis Zalis gasazrdelad gazardes misi drekadi zedapiris farTobi, risTvisac raodenobasa da zomaSi Seamcires rqovani firfitebi.566 hunuri mSvildidanaa warmoSobili ZvelTurquli mSvildi, sadac mSvildis konstruqciis gaumjobesebi-sas Semcirda misi zoma da rqovani firfitebis ricxvi.567

mravali da grZeli rqovani firfitebiT awyobili mSvildi Sedar-ebiT mouxerxebeli iyo da xSirad imtvreoda. kompozituri mSvil-dis ganviTareba misi gamartivebis gziT warimarTa, rac gulisxmobda rqovani firfitebis sigrZisa da ricxvis Semcirebas.568 saukuneebis gan-mavlobaSi, hunuri mSvildidan moyolebuli, mcirdeboda firfitovani zesadebebis zoma da raodenoba.569 es procesi praqtikulad dasrulda monRolTa xanaSi, rodesac intensiuri brZolis moTxovnilebis Sesa-bamisad kompozituri mSvildis gamartivebam Tavis bolo stadias miaR-wia.570 a. gavrilovam daadgina, rom monRolur periodSi gavrcelebuli

563 А.М. Хазанов, “Сложные луки евразийских степей и Ирана в скифо-сарматскую эпоху,” Материальная культура народов Средней Азии и Казахстана (Москва, 1966), 33. sigrZis mixedviT mSvildebi iyofa mokle da grZlad: 1 m-ze meti grZlad iTvleba, 1 m-mde - mokled. Деревянко, Очерки военного дела племен Приамурья, 55.

564 Д.Г. Савинов, “Новые материалы по истории сложного лука и некоторые вопросы его эволюции в Южной Сибири,” Военное дело древних племен Сибири и Центральной Азии (Новосибирск, 1981), 147.

565 Деревянко, Очерки военного дела племен Приамурья, 15.566 iqve, 54.567 Худяков, Вооружение средневековых кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 141-2.568 В.Е. Круглов, “Сложносоставные луки Восточной Европы хазарского времени,” II-е Городцовские

чтения. Материалы научной конференции, посвященной 100-летию деятельности В.А. Городцова в ГИМ (Москва, 2005), 314-5. Tumca, Tavad e. kruglovis azriT, kompozituri mSvildis evolucia yovelTvis ase erTxazovnad ar mimdinareobda: yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi VII-XI saukuneebSi aseTi sworxazovani evolucia ar SeiniSneba da zogjer, adgili aqvs ufro rTuli formebisken dabrunebas. e. kruglovi, piradi mimowera avtorTan, 19 agvisto, 2010.

569 Гаврилова, Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племен, 87; Савинов, “Новые материалы по истории сложного лука,” 155-62.

570 monRoluri mSvildis gamartiveba gamoiwvia miswrafebam gaezardaT mSvildis gamZleoba da saimedooba. Гаврилова, Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племен, 88. cxenosanTa intensiuri brZolis dros isris srolis distanciis Semcirebisas didi mniSvneloba mieniWa swrafsrolas, amitomac mSvilds didi gamZleoba unda hqonoda,

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iyo mSvildebi Sua rqovani firfitiT da boloebis masiuri CanarTiT.571 xudiakovi aRniSnavs, rom „monRoluri mSvildisTvis“, romelic far-Tod vrceldeba meore aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi, damaxasiaTebe-lia erTi, farTo, frontaluri, niCbis formis boloebgafarToebuli rqovani (an Zvlis) firfita Sua nawilSi; aseve, mas axasiaTebs mSvil-dis boloebis masiuri rqis an xis CanarTi (sabelisaTvis rkaliseburi WriliT), romelic soliseburad wakveTilia da Cawebebulia gozaSi (mSvildis mwvervalSi).572

XVII saukunisaTvis osmalebma da iranis Turqulma tomebma sru-lyofamde miiyvanes kompozituri mSvildi. maT uari Tqves `CaZirul~ saxelurze da Seqmnes graciozuli moyvanilobis mSvildi gazrdili sabelis mozidvis manZiliTa da simZlavriT. mozidvis Zala 36-45 kg-s Seadgenda, rac orjer ufro grZeli inglisuri mSvildis Zalis Sesa-bamisi iyo.573

kompozituri mSvildi mZlavri iaraRi iyo, romlis wyalobiT momTabareebma araerTi imperia Seqmnes da romelic didxans uwevda konkurencias cecxlsasrol iaraRs.574 XV saukunis arabuli traqta-tis mixedviT, kompozituri mSvildiT srolis optimaluri distancia 60 m-ia, daaxl. 160 m-ze Sors ki zusti srola SeuZlLebelia.575 sxvadasxva monacemebis SejerebiT irkveva, rom kompozituri mSvildi sakmaod zustia 50-60 m-ze, mizanSi srola SeuZlia 160-190 metrze, arasabrZo-lo, e.w. `mfrinavi isriT~ ki – 500 m-ze metze, zogjer 800-900 m-mde.576

abjarze ase Tu ise efeqturi zemoqmedebisaTvis mSvilds axlo distancia sWirdeboda, daaxloebiT 30 metri. abjris gatanisaTvis, sxva faqtorebTan erTad, didi mniSvneloba hqonda mSvildisa da Ta-vad moisaris siZlieres, manZils, srolis kuTxesa da abjris tips.577 mSvildis siZlieris iSviaTi dasturi mogvepoveba XIV saukuneSi. mTa-Si erT-erTi Sinaomisas zemodan nasrolma isarma gaxvrita fari da

rom intensiuri srolisaTvis gaeZlo. Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого средневековья, 122.

571 Гаврилова, Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племен, 88.572 Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 28-9, 60-2; Савинов, “Новые

материалы по истории сложного лука,” 162. Cans, mSvildis boloebis masiuri rqovani CanarTebi ufro saimedo iyo, vidre rqis Txeli firfitebi, romlebic SeiZleba amZvraliyo. Гаврилова, Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племен, 88.

573 McEwen, Miller, Bergman, “Early Bow Design and Construction,” 82.574 saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi vercerTi cecxlsasroli iaraRi ver jobda kompozitur

mSvilds swrafsrolaSi, sizusteSi, siSoresa da saimedoobaSi; mSvildi iyo Cumi da SeeZlo kiduli srola simagres TavSefarebulTa dasazianeblad. yvela maxasiaTeblis mixedviT, Tofma, sabolood, mxolod XIX saukuneSi ajoba mSvilds. Vic Hurley, Arrows Against Steel: The History of the Bow (New York, 1975), 13-5.

575 Arab Archery: An Arabic manuscript of about A.D. 1500 “Book on the Excellence of the Bow and Arrow” and the Description thereof, translated and edited by N. A. Faris and R. P. Elmer (Princeton, 1945), 77.

576 Wallace McLeod, “The Range of the Ancient Bow,” Phoenix, vol. 19, no. 1 (1965), 8-9, 13.577 Kolias, Byzantinische Waffen, 220.

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jaWvis ori fenac: „Seiqmna simravle isrisaÁ, viTarca setyuaÁ ÃSiri da fucvides RmerTsa, romel quemoÁT nasrolman isarman fari da jaWÂani kaci gaiaros da miwasa naxevrad daesÂs“.578 TavisTavad, maR-lidan nasroli isari orjer ufro Sors mifrinavda, vidre qvemodan zemoT nasroli.579

kompozituri mSvildis damzadeba did codnasa da gamocdile-bas moiTxovda da sxvadasxva masalas saWiroebda (xe, rqa, Zvali, my-esebi, webo).580 xarisxiani kompozituri mSvildis damzadebas 1-3 weli sWirdeboda.581 rqovan firfitebs zamTarSi awebebdnen, radganac xan-grZlivi procesi ukeTes Sedegs iZleoda; myesebis ramdenime fenad miwebebas ki zafxulis cxel amindSi amjobinebdnen.582 Zalian cxeli da civi an zedmetad teniani klimatisaTvis iseT mSvildebs amzadebdnen, romlis xis sxeuli sxva komponentebze meti iyo da farTo gozebi hqonda; zomieri klimatisaTvis ki wvrilgoziani da uxvmyesiani iyo mowodebuli.583 sabolood, mSvilds faravdnen xis (aryis, alvis) qer-qis an tyavis Txeli diagonaluri zolebiT, romelic ilaqeboda da ultobi xdeboda.584

didi yuradReba eqceoda mSvildis sabelsac. is ar unda yofiliyo Zalian welvadi, radgan Zalas dakargavda da arc zedmetad kumSvadi – aseT SemTxvevaSi elastiurobas kargavda. mdidruli Suaaziuri, Turquli, iranuli, rusuli mSvildebis sabels abreSumis Zafebisa da moqnili tyavis Rvedisagan amzadebdnen. abreSumisagan sabelis ZiriTadi nawili mzaddeboda, tyavisagan ki – sabelis maryuJi, ro-melic mSvildis kiloze iyo Camocmuli, advilad rom ar gadaxexili-yo.585 tyavisagan da abreSumisagan amzadebdnen sabels saqarTveloS-ic. sulxan-sabas mixedviT, `mSvildis sabeli romelime RvedTagani iqmnebis, romelime abreSumTa da misTanaTagan~.586

arsebobs isris Werisa da sabelis mozidvis sxvadasxva xerxi, rom-lis drosac mSvildosnis TiTebi sxvadasxvagvarad aris ganlagebu-li.587 xmelTaSuazRvispiruli wesiT mozidvisas isari Sua da saCveneb-el TiTs Soris aris moTavsebuli da sabelsac am TiTebiT ezidebian (zogjer, araTiTis daxmarebiTac). am dros isari mSvildis marcxnivaa.

578 `Zegli erisTavTa~, 108.579 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 30.580 iqve, 13.581 Б.А. Литвинский, “Сложносоставной лук в древней Средней Азии,” Советская археология, 4

(1966), 59-60; Nicolle, Saracen Faris, 46.582 Paterson, “The Archers of Islam,” 74-5.583 Arab Archery, 86.584 Paterson, “The Archers of Islam,” 77; Khorasani, Arms and Armor from Iran, 293.585 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 16.586 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 20.587 ufro dawvrilebiT ix. elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 9-14.

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monRoluri wesiT mozidvisas isari saCvenebelsa da cers Sorisaa da sabels moxrili ceri ezideba. am dros isari mSvildis marjvnivaa.588 romaelebi mkerdis Suamde ezidebodnen mSvilds, momTabareebi da aRmosavleli mSvildosnebi – saxisken, monRolebi ki – yurisken. rac ufro grZelia mozidva, miT ufro Zlieria gasrola.589 yuris bibi-lomde mozidva zusti da yvelaze Zlieri iyo. saxisken (ybisken) mo-zidva, rodesac isari tuCis (ulvaSis) gaswvriv moZraobs, xorasnuli meTodi iyo da yvelaze zustad iTvleboda.590

sxva meTodebTan SedarebiT, ceriT mozidva ufro swrafia.591 mS-vildis sabelic ufro grZlad iWimeboda.592 amave dros, ceriT mozid-va ufro rTuli iyo, vidre sxva nebismieri meTodi da mis aTvisebas xangrZlivi praqtika esaWiroeboda.593 srolis gasaadvileblad Sem-oiRes specialuri rqis (Zvlis, qvis, xis, liTonis) rgoli, romelsac marjvena xelis cera TiTze ikeTebdnen.594 mas sagangebod warziduli faraki hqonda.595 rgolis gluv zedapirze mSvildis sabeli kargad srialebda da kans aRar azianebda.596

Sua saukuneebSi mSvildiT srolis dros xelisa da TiTebis da-sacavad iyenebdnen xelTaTmanebs, majis dasacav sagangebo mowyobi-lobebs, rgolebsa da saTiTeebs. amave dros, iTvleboda, rom mgrZnob-elobis damaqveiTebeli da moZraobis Semaferxebeli mowyobilobebis gareSe srola ukeTesi da ufro zusti iyo.597 viciT, rom xevsureTSi, srolis dros marcxena xelis dasacavad tyavs ixvevdnen, raTa mas mS-vildis sabelis dartyma Seenelebina.598

adre SuasaukuneebSi qarTuli mSvildis formaze sasanur mSvilds unda moexdina didi gavlena, radganac amis kvali mogvianebiTac SeimC-neva. nakifaris wm. giorgis (jgragis) eklesiaSi X saukunis gamosaxule-

588 iqve, 11-2; Alf Webb, Archaeology of Archery (Surbiton, 1991), 41.589 Karasulas, Mounted Archers of the Steppe, 25.590 Arab Archery, 51-2.591 Alf Webb, Archaeology of Archery (Surbiton, 1991), 41; Karasulas, Mounted Archers of the Steppe, 24.592 Fredrik Lundström, Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson and Lena Holmquist Olausson, “Eastern archery in

Birka’s Garrison,” in The Martial Society: Aspects of warriors, fortifications and social change in Scandinavia, ed. by Lena Holmquist Olausson and Michael Olausson (Stockholm, 2009), 111.

593 Webb, Archaeology of Archery, 41.594 uadresi sacere rgoli, mSvildosnisaTvis gankuTvnili da nefritisagan

damzadebuli, napovnia CineTSi, dedofal fu haos Cv. w-mde XIII-XII saukunis samarxSi. И.В. Волков, “О происхождении “монгольского” способа стрельбы из лука,” МИАСК, вып. 2 (Армавир, 2003), 155. eyrdnoba ra am faqts, m. goreliki miiCnevs rom ceriT mSvildis mozidvis meTodi Tavdapirvelad CineTSi arsebobda da rom, mas ara „monRoluri“, aramed „Cinuri“ unda erqvas. Горелик, Оружие Древнего Востока, 30.

595 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 26.596 Гаврилова, Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племен, 31; Peter Wilcox,

Romes Enemies (3): Parthians and Sassanid Persians (Oxford, 1986), 13.597 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 25-6.598 gasitaSvili, `xevsuruli abjari~, 85.

529


baze vxedavT mSvilds swori, rigiduli boloebiT,599 rac sa-sanuri mSvildisTvis damaxasi-aTebeli niSania. sworboloebi-ani mSvildiTaa SeiaraRebuli monadire oSkis samxreTi mkla-vis X saukunis reliefze.600 saer-Tod, sasanuri mSvildisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xuTwevriani forma: swori saxeluri, mkve-Trad momrgvalebuli mxrebi da swori, rigiduli boloebi.601 na-kifarisa da oSkis gamosaxule-bebs rigiduli boloebi aqvT, magram ara aqvT CaZiruli, swori saxeluri, riTac gansxvavdebian sasanuri mSvildisagan. rogorc Cans, saqarTvelos teritoriaze Semdgomi ganviTarebisas kom-pozituri mSvildi daSorda mis Tavdapirvel, sasanur variants, Tumca, xangrZlivi drois gan-mavlobaSi inarCunebda saerTo niSnebs – rigidul boloebs.

amave dros, saqarTveloSi paralelurad arsebobda mokle, Turqul-xazaruli tipis mSvildic, romelic webeldis kankelzea gamosaxuli. arabTa saxalifoSi swori, rigidul boloebiani sasanuri tipis mSvil-dis Canacvleba iwyeba IX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, rodesac abasianTa armiaSi Turqma mona meomrebma wamyvani adgili daikaves. maT Tan moi-tanes axali tipis mSvildi.602 sasanur mSvilds XI saukuneSi sabolood anacvlebs Tanabrad boloebmoxrili Turquli mSvildi, romelic ufro msxvili, mokle da Zlieri iyo.603 XII saukunis jruWis II oTxTavis minia-turebze mxolod Turquli tipis mSvildi Cans.

monRolTa batonobis periodSi saqarTveloSi monRoluri tipis mS-

599 Аладашвили, Алибегашвили, Вольская, Живописная Школа Сванети, 12.600 jobaZe, adreuli Sua saukuneebis qarTuli monastrebi istoriul taoSi, klarjeTsa

da SavSeTSi, 142, tab. 159.601 Литвинский, “Сложносоставной лук в древней Средней Азии,” 66. Tavis mxriv, mSvildis es tipi

Sua aziaSi Camoyalibda jer kidev sasanianTa gamoCenamde, Zveli da axali aTaswleulebis mijnaze. iqve, 68-9.

602 J. D. Latham and W. F. Paterson, “Archery in the Lands of Eastern Islam,” in Islamic Arms and Armour, ed. by Robert Elgood (London, 1979), 79.

603 Nicolle, Armies of the Caliphates, 17-8.

sur. 235

monRoluri mSvildebi

H1665 daviTnis 199v minia-

turaze. siqemis alya. de-

tali. xelnawerTa erov-

nuli centri.

mamuka wurwumia

530

vildi mkvidrdeba. XIII saukunis SuaxanebSi qarTvelebi ukve monRolur mSvilds iyenebdnen. JamTaaRmwerelis daxasiaTebiT, daviT VII, romelic XIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi alamuTisa da baRdadis kampaniebSi axlda mon-Rolebs, iyo `moisari magriTa mSÂldiTa~.604 magar mSvilds ki JamTaaRm-wereli monRolur mSvilds uwodebs. misi TqmiT, monRolebi `moisarni iyvnes rCeulni, magriTa mSÂldiTa ucdomrad msrolelni~.605

H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze garkveviT Cans monRoluri tipis mSvil di Sua firfitovani zesadebiT da boloebis masiuri CanarTiT (sur. 235). rogorc iTqva, aziel mSvildosans srolisas mSvildi ver-tikalurad eWira, odnav marcxniv gadaxrili, isari ki gadioda marcx-ena xelis cera TiTze mSvildisagan marjvniv, gansxvavebiT evropelis-agan, romelic isars mSvildis marcxniv aTavsebda.606 miniaturebze qarTvelebs isari mSvildis marjvniv aqvT moTavsebuli da mas ceriT ezidebian.

Tumca, ceriT mozidvis meTodi saqarTveloSi monRolTa Semosv-lamde Cans damkvidrebuli, raSic `vefxistyaosani~ gvarwmunebs: `pu-rad da saWmlad mivendve Cemsa mSvildsa da cerasa~.607 aq igulisxmeba mSvildis mozidvisa da isris srolis meTodi, rodesac sabels cera

604 JamTaaRmwereli, aswlovani matiane, 109.605 iqve, 44.606 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 28.607 SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, str. 169.

sur. 236

mSvildosnebi: a) as-

trologiuri traqtatis (A65 manuskripti) 189r miniatura. detali; b)

jruWis II oTxTavis 186v

miniatura. detali. xel-

nawerTa erovnuli cen-

tri.

a b

531


TiTze wamocmuli rgol-is saSualebiT ezidebod-nen.608 ceriT isris mozid-vis wess saqarTveloSi kipi ewodeboda.609

xelnawerTa erovnul centrSi daculi 1188-1210 wlebis astrologiuri traqtatis (A65 manuskrip-ti) 189r miniaturaze mS-vildosani gamosaxulia ceriT moziduli kompoz-ituri mSvildiT, xolo isari yuramdea mitanilia (sur. 236a). jruWis II oTx-Tavis 186v miniaturaze gamosaxul mSvildosnebs moziduli isari yur-Tan aqvT mitanili (sur. 236b). samwuxarod miniatura dazi anebulia da ar Cans Tu ramdeni TiTiT ezi debian mSvildis lars.

ceris mniSvneloba srolisas xazgasmulia XVII saukunis ̀ Sahnavazian-Sic~: „marjued uWiravs isari, vis imedi aqus cerisa“; „nadiri, mokluli ama ceriTa“.610 Zvlisagan damzadebuli sacere rgoli napovnia dmanisis naqalaqarze, XI-XIII saukuneebis fenaSi (sur. 237a). sacere rgoli unda iyos gamosaxuli H1665 daviTnis 212v miniaturazec (sur. 237b).

vaxuSti batoniSvili aRniSnavs rqis mSvilds, romelsac gu-damayrelebi amzadebdnen: `Ãelosanni, mSÂldT-moqmedni, akeTeben rqisagan mjixvisa, Txisagan da ÃarTagan~.611 ra Tqma unda, gudamayru-li mSvildi marto rqisgan ar aris konstruirebuli.612 vaxuSti sau-brobs kompozitur mSvildze, romelic rqis firfitebiT aris gawy-obili.613 gudamayrelebs, rogorc mTielebs, advilad miuwvdebodaT xeli grZelrqiani jiSis pirutyvze, romlis rqac aucilebeli iyo kompozituri mSvildisaTvis.

608 k. ColoyaSvili SecdomiT miiCnevs, rom aq saubaria isris tipze. kote ColoyaSvili, `termin `cera~-s Sesaxeb~, kr. „SoTa rusTaveli“ (Tbilisi, 1968), 121.

609 `kipi – isris kilos dazidviT Wera; ceriTa, salokis TiTiT isris kilos Wera~. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 375.

610 feSangi, Sahnavaziani, 43-4.611 vaxuSti batoniSvili, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 354.612 am cnobis komentarisas, v. elaSvili savsebiT marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom mxolod rqis

mSvildi ar arsebobs da aq Sedgenili mSvildi igulisxmeba. elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 25.613 kompozitur mSvildadaa miCneuli `beovulfSi~ moxseniebuli rqis mSvildic.

Lundström, Hedenstierna-Jonson, Holmquist Olausson, “Eastern archery in Birka’s Garrison,” 105.

a b

sur. 237

sacere rgoli: a) H1665 daviTnis 212v minia-

tura. detali. xelnaw-

erTa erovnuli centri;

b) eqsponati dm-1629.

saqarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumi. avtoris foto.

sur. 238

qarTuli mSvildi. svane-

Tis istoriisa da eTno-

grafiis muzeumi. m. qafi-

aniZis foto.

mamuka wurwumia

532

mestiis muzeumSi daculia Cvenamde moRweuli mSvildi, romelic gvian Suasaukuneebs unda ekuTvnodes (sur. 238). amJamindel moxril mdgomareobaSi misi sigrZe 116 sm-s aRwevs. mSvildis gozebze muclis mxares 4-4 rqis viwro zolia ostaturad dawebebuli.614 mSvildi aryis xis qerqiT aris dafaruli da moxatuli.615 mTlianobaSi mSvildi kargi xarisxis nakeTobaa da misi grZeli da farTo gozebi didi Zalis mqone iaraRis garantia iqneboda.

kompoziturTan erTad, saqarTveloSi martivi tipis mSvildic iyo gavrcelebuli. aseTi mSvildi ufro ioli da swrafi dasamzadebeli iyo, Tumca, zogjer mis gakeTebas 2-3 Tves andomebdnen.616 gviani saukuneebis laSqarvaldebulTa siebSi glexTa SeiaraRebis CamonaTvalSi mxolod mSvildis arseboba imis maCvenebelia, rom isini martiv mSvilds floben, ufro Zvirfas kompozitur mSvilds ver Sewvdebodnen. rodesac 1747 wels qarTl-kaxeTis mefeebma mSvildiT nadiroba moindomes da es iara-Ri aravis aRmoaCnda, mefe iZulebuli gaxda martivi (xis) mSvildiT dak-mayofilebuliyo: `visac mSvildi ara hqondes, xis mSvildebi daikeTon, imiT dadgneno~.617 cxadia, rom xis mSvildi martivi mSvildia, radgan ase saswrafod kompozituri mSvildis damzadeba ver moxerxdeboda.

saqarTveloSi, rogorc Cans, rkinis mSvildsac iyenebdnen. aseTi mSvildi `rusudanianSia~ moxseniebuli: „rkinis mSvildi da boZali xelT mivec“; „rkinis mSvildi mxars ukuicva“.618 leCxum-svaneTSi eqv-Time TayaiSvilis eqspediciam ixila rkinis didi mSvildi oyureSis wm. giorgis eklesiaSi da rkinis mSvild-isari fayis RvTismSoblis eklesiaSi.619 rkinis (foladis) mSvildi martivi mSvildebis katego-rias miekuTvneba. XV-XVII saukuneebSi is, ZiriTadad, inDdoeTSi iyo gavrcelebuli.620 miuxedavad imisa, rom rkinis mSvildi simZlavriTa da siSoriT CamorCeboda kompozitur mSvilds, is mainc popularu-li iyo, radgan advilad ar ziandeboda.621 masze naklebad moqmedebda cudi atmosferuli pirobebi, maSin rodesac maRali tenianoba dam-Rupvelad moqmedebs kompozitur mSvildze.

614 erTiani rqovani firfitis nacvlad rqovani zolebis dawebeba ufro efeqturi iyo, gansakuTrebiT, gviani Suasaukuneebis mZlavri iranuli mSvildebisaTvis, romelTac farTo mxrebi hqondaT. Bede Dwyer, Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani, “An Analysis of a Persian Archery Manuscript Titled Resāle-ye Qosnāmeh,” Quaderni Asiatici, 112 (2015), 95.

615 piradi mimowera g. laRiZesTan (18 agvisto, 2016), romelmac es mSvildi detalurad Seiswavla da amzadebs mis replikas.

616 elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 28-9.617 papuna orbeliani, ambavni qarTlisani, 119.618 rusudaniani, 174, 178.619 TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi 1910 wels, 70, 89.620 Ю.В. Шокарев, Луки и арбалеты (Москва, 2001), 21.621 G. N. Pant, Horse and Elephant Armour (Delhi, 1997), 125.

533


isari

mSvildisa da isris evolucia erTiani, ganuyofeli procesia. mSvilds aumjobesebdnen iseTi isrebis sasrolad, romelTac maqsi-maluri siSore, zusti mizani da saukeTeso gamtanoba axasiaTebda.622 fsiqologiuri (mademoralizebeli) zemoqmedebis garda, isris mier gamowveuli damazianebeli faqtorebia ukugdebiTi zemoqmedeba, sxe-ulis zedapiris arSemRwevi dazianeba (sisxldena, daJeJiloba), Sina-gani organoebisa da sayrdeni aparatis dazianeba (Sinagani sisxldena, Zvlis damsxvreva, infeqcia) da tkiviliT gamowveuli Soki.623

isris Semadgeneli nawilebia isrispiri, zro, frTa da kilo. is-rispiri isris is nawilia, romelic mizans azianebs; zro isris tania,624 misi mzidi nawili; frTa – frenisas isris mimmarTveli; kilo isris sa-belze dasamagrebeli, sabelis Casagdebi adgilia.625 isrispiri Sedge-ba Tavisagan, romelic mizanSi aRwevs, yunwisa (isrispiris Rero, rom-liTac is tarSia Camagrebeli) da gvirgvinisagan (isrispiris SemzRu-davi tarSi damagrebisas).626 (sur. 239)

isris zro 50-100 sm sigrZis (ZiriTadad, 75-90 sm)627 mrgvali ganiv-kveTis xis Reroa.628 zroze magrdeba isrispiri, frTebi da kilo.629 is-rispiri ganapirobebs dazianebis efeqturobas, frTebi ki – mdgrado-bas frenisas da srolis sizustes. isrispiri ori meTodiT magrdebo-da zroze: masriT da yunwiT. masrian isrispirs agebdnen webowasmuli Reros boloze. yunwian isrispirs arWobdnen ReroSi an mis webowas-mul napobSi da zed axvevdnen myesebs an sxva Zafs. naxvevs zemodan aryis Txel qerqsac awebebdnen.630 masriani isrispirebi, romelsac

622 Литвинский, “Сложносоставной лук в древней Средней Азии,” 67-8.623 А.В. Коробейников, Н.В. Митюков, Баллистика стрел по данным археологии: введение в

проблемную область (Ижевск, 2007), 5.624 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 286.625 `kilo – isarTa mSvildis sabelTa Casagdeb(el)i~. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni

qarTuli, I, 373.626 Худяков, Вооружение Енисейских Кыргызов VI-XII вв., 75-7. isrispiris mixedviT SegviZlia

iribad vimsjeloT mSvildis Zalis Sesaxeb; magaliTad, rusuli isrispiris wona isris wonas 1:5 Seefardeba. В.Э. Шавкунов, “К вопросу о луке чжурчжэней,” Военное дело древнего населения Северной Азии (Новосибирск, 1987), 200.

627 Kolias, Byzantinische Waffen, 218. isris sigrZe mis daniSnulebazec iyo damokidebuli. mokle, msxvili isari javSangamtani piriT axlo manZilze sasrolad iyo gamiznuli, grZeli da wvrili isari ki – Sor manZilze sasrolad. Деревянко, Очерки военного дела племен Приамурья, 61.

628 isris zros hqonda sigarismagvari forma, SuaSi SesqelebiT, rom srolisas ar gaRunuliyo. Шокарев, Луки и арбалеты, 27.

629 WiaTuraSi, mRvimevis gamoqvabulSi napovn or isars kargad damuSavebuli Zvlis kiloebi gaaCnda, ors ki kilo xis zroSive hqonda amoWrili. domenti mSvenieraZe, gamoqvabuli nagebobani saqarTveloSi (Tbilisi, 1955), 29, tab. 44, 45.

630 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 49-50.

sur. 239

isari: a) isrispiri, b) my-

esebi, g) zro, d) frTa,

e) kilo, v) gvirgvini, z)

yunwi.

mamuka wurwumia

534

dasavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebis bolomde iyenebdnen, ar aris da-maxasiaTebeli aRmosavleT evropisa da aziisaTvis.631 aRmosavleTSi miaCndaT, rom masriani isrispiri midrekili iyo zros msxvrevisaken da mxolod uabjro samiznis winaaRmdeg Tu gamodgeboda.632

isarze umTavresad 3 an 4 frTas amagrebdnen. XV saukunis arabuli traqtatis mixedviT, bevri frTa anelebs isars, oTxfrTiani isari ufro zustia, samfrTiani ki ufro swrafi da Sorsac mifrinavs. amas-Tan, rac metia isris kilodan frTis dacileba, miT swrafad mifri-navs isari, rac ufro axloa – miT ufro zustia is.633 qarTvelebi, ro-gorc es gamomsaxvelobiTi wyaroebidan (H1665 da H75 daviTni, kaste-lis Canaxatebi da TavaqaraSvilis miniaturebi) Cans, upiratesobas sizustes aniWebdnen da frTas kilosTan axlos amagrebdnen.

isrisaTvis sxvadasxva frinvelis (arwivis, zarnaSos, Zera, Sevarde-nis) frTas iyenebdnen. frTa unda yofiliyo swori, Tanabari, drekadi.634 iyenebdnen mxolod frinvelis saqnev frTas. isris frTebi erTnairi da frinvelis erTi frTidan unda yofiliyo.635 saukeTesod arwivis frTebi miiCneoda, Semdeg orbis da Semdgom – Sevardenis.636 arCilis mowmobiT, qarTvelebi orbis frTiT gawyobil isars iyenebdnen: „isars orbis frTiT Svenoba“.637 saqarTveloSi arwivis frTasac iyenebdnen. arqanjelo lamberti mogviTxrobs, rom megrelebi arwivs maxiT iWeren „imisaTvis, rom arwivis frTa miaban isars. megrelebis mSvild-isari bevrad didia TurqTa mSvild-isarze da ase didi isrebi rom haerSi pirdapir wavides, saWiroa, rom arwivis frTa miaban“.638

isars sxvadasxvafrad Rebavdnen, rom feris mixedviT gaerCiaT sxvadasxva pirisa da daniSnulebis isrebi da swrafad amoeRoT isini brtyeli kaparWidan, romelSic isrispiri damaluli iyo.639 SeRebili isris arsebobis damadasturebeli qarTuli mowmobac mogvepoveba. xalxuri leqsi mogviTxrobs: „kaxeTs moWrilo isaro, qalaqs naRebo iniTa“.640 xandaxan, isrebs rTuli ornamentiTac amkobdnen. mRvimevis

631 iqve, 160-1. es gansxvaveba SesaZloa aixsnas, aRmosavleTSi zros masalad bambukis (lerwmis) farTo gavrcelebiT, sadac yunwis Camagreba ioli iyo. William Watson, “The Chinese Contribution to Eastern Nomad Culture in the Pre-Han and Early Han Periods,” World Archaeology, vol. 4, no. 2 (1972), 145.

632 Arab Archery, 109-10.633 iqve, 111-2.634 Деревянко, Очерки военного дела племен Приамурья, 61.635 Соловьев, Военное дело коренного населения Западной Сибири, 30.636 Arab Archery, 110.637 arCili, `gabaaseba Teimurazisa da rusTvelisa~, 40.638 don arqanjelo lamberti, samegrelos aRwera, 172.639 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 52.640 javaxiSvili, masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, 244.

535


gamoqvabulis isrebis zro sxvadasxva feris (wiTeli, yviTeli, lur-ji, yavisferi) rombebiTa da wiTeli rgolebiT iyo moxatuli.641

isrebi iyofa jgufebad (piris ganivkveTis mixedviT) da tipebad (piris formis mixedviT).642 ganivkveTis mixedviT yvela isrispiri sam ZiriTad jgufad iyofa: samfrTiani, brtyeli da waxnagovani. sam-frTiani isrispirebi adre SuasaukuneebisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. X saukunis Semdeg maTi erTeuli egzemplarebi Tu gvxvdeba.643 brty-el isrispirebs ganivkveTSi Txeli linzis an Zlier gabrtyelebuli rombis forma aqvs. isini sayovelTaodaa gavrcelebuli aRmosavleT evropaSi Sua saukuneebis bolomde. waxnagovani (dakuTxuli) isrisp-irebi (samkuTxa, oTxkuTxa da sxv.) maxvili wveriT Cveni welTaRricx-vis mijnaze gamoCnda da javSangamtani daniSnulebisaa.644

samfrTian isars didi xnis ganmavlobaSi yvelgan gabatonebuli mdgomareoba eWira. isini pirvelad napovnia amierkavkasiaSi (lelva-ris da ganZa-yarabaxis kulturebis samarxebSi) Zv.w. VIII-VII saukunee-bis mijnaze. dasavleT aziaSi maT ver davaTariRebT Zv.w. VII saukunis Suaxanebze adre, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi ki Zv.w. VI saukunemde ar iyo cnobili. daaxloebiT amave perioDdSi, Zv.w. VIII-VII ss. mijnaze, samfr-Tiani isriswverebi Cndeba CineTSic.645 XII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis samfrTiani isrispirebi praqtikulad qreba aRmosavleT evropis ste-pebSi. yvelaze metad gavrcelebulia foTlis, rombisa da trapeciis formis brtyeli isrispirebi. aseTi kompleqsebi gvxvdeba yivCaRur samarxebSi.646

cnobilia, rom XI saukunis dasawyisidan pirbrtyeli isrebi wamy-van rols TamaSobda monRolTa SeiaraRebaSi.647 samfrTiani isari, ro-melic maRali aerodinamikuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba da saukeTesoa Sor manZilze zusti srolisaTvis, dasamzadeblad sakmaod Sromat-evadia da kaparWSic didi adgili ukavia. intensiuri brZolis piro-bebSi, axlo manZilze da srolis meti sixSiris dros, brtyeli isari ufro efeqturi gamodga. brtyeli isari ufro advili dasamzadebe-

641 mSvenieraZe, gamoqvabuli nagebobani saqarTveloSi, 29, tab. 45.642 Худяков, Вооружение Енисейских Кыргызов VI-XII вв., 79.643 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 54, 58. amave dros, cimbirSi ganviTarebul Sua

saukuneebSi samfrTiani isrebi srulad ar gamqrala. Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого средневековья, 126.

644 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 54-5.645 Watson, “The Chinese Contribution to Eastern Nomad Culture in the Pre-Han and Early Han Periods,”

145-6.646 К.А. Руденко, Железные наконечники стрел VIII-XV вв. из Волжской Булгарии (Исследование и

каталог) (Казань, 2003), 141.647 Ю.С. Худяков, “Железные наконечники стрел из Монголии,” Древние культуры Монголии

(Новосибирск, 1985), 112.

mamuka wurwumia

536

lia, meti eteva kaparWSi da marTalia, CamorCeba samfrTians sizus-teSi, samagierod, meti siCqare aqvs da ufro swrafad aRwevs mizans. amas didi mniSvneloba hqonda masirebuli srolis dros. marTalia, brtyel isrebs momTabareebi jer kidev hunTa droidan iyenebdnen, magram maTi sayovelTao gavrceleba monRolebTanaa dakavSirebuli. monRolTa mier brtyeli isrebis warmatebulma gamoyenebam ganapir-oba maTi gavrceleba monRolTa imperiaSi Semaval saxelmwifoebSic.648 monRolTa kaparWSi Tavisi adgili ekava farTopirian brtyel isrebs, romlebic did, sisxlmden Wrilobebs ayenebda da efeqturi iyo cx-enebisa da abjriT daucveli mowinaaRmdegis dasazianeblad.649

waxnagovani isrispirebi javSangamtania da maTi daniSnuleba abjris gaxvretaa. amisTvis maT xSirad foladisagan amzadebdnen da sagangebod awrTobdnen.650 waxnagovani isrispiri aRwevda jaWvis rgolebs Sorisac.651 aziaSi javSangamtani isrebis ganviTarebis procesSi moxda maqsimalurad diferencirebuli formebidan yvelaze optimaluri da martivi konstruqciebis gadarCeva. II aTaswleulis dasawyisidan mcirdeba javSangamtani isris tipebi da mxolod ZiriTadi jgufebi rCeba.652 arabuli traqtati kuTxovani isrispirebis formis mixedviT ganarCevs maT Tvisebebs. misi mixedviT, mokle samkuTxa isrispiri kargia farisa da liTonis abjris (muzaradis garda) gasaxvretad. grZeli samkuTxa isrispiri kargia muzaradis da, saerTod, sferuli zedapirisTvis sasrolad, agreTve, xeSi SesaRwevad. mokle da kompaqturi oTxkuTxa isrispiri ki kargia farisa da abjris sawinaaRmdegod.653

sulxan-saba orbelians mocemuli aqvs saqarTveloSi gavrcelebuli sxvadasxva tipis isris dasaxeleba da daxasiaTeba: ̀ frTe-dabali da pir-wvrili, romelsa yivCayni da Turqni iqoneben, ars sayalno... zomier(i) isari, frTe-mobrtye, da pir-mobrtye ars sarCa; misgan ugrZesi pir-didi da frTe-maRali ars qeiburi [vieTni sanadiros uÃmoben]; isari sarCis msgavsi da pir-ganpebuli, momcro ars qiborji; isari qeiburis msgavsi pir-didi da ganpebuli ars boZali; isari sarCis toli sam-frTosani, upiro, wver-mgrgvali ars yodali; yodlis(a) ugrZesi, wver-mwveti, jvaredad Cxir-dasxmuli ars Rrja; frTe-maRali, grZeli da

648 Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого средневековья, 124-5.

649 Соловьев, Военное дело коренного населения Западной Сибири, 48; Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого средневековья, 37.

650 Медведев, “Оружие Новгорода Великого,” 168.651 Соловьев, Военное дело коренного населения Западной Сибири, 46.652 Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого

средневековья, 126.653 Arab Archery, 107-8.

537


grkal-Semobmuli ars sefqa; ufrTo, upiro isari ars gezi~.654 vaxuSti batoniSvils CamoTvlili aqvs yvelaze ufro gavrcelebuli isris tipebi, romelTa dasaxelebebi emTxveva sabas sias: „isari boZali didTa nadirTaTÂs, qeiburi mÃecTaTÂs, sarCa da qiborji wvrilTa nadirTaTÂs... xolo kaparWis isari, romel ars sayalno omsa-brZolasa Sina~.655 XII saukunis saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba kidev erTi tipis isari, romlis saxelwodebac `visramianma~ Semogvinaxa da romelsac utevani isari erqva. utevani swrafi da Sor manZilze satyorcni isari iyo.656

zemoT moyvanili aRwerilobebidan cxadia, rom sayalno pirwvri-li javSangamtani isaria, romelsac dabali frTebi hqonda. saSualo zomis brtyel isars sarCa erqva, didi zomis brtyel isars ki – qei-buri. Tavisi zomidan gamomdinare, qeiburs maRali frTebi sWird-eboda. sarCasa da qeiburs ZiriTadad rombiseburi forma hqondaT da mravalmxrivi daniSnulebis isrebi iyvnen. momcro da zomier orkapa isars qiborji erqva, didi zomisas ki – boZali, romelic grZeli iyo da maRali frTebi hqonda.657 samfrTian, wvril wvermrgval anu sadg-

654 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 335-6. v. arTilayva fiqrobs, rom gezi didi zomis sadgisiseburi javSangamtani isari iyo. Артилаква, Железообрабатывающее ремесло древней Грузии, 111.

655 vaxuSti batoniSvili, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 18.656 aleqsandre gvaxaria, `kvlav `utevanis~ Sesaxeb~, axlo aRmosavleTi da saqarTvelo,

red. o. cqitiSvili (Tbilisi, 1991), 407-9.657 unda iTqvas, rom qarTul istoriografiasa da arqeologiaSi orkapa isrebis

aRwerisas, maT umTavresad rogorc boZals ise moixsenieben da saerTod ugulebelyofen qiborjis arsebobas. arada, saba garkveviT uCvenebs, rom es isrebi erTmaneTisagan zomiT gansxvavdeba: qiborji momcro da zomieria, boZali – didi da masiuri. sasurvelia,

a b g d e

sur. 240

isris tipebi saqarT-

velos muzeumSi dacu-

li nimuSebis mixedviT

(masStabi daculia): a)

sayalno (raWa, eqspona-

ti 6-34/19, sem), b) sarCa

(sva neTi, eqsponati 506,

siem), g) qeiburi (leC-

xu mi, eqsponati 5-34/13,

sem), d) qiborji (eqspona-

ti a494, sem), e) boZali

(svaneTi, siem).

mamuka wurwumia

538

isisebur isars yodali ewodeboda. yodali javSangamtani isrebis kategorias miekuTvneba.658 mokle mrgvali isrispiri gansakuTrebiT kargi iyo farSi SesaRwevad, grZeli ki abjrisa da xis sawinaaRmde-god.659 Rrja sanadirod (albaT, frinvelze) gamoiyeneboda da wverze damagrebuli hqonda xis jvaredi, rom mizans erTi Rrja mainc moxve-droda.660 (sur. 240)

orkapa isari sabrZoloc iyo da sanadirodac gamoiyeneboda. ori wveris wyalobiT, is met farTobs azianebda.661 vaxuSti wers, rom didi orkapa isari (boZali) didi nadirisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, momcro orkapa (qiborji) ki – wvrili nadirisaTvis.662 amave dros cxadia, rom qiborjis tipis orkapa isrebi sabrZolodac gamoiyeneboda. saqarT-velos sinamdvileSi amas vanis samarxSi napovni saisre kompleqtic adasturebs, sadac orkapa isrebi didi wiliTaa (50%) warmodgenili.663 Crdilo kavkasiasTan SedarebiT, saqarTveloSi orkapa isari ufro adre aris gavrcelebuli. VIII-IX saukuneebis webeldis kankelze ukve Cans aseTi isriT SeiaraRebuli wm. evstaTe plakida. orkapa isris nam-tvrevi napovnia urbnisis naqalaqaris gaTxrebisas.664 savaraudod, is aq unda moxvedriliyo VIII saukunis 30-ian wlebSi murvan yrus mier urbnisis dangrevis dros, ris Semdegac urbnisma, rogorc qalaqma, Sewyvita arseboba.665 v. kuznecovis mowmobiT, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi orkapa isrebi mxolod X saukuneSi Cndeba.666 am azrs sxva mkvlevrebic iziareben, romlebic Tvlian, rom Crdilo kavkasiaSi orkapa isrebi X saukunemde ar gvxvdeba.667

momavalSi es faqtori gaviTvaliswinoT isrebis aRwerisas da SemoviRoT maTi klasifikacia zomebis mixedviT. SesaZlebelia, 15-17 sm-mde zomis orkapa isrebi qiborjad miviCnioT, masze didi ki – boZalad. TavisTavad cxadia, es zomebi momavalSi kidev unda dazustdes da yuradReba isris siganesa da masiurobasac mieqces.

658 Артилаква, Железообрабатывающее ремесло древней Грузии, 111.659 Arab Archery, 108. XVIII saukuneSic mohamed zamanis traqtati mrgval da konusur isrebs

asaxelebs faris gamxvretad. Manouchehr Moshtagh Khorasani, Bede Dwyer, “A Persian Archery Manual by Mohammad Zamān,” RAMA, 11 (2016), 54.

660 ix. elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 33.661 А.В. Арциховский, Древнерусские миниатюры как исторический источник (Москва, 1944), 21.662 vaxuSti batoniSvili, `aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa~, 18.663 vanis samarxSi aRmoCenili orkapa isrebis tipologiis Sesaxeb ix. wurwumia, `vanisa

da zurtaketis samarxebi rogorc wyaro Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos istoriisaTvis~, 170-2.

664 WilaSvili, naqalaqari urbnisi, 125, sur. 55.11.665 levan WilaSvili, qalaqebi feodalur saqarTveloSi, t. II (Tbilisi, 1970), 65-6.666 В.А. Кузнецов, “Змейский катакомбный могильник (по раскопкам 1957),” Материалы по археологии

и древней истории Северной Осетии, т. 1 (Орджоникидзе, 1961), 126.667 Каминский, Каминская-Цокур, “Вооружение племен Северного Кавказа в раннем средневековье,”

66. orkapa isrebi X saukuneSi Cndeba ruseTSic, Tumca aq ise ar moukidebia fexi, rogorc cimbirsa an kavkasiaSi. rusulisagan gansxvavebiT, cimbiruli da kavkasiuri

539


qarTuli isris kidev erTi tipi ucxourma wyaroebma Semogvinaxa. XI saukunis iraneli avtori asadi tusi Tavis leqsikonSi mogviTxrobs isarze, romelsac Tamuqi ewodeba da saqarTvelodan (afxazeTi-dan) gavrcelda sxva qveynebSi. masze isris pirs sagangebod sustad amagrebdnen, rom sxeulSi SeRwevis Semdeg amoZroba gaZnelebuli-yo. aseTi isari X s. sparsulenovan samyaroSi ukve isea gavrcelebu-li, rom leqsebSic gvxvdeba. iraneli mkvlevris abu al-kasim janaTi atais ganmartebiT, Tamuqi samfxiani farTo piriani isari iyo, rom-lis piric, taris amoZrobisas, WrilobaSi rCeboda da amitom, momak-vdineblad iTvleboda.668 iraneli mkvlevari uTuod marTalia, rode-sac Tvlis, rom isars fxebi hqonda, rac amoZrobas arTulebda. Segvi-Zlia vivaraudoT, rom isris pirs zroze mxolod yunwiT amagrebdnen da zed ar axvevdnen myesebs simagrisaTvis, es ki liTonis pirisa da xis taris advilad gancalkevebas ganapirobebda. aseve, SevniSnavT, rom am tipis isari specializebuli iqneboda mtris SeujavSnavi samiznee-bis sawinaaRmdegod, radganac abjarze moxvedrisas Tamuqs simtkice ar eyofoda mis gasatanad. Sua saukuneebis epoqaSi aseTi samizneebis simcire namdvilad ar iyo, nebismieri armiis mxolod mcire nawili iyo srulad SejavSnuli.

aziis momTabareebis arsenalSi gvxvdeba gansakuTrebuli saxis isari, romlis zroze, piris qveS, magrdeboda Zvlis gamo-fuRuroebuli burTula sami naxvretiT; aseTi isrebi frenisas stvenis xmas gamoscemdnen.669 mstvinav isrebs iyenebdnen rogorc sasignalos da is srolis mimarTulebas uCvenebda.670 frenis dros mbrunavi isari gamyinav xmas gamoscemda, romelic damTrgunve-lad moqmedebda mowinaaRmdegeze da afrTxobda mis cxenebs.671 aseTi isris gamogonebas tradicia hunebis mmarTvels modes mi-

orkapa isrebis yunwebi isris Tavze ufro grZelia. Медведев, “Оружие Новгорода Великого,” 167.

668 gia beraZe, `Tamuqi (`luRaT-i fursis~ erTi cnobis Sesaxeb)~, aRmosavluri filologia, III (1973), 76-9. sami fxa niSnavs, rom isari samfrTiani iyo.

669 Ю.С. Худяков, “О вооружении таштыкского воина,” Древние культуры Алтая и Западной Сибири (Новосибирск, 1978), 167.

670 amasTanave, mizanSi moxvedris dros Zvlis burTula isris zros gaxleCisaganac icavda. Худяков, Вооружение средневековых кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 43.

671 iqve, 42-3. frenisas Tavisi RerZis garSemo mbrunavi isari, Semxvedri haeris nakadis garda, ganicdida gverdiTi qaris zemoqmedebasac (rac, ra Tqma unda, amindze iyo damokidebuli). am dros sastvenis xvreli periodulad exeboda qars da stvenis xma ar iyo uwyveti da mudmivi, aramed wyvetili, ̀ mocimcime~ da SiSis zars scemda adamians brZolis velze. В.И. Поветкин, “Слово о музыкальной археологии России,” Новгород и Новгородская земля. История и археология, материалы научной конференции, вып. 11 (Новгород, 1997), 64-76.

mamuka wurwumia

540

awers, Zv.w. III saukunis damlevs.672 maT farTod iyenebdnen monRolur xanaSi. yarayorumSi myofi safran-geTis mefis elCi giiom rubruki mogviTxrobs, rom monRolTa yaen-ma mangum daamzadebina isrebi, romelTa Tavebs naxvretebi hqonda da srolisas salamuriviT stven-dnen.673

mstvinav isrebs Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSic iyenebdnen da isi-ni kidev erT monRolur nasesxobad unda CaiTvalos. S. CarTolani aRwers svaneTis istoriisa da eTnografiis muzeumSi dacul samfrTian isars, romelsac aqvs `mewamulad SeRebili zro da zros boloSi Casmuli, sa-gangebod gaTlili Zvlis mrgvali nawili sami naxvretiT~674 (sur. 241a). rogorc es aRwerilobidan da nax-azidan Cans, saqme gvaqvs sam frTian

mstvi nav is arTan, romlis rkinis pirsa da xis zros gamofuRuroebuli Zvlis burTula akavSirebs da gaaCnia damaxasiaTebeli sami naxvreti frenisas xmis gamosacemad.

saqarTveloSi aseTi isari napovnia afxazeTis teritoriazec, nafras uReltexilis samsxverploSi, sadac aRmoCenilia Suasau-kunovani isari fuRuro SemsxvilebiT, romelsac naxvretebi hqonda da frenisas stvenis xmas gamoscemda.675

amas garda, safuZveli gvaqvs vifiq roT, rom zogierT mstvinav isars ufro gamartivebuli konstruqcia hqonda da xmis gamosacemi naxvretebi ara Zvlis damatebiT burTulaSi, aramed pirdapir isris-

672 Худяков, Вооружение средневековых кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 150.673 The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253-

1255, translated by Peter Jackson, introduction, notes and appendices by Peter Jackson with David Morgan (London, 1990), 185.

674 CarTolani, masalebi svaneTis arqeologiisaTvis, 44, tab. XXIX-3. Tumca, mkvlevari cdeba, rodesac uaryofs isris praqtikul daniSnulebas: ̀ aseTi mxatvruli maCveneblebi gamoricxavs Cveulebrivi isrispirebis saxiT maT gamoyenebas~. iqve.

675 О.Х. Бгажба, Ю.Н. Воронов, “Материалы по средневековому кузнечному ремеслу из горной Абхазии (Жертвенник на перевале Напра),” ИАИЯЛИ, VII (1978), 187; О.Х. Бгажба, Черная металлургия и металлообработка в древней и средневековой Абхазии (VIII в. до н.э. – XV в. н.э.) (Тбилиси, 1983), 92.

a b g

sur. 241

mstvinavi isrebi: a) sva-

nuri samfrTiani mstvi-

navi isari. CarTolanis

mixedviT; b) liTonis

fosoiani mstvinavi is-

rispiri. svaneTis isto-

riisa da eTnografiis

mu zeumi; g) samfrTiani

mra valnaxvretiani mst-

vi navi isrispiri. sa -

qarTvelos erovnuli

muzeumi. avtoris fo-

toebi.

541


piris liTonis korpusSi gaaCnda. aseTia kidev erTi samfrTiani svanuri isari, romelsac rkinis isrispiri aqvs Semsxvilebuli da daxvretili. S. CarTolanis monacemebiT, is lagurkas eklesiaSi iyo daculi, Wviruli da reliefuri ornamentiT morTuli da oqro-Ti daferili676 (sur. 241b). stvenasTan erTad oqrocurvili isari srolisas haerSi ielvarebda: SesaZloa, mas sagangebod iyenebdnen Se-jibrisa da turniris dros. saqarTvelos erovnul muzumSi daculia gansakuTrebuli tipis mstvinavi isari (eqsponati 3637), romelsac, Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebiT, mravali foso da naxvreti gaaCnia (sur. 241g). am samfrTiani isris saerTo sigrZe 16.2 sm-ia, piris sigrZe – 9.3 sm, sigane 4.4 sm, wona – 51 g. aseTi rTuli konstruqcia misi Sem-qmnelis ostatobaze metyvelebs – isari jer Sesabamis yalibSi unda iyos Camosxmuli, Semdeg ki gamoWedili, rasac saTanado daxelovne-ba da sakmao dro sWirdeba. TavisATavad, aseTi nakeToba qarTuli sam-Wedlo skolis maRali donis kidev erTi dasturia. cxa dia, rom aseTi daxvewili da mdidruli isrebis mflobelebi gansakuTrebuli sta-tusis mqone, umaRlesi feodaluri sazogadoebis wevrebi iqnebodnen.

garda sabrZolo isrebisa, saqarTveloSi napovnia deko ri-rebuli Wviruli isrispirebi, romelTac sakulto da ceremo niuli daniSnuleba hqondaT. mestiis muzeumSi inaxeba brtyeli is ris pirebi, romelTa frTebis zedapirze dekoratiuli Wrilebi aris datanili.677 zog SemTxvevaSi es Wrilebi rTul da STam beWdav kompozicias qmnis (sur. 242). marTalia S. CarTolani, rodesac miuTiTebs, rom aseTi qarTu li isrebi aris `mxatvrulad gaformebuli nimuSebi, romelT-ac sakulto-saparado Tu xelisuflebis, insigniis mniSvneloba unda hqonoda~.678 cnobilia, rom simbo lurad isrebs gaaCndaT saxelisu-flo da saelCo uflebamosileba, isini gamoxatavdnen iaraRis funq-cias, maT iyenebdnen Selocvebis drosac.679

saqarTveloSi isars Sindis, tyemlis, fiWvis, verxvis, cacxvis, Txi-lisa da sxv. xis totebisagan amzadebdnen, romelTac Semdeg sagan gebod

676 CarTolani, masalebi svaneTis arqeologiisaTvis, 44, tab. XXIX-2.677 isris pirze Wrilebis gakeTeba Crdiloaziuri movlenaa, romelsac adgili hqonda

Zv.w. I aTaswleulis damlevs – ax.w. II damdegs. isini hunebSi Cndeba da qrebian monRoluri xanis Semdgom. erTi xanoba aseTi Wriliani isrebi mstvinavadac ki miaCndaT, Tumca am mosazrebis mcdaroba eqsperimantuladaa dadasturebuli. Ю.А. Плотников, “О назначении отверстий в лопастях стрел,” Вопросы военного дела и демографии Сибири в эпоху средневековья (Новосибирск, 2001), 79-80.

678 CarTolani, masalebi svaneTis arqeologiisaTvis, 44.679 Ю.С. Худяков, “О символике стрел древних и средневековых кочевников Центральной Азии,”

Этнографическое обозрение, 1 (2004), 111.

sur. 242

mxatvrulad gaforme-

buli Wviruli isrispiri.

svaneTis istoriisa da

eTnografiis muzeumi.

avtoris foto.

mamuka wurwumia

542

Tlidnen da amuSavebdnen.680 isris gamkeTebels, mis mTlels jolbordi erqva.681 amave dros, ìsris Tla, sworad gamarTva, gaqlibva, sefqis gawyoba~ yvela karg moymes unda scodnoda,682 radgan isari indivi dualurad unda yofiliyo morgebuli. vax-tang V Sahnavazis Svili „arCil iyo uxucesi. ese iyo kiskas, Suenier, moburTali, moisari. yovelis kacis isarzed erTi Ãelis dadeba isari ugrZe hqonda. da ara iyo msgavsi misi~.683 cxadia, aseT SemTxvevebSi mebrZols Sesaferi sigrZis isari sWirdeboda.

saqarTveloSi isris srolas adreuli asakidanve swavlobdnen. savarjiSo isars Tavis saxeli hqonda – `yrmaTa isarcudasa winwkitela~ ewodeboda.684 am garemoebas kastelic adasturebs: „aq Cvili asaki-danve eCvevian srolas. Zalian xSirad gavukvirebi-var bavSvebs, roca minaxavs maT mier mSvildisriT mokluli mela“685 (sur. 243).

samali

Tavis leqsikonSi sulxan-saba orbeliani iZleva isris sasroli erTi saintereso mowyobilobis aRweras, romelsac, rogorc Cans, qa-rTvelebic iyenebdnen: `samali ars Rari rkinisa (sa)satyorcebeli da isari mtkavelzed meti mis RariT sasroli. samali ars mokle isari RariT sasroli~;686 `samali – isris sasroli Rari~.687 aq qarTveli le-qsikografi saubrobs mowyobilobaze, romlis saSualebiTac mokle isars isrodnen. Sua saukuneebSi am mizniT ori sxvadasxva tipis kon-struqcias iyenebdnen.688

erTi maTgania Turquli siperi, romelic majaze damagrebuli

680 elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 31-4; gasitaSvili, `xevsuruli abjari~, 84. Sindisagan aris gaTlili mRvimevis gamoqvabulSi napovni isris zroebic. mSvenieraZe, gamoqvabuli nagebobani saqarTveloSi, 29.

681 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 460.682 arCili, `saqarTvelos zneobani~, 6.683 beri egnataSvili, àxali qarTlis cxovreba~, 435.684 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 335.685 don kristoforo de kasteli, cnobebi da albomi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, 57, sur. 156.686 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 335-6.687 iqve, II, 36.688 g. kokoSaSvili Secdomas uSvebs, rodesac samals miiCnevs liTonis milad, saidanac

isris gasrola sulis CaberviT xdeboda da mis gamoyenebas sadazvervo operaciebSi varaudobs. giorgi kokoSaSvili, ìsari rogorc sasroli iaraRi saqarTveloSi~, axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 2 (2010), 317.

sur. 243

megreli bavSvi mSvi-

l disriT. kastel is

mixedviT.

543


Rari iyo, romelic isris mozidvis sigrZes damatebiT xuTi santi-metriT zrdida. termini sparsuli siper anu fari-dan momdinareobs.689 siperi ufro Cveulebrivi isris grZlad mozidvisaTvis anu meti Za-liT srolisaTvis iyo gamosadegi.690 (sur. 244)

meore tipis mowyobilobas bizantiaSi solenarioni,691 islamur samyaroSi ki sparsulad navaki da arabulad majra ewodeboda. navaki isris mimmarTveli Txeli, amoRaruli xea,692 isarze daaxloebiT or-jer sqeli,693 Cveulebrivi isris sigrZis an cotaTi (ori TiTiT) meti,694 sxva monacemiT ki – sami an oTxi TiTis sigrZiT meti.695 (sur. 245)

aseTi saisre Rari Cveulebrivi mSvildiT ufro patara, magram sqeli isris srolis saSualebas iZleoda: rac ufro pataraa isari, miT metia misi aerodinamikuri efeqturoba, misi sisqe anu meti wona ki dartymis Zalas zrdida.696 navakiT msroleli garkveul upirate-sobasac flobda: CveulebrivTan SedarebiT mas orjer meti patara isris waReba SeeZlo, patara isari frenisas ufro Zneli SesamCnevia da mowinaaRmdege mas ver gamoiyenebda.697 amave dros, Cveulebriv mS-vildTan SedarebiT navakiT srolis tempi ufro dabali unda yofiliyo, radganac isris RarSi morgebaa gac-ilebiT meti dro dasWirdeboda.

qarTuli samali meore tipis mowy-obiloba unda iyos, bizantiuri so-lenarionis Tu aRmosavluri navakis (majra) msgavsi. maTgan nasroli is-ris sigrZe 20 sm-s ar aRemateboda.698

689 W. F. Paterson, Encyclopaedia of Archery (London, 1984), 96.690 Arab Archery, 174.691 solenarioni, romelic pirvelad mavrikiosis strategikonSi moixsenieba, j. hal-

donma bizantiur arbaletTan gaaigiva. John Haldon, “Solenarion: The Byzantine Crossbow?” University of Birmingham Historical Journal, 12 (1970), 155-7. am mosazrebas bevri momxre gamouCnda, Tumca d. niSimuram aCvena, rom saqme ufro isris mimmarTvelTan unda gvqondes. David Nishimura, “Crossbows, Arrow Guides, and the Solenarion,” Byzantion, 58 (1988), 422-35. SemdgomSi, es pozicia haldonmac gaiziara. Haldon, “Some Aspects of Early Byzantine Arms and Armour,” 78.

692 formiT is hgavs nav-s, aqedan – sparsuli termini navak-i. Khorasani, Arms and Armor from Iran, 310.

693 Arab Archery, 174.694 Munyatu’l-Ghuzāt: A 14th-Century Mamluk-Kipchak Military Treatise, 76-7.695 Arab Archery, 126.696 Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades, 161.697 Saracen Archery: An English Version and Exposition of a Mameluke Work on Archery (ca. A.D. 1368),

with introduction, glossary, and illustrations by J. D. Latham, W. F. Paterson (London, 1970), 145. agreTve ix. David Nicolle, Sassanian Armies: The Iranian Empire Early 3rd to mid-7th Centuries AD (Stockport, 1996), 24.

698 Nicolle, Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle against the Crusades, 163.

sur. 244

Turquli siperi. pat-

ersonis mixedviT.

sur. 245

martivi navaki (maj-

ra). leiTam-paterso-

nis mixedviT.

mamuka wurwumia

544

swored es zoma aqvs mocemuli sabasac, romlis mixedviTac samalis `isari mtkavelzed meti~-a, mtkaveli ki daaxloebiT 20 sm-ia.

islamur samyaroSi navaki (majra) arbaletis winamorbedad iT-vleboda, rogorc es pirdapir aris miTiTebuli cnobil arabul traqtatSi mSvildosnobis Sesaxeb. amisaTvis sakmarisi iyo mSvildi daemagrebinaT majraze, daematebinaT saketi da sasxleti, boloSi ki – uzangi fexiT mozidvisaTvis.699

rac Seexeba Tavad arbalets, ioane SavTelis erTi strofis safuZ-velze („mSvildTa mazraka uqmna mterT raka~),700 s. kakabaZe fiqrobda, rom qarTvelebi mas iyenebdnen didgoris brZolaSi.701 aseTi bundovani cnobis safuZvelze arbaletis arsebobis mtkiceba qarTul SeiaraRe-baSi SeuZlebelia. „mSvildTa mazraka“-Si unda igulisxmebodes mSvil-di da mokle sasroli Subi (mazraki). Tuki avtori aq erT iaraRs aRwers, ufro balistaa safiqrebeli, romelic xelSubis sigrZe isars isroda da ara arbaleti, romelic mokle da ara xelSubis sigrZe isars isvris. miTumetes, rom Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi arbaletis araTu raime gamosaxuleba, wyaroebSi ubralo miniSnebac ki ar mogvepoveba.

arbaleti ar gamoiyeneboda arc bizantiur armiaSi da dasavleTevro-pelTa SeiaraRebaSi misma gamoCenam bizantielTa gaocebac ki gamoiwvia.702 marTalia, romauli samyaro icnobda arbaletis tipis iaraRs, arbale-tis gamosaxulebebi mogveZeveba gvian romaul xanaSic (V s.), magram Semdeg arbaleti qreba da mxolod IX saukuneSi Cndeba dasavleT evropaSi.703

gvian SuasaukuneebSi, rogorc Cans, arbaletis tipis iaraRi saqarTveloSic gamoCnda. eTnografiul sinamdvileSi misi saxeli-caa Semonaxuli: svaneTSi mas `cxemad~704 ewodeboda, xevsureTSi ki – `sasxletiani~ mSvildi.705 mis farTo gavrcelebaze an raime sabrZolo mniSvnelobaze laparakic ki zedmetia.

mSvildis bude (xilifa)

mSvildis budes xilifa ewodeboda.706 is icavda mSvilds garemos araxelsayreli zemoqmedebisagan.

Zvelad skviTebi da maTi mezoblebi iyenebdnen gorits – xis budes, sadac sabelgadacmuli mSvildi da isrebi iyo moTavsebuli.

699 Arab Archery, 12, 174.700 iovane SavTeli, abdul-mesiani, m. janaSvilis winasityvaobiTa da ganmartebiT

(Tbilisi, 1915), 26.701 sargis kakabaZe, didgoris omi (Tbilisi, 1982), 72-3.702 Anna Komnene, The Alexiad, 282-3.703 Kolias, Byzantinische Waffen, 240-1.704 `c~ sawyisi asoa isris svanuri saxelwodebisa – `cxu/cxvi~, `Ãemad~ ki svanurad

mSvilds niSnavs. CarTolani, masalebi svaneTis arqeologiisaTvis, 39.705 elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 31.706 `xilifa – mSvildis Casadebeli~. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 423.

545


Sua saukuneebis dasawyisSi evraziis momTabareebi ukve sabeldaSve-bul mSvilds inaxavdnen grZel da wvril budeSi. IX-X saukuneebSi mom-Tabareebi isev sabelgadacmul mSvilds atareben Sesabamisi formis budeSi.707

mSvildis gaZlierebam gaarTula sabelis swrafad gadacma da aucilebeli gaxada axali formis SaliTis SemoReba.708 axal budes hqonda daWimuli mSvildis naxevris forma, romelic saSualebas iZleoda etarebinaT sabrZolo mdgomareobaSi myofi, sabelgadac-muli mSvildi.709 rogorc wesi, xilifa xis karkasze gadakruli tyavi iyo, romelsac brtyeli forma hqonda.710

naxevari mSvildis formis SaliTebi gansakuTrebiT farTod vr-celdeba monRolTa batonobis periodSi. am periodidan moyolebuli, qarTvelebic am tipis mSvildis budes iyenebdnen, rac kargad Cans H1665 daviTnis miniaturebze (sur. 246a). naxevarmSvildis formis SaliTebs vxedavT TavqaraSviliseul `vefxistaosanSic~ (sur. 246b). miniature-bidan irkveva, rom mSvildis budes yovelTvis marcxniv ikidebdnen sartyelze.

707 А.В. Крыганов, “Налучья и их ношение раннесредневековыми кочевниками Евразии,” Культуры Евразийских степей второй половины І тысячелетия н.э. (Самара, 1996), 344.

708 Nicolle, “Arms of the Umayyad Era,” 59.709 Худяков, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого средне-

вековья, 129.710 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 23.

a b

sur. 246

naxevarmSvildis for-

mis xilifiT mxedrebi

H1665 daviTnis 198v (a) da

avTandili H599 „vefx-

istyaosnis“ 89-e (b) mi ni-

atu raze. xelnawerTa er-

ov nuli centri.

mamuka wurwumia

546

xilifas xSirad rTavdnen Zvlis ornamentuli firfitebiT.711 Zvlis firfitebiT morTuli kaparWi saqarTveloSic iyo gavrce-lebuli. amis Sesaxeb XIII saukunis sparsuli geografiuli traq-tatis „ajaib ad-dunias“ („samyaros sakvirvelebani“) cnoba mety-velebs, romlis mixedviTac saqarTvelos dedaqalaq Tbilisidan spilos ZvliT inkustrirebuli mSvildis SaliTebi da kaparWebi gahqondaT: `[Tbilisuri] saqonelia: spilos ZvliT gawyobili ... kaparWebi da xilifebi~.712

kaparWi

isrebis Casawyob budes kaparWi ewodeba.713 aRmosavluri wyaroebis mowmobiT, kaparWSi 25-30 isari eteoda,714 Tumca meti an naklebi moculo-bis kaparWic arsebobda.715 sabas mixedviT, didi zomis kaparWs nijgori ewodeboda.716

ZiriTadad ori tipis kaparWi arsebobda: grZeli cilindruli da ufro mokle, brtyeli, gaxsnili abgis msgavsi.717 cilindrul kaparWSi isrebi wveriT zemoT da frTebiT qvemoT ideboda. aseTi kaparWi qvemoT farTovdeboda, rom isris frTebi Tavisuflad da dauzianeblad mo-Tavsebuliyo.718 daxuruli formis cilindruli kaparWi kargad icavs isrebs garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebisa da fizikuri dazianebisagan. aseT kaparWSi isrebi qsovilis abgaSi moTavsebuli ideboda. amoRebi-sas isars wvers qvemoT kidebdnen xels da kaparWidan amoaZrobdnen. Semdeg isriani xeli mihqondaT marcxena, mSvildianTan da isars ga-dascemdnen, marjvena xels ki Camoayolebdnen isris zros kilomde da moargebdnen sabels. es Zalian swrafad xdeboda. gaufrTxileblobis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda isris amoRebisas siCqareSi mis pirze gaeWraT xeli.719

yuTiseburi, isrebiT zemoT mimarTuli kaparWi momTabareebisaT-visaa damaxasiaTebeli da VI-VIII saukuneebSi mkvidrdeba evraziis ste-

711 Н.В. Малиновская, “Колчаны XIII-XIV вв. с костяными орнаментированными обкладками на территории евразийских степей,” Города Поволжья в средние века (Москва, 1974), 135.

712 ̀ samyaros sakvirvelebaTa~ cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, sparsuli teqsti qarTuli TargmaniT, SesavliTa da SeniSvnebiT gamosca revaz kiknaZem (Tbilisi, 1978), 29.

713 `kaparWi – isris qarqaSi~. sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 352.714 Arab Archery, 154.715 Никоноров, “Марсов Меч” Аттилы: Военное Дело Европейских Гуннов, 201.716 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, I, 596.717 Nicolle, Attila and the Nomad Hordes, 13.718 Малиновская, “Колчаны XIII-XIV вв. с костяными орнаментированными обкладками на территории

евразийских степей,” 134.719 Bede Dwyer, “The Closed Quiver,” Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries, 41 (1998), http://www.

atarn.org/islamic/bede/CLOSED%20QUIVER2001.htm.

547


pebSi.720 TavianTi dapyrobebis kvaldakval, XIII-XIV saukuneebSi mon-Rolebma es kaparWi uzarmazar teritoriebze gaavrceles.721

monRoluri SeiaraRebis gavlenis qveS myofi qarTvelebi cilin-drul kaparWs iyenebdnen XIII-XIV saukuneebSi.722 kiTxva-pasuxis saxiT dawerili arabuli samxedro naSromi „sruli rCevebi samxedro saqme-Si gasawvrTnelad“723 saintereso cnobas gvawvdis kaparWis Sesaxeb, romelsac qarTvelebi atarebdnen:

„kiTxva: rogor SevityoT saSiSroebis Sesaxeb sibneleSi an nislSi, cudi mxedvelobis dros?

pasuxi: aiRe kaparWi zemoT mimarTuli isris pirebiT, iseTi, rogor-sac iyeneben qarTvelebi, da dacale. dade miwaze, daade Tavi da gaigoneb fexis an Cliqebis xmas“.724

Sua saukuneebis islamuri aRmosavleTis erT-erT saukeTeso samx-edro traqtatSi yuTiseburi, milZabra, isris pirebiT zemoT mimarTu-li qarTuli kaparWis moxsenieba niSandoblivia da gviCvenebs, rom cil-indruli kaparWi am periodis qarTuli SeiaraRebisaTvis metad damaxa-siaTebeli iyo.

II aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi vrceldeba brtyeli kaparWebi, sadac isrebi frTebiT maRla da isrispirebiT qvemoT iyo Calagebuli. isris

720 Худяков, Вооружение енисейских кыргызов VI-XII вв., 112-6, таб. XXXVI; misive, Вооружение средневековых кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии, 151-2, рис. 66; misive, Вооружение кочевников Южной Сибири и Центральной Азии в эпоху развитого средневековья, 69-70, рис. 44; 84-5, рис. 53, 112-4, рис. 74; Ю.С. Худяков, В.В. Мякинников, “Колчаны древних тюрок Среднего Енисея,” Проблемы средневековой археологии Южной Сибири и сопредельных территорий (Новосибирск, 1991), 60-3, рис. 1.

721 Малиновская, “Колчаны XIII-XIV вв. с костяными орнаментированными обкладками на территории евразийских степей,” 158-68; Ю.С. Худяков, Вооружение центральноазиатских кочевников в эпоху раннего и развитого средневековья (Новосибирск, 1991), 126-7. raSid ad-dinis „jami aT-Tavarixis“ („istoriaTa krebuli“) XIV saukunis xelnawerSi mogvepoveba baRdadis aRebis miniatura, sadac monRolebi msgavsi kaparWebiT arian gamosaxulni. Blair, A Compendium of Chronicles: Rashid al-Din’s Illustrated History of the World, 98-9. niu-iorkis metropolitenis muzeumis tibetur koleqciaSi inaxeba monRoluri tipis aseTi unikaluri kaparWi, romelic radionaxSirbaduli meTodiT 1290-1410 wlebiT aris daTariRebuli. LaRocca, Warriors of the Himalayas, 188, fig. 91.

722 aseT kaparWs XIII saukunis saqarTveloSi savaWro operaciebis dros sawyaodac ki iyenebdnen, rogorc amas favnelis sabuTis gviandeli minaweri mowmobs: `TeTrsa ra angariSi unda: kabarWiTa gardauwye~. `dawerili favnelisa mRvimisadmi~, qarTuli istoriuli sabuTebi, IX-XIII ss., Seadgines da gamosacemad moamzades T. enuqiZem, v. silogavam, n. SoSiaSvilma (Tbilisi, 1984), 18.

723 Sedgenilia mamluqTa kavaleriisaTvis 1250-1500 wlebSi, moyvanili nawyveti dawerilia XIII s. miwuruls an XIV s. dasawyisSi. tradiciulad miewereba muhamed ibn isa al-hanafi al-aqsarais, romelic 1348 wels gardaicvala damaskoSi. Nicolle, “Know Your Weapons, Know Your Enemy: A Mamluk Training Manual.”

724 d. nikoli SeniSnavs, rom kaparWis milZabra formis gamo is megafons waagavda da miwaze mis farTo bolos debdnen. Nicolle, “Know Your Weapons, Know Your Enemy: A Mamluk Training Manual”; misive, Arms & Armour of the Crusading Era, 79.

mamuka wurwumia

548

sigrZis 1/3 kaparWis zemoT iyo darCenili.725 is kidanebma SemoiRes X sau-kuneSi, magram gansakuTrebiT popularuli monRolTa batonobis xanSi gaxda da XIV saukunis Semdeg xmarebidan gandevna cilindruli kapar-Wi.726 XVI-XVII ss. brtyeli kaparWebi tyavisagan mzaddeboda. maTi sigrZe 40-50 sm, xolo sigane (zeda) 17-20 sm iyo, wona isrebis gareSe 600 grams ar aRemateboda.727 aseT kaparWSi, arCilis mixedviT, saWiro iyo isrebis `arc Sori-Sor da arc sula axlo erTmanerTs miwyoba~.728 cxadia, rom isrebi kaparWSi (qarqaSSi) gansazRvruli SualedebiT unda moeTavsebi-naT. v. elaSvilis mixedviT, am mizniT qarqaSis ZirSi vertikalurad iyo Camagrebuli frinvelis frTis Reroebi.729

orive tipis kaparWs ikidebdnen sartyelze an yawimiT mxarze Zvlis anjamebisa da rkinis kauWebis saSualebiT.730 H1665 daviTnis miniature-

725 Соловьев, Военное дело коренного населения Западной Сибири, 33-4.726 Горелик, “Черкесские воины Золотой Орды (по археологическим данным),” 167.727 Медведев, “Ручное метательное оружие,” 23.728 arCili, `saqarTvelos zneobani~, 6.729 elaSvili, mSvildosnoba, 21, 34.730 Arab Archery, 154-5; Деревянко, Очерки военного дела племен Приамурья, 62; Ю.С. Худяков, В.В.

Мякинников, “Колчаны древних тюрок Среднего Енисея,” Проблемы средневековой археологии Южной Сибири и сопредельных территорий (Новосибирск, 1991), 60.

a b

sur. 247

a) cilindruli kaparWi.

H1665 daviTnis 212v minia-

tura; b) brtyeli kaparWi. „ve fxistyaosnis“ Tavaqara-

Sviliseuli nusxa, H599

xelnaweri, gv. 187. xe l-

nawerTa erovnuli cen tri.

549


bze qarTvelebs cilindruli kaparWi marjvena mxares qamarze aqvT da-kidebuli. kaparWi sartyelze or adgilze magrdeboda. es meTodi mon-Rolebisganaa gadmoRebuli, romlebic kaparWs qamarze Zvlis firfi-taSi gayrili RvedebiT ikidebdnen.731 welze kaparWis dakidebis meTodi SenarCunebulia XV saukuneSi axali tipis, brtyeli kaparWis SemoRebis Semdegac: am epoqis gulekaris, Jibianis, Tbilisis sionisa da gurjaanis xatebze da bodornis sawinamZRvro jvarze kaparWi marjvena mxaresaa qa-marze dakidebuli.732 imave meTods vxedavT XVII saukuneSic: TavaqaraSvi-lis miniaturebze (138, 187, 255, 319) kaparWi kvlav welzea damagrebuli; kaparWi welze hkidia vaxtang gurielsac kastelis CanaxatSi. (sur. 247)

Surduli

sabas mixedviT, Surduli qvis gasatyorcia.733 Surduli distanci-uri brZolis uZvelesi iaraRia, romelic adamianis kunTis ZaliT ty-orcnis qvas. is martivi konstruqciis da msubuqi iaraRi iyo, Tumca misi efeqturad gamoyeneba mravalwlian wvrTnas moiTxovda.

sxva sasrol iaraRTan SedarebiT, Surdulis upiratesoba misi simartive iyo. misi SekeTeba umokles droSi adgilzeve SeiZleboda.734 Surduli iyo orad mokecili Rvedi (an dawnul Tasmebi) SuaSi brty-eli nawiliT qvis Casadebad.735 am brtyel nawils saqve, 50 sm sigrZis dawnul Tasmebs ki – mana ewodeba.736 Tasmis erT bolo mWidrod iyo damagrebuli cerze, meore, Tavisufali bolo xelSi eWiraT, ramden-imegzis datrialebis Semdeg ki uSvebdnen da Wurvs mowinaaRmdegisak-en mimarTavdnen.737

vegeciusis azriT, SeWurvili mebrZolisaTvis Surduli ufro saSiSi iyo, vidre mSvildi, radganac mis Wurvs abjarSi SeuRwevladac SeeZlo mowinaaRmdegis mwyobridan gamoyvana.738 Zveli gamosaxulebebi gviCvenebs, rom srolisas Surduls Tavs zemoT an sxeulis gverdze atria lebdnen. Tanamedrove eq spe rimentebi mowmobs, rom Surdulis qva 150-400 met rze mifrinavs.739 gamocdil xel Si Surduli kompozitur mSvildze Sorsac

731 Горелик, Армии монголо-татар X-XIV веков, 19.732 Чубинашвили, Грузинское чеканное искусство, таб. 519-23.733 sulxan-saba orbeliani, leqsikoni qarTuli, II, 310.734 Hurley, Arrows Against Steel, 34.735 gamyreliZe, fircxalava, yifiani, Zveli saqarTvelos samxedro istoriis sakiTxebi, 141.736 kote ColoyaSvili, `Surduli~, mecniereba da teqnika, 1 (1958), 37-8. H1665 daviTnis

miniaturaze gamosaxul Surduls ori grexili Tasma aqvs. aseTive grexilTasmiani Surduli saqarTvelos erovnul muzeumSia. Шервашидзе, К вопросу о средневековой грузинской светской миниатюре, 70.

737 gasitaSvili, `xevsuruli abjari~, 83; ColoyaSvili, `Surduli~, 38.738 Vegetius: Epitome of Military Science, I.16.739 Kelly DeVries and Robert D. Smith, Medieval Weapons: An Illustrated History of their Impact (Santa

Barbara, 2007, 22.

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