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Wonders of the World

Philip Steele

KIIIGTIINIR

FL'st published by [ingfi5her Publicationr Pk 2007

Copyright O Kngfisher Publications PIc 2007

c/o Anthea Rjghtr Sofia

Bcurku npa8a 3ana3eEu. Humo egHa qacm

om moBa ugaHue te uo*e ga 6rge

fu 3npourBer{gafl a, oxpaHfl SaHa u^u

u3no^3BaBa c kakBamo u ga e ue no

erekmpouer, MexaHuqel ulu gpyz HaquH

6e: u:pu,ttomo cbzlacue fla utgamelr.

OmaoBopeH pegakmop Ha nopeguqama:

[0e^uHa Eaie0a

O npe8ogaeu:

MuxaeM Muxatr oBa, UoemeluHa ny ega,

Mapu, Bacu^eoa, B^aguc a0 Hufloo,

nembp t{yxo8

nog?omogka ra ne,ram:

t4Bt4 Apm, www.ivianbg.com

ne,{am: [e ma I n^oogug

|SBN 97&954-308-1745

O l43game^cm8o tlPEC, 2007

Coou, 1784 n( 25

6y/L "Llapu?paqcko uroce" 113 A

CrarnnrE LtyaECA HAAPEBHU' CB'T

Benukama nupaMuga

3eBc Oaurvrnuucku

MaB3oneamPogockulm konoc

Cogbp)kaHuetIpegaoBop

fltpan TIABA

9ygecama na BaBunoH

Xparrar:m ua $oeuruma

6

7

8-910-11

1Z-13

14-15l6-1718-19

AnekcaHgpuuckurm cgap ZO-21O6obtuenue zz

v Be ukama nupaMuga 0 [u3a, E?unem, e eguHcmoeHomo

oqeM^o om cegeMme qyge@ Ha aHmuqHur (8{m.

Bropn IIABAllo urupoKu, cBrrKonu3eyairrrm B Pual

Benukama kumarlcka cmeHa

Anakop Bam

3aeagkume Ha Tuxuq okeanqu.{eH UmuaTag* MaxarrKanaaume na Beneuuq

O6obueHue

Tprrn TIABA

YvarcnrA HACbBPEMEHHU' CB'T

Ha Brrpxa na cBemaApxumekmypa u u3lgrcmBo

BogHu r{ygeca

MocmoBeme

3ana3Bane na

uucSopmauuqma

CrrBperrnenHume korrocu

Vcmpealenu krrrvr

gpyau cBemoBe

O6obtueHue

CBemoBnomo kynmypHo uucmopuqecko nacnegcmBo

Pequuk

A36yuen noka3aneu

Eu6auoapaQur

23

24-2526-2728-2930-31

3Z-3334-3536-37

38

48-4950-51

52-5354

55-5960-6162-63

64

3940-4142-4344-4546-47

I-IpegaoBopQgPeBHur c8sm uuano cegeM qygeca. Tesu Eenukonenuu u ynukanHu apage>ku ce cMflmanu 3al-l xa[-Heo6uknoBex ume Ha 3eusma.,[nec e ocmaxano egHo-eguHcmBeno om mflx: ezune]TFckume nupanaugu u npoqymunm CQuHkc, o6sBenu aa cBemoBuo kynmypno uacnegcmBo.l-lpes 1972 aoguxa IOHECKO npuervra kouBeHqus sa 3auluma ua cBemo8uomo kynmypuo u npu-poguo 6oaamcmBo. CnopaayueHuemo e nognucaHo om 182 cmpaHu I qenun c6sm. BcskacmpaHa, nognucala Cnopasyueuuemo, ce aagr:n>ka8a ga aaulumaBa cBoemo uacnegcm8o, r.to uga noMaea Ha gpyeume cmpaHu ga onaaBam cBoemo. [o gnec 182 o6ekma ca npu3Hamu 3a u3-knloqumerrHo Ba>kxu sa qrlomo ,{o8eqecmBo, nopagu koemo aacny;kaBam ga 6rgam aakpunnuuom qrnama ue>kgyHapogua o6ulxocm.flo cBema uMa MHoao npekpacnu vecma. Hskou om mnx npegcmaBnnBam HeBepoRmHu nocmu->kenus ra qo8eukomo Bro6pa>keHue u yMeHUfl. kamo uanpuuep AiQenoBama kyna 8tB (ppan-

uun. B [.loguno, SomcyaHa, gpe8xu ckanHu pucyuku uu paakpuBam nrrpBume onumu Ha xopamaga o6qyBam vpes uskycmEo. Epyaage vro>kerr,t ga Bugurvr QaumacmuvHu ctBpeueHHu cepagukamo mBopexusma Ha AHmoHuo l-aygu B EapcenoHa, lzlcnanun. Tagu kHuaa paaarre>kga vuoeoom qygecama, nocmpoeHu om xopama npes BekoBeme. Ho crulecmByBam u usknloqume^HunpupogHu kpacomu - om nrrcmpouBemHume kopanu Ha Foneuun 6apuepen pu$ B A8cmpanungo mponuveckume aopu xa ocmpoB Cyrurampa, l4ugoHeeun, unu ueo6nmnama uup Ha paBxunu-me ua Cepeuaemu B TaxsaHun. floHskoaa me npegocma8nm eguHcmBeuuf, goM Ha nskou >kuBo-muHcku u pacmumenHu BugoBe, gamoBa e ueo6xogurrao ga na3uM u mflx.Ako He nonaeaue zpu>ku 3a me3u Benukolenuu Mecma, me ure u3qe3Ham.3amo8a e usknloqu-menuo Ba>kHo Bcuuku xopa ga Hayqam 3a mflx u ga omkpunm HaquH ga eu 3ana3flm.3uaeme nu kakBo Bk^loq8a kynmypuomo uacnegcmBo na Baurama cmpaua? Ako >ku8eeme B AH-enun, HaBnpHo cme vyBanu aa CmoynxeHg>k - kaueauume kprrao8e, krgemo ce crr6upanu gpyu-gume, ulu 3a u3yMumelHume Bkauesenocmu B.[e8rx u u3moqHomo kpai6pe>kue Ha flopcem.Ho ganu 3Haeme, ve nogo6Hu kaueHHu kptzoBe I ceHeaan u fau6us ca o6nBeuu aa o6ekmu Hac8emoBHomo kynmypHo xacregcmBo u ve nrpBomo runcmo, kugemo ca omkpumu qoBelukuEkavesenocmu, ce HaMupa B lo;kna AQpukaTTyk vo>keme ga y3Haeme ga c8emo8xomo kynmypuo u ucmopuvecko nacregcmgo B Henoc-pegcmBeHa 6nusocm go Bac, ga nocemume o6ekmume u ga ce y6egume cauu. C noMoulma Hamaau kxuaa u npenpamkume, koumo mn npegocma8s, cauu 6uxme Moenu ga omkpueme uec-ma u3 qenufl c8nm. npegcmaBnn8auu 3HaquMocm 3a Hapogume. koumo au HacennBam. Konko-mo noBeqe 3HaeM 3a unkoe uncmo, monkoBa noBeve u-1e ce epu;kurvt 3a Heeo I6rgeqe.

Qpancoaa PuBuep3amecmHuk-eexepaneH gupekmop Ha lOHECKOno Eunpocume na kynmypama

A^ek(aHgpurl(kurm

.&cPEgnSEMHO

MOPE

O Be^ukama nupaMuga, r

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fltpaa rrABAcegerome vfigra Ha (8ema 6u^u pa3no olkeHu

g eguH paloH Ha (8ema - no kpat6pe)kuemo

uau 6aulo go Cpegu3eMHo Mope.

Cege,rnme Lrygeca Ha gpeBHurr cBflmypu3Mbm He e uo8o sBneHue. llpeguno8eqe om gBe xunngu ?oguHu

ebpqume u puMnFHUme nrmy8anu goganeqHu serMu, Eknloqumen Ho Eaunem,ga pa3enegam sa6ene)kumen Hocmume uM.

flocemunu naMemHuqu kamo BenukamanupaMuga ua XyQy (Xeonc), konmo gopumoaaBa 6una na no8eqe om 25OOeoguHU. flumeuecmBeHuqume cex8anenu c nrmy8auurma cu, paskasBanu3a u3yMumen Hume o6ekmu, koumoBugenu. lpuukume aBmopu Xepogom(484-420 e. np.Xp.) u Kanuvax om KupeHa

(305-240 a. np.Xp.) cr:cmaBunu cnucbLtuHa me3u qygeca. Ioemum Anmunamrpom Cugou, ko[mo m8opu ol<ono120 a. np.Xp.. cr:cmaBs kapma nanau-uumepecHume cegeM o6ekma. l-lpesPuvrckun nepuog u CpegHoBeko8uemoBuo6pa>kenuemo Ha aBmopume 6unosa8nagnHo om Cegervrme qygeca Ha

c8ema. .[Hec me 3aeMam cEoemogocmo[no u HeocnopuMo Mncmo cpegapxumekmypHUme naMemuuqu. Hougeflma ga 6r:gam onpegeAFHU riygeca Ha

cBema e npu8nekamenHa u I xauu gHu.

EBenukama nupaMugaTpu Macu8uu kaveHHu nauemHuka ce us8ucnBam gHec Hag nycmuHnmaI kpa0 fusa, teganev om co8peueuHama eeunemcka cmonuqa l(ar.rpo.

Ha0-aonsrvlama om mflx e Benukama nupaMuga, pasnono>kena rvre>kgy

peka Hun u 3anagnama nycmuHr u cmpoeHa B npogrrrukenue na

noBeqe om 20 ?oguHu. Euna saBrpuueua okono 2560 a. np.Xp.

B ues e pasnono>kena noape6anHama karvrepa na XyQy(Xeonc) - eaunemcku Qapaou, noquHan npu6nusumenuo

npes 2566 a. np.Xp. 14 guec nocemumenume Ha

nupaMugama ca o6semu om cmpaxonoqumaHue.

llpegcmaBeme cu kak nu eusane>kgana, koaamo cmpoe>kum

e 6un sa8rrpr-uen, nokpuma c

6necmnul 6nn Bapo8uk u

y8envana cbc 3namo.'i

l 6Au30 go Ee^ukama nupaMuga ce

Ha lbo u a/\a8a Ha ,ro8ek. Eb3MorkHo e Auqemo ga

oapaoHa XaSpa (no-u:oetmer kamo XeopeH), noquHa^

npe3 2532 z. np.Xp. JaUH(moeflurm naMemHuk g^agee

Bbo6pa {eHuemo Ha xopama Eeqe nooeqe om 4500 zoguHu.

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om kosmo uemupu nnocku cmpaHu ce cu6upam xa Bupxa.

fltp8onavarxo Benukama nupaMuga 6ula Bucoka 146 M, Ho gHec

e nosucka,3automo ^uncBa

kauukum xa0omzope. lllupuHama Ha

ocso8ama u, u3MepeHa om tzb go bab^, e 230 r,',r. ,[]yuama

"nupaMuga" e om zpulku, He om eaunemcku npou3xog u nonyuaBa

uMemo cu om ualrk ntueHuqeH cnagkuru, ko[mo abpqume nekluB npu6rusume.ruo ctrqama Qopua. Morke ga nu ce cmopu, qe

gyMama He nogxorkga ra makaBa ttacuBHa nocmpo0ka.

Taau nupauuga e u3?pageHa om npu6,ruaumeano g8a

MUAUOHa kaMeHHU 6lOka, kamO me>keCmma sa

Bceku eguH e npu6ruaume.rHo 2,5 mona.

.( Be^ukama nupauuga 6uaa rao6ukoaena om

xpaMoBe u no-Ma^ku nupaMugu. [Io-kb(Ho kbM

xpaMo8ur koMn^ekc 6u^u npu6a8eHu oqe goe

euzaumcku zpo6uuqu - nupaMugume Ha

xaopa (XeopeH) u MeBkaypa (MukepuH).

^ B Haqa^omo (meHume fla e?unem(kume nupauugu 6u^u (mbna/\o8ugHu. ToBa e

zpo6uuqama Ha oapaoHa Ar{o(ep 6^u3o go n^amomo cakkapa. To3U oapaoH yMupa

npe3 2648 a. np.Xp. om8bH Be ukama nupaMuga cbqo 6u^a (mua^o8ugHa, Ho npu

go0rpueaHemo u (mrnaMma 6u^u lanb^HeHu, a no8bpxHo(mma o6^uqo0aHa ( 6rA

gapo8uk, 3a ga (e no yqu eoekm Ha z agku n,locku cmeHu.

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Ha xu^flgu

9ygecama ua BaBunong2aBunou e eguH om nupBume ?o^eMu apagoBe B cBema.LlSun paenono>ken I crpuemo na MeconomauuR -

pe?uoH I Asus. ko0mo noqmu nokpu8a mepumopurmaua cuBpeueneu lzlpak. Ba8unos qecmo ce cnoueHa8a IgpeBHoepuukume cnucbrlu Ha Cegervrme qygeca.

l-loBe.{emo aBmopu Brrsx8alrBam Bucnqume epaguHu Ha

BaBunoH, Ho gpy?u 6unu nocunHo Eneqamneuu omuacuBsume cmeHu, koumo sao6ukannnu apaga.

Al,orrka na uuBulu3auulmaMeconomauus e ugBecmna kamo ,,rrlorrkama naquBunu:aqurma". TaM EusHuk8am nrp8ume zpagoBe u

cenuuta I ucmopunma, mau ce cregaBam ntrp8ume aakonuu nak mau ca cb3gageHu nrp8ume cBemo8ru uMnepuu.Xumenume Ha Meconomar\4un uso6pemunu nucMeHocmma.

uerlcemMuHymHun qac u koneromo. BaBunoH - Seve apag

c Hace^exue om 6rueo 200 000 gyuu - ce npe8prqaI qenmtp Ha oepoMHa uMnepufl npe: XVlll Bek np.Xp.flepuogtrm xa Bmopun r'ay paau8em e cneg 625 a.np.Xp. ToBa

e Emopama uMnepuf, Ha konmo aptrqkume numeuecmBeuuuucuruo ce BusxuqaBa^u u 3a koffmo ,]ecmo pa3ka38a^u.

< fooopu (g qe SlagemeMm

Ha8yxogoHo(op ll e no(mpou^

Bucf,utume zpaguHu 3a

onpyzama (u AMumu(PogoM om 3e eHume nlaHuHu

fla (e6epoGmoka, Ha fles

i 6urro olrptaraao om

npauHume paoHuHu,

3ao6ukaMqu Ba0u oH.

!I goaMama o6uqa^u

pa3xogkume u3 my{Hume

m€pa(u Ha ?paguflume.

> nlpooflaqa^Homo 3HaqeHue Ha gwama,,paU" 6u^o epaguHa,

uo6ukoaeua om (meHa. [paguHume 6u u 8u@ko qeHeflu 0

Ape8fla Me@nomaMu, u nepcur u 6uu racalrgatu okoao

MHor(ecmoo qap&u na^amu. PoMoMqume ooHmaHu u

xMgHume urky(moeHu elepua (e (M[ma^u ,a BpDx Ha Ayk(a

I 3HoUHume, qxu teMu. C pa3pacmoaH€mo Ha Bagu^oH(kama

uMnepu, He e u3kllogeHo 0(eoBMokHu Sugoge na Mu,

ekiomuqHu xpacmu, (oqHu n ogoge u yxaxru q6emr ga ca 6urru

go(ma8ffiu 3a pai( kgaHe gr0 Bu(flqume zpaguHu Ha BaBu oH.

fnoxama na Ha0lxogouocop IIBaBunos e nocmpoeH na peka EQpam, konmo npegocma8nnackrnoqenNa Eoga I uraue cyxun peeuoH. Hag epaga ceueBucsBa,r cBeuteH naMemHuk, oaponeH 3ukypam u^ucmunaao8ugra nupaMUga. CrtqeBpeueuHo BaBunoH 6unueHmbp Ha mtpaoBunma, 6u)kymepuuHume u mekcmursumeu3geAUs, acmpoHoMunma, MameMamukama u Haykama.Fpagrm 6un no8mopNo u3gu?Ham om Moebuufl qap

HaByxogouocop ll, ko[mo uapy8a om 605 go 562 e. np.Xp.Buxurama cmeHa Ha Ho8un apag 6um gunza 18 kurrorraempa,a ge6e,rurama i 6una 24 uempa. 6oina konecnuua cnoko0noMo)ke^a ga:aBue Erpxy cmeHama u mo8a 6u^ogocmambqHo, oa ga r npe8rpHe I oqe egro vygo:a unkou epuqku ntmeutecmBeuuqu.

Buc-nutume apaguHufptqkama gyMa kpeMacmoc B ge0cm8umernocm uo>ke gao:xaqa8a ,,Bucsul" uru,,HagBucHa^" u e MHoeo SepoflmHoepaguHUme no mepacume ga ca uag8ucBanu Hag epaga.Ho Haucmusa Au mepacume I apaga 6uau 3acageHu cekaomuqHu gtpBema, nbl3rulu

^o3u u Lpr[mrqu xpacmu?

Hnkou apxeoroau m8bpgffm. qe ca omkpu^u c egu omzpaguHume, uo gpyzu u:o6uto ue Brp8am B ctulecmBy8aremouu. lpaguuume He ce cnouega8am 8 ucmopuveckumegokyueumu sa BaBunox.,[a ne 6u ntk aprukumenumeurecmBeguuu ga ca uMalu npegBug g6opqoBumezpaguHu I HuHeBur? HaBnpno nukoza Hfl[ra ga y3HaeM.

^ fpbqkume onu(aHu, Ha Buqu{ume .paguHu cro6qa8am 3a ckpumu SogHu

leHa^u, quemo npegHalHaqeHue 6u^o ga noggrprkam glazama Ha kopeHume Ha

pa(meHuflma. Br3Mol$o e ycmpoiicmBomo ga e npeg(ma8^roa^o BogHo kole o,

ko€mo n!^He^o oegpa Ha rogbpxtiocmma, 3a ga 3axpaH6am kaEa ume,

Uu8u/tu3aqu[ma Ha MeconomaMu, e 6u/ta 3aBucuMa on flarolgaHemo,(mpooka Ha kauaau u xugpourukelepcmSomo. IlMeHHo me3u yMe8ufl,

par8u8aHu B peruoHa 0 npogD r(eHue Ha xulrgu zoguul!,

npegueukoa^u aoMMomo SbtxuqeHug Ha ?bpqume.

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Aourume xopa c MbnHuu. Okono 430 a.np.Xp. ebpqume

u3gueam Eenukonenua cmamyfl ua 3eBc, konmo ao nokao8a

B unnomo uy Benuvue u Moul. Cmamynma 6una cusgageHa

om Qugu0, Ha0-Eenukun cpeg gpe8Hoapr:qkume ckynnmopu.

6una nocma8eHa B xparvr ua cBeueHomo Mflcmo Onuunua,pogHomo Mflcmo Ha npoqymufl penu?uo3eH u cnopmeH

npasnuk Ha aHmuqHocmma - Onuunu0ckume uapu.

> Cmamysma Ha 3egc (e wgu?a^a g xpaM,

no(mpoeH npe3 457 z. np.Xp. Ouzypama ru6o?a 6u^a oucoka oko^o 12 Mempa u

u3gfllaHa om (^oHo8a ko.m. Ogerkgume y6uau on uamo. g eqHama cu p*a gbpka^(mamyrma Ha Huke, 6ozuHsma m no6egama, 'g ecme(moeH pb.m, a I gpyzama - ckunmbp,

y€eHgaH Ctc 3 ameH ope^,

< PyuHume Ha xpaMa Ha 3eg( Moaam ga

6rgam noremeru u gHec O^uMnur 6u a(SeqeHo Mr(mo g npogDDkeHue Ha gt ?u

zoguHu, a 6ozuxrma Xepa (!qo 6u^a

noqumaHa maM. nog (uHbomo He6e u

na equme lDqu Ha c^bHqemo (eHqe(mume

?opuqku npeglazalu x agta crxka u

Orruirnnutrckume UZpUOauunun nukoza He e 6ula apag B cuuluuckur cMUcbA Ha gyMama,

uakap ga npeglazala nogcnoH u Mecma 3a xpaHeHe Ha nocemumelume.lhmeurecmBesuuume ugEanu B O,runanun 3apagu npoqymume u?pu,quemo Haqalo e nocmaBeuo npes 776 a. np.Xp. uru gopu no-paHo.Vlapume npegcmaBmBanu mrp>kecmBo Ha amlemuqHume yMeHuff. OmxaqanoEkrloq8am caMo 6saanuq u cx6amku no 6op6a. Ho no-kbcHo ce go6aBnm

rag6ra8anun c kose u koaecuuuu, 6okc u 6rzase I nb Ho 6ouHo cgapn>keHue.

Ctcmesamenume ce cmuqalu om qrna lrpqun u omganevenume apuukucenuu.la I gpyeu cmpaHu. Omluqnume amlemu ce pagBalu Ha oepoMHa cna8a.

v npeg xpaMa Ha Jeg(

6u/\u no(ma8eHu crnamyu

u^lo(mpupaqu (qeHu qrzpu{kama MumoiozuE

Tyk gpe8Homo Mere l9

Aanumume Eogu cpa*Er rkeHmaopume - Fano &xopa, Hano o8uHa kd€

Iloqumane na 6o:oBemeOauunu0ckume uzpu ce npo8e>kgaru NaSceku vemupu ?oguHU. Eu^u kakmo guguo*socmcbcme3amelume ga usmuknam Qu3uqeckama cu

:. cu^a. maka u no8og sa nupuecmga. Mo>keno ga] yvacm8am carao uuke, rvrakap,re cuuecmgyga^u, omge^Hu uzpu :a >kenu I qecm xa 6oeuusma

Xepa. CmaguoHum no6upa^ oko^o 40 000gyuru. Ho Onuunuickume uapu 6urru Heulono8eqe om cnopmHo cbcme3aHue.

pe uauo3Ho ct6umue u npasauk B vecmna 3e8c, 6argama Ha gpe8rozpuqkume6ozo8e u 6oauuu. Humo egra aptukagtplka8a ne Mo)ke^a qa 3anoqHeSoexuu geDcm8ufl no BpeMe Ha

' uepume, koaamo 6unu nogHacrHu

guck (0gf,cHo) u x8bp rle xa konue.'Ta3u mo kooa ecmecm8eHa (manyr Ha

B gei(mBue ganupaoko^o 450 ?. np.Xp. tt 0 Haulu qHu

Ha guck e cpeggucqun uHu.

on 11 000 am^emu orn 202 cmpaHu

I O^uMnuii*ume uzpu npe3 2004 ?,,

B AmuHa, fDpqur. 3pe uqHama

no 3akpu6aHemo Ha u?pume,

':,fcocmot a ce Ha ocHo8lufl cmaguotr, e 5uraHa6^hga&Ha om oko o 70 000 3pume^u.

Kpart u HoBo HaqaaoCmamynma na 3e8c Orrurranu0cku 6unanpocna8nta kamo egto om qygecama HaaHmuqHufl c8sm. Beko8e no-kocso. koaamo?bprtume npueMam xpucmuntcmBomo.Ha cmapume 6oao8e se ce znegano c go6pooko. l4unepamop Teogocuu lsa6paNrBa uepumenpe:393 zoguHa. flpu6nusumerrso no mogaEper,re cmamyrma sa 3e8c 6um omkapaHaI xoEonocmpoenur zpuqku zpagKoncma:rmusonoa (gteu.ren t4cmax6ya).3a cr>kanesue cmamynma e ytuqo*eHaom no)kap npes 462 e. Ho ucmopurmauMa ulacmAUB kpai. O^uMnuIckume uapuca EuscmanoBesu npes 1896 e. u gHecnpegcmaBarBam Ha0-Ba)kHomo cnopmHocbcme3aHue B c8ema, koemo ce npoBelkgara Bceku uemupu aoguru I pa3lurtHu cmpaHu.

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Xpamr:m Ha boauHrrmag1 VrkSecmRaHu u Bnagemenu, mrrpaoBqu, noknoHHu qu u

I nrmeLuecmBeHuqu ce cmuqanu om ganeqHu 3eMu

ga Bugnm ApmeuusuoH - oepoMHuff xpana B EQec(8 cr:Epervenna Typuun). OcmaBnnu 3namo, cpe6po uckonoqeHuocmu kamo >kepmEonpunouteHus kolr6oauusma Apmevuga. flocemumenume ce usnrn8anu cbccmpaxonoqumaHue npu Buga ua Eenukonenuama c?paga,konmo cnkaw onupana B o5nauume..Epe8xume a8mopu

paskas8am, qe xpaMrrm 6un nq8neqamnrBaul omeaunemckume nupaMugu u^u epag Ba8unon.

,3-offtg Hnkou eo onpege^flnu kamo -.!*8.' * d-h.- $ narJ-aonnMomo qygo ua c8ema. e&"

'., : .:] ], ;:tfu

< Tyk 6ozuH{ma ApmeMuga e npeqcmaoeHa no Ha,ruHa,< Tyk bo?uHrma ApmeMuga e npegcma8eHa no Ha'ruHa, _/,:- ===_

?oEopim 3a po^flma u kamo 6o2uH, Ha AoBa

u quoama npupoga. MHo2o6pouHume

abpgu (uM8o^ui./pam po^nma U

Ha 6ozuHr-Maiika.

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Ipagrrm xa anopckua 6paa,Enec u:mounomo kpaU6pe)kue Ha Eeeucko Mope e qacmom Typuun. o6uma8aHo B gpe8nu Bpeueta om pa3^ur{HuHapogu. ftrpqume ce HacmaHUAu mar.a kuu 10S0 a.np.Xp. unocmpou^u apag I EQec. fpagbm gocmu?a cgos pasu8emnpes Vl Bek np. Xp.3a usBecmes nepuog ESec 6u^8bB B^ageHuflma xa flepcuuckama uMnepufl. Oqe npegunpucmuzaHemo Ha ebpuume pauoHbm Ha EQec ce cunmal:a c8eueu u 6un nocBemet sa 6oauurma rr,raika Ku6e,la.Ky.rmum kru Ku6e,ra ckopo ce no8num om qepeMoHuume,c koumo noqumanu 6oaunsma Apmenauga, u abpuumeu3guzHanu xpauo8e B se0na qecm.

v B gpe6Hu BpeMeHa Ms(momo okolo xpaMa

6u^o o)ku8eHo om MHozo.tu eBume mbpzooqu,

koumo npoga8a^u (mokume (u Ha nok^orHuqume.

flpe3 npa3HurtHu gHu npeg o^mapa (e ul&rpulgalu

)kepm8onpuHouleHu, ( 6ukoBe. pe^u?uBHume

urecmgu, (^eg8a^u c0eqeH Mapurpym,

koiimo Boge^ om zpaga kbM

xpaMa Ha ApmeMuqa.

EoaunsmaCmpoumerHume pa6omu no uoBun xpau, nocgemeH HaApmervruga, aanovBam I EQec krtr SS0 z. np.Xp. Czpagama eaa8upureua 6nuso gecem aoguHu no-kocno. B zpuukamaMumolo?ufl ApmeMuga ce noquma kamo cecmpama 6^usHa,lkaHa 6oaa Ha uy:ukama u noe3urma Anonor u e usgecmHa kamo,,noBenumelkama Ha guBume )kuBomHU". Euna cbuto u 6ozuHqHa guBama npupoga. Apmeuuga qecmo 6una u:o6pasrganano Bperrae sa r,oB, c nuk u cmpe^a I poue. B E$ec 6unanpegcma8flHa no-ckopo kamo 6oauln ra n^ogopoguemo upa>kganemo. PuMckomo uue ta 6ozutnma e.[,uaHa.

Mpairrrop u ozrrHOcso8ama Ha xpaMa I EQec 6urra c guokuua 1 l b naempau rxupoquHa 55 Mempa. 6ula nocmpoeHa om uckprul 6arupauop. Cmo gBaucem u cegeMme ko^oHu ce u3guaalu HaEucovuHa om 18 naempa. llpe:356 a. np.Xp.Apmevuauoutrm 6un ono>kapeu om r,r,lage>k xa uueXepocmpam, koumo uucaen, qe no mo3u HaquH uleo6escurpmu uMemo cu. Xpauum 6un u3gueHam omHogo krrrt250 z. np.Xp., r.ro omro8o 6u,r paspyuen, mo3u nbm omeomume, Bo[HCmBeHu nAeMeHa om CeBepHa Egpona,koumo uanagHanu EQec npea 262 zoguaa. |oc^egHumeocmaHku om xpaMa 6u^u pa3pyueHU om xpucmunnume g

Haqa^omo Ha V 8ek. Ocmana,r 8:a6pa8a qo 1g6g a.

> O(HoBume Ha koioHume B xpaMa

6ur1u Hanpa8eHu om MpaMop u no Hrkou

om mrx 6uru u3gflAaHu Be^ukolenHu

opHaMeHmu. Kamo no0e,temo m0op6u

om kaMtk, Bb3MolkHo e nbp8oHaga^Ho

ga ca 6u^u 6orgucanu B rpku q8emoBe.

Apyzu Lta(mu xa Apmeuu:uoxa 6uruykpa(eHu ( nb(mpoq8emHu kapmuHu.

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i,' t

apuumeI oaesu

Begsaaa uovr y3Ha^u 3a cMbpmma Ha 6pam i,*umerume Ha oompo8 Pogoc BbcmaHa^u cpeuyApmettu:un, Ho mfl ycnrla ga nomyuu mexxur 6yrm.llocne ce y8epunq, qe caMo xari-go6pume zprqkuapxumekmu, cmpoume^u, ckyrnmopu u 3aHaflmquu

ca Haemu B go8rpu8auemo na apo6xuqama.6uira paanolorkena Ha xbAM Hag epaga u sa8rpurexanpee 350 z.np.Xp. Ckopo c,reg mo8a Apmeuu:unyMpfl^a. flpaxbm ! 6u^ no^olkeH B Ma8so^espegoM c npaxa Ha 6pam u.

< Ma8io^erm, urBucrgaul ce Hag zpaga, 6u^ 8u(ok

45 M u cHa6geH ( 36 ko^oHu - no ge8em om g(,ka

(mpaHa, pa3no^olkeHu oko o qeHmpaler 6iok, koimonoggDpka^ (mbna^oBugHu, nokpuB. PasMepume Ha

ocflo8aota 6u^u oko o 40 Ha 30 M. To3u kpacuB

MeMopual npeg(ma8^flBa/t qa(m om au6uquoten

apxumekmypeH npoekm I Xa^ukapHa(, koomo ok^loq8a^

qumage^a, kopa6o(mpoumeNuqa, kpenocmru cmeuu

u MHozo gpy?u naMemHuqu u (mamyu.

Pogockuam konoc3aHeuRBanu om u3yMAeHue, koaamo

> Koaocum 6ul urguanam 6rruro go

ia ga Mo (e ga Sneqam^u ocu,{ku

uru Ha8nuganu B aHmuquomo npucmaHuqe Ha Pogo(, nGkbcHo ce coo6ua8a,Mfi:;ffi;Ha apuukun ocmpoB Pogoc. Hag mnx ce usBucn8ana

auaanmckama cmamyfl na Xenuoc - 6oza na CnoHqemo.

.[okamo Mopruume npucBu8anu oqu om ocnenumenHama

cnrHqeBa cBemnuHa, ompa3eHa om 6poHso8ama o6nuqoBka, Ha AeMempuil, 5uau npemoneru u

ycnnBanu ga pa3^uqam koponama om nbqu, npo6nnc8aqa 3a u3?p kgaHemo Ha mo3u Hog

m uupa. Hanyoamume o6cagxu

Ha QoHa Ha cuHbomo ne6e. Cmamynma 6una u3gu?Hama

Bopxy nemnaicemvrempoB MpaMopeH nocmaMeHm,

caMama mn c HeBeponmHama Eucoquna om 34 Mempa.

BorlHa u ruupl4cmopuflma Ha Konoca - auaasmckama cmamyn ra ocmpoB

Pogoc, sanovBa c 8oIsa. Xumenume na ocmpoBa cklloqunuctloa c zpuukur Bnagemerr xa Eaunem, flmorreueu L

.qpye Mo?bu.l Eaagemen, Asmuaos I om Kunup, ce onumalga nocma8u kpai ua mo:u cblo3, kamo uanpamul cEor cun

,[]euempui ga o6cagu Pogoc. llpes 304 z.np.Xp. ,[euempui6un npoeoueH om ocmpo8a om rkumerume uy, koumo

3anoqHalu ga npasHyBam no6egama. Peuu,ru ga nokaxnm

cky^nmopa Xapec om nuHgoc ga y8ekoBevu uupa,kamo usguaxe auaaxmcka cmamyr Ha Harl-noqumaHun 6oe

Ha ocmpo8a - Xenuoc. Cmpoume,uume pa6omu 6unu

us8upueHu ue>kgy 292 u 280 a. np.Xp.

sa6pa8rm Pogoc u zparguoorama 6pon:oBa cmamyf,.....3 .,Om rlake,ra, ko0mo cmamyrma grp>kana I ptka, gopQ- ' ' luo>keno ga sanan8am c8em,rusume xa rlap. Bcuuku 6uru ,'-eguHogyurHu, qe Ko^ocbm e egHo om 'rygecama na c8erlal3a co>karesue 6un paepyLr.-ren om 3eMempeceHue kou i - i

My kpaka cmu8am olpxy g0a

Ha Exoga Ha npu(maHuqemo,

kopa6ume MuHaBa^u Merkgy mrx,

Ilo-SepormHo o6a,re e ga e 6ua

I u3mogiama 9a(m Ha npucmaHuqemo.

Meqo6e u konur, Bo(ma8eHu om apMurma

g?pageHu 6 &e emo. omgo^y

6ula HanpaBeHa om kaMeHHu 6^okooe,i*

ykpeneHu ( )keM3o. no6bpxHocmma il 'a

6u a o6^uqo8aHa . 6poH3o8u n oqku..\':

lx0anemo na XeiruocManuuxa ntmetrecm8eHuuu 6uxa uoe,ru Hnkoaa ga :

226 z.np.Xp. u ocmaHa^ noBeqe om xun.nga zoguuu IpaeBanuxu. Xumelume ra ocmpo8a omkaaarru ga

u3gueHam cmamyflma omno8o, saqomo ErpBanu,qe no xrkakrB uavur ca o6ugu,ru Xeluoc u mo[e rakapan cmamynma ga pyxHe. foBopu ce,

ve xakpan ocmankume om Konoca 6unu

npogageHu, kamo 6pousoBume omnoraku 6u,ru

omkapanu go Cupur c kep8ar om 900 kauunu.

< MoHema, Ha kormo e Bo6pa3en Xe uoc,

6oaum xa Cluxqemo, c kopoHama (u om /\tqu.

Brp8a^o (e, qe npe3 gehfl Xe^uo( kapa ozHeHama

cu ko^ecHuqa no rc6emo, npegu ga nomDne gro

ob/\Hume Ha 3a^e3a. Ha o(mpo8a (e npoge)kga^

npa3Huh no(8emeH Ha Xe^uoc, no opeMe Ha

koiimo ko^ecHuqa, me? eHa om qemupu kohs,

6ua 6ymaua npe3 omBecHa cka^a I Mopemo

kamo cuM8olr Ha 3ale3a. Soetm 6ua oco5ero

noqumaH om *umenume sa Pogo( - mpaguqur,

kormo e 8b3Mo)kHo ga e npeHeceHa xa ocmpooa

om a3uam(ku, koHmuHeHn, pa3no^okeH Ha

16 ku oMempa Ha Bmok, B{pgalo ce Ctqo,

{e lkume^ume Ha Pogo( npou3xo)kgam

om cgMuHama cuxo8e m 6oza.

a.-.\r

AnekcaHgurJckuam6m Ecuvku qygeca na gpeBHun c8nm ca

\J"gro e 6uno c npakmuvecka qen. ToBa

Qaprm, Eucoka nocmpo0ka, nocma8eua Ha

nocm I npucmaHuulemo ua AnekcaHgpur,

Eaunem. l-pag AnekcaHgpufl e ocnoBan om

apuukun BoeHaqanHuk AnekcaHgup Benuku n

331 a.np.Xp. Eguu om nrnkoEoguume, kou

ce cpa>kaBanu pegoM c He?o, cmaBa aprqkuynpaBumen na Eaunem npes 323 e.np.Xp.,

kamo npueua uMemo flmoneue[ l.

flmoneue0 uape>kga pa6omama no mo3u

npoekm ga 3anoqHe kou 290 a.np.Xp.

Kynama 6una saBr:ptueHa no Bpeue ua

ynpa8nenuemo ua ueao8uR cun Imoneuetr il.

^ flmo^eMeu ll, BBe(meH cbqo kamo(DuaagerrQuii, e g^agemel Ha E?unem no gpeMe

Ha 3a8DpugaHemo Ha A^ek(aHgpu(ckul oap.

A8a0(em aoguHu no-paro xezo8urm 6aqa -nmo eMei l, no a?a Haqa^omo Ba npoekma.

> AHec o(mpo8 Qapoc 6^uto go A^ekcaHgpu, e

Jaem om qumage^a, koflmo npegcmagMea qacm om

6pe?oBune om6paHume^Hu oopbrkeHu[, no(mpoeHu

npes 1480 .. om e?unem(kuf, ry maH A^-Arupao

Keum6ei. Hrkou om Hau-?o eMume kaMbHu,

u3no^r8aHu 3a cmpoe {a, (a om opuzuHa^Huf oap.

Opuenmup 3a mopenlaBameaumeMopenna8amerume, koumo ntmy8aru om ftpuur kuuArekcaHgpun, crcaupa,ru eeunemckomo kpa06pe>kue uucko raxopu3oHma, qecmo o6Bumo B aucma Mbela. flmoreueu I peuun,qe Mopffr-lume ce rpkganm om sHak, koumo ga eu opueHmupa

ktge e Exogrm Ha npucmaHuqemo. Hapegun xa cBon apxumekm

Cocmpam Kuugcku ga usguare Eucoka kyna fupxy r.aanuk

kauerucm ocmpoB, napeven Qapoc, ko[mo 6un cBupsax ckoHmuHenma vpes uopcku Bar Ckopo qr,rama nocmporika

cmarara uaBecmra nog ur',remo ..@ap". Cneg navanomo na

puuckomo B,raguvecmBo ra Eaunem npes 30 z.np.Xp. kyrrama

6u^a npeo6pa3y8aHa I egun om nau-us8ecmHume uarqu xa

c8ema. Cuzsarrrm uo>ker ga 6rge nogager u,ru upes 6lecmnuooalegalo, koemo ompaan8ano crrtrue8ume nuvu. unu vpes

npuuuaBaqa c8emnuna, kormo ce Bukgana npe3 Hoqma.

P)rxBaHemo na kyrrama(paprm 6ul Bucok noBeqe om 90 uempa u ce mBtpgnno,ve numy8aqume no uope mo*enu ga Bukgam c8emnuxamaom kynama Ha pascmoflHue noBeqe om 50 kM. Cbcmoe^ ce

om mpu ema)ka u 6ur usapagex om kauennu 6nokoBe,

no-kucro nogcuaeuu c o,ro8o. Eur ykpacen cbc cmamyuHa Tpumor, MumuqHur uopcku npameuuk Ha ebpuume,

a no-kucno 6un yBeuvau cbc cmamyf sa 6auama na

Tpumou, floce0gor - 6oa ra uopemama u okeaHume(ro e Eusuo>kro u ga e 6un 3e8c,6aurama xa Ecuvku 6oao8e).

fonerausm Qap ouenrn noBe.re om 1500 eogunu.

ro 6u,r paepytueH no Bperue Ha 3eMempeceHue npee 1303 e.

Okonqamenno e pa3pytueH no Epeue ua Bmopu mpycnpes 1323 a. Taka saBuHazu u:vee8a nocregnomo omurecmme u:Becmru qygeca Ha aHmuqHocmma.

^ Ao OaPa ce

q€Hmpa^Ha uaxma 3it

Ha0-Hu(kama qa(m 6ula ob8 oopirama Ha

cpegHama - Ha ocMobzb^Buh a Hai-2opflama '{a(m 6u,ta

kpb?^a. Ilpugo6u^ maka8a u38e(mHo(m, qe 0 MHo?o e3uqu,

8k^loqume^Ho u 6b^zapcku, (06(m0eHomo uMe ,,Oap,,(e ulnom0a la o3HaqeHue Ha makbg mun no(mpoika,

> npe3 90-me zoguHu Ha XX oek nogEogHu apxeo o3u om

OpaHquf, 3ano.l8am npoyq8aHe Ha npu(maHuqemo Ha A^ek(aHgpur.

HaMupam gokalame^cmBa om MHoao pas uqHu nepuogu Ha ezunemckama

u(mopur, (peg koumo Hrko^ko Ma(ugHu kaMeHHu 6ioka, koumo eobrMo)kHo ga ca 6u^u qa(m om opu?uHa^Hufl Oap. Brpxy Hfikou

6u^u zpa8upaHu zpbqku 6yk0u, Ha .HuMkama: gogo^a3bm

XaH-!18 EMnepbop ur egBa no-paHHu o(maHku nog Boqama.

@o50 El4EH14E HA nbPBA FAABA: CEAEMTE L{yEECA HA EPEBH14fl CBflT

xeiuo(, 6oabm Ha CNHqemo, 0 qurmo

,ie(m 6u/\ u3guaGn Pogodurm ko o(.

C0emrrm nagpeBnume arrpuu[pe8rume zrpqu 6unu aore.uu numeuecm8eruuu. Pogu-

Hama ula 6ula pa3no o)keHa

B ugmoqnama ,racm na Cpe-

guseMHoMopuemo. I-lpegu

okono 2800 eoguHu ebpuu-

me 3anoqHa^u ga ce pasce^-

8am ue uroao gpyau 3eMu Ha

mepumopuflma na lo>kna ESpona u 3anagra A3ufl. KbM

323 e.np.Xp. EnagememmA,rekcaHgup Benuku noBen

zptukume apuuu, npekocu^ o6uupHu mepumopuu I Aaun u cmuera,r go Eaunem. ,Epe8nume aupuu o6uvarru ga paakas8am u nu-

utam sa He8eponmHume Mecma, koumo noceqaBalu no Bpeue xa

ntmeuecmBunma cu.

A0mopumeCpeg gpeBuozpuqkume nucamelu ce npe8tpnano B Moga ga cbc-

ma8nm cnucuuu Ha cegeMme uecma, koumo cMfma^u 3a Hai-

npekpacHu om Bcuvku. ABmopume BknloqBam uMeHama Ha Xepo-gom (484-420 ?. np.Xp.), Kanuuax Kupexcku (305-240 a.np.Xp.)

u noema AHmunamtp om CugoH, >ku8nn npu6lusumelHo npe3

120 a.np.Xp. npe3 Vl Bek 6u^ cbsgagen usBecmen mekcm cbc aaa-

naBuemo ,,3a cegeMme uygeca ua c8ema".

Cegenme vygecaCnuctqume na Cegeume qygeca Ha c8ema ce pas,ruva8am

npu pa3^uqHume a8mopu, xo Eunpeku mo8a e nocmu?HamoeguHogyr,uue no omHoureHue Ha c^egHume:

1. Benukama nupaMuga I fuga, Eaunem, nocmpoeHa 3a

apo6Huua ra r[apaoH XyQy (Xeonc) npes 2566 a. np.Xp.

2. BaBulor u SeponmHo ctqecm8yBalume I Heeo Bucntuuapaguxu B Meconomauun (gpeBxun Vlpak). BaBunox e

u3guaHam omuo8o no Bpeue ua uapyBaremo raqap HaBp<ogonocop ll (605-562 a.np.Xp.)

3. BeruqecmBenama cmamys na Eupxo8nun 6oa 3e8c B

MecmHocmma Orruunur, frpqur. 6ula usguerama kurvr

430 e.np.Xp.

4. ApmemueuoHtm I EQec (gueuna Typuun) cuuo e 6u,r

saBrpueH npu6nusumenHo npes 430 e.np.Xp.

5. Opuauxarnurm MaBsoneai 6u^ Hau-3a6e^e)kume^Hama

apo6Huqa ua cBoemo Bpenae. 5un nocmpoeH I Xa,rukapxacnpee 350 a.np.Xp.

6. Kolocbm 6urr auaasmcka cmamyfl Ha Xe,ruoc - 6oatrm na

Cnrsuemo, u3gueHama 6luso go npucmaHuuemo Ha

ocmpo8 Pogoc npu6ausumerHo npes 280 e.np.Xp.

7. Qaprm (okono 290 a.np.Xp.) crc cBemruHama cu 6urr

opueHmup, ko[mo 6e,re>ken Exoga ua npucmauuuemo B

zpag Aaekcaugpun. Eaunem.

xopama B MuHaAomo.

Bogo^a3[4scnegBa ocmaxku omkopa6okpyuerun u apxeorroauvecku

mepeHu nog Bogama, kamo Pogockun

ko^oc u A^ekcaHgpulckun Qap.

Eaunmo,roa

Apxeonoa. cnequanusupan ce IusyvaBaHemo Ha apxumekmypama u

HaquHa Ha >ku8om I llpe8eH Eaunem.

Vpegxukfloiraaa zpu>ku sa gpe8uu

crkpoBuua u ko ekuuu,

ctxpaunBauu B uyseume,u opaaHu3upa ekcno3uuuume.

ApxeoiroeIrl:cnegBa gpe8nu ocmaHku

u pyuHu Ha nocmpo[ku, ea

ga omkpue kak ca >ku8eru

flocememe nupaMugumeI fusa, KaIpo, Eaunem.

Koxmakmu: Ezunemcko6lopo no mypu3Ma, Mu3p,

nnoqag A6asun, KaOpo, Eaunem.

Terre$oir: + 20 (0) 285 4509/284 1970

3a ga Bugume npukasHume

crkpo8uup om Eaunem u fipe8xaItpuun, nocememe 6pumarckun uyseI,Great Bussel Street. noHgoH WCl B 3DG,

merreSor + 44(Ol2O 7323 8299www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk

3a ga Eugume sa6ene)kumenHume

ocmaHku om flpe8er BaBu,ron,

nocememe:Staatliche Museen zu Berlin,Genthinerstra.3SD, 10785Sepnux, fepuauunTe,reQox: +49 (0)30 266 2987wrvw.smb.spk-berlin.de

Hayveme oule...npoqememe no8eqe sa

Cegeume qygeca Ha

gpeBxun c8rm:

http://ce.eng.usf .edu,/pharos/wonders

/list.html

XuEomom I EpeBeH PUM om Ca[MbH

Agauc (ueg. KuHaQuutp, 2005 z.)

fr pe$en Eeun em: nome9 o g u metaa oueSugetp om [>kopg>k Xapm(ueg. lopnune KuHgrpcnu. 2002 z.)

Epe\na fopuun: nomyBanunma

8oB Speuemo xa l1umap Akpoigom llumup Akporig(Ilopausa KuHgtpcrru. 2005 e.)

M economa u us: >l< uSornam B

Epe$en Uyuep, Ba1urron u Acupun(OmkpuAme cauu) om Aopxa Oykc(usg. Caymyomrp, 2004 e.)

[1o uupokun cBqmMecma kamo maUncmBeHume kauuxu,u3guzHamu B CmoyuxeHg>k, lO>kHa AHznun,

Ha gpeBHume zpuqku zeozpaeu. l-lo onoBa okono 2000 z.np.Xp.? Ta Hanu An coeun,Bpervre 8e.{e 6unu cb3gageHu npekpaoru HaU-?onnMama xpucmunHcka vepk8a Ira6enerkumenHocmu B CeBepHa E8pona, KoHcmaHmuHonon, nocmpoeHa npe3

537 2., cblrlo e L{ygo 3a cBoemo Bperue?l-lpegno>keHun ue nunc8anu, Ho He Moznuga cucmaBam okoHqamenes cnucok,3au{omo Hega6a8Ho ulflA ga ce okarke

Vlagua u KumaU, AQpuka, Ce8epna ulO>kHa Arvrepuka. B cpegnoBekoBHaE8pona, kugemo yqeHume o6uvanu gacucma8Rm nogpo6Hu cnucbLlu Ha Bcu.{konog He6emo, aHmuqHume cnucbl.{u He8anugeH nopagu nosBama na HoBunenpekucnamo 6unu npepasznerkgaxu. qygeca, Hnkou om koumo uo>keme ga

nocemume ua cnegBau4ume cmpaHu[.{u.

I lV9ecama Ha gpeBHun cBam, pat6upaI ce, xe Bkalo.{8anu Mecma, HeugBecmsu

KakBo ga ka>kervr 3a npaucmopuveckume

I(onu3eyl bm B PumllpegcmaBeme cu mb^na om 50 000 cunHo

I lpaeeonry8auu xopa ga ce Enu8a B oapouna cepaga

c oBanna Qoprvra npe3 He no-uanko om 80 8xoga. Bukme

kak ce nomRm Ha mepacume nog 3HoUHomo cnbHqe.

9yUme aprrvrkun npu:uB Ha mpt6ume u MoulHur pe8 ua

mbnnama, koumo ce pa3Hacr u omekBa u3 qenufl apag.

He, moBa He e cuBpeueHeH cmaguoH unu pok konqepm,

a Purvr npee 100 aoguHa. Capagama e AvQumeamtptm

Ha OnaBuume, uaBecmeH Ha no-kucHume

nokoneuuR kamo Konuseyu.

v AM$umeambp m Oaaguume I PuM e omkpum npe3 80 ?.

flepuMembpbm My 6uA 527 M, a 8u(oquHama - 57 M.

Ilpes ?oguHume 6ur' o6opyg6ar c Hau-clgpeMeHHume 3a

mo?a8a mexHolozuu, koumo no3So^xoa/tu qeHmpalHama My

qa(m ga nombHe nog goga u^u k^emkume c gu8u ,{ugomHu

ga 6Dgam ugu?aHu Ha apeHama qpe3 Mpe (a om nog3eMHu

myHelu crkaur c i{a?ur. HaeMa^u Moprqu ga onb8am

n^amHeHu Hage(u, 3a ga na3rm fiHka Ha mt^nama

v Xe(mokune ,,uzpu" g puMckume aMourle+npugo6u u makaga nonyMpHo(m, ,{e 6u u(noH(opupaHu om MHokecmoo uMnepamoF!

llzpum€ 6u^u rpey(maHoBeHu eg8a npes 326 a

[}|e( o?poMHume kaM€HHu 6^oko8e Ha

AMoumeambpa ua Oaa6uume oce oqe ce

u3Bu(,Oam B qeflmbpa Ha PuM. 3a cboperftrrr-no(emumeiu e rrecxo ga par6epam omkuge

(2pagama e no yqu^a nposouqemo Ko^u3ey. -

om ko ocalHume (u pa3Mepu.

Cmpoume,rex zenu(Ato gpe8xume abpuu om 300 ?-np.Xp. 6uxa uoznu ga cb3pamt,t:yMUmeAHufl cmpoumeneH nogBua, us8upueu om puMAgHumeuemupu Beka no-krcso. ulf,Ao ga ce xarorku ga npeHanuutamcnucbuume cu c 'tygecama Ha c8ema. 9emupuema>klurmKoau:eyv 6u^ Eerruriecm8eHa anegka. Mo>kea ga 6uge naBogren3a pasu?paBaHemo Ha meampa^HU Eoelnouopcku cpa*euur.Surro Btsvro>kno ga 3acunffm apeHamac oc^enumenHo 6nl nrctk. BcbulHocm

.apeHa" e mmusckama gyMa 3a nflcbk.

^ l/13 qr^ama PuMCka uMnepus gu0u ,{u8omHu 6u^u

3a^agrhu u go(maesHu B PuM g maku8a ko uge(mBa,

rc qe^u pezuoBu ao c8ema 6u u Auueflu om e(me(mBeHUS

cu )kuBomuH(ku cgrm, tlpu omkpuoaHemo Ha Ko u3eyMa

np$ 80 z. caMo 3a eguH geH 6uau ur6umu 5000 )l(ugom[u.

,,3a6aBAeHur"Moeam ga 6ugam onpegelexu kamo

Ha Ha0-6^a?opogHUme ugea^U Ha

lBomo, Ho Konuseyuum 6un nauemsuk>kecmokocm. Ttrnume ugBa,ru ra

e^egam kak ce nponu8a kpu6. lzluanoguBu >kuBomxu; uacuck8aru nr8o8eme

)kupaQu u kaMU^u. noka3Balu ce,,no8uu"ur. no Bpeue Ha koumo xopa us6uBanu

6po[ gu8u )kuBomHu. ['louskoaa x8upnrrruria >kuBomnume u mblnama ce

IlaguamopumeEguH om ua[-nonyrnpnume cnekmaknu, koumouo>kero ga ce Eugrm I Konu:eyua, 6u,r 6onm gocutpm ue>kgy ?Aaguamopume. ToBa 6unu o6yveuu6orluu. qecmo po6u uru ocEo6ogeuu 3amBopHurlu,Makap ga ce HaMupaAU u go6poEolqu. Ako mrnnamapeua^a, qe Hsko0 a^aguamop ce e cpad<aBan xpa6po,uo>kena ga noMoAU nampoHa Ha uapume - BepoflmHocaMuff uMnepamop - ga nouagu >kuEoma r,ry.

Ako mtnnama HaMUpaAa elaguamopa ea cmpaxau8e4HacmoflEaAa 3a cMbpmma uy. flo8evemo z^aguamopu*uBeerru kpamko, Ho oHe3u, koumo ycnr8anu ga ceussBsm, ce npe8prqalu B snaueuumocmu u uunpegocmaBnru cBo6o9a.

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< tiaguamopume 6uau pargeaelu

Ha pa3 ugHu apynu (nopeg

Bropuketuemo (u. Hflkou (e

ear{a8a^u ( kb(u Meqoge u(nequa^Hu tu^eMo€e, gpyzu -c pu6apcku Mpe)ku u mpur6quu^u kuMka^u. no oHo8a gpeMe

(e ( Emalo, .re mo3u 6ug 6umku

ca Bb3numame Hu 3a Mlagume

puM/rrHu u qe ?u Hacbpqu ga

(maHam culHu u (Meiu.

BenukamaI(uma0cka cmeHa

a0guneama cmeHa I cBema nrkamyuru npe3

CeBepen Kumar.r, npecuqa nAaHUHu u nycmuHu.[lpocmupa ce om l-aHcy Ha sanag go u3moqHomokpau6pe>kue. l(umar-rqume fl Hapuqam 9aHqru,,,Benukama cmeHa om gecem xunflgu Au".

OcuoBuama cmeHa e Ernaa okono 3460 kvr, kamouMa oule 2860 kvr paaknonenun u yguokeHun.

.[uec uHoao yqacmbqu npegcmaBnn8am pyuHu.

Ha[-go6pe 3ana3eHama qacm e paonono>keHa

na ce8ep om cmonuuama ['lekuH.v MoHao^(kama koHHuqa, npeg0o)kgaHa om

0e ukus ooeHaqa^Huk TeMygkuH, ulu tluHzu€ xafl

(SMgeme^ Ha B(e eHama), npeMuHa^a npe3

gpe8Homo om6paHume^Ho cDopb)keHue,

koemo npeg(mao^,0a^a (meHama, 3a ga 3a6lagee

no-?o^aMama qacm om CeBepeH Kumau

0 nepuoga Melkgy 1211 u 1223 z. B^agu,{e(m8omo

Ha [,roH?o ume 0 l{umau npogbDku^o go 1368 ?.

v npe3 XIV u XV 8ek Xumat 8(e oqe 6u^

u3 olkeH Ba pu(k om Haue(mour, Ta3u qa(m om

CmeHama e no(mpoeHa npe3 (noMeHamul nepuog,

no aopHama qacm Ha Cmeflama 6urru nocmpoetu

nbmuula u (mrna^a, koemo ga8a^o g!3Mo*Ho(m

Ha ee(mume^Ume u 0oiHuqume, Bbopu*eHu (ap6aremu, ga (e npuggukgam 6rEo,

K14TA14

^ Om ma3u kapma Mo)keme ga go6ueme ,cHa

npeg(maoa ra He8epormHama gbir(uHa Ha Be^ukama

(meHa. Mpe)kama om om6pauumearu ftopb)kelur,gamupaula om pa3^uqHu nepuogu Ha kumai(kama

u(mopufl, ce npo(mupa om (menum€ Ha UeHmpaAHa

Aru, go Tuxu, okeaH. Haii-hoceu{aBaHuflm u

gocmbneH y.ra(mbk om Be^ukama (meHa (e HaMupa

B Eaga^uia, Hega^eq om nekuH.

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B,ragemeirU u naurecmoenuUuflpes c,reg8aulume Eeko8e npogtd<aBa^u ga cmpoflm upeMoHmupam Belukama cmeHa, npegu omgenHu HeuHu,.iacmu omHoEo ga pyxHam. Tfl npegocma8s^a none3eHmtpzoBcku nom. xo no8e,lemo B,ragemeru ycmaHoBu^u,qe e HeeQekmugHa u noggpb>kkama 0 e npeka^eHo ckbna.Ilpes 1215 z. Kumau 6u^ HanagHama om HoB Bpaa omce8ep, l,roraonume, koumo npeuuHaBalu c koHeme cu npesnporyku I om6panumerHume cuopr>kenun. floclegHama3HaquMa Oa3a om cmpoe>ka Ha cmeHama e npegnpuemano Bpeue ra qapyBanemo na guuacmurma MuH,konmo ynpa8anBara Kumau om 1368 go 1644 z.

a Ha pa8Hu uHmepBa u no Be ukama cmeHa 6utu urzpagexu Ha6^hgame Hu ky u.

Buco Hama uM gocmu2a a 12 u rrorke u ga ce u3no^38am lomo u6,rhgameanuno(moge u^u kpenocmq lomo nogcroHr8a u 8oeflHu ?apHu3oHu luu pauuqHu

ougooe 3anacu. Clpfie u Gulo 3a noga8aHe Ha cu?Ha u, kamo u3no^3ga u @poge,guru u u 3HaMera ga np€gagam coo6qenue uau ga npegynpegrm ra HauefiEue.

Ha&-aol-{Aromo qygoEBpone0ckume numeutecmBeHuqu B KumaI ocmaBaAUnopaseHu npu Buga sa Beaukama cmeua. Okorro 1660 a.(pepgunang Bep6uecm, Qaauaxgcku npono8egHuk u yver,cbo6u-E8a, qe,,CegeMme qygeca Ha cBema. Esemu aaegHo,He Mo?am ga ce cpa8urm c mo8a mEopeHue." B cu8peueuramaenoxa Berukama cmeHa ce e npe8rptana I cuuEoa Ha Kumai,xa cra8rama r) gpe8na ucmopufl u cmpoumeleH aeHUU.

AHakop Baml-'lRee

1860 a. Qpenckunm ecmecmEousnumamen AnpuI I Myo uscnegBa g>kyHanume I Kau6og>ka, loaousmo,{Ha

To[ nonaga Ha Heo6uqa0Ha epyna gpeBnu

nocmpouku, ckpuma nog nnemeHuqama ompacmeHur u kopeuu Ha grpBema.

eono3ume sanovBam.pa6oma Ha

mo u ckopo omkpu8am usay6enun

na kxuepckun Hapog.

Pa36yl0axe Ha MuHalomolLloM apxeo^o3ume pa3qucmu^u pacmume^Hocmma,

npeg noalegume un ce omkpunu capagume Ha

cpegroBeko8xama kxuepcka uuBunusaqun. 6unuvacmom Berukama cmo^uqa AHekop ToM, koflmo gamupa

om npu6,ru:umerruo 12OO z. Heganev xa loz Myo

sa6eanaa,r xpau. OnucBa ao kamo ,,no.oapouex omBcuqko, koemo cMe Hacnegunu om ftrpuun u Purvr".

AHekop Bam (koemo o3HaqaBa ,,xparu") 6un no-uankonoeb Ham om g*ynenama u 8ce nak 6u^u Heo6xoguMu

a lolu kaMeHeH pe e0 om u3mo,tHama

za^epufl Ha AHzkop Bam Hu npeg(ma8,

npoqymomo Bo6pa)keHue Ha uHgyu(mku,

60? Buuiy. Hag ?^a8ama My e 60? llHgpa.

xpaMogurm koMn^ek( futzkop Bam e 6u^noc8emeH Ha BuurHy.

v Arzkop Bam e Hai-BHyulume Hurm

cpeg cmome kauexxu xpaua, oqeleauHega^eq on (bope eHHUs kam6opkarrku

a?

Xpamrrm c nemme \r,ruPa0oHbm. koumo 8k^loqBa xpar,ra AHekop Bam, npegcmaBnr8aHaU-aoAeMUflm peluauo3eH koMnlekc Ha 3eMlma c nloulma cuom 163 xekmapa. Xpauum 6un ocHo8au kuu 1150 z. 8rB Bpt:kac noepe6exuemo Ha CypnBapMaH ll. Toi 6u^ Erragemennm uakxuepume u uano8ngBan uHgyu3bM. llponBnBar oco6eHa noqumkrv 6oaa Buuny, B qurmo qecm 6un urguztam xpaMbm u Ha

kozomo 6ul noc8emeH. Ilemme kyrru om nncr,.{xuk xa AkakopBam cuuEonusupam BtpxoBerne Ha n^aHuHama Mepy. ueHmbpHa Bcenesama cnopeg urgyucmkama Mumolozur. Bul eaapagexc Eurtura cmeHa. gb^?a 3,6 krra u po8. lzluan mpu gtaaunpaBorauxu ealepuu, u39ueHamu egHa Hag gpyza. mepacu,MHoeo npekpacHu cmamyu u 6aperreSu.

Crg6ama ce npomeH,B noko*ru Bpeuera BHyulume^Huflm xpaM ce npe8puuta IqeHmbp Ha 6ygucmkama pe^uzue u npuBnuva usoao nokroxsuuu,xo B nepuoga okolo 1430 e. e usocma8eH cleg HanageHuflma Ha

ma0Eascku nAeMeHa om loa. IlHec oko^o 90 npoqeuma omHaceleHuemo Ha KaM6ogka e om kxuepcku npouaxog, a AnakopBam ce e npeBrpraa B cuuEon sa gpe8Hama kyrmypa nacmpaHama. CaaBama xa xpaua kamo egno om qygecama Ha

> Haxogkama Ha AHpu Myo

oogu go pa3kpugaHemo Ha

MHozo crkpo8uqa Ha

Bky(mgomo, ToBa ookoUHo

AUqe e egHo om (momuqume,

u3gr^axu Srpxy kaMeHBume

ky u Ha 6atoH - Beiuko^eneH

xpaM, no(mpoeH g qeHmupa

Ha AHakop ToM om qap

3aaagkume HaTuxuq okeanpenukgeHckunm ocmpoB, unu Pana Hyu, e eguo

lJom nau-yeguHeHume krcm.aema Ha 3eMrma.

Pasnono)keH e B lo>kHama qacm Ha Tuxus okean

na okono 3600 krvr 3anagHo om kpa[6pe>kuemo

Ha 9unu. Ha cmpaka ua uankun ocmPoB,

oceflH om yeacHanu Bynkanu, 6gnm auaaumcku

anaBu, uagnnasu om kavrrrk.

Om xonuucmun ne0sa)k ce Esupam noqmu xunflga

anaBu, qu0mo npou3xog e sa6yneu B mauuu.

Mopen^a8ameaumeB nepuoga ue*gy 1500 a. np-Xp. u 1200 a. ocmpoBume I lo>krus

llacuQuk 6u,ru HaceleHu om Hapogume Ha l-lonuHeeun, koumo Eogrm

npou3xoga cu om tOaousmoqHa Asus. Te nbmy8anu B karyma c

nlamHa u 6u,ru yueru Ha8uzamopu. Berukgexckunm ocmpoB 6u,r

HaU-u3moqHama mo.rka om ntmeutecmBunma uu u uaBnpuo

e 6u,r gocmuaxam. no Bcnka Beponmrocm npee Mapkuakume

ocmpo8u, oLue npe3 400 aoguHa. nbpBume eBponeuqu,

omkpunu ocmpoBa, 6u^u xo^aHgqume. ToBa cmaHa^o

8 xegem, ua Be,rukgeH np".: 1722 zogr+a.

^ Mowuqe I mpaguquoHeH no uHBUt(ku kocmloM maHql8a gDpry

Ary ToHzapuku Ha Be ukgeH(ku, ocmpo8, Mr(momo e palnonkeHo

Ha lozoBmoqHomo kpa[6pelkue Ha ocmpoBa. TaM (a Hakou om

Hai-Ma(uoHume uoau Ha moBa omg eqeHo ktrnqe. MamepuaNm

3a Eoqku msx e qo6um om laacmaur By kaH PaHo papalry.

ToH?apuku 6e onyoruueH om qyHaMu (o?poiaHa npu u&E 8bixa.

om xuempeceaue) rpe3 1960 2. Apxeo o{me u$pa8uxa

ar?aHmdwre z agu I npeguuromo uu no0kerue.

MOaU, Ca

I nepuoga okonokoumo ce omnu,laBam

c atp6aBu HocoBe u ygbDkeHuMeku Ha yuume. ca nogpegeHu I peguqu ErpxyuepeMoHuaAHu kauerHu nnamQopMu, HapeqeHu axy.Ilpyau Hocrm Ha ena8ume cu nykay, qu^uHgpuqHukaueugu ,,uranku", ntrpBouavanno 6o19ucalu BmbMHoqepBeHo. Tpemu nrk uMam pbqe c gblau npbcmu,ckprcmeiu npes koperraa uM, a MHoao ce omrru,{a8am cgur6okume ovnu kyxunu. sa koumo apxeo^o3umenpegno^a?am, ue ca 6unu sanr,\BaHu c kopanu.

B,racmnu rlueypuTe>kecmma Ha cmamyume rrao>ke ga gocmuaxe go 84 mora,a Hflkou ce us8ucrBam Ha BucoquHa om 11 uempa. BepormronpegcmaBan8am Bo>kgo8eme npeguu. Bnp8a^o ce, ve npume*aBamoapouna gyxo8Ha curra. finlanemo, npeuecmBaHemo u u3gueaHemora uoau mpn68a ga e uauckBaro kBaruQuqupar mpyg I npoguokeuueHa MHoeo, MHozo ?oguHu.3aceaa ca omkpumu okono 900 uoau,kamo Hqkou ca B neeHano nolo)keHue, a gpyau ca usnpa8exuHanoEo. Okono 600 ne>kam oue xegoBrptuexu ana8no B

kaueHo,nousume, kbgemo au npueom8r u.

a ToBa (a o(maHku om munuqHa ktqa I ArV Taxau, 0 ulmoq8ama qacm

Ha ocmpoBa. gbHruHurm 6opglop om kaMbHu o6pa3y8a oq€pmaHu{ma Ha

iogka u mps60a ga noggrprl(a gbpeeHa apka. no 3eMume oko^ogoMo8eme cu )kume ume Ha o(mpo0a omz erkgMu c^agku kapmoou,

3axapHa mpD(muka u 6aHaHu. Pa38!rga^u (!qo u nmuqu,

9uqeH Umuan pe8Hume atpuu, koumo cucmaBunu nr:p8ume

I-tcnucuuu c qygecama Ha c8ema, HflManu Hukak8a

npegcma8a sa ctuecm8yBasemo ua CeBepHa u lo>kHa

Avrepuka. Koaamo eBpone[uume nat]-cemue cmueHanu

go Mekcuko u l-1epy kovt 1500 a.,

eg8a rvroanu ga no8np8am Ha

oirume cu. Haruepunu gpeBuu

apago8e, nupaMUgu u xpauo8e,

kakmo u HecMemHu cukpo8uqa

om 3namo, cpe6po u ueQpum.

HarJ-pasnuuHu napogu 6unu

aBmopume Ha me3u 8enu.{ecm8eHu

mBopeHun, oco6eHo Maume,

monmekume, aumekume u uukume.

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Ko& u3guanal apaga?Mrozo om Hai-3a6ene)kumelsume o6ekmu g Mekcuko capasnono>kenu na nonyocmpog lokamar. O6,racmma epaBHuHHa, eopeqa u MHoeo cyxa c u:k,llorteHue xa uankume,xAbmHaAU e3epa, HapeLteHu ceuome.6nuzo go mpu om me3u6e:qexHu Sogou3moqHuL{u Hapogbm t4mqa om epynama Hat4aume, Muepupal B peeuota, u3guaHan yuveH l4mqa.KbM 600 a. 9u,teH l4mua ce npegupran B zpag. l(rrr,l gg7 e.Beponmno uuano tauecm8ue Ha monmeku,3automo ommc3u nepuog ce ua6aloga8am kaMeHHU u3gelug cbc cmul,cvecuua ue>kgy cmuloBeme Ha Maume u monmekume.Cneg rue>kgyoco6iru Bouau ue>kgy uaume npes Xlll Bekom ?paga ocmaHa^u pyuHu.

Pyuuume Ha gu,JeH l4mua uoaam ga 6rgam BugeHu u gcec.B o6^acm om gecem kBagpamuu kunor,aempa ci pauno-nork"ruxpano8e u mepacu, cmuna,loBugHu nupaMUgu. oAmapu,cmtrn6uUa, gBopuu, mpoHoBe, u3gfl^aHU Hagnucu, na3apu,gBopo8e aa uzpa c monka,6ar-ru, o6cep8amopufl u cmamyu Ha6ozoBe. Macu8nunm Xpana xa gourume Ha zpaHuqama cg>kyr-iznama e 3ao6uko^eH om 60 ko,ror.ru. Ha kaMeHHume

BouHu u uepenu

6apereQu ca uao6paseuu monmekcku BouHu c npo6umu , .., ...,.,soco8e, c ykpaueHun om nepa Ha arragama, aomB^nsam B 6o0. Ha uamoqnama mepaca na g8op;uepa c monka ca u3o6pa3eHu suuu u vepenLi. S1cmpax CmeHa ua qepenume Hskoina6yvBaau ompn3aHume no gpeMe Ha,,v v vPvrrrs Eo evgrrultlutlre .. :

;kepm6onpuuoueuun aaaBu.

Ape8uu uuBu,ru3auuu,[,pe8nume Hapogu Ha Mekcuko pasane>kga^u qogeukume*epmSonpuHoruerun na 6ozo8eme kamo oapouna vecm sarkepmBume. Uu8u,lusaquu kamo megu Ha Maume xe nosuaga,tuMemaAHUme cequBa unu koneaomo, Ho cb3galu genukoaenxucapagu, 6u>kyma, ykpaLueuun om nepa, ?pbHqapcku uagerur,mbkaHu u cmernu pucynku. lzl:o6pemunu kaneugapu u

nucMeHocm, usyva8aau s8esgume. I4cnasckume go0suuu

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Tagk MaxaarsMor(Ho nu e moBa ga e naL-<:=: -::cepaga Ha c8ema? Tapk Maxa', e c::- - - 'r :-

Ha no-Bucokun 6pna na peka flrvryna 6'-:: :: --:'t/1Hgun. I-1 pegcma8ns8a rr,raBsonetJ, ue g ; z - =

lllax .[>kaxan, om guHacmuflma Ha r". : ' ' - --ve>kgy 1632 u 1653 a. MoaYnume 6*'-vloclonvauckume Enagemenu Ha a0'-:r'': -::*om l/lHgun no oHo8a Bper'ae' Apxume(- ':-i*Tr-uegoo8tp e B naruem Ha cbnpyaama h3

uMnepamopa, ue8ecmua kamo

Myrvrmas Maxan.

^ lllax A)kaxaH e pogei B Aaxop (cb8peMeHeH

nakucmaH) npe3 1592 ?. npe3 1612 z. ce )keHu 3a

ApgkyMaHg 6aHo 6ezyM, koflmo ce oa0e^a c

xy6ocmma cu. l/lMa/\ MHoeo gpyzu )keHu, Ho ml

uy 6uaa xaii-^lo6uuama Hapek^u , MyMma3 Maxa^,

koemo o3Ha,ra8a ,,Bb3BuuleHama 0 g8opeqa", T' My poguia

14 geqa, cegeM om koumo go(mu?Halu 3p'Ia 0blpacm

Mparvrop u ckbnoueHHu ka/r,urHu

Mozyrckume E,rageme,ru 6u,ru nokpoBumerru

Ha u3fltuHUme u:kycm8a u apxumekmypama'

Creg cutpmma Ha MYtumas Maxan nPes

1631 z. tllax fl>kaxaH ct6upa pa6omHa

cu,na om no8e.te om 20 000 Pa3^uqHU

Maucmopu. 5u,l gokapau rau-kaqecmBetlusm

6n,r uparraop, a ckt,noueHuume kautrru -

aMemucmu, HeQPum, ,lanuc na:Yau.

mlopkoasu, kopanu u cege$ - 6unu Esecesu

om qs,ta Aaun ga Ykpacflm sgaHuemo.

CkunoqerHume kamnu 6u,tu

uukpycmupauu I kaMeHHa Pe36a c

EelukolenHu Q,roPanlu uomuBu

C uapacm8alemo Ha ocnoBuama cepaga

ce non8u.ru Bucoku apku B nepcu0cku cmu'r'

CmuxoBe om c8euleHume ucasucku

mekcmo8e - Kopaxa - ykpacunu cmeHume

c u3FU-lHa apa6cka kanuaPa$un.

^ n^oqkume u uHkpy(maquunre, koumo ykpa(,gamTaglk Maxa4 cbqema0am e^eMeHmu om urguti*amau nep(uu*ama ky mypa. Cmutbm e u3rqeH,Ho g€AukameH, 3a ga He omk^oHrBa noz egaorll (a ama no(mpotka.

Capaga - pa(Myumas Maxal 6u^a no8e'{e om cbnpyea u uauka. Surra Ha[_go6pamanpunmeaka u no,rumuqecku cugemHuk na ljJax,[>kaxan. fogopu ce, ve cnegcMbpmma u morl omkas8aa ga npueMa xpana B npogu,ukeHue Ha oceM gHu.3a ga uspa:u rlo6o8ma cu ktr.a res, no>kena,r ga *m8opu xau_npekpacxunnavemxuk. Tag>k Maxa,r e ygenvar c qemupu apku u oaporuet, 6necmsul6rn kynon.9emupu Eucoku MuHapema ca pa3nolo)keHu omcmpaHu Haapo6Huqama, Ho uMa cbuto g>kanaur u gBopoge. KoMn^ekcbm e pa3no^o)keHcpeg npocmopHa apaguHa I cmula Ha Moey^ume, pa3ge^eHa Ha Ltemuputracmu. B Hes uMa e3epa, koumo ompa3ffBam ocaognama cepaga.Tag* Maxal e nauemsuk sa 6oa u sa.iogeukama alo6og u ckpr6.EgnoSper,renno c moBa c,rpkua ga ce usmtkHe Moutma u 6oaamcmgomoHa UJax.[>kaxan, makap ve pasxogume no cmpoe>ka eg6a renpu'.ruHU^u pasopnBaremo Ha Moey ckama uMnepufl.

< llpekpaGama karreflHa

pe35a Ha Tagk Maxa^

e 3a(mpaueHa om

egpeMeBHomo npoMuu^eHo

3aMlpcr8aHe u a0mouo6uaxu

zatooe, kakmo u om

o?poMHu, 6poii mypucmu,

koumo zo noaeqa8am.

Iloclegxume guuAeaexgama e^acu, qe LlJax.q)kaxaH 3aMuclffn ga nocmpounogo6en tra6soaeri u sa ce6e cu, Ho om uepen kautrk.flaauo8eme My ocmaHanu HeocbutecmgeHu. flpea 16bg a.e no8anes om 6olecm u qemupuMama uy cura sanovgamga cu ocnop8am mpora. Egur om mrx, Aypanaee6,:a8nagrBa npecmo^a Ha uMnepuflma u sa ga ykpenuEracmma cu, aamBapr 6aqa cu g kpenocmma Ha Aepa.OcmaBeH Ha apu*ume Ha Ha0-eo^sMama cu gbulepf _

,[,>kaxarapa, lllax,[>kaxan yMupa oceM aoguuu no_kucuo,npes 1666 a. u HaMUpa noko0 B Tag>k Maxa,r pegou cMyvmae Maxaa. IlHec Tag>k Maxan e Ha0-u3BecmHurmcuuBoa sa lzlngur, nokasau sa uro>kecmgo $omozpar!uu,npo6nnc8aul xa lyrxa cBemnura ulu o6a?peH om 3opama.

v llHgutku npa3Hygam pe^uauolBu, npa3Huk guta^uHa elepo 0 Tagk Maxa^, CrgbpueHama czpaganpeg^a?a gyxo8Ho uteu(,oaHe 3a MlocblMaHu,uHgyucmu u xopa om B(egBMo)kHu pe u?uu.

I(aHanume HaBeHeuutlFI pes noc^egHume xu^flga eoguHU

I leBponeuckume epago8e ca cb3ga^u

rvrno>kecmBo qygeca. Benu.{ecmBeHu

cpegHo8ekoBnu kamegpanu c npekpacHu

Eumpa>ku, agpa8u kpenocmHu kYnu u

Rku gaulumHu cmeHu, nuLuHu g8oPuu,

ykpacenu c u3flulHu kapmuHu u ao6neHu,

geno Ha yuenu naa[cmoPu. EguH om

Hatr-npekpacHume epago8e cpeg mnx e

Beneuus B lulmanun, kugemo Burecmo

y ur{u uMa EogHu kananu. lPagum e

nocmpoeH Etpxy epyna Hucku ocmpo8u u

nocemumenrm ocmaBa c EnetlamneHuemo,qe ce u3guea r-ranpaEo om Mopemo.

*I

l UeHmpaAHa BeHequs ce o(mou om 118 Ma^ku o(mpooa, fteguHeHu (

oko^o 400 Mo(ma. Cpeg mrx Abkamyulu aa6upunm om kaHa^u Ta3u (HuMka

om tu3gyxa noka3ga oepoMHama ul8u8ka Ha Kara^e fpaHge (fo^eMu[ kaHa^)

0 ftpqemo Ha 2paga, ybyMume^hurm zpag 6ykBa^Ho e no(mpoeH BbB oogama

tpag OtB BogamaB cmapu Epeneua 6peaum oko,ro Beneuus 6ur 6ramucm.

n,rumkama raeyHa 6ura 3aulumeHa om omkpumo uope

om naa,rku ocmpo8vema u nflcbqHU HaHocu.6e)kaHuu om

koHmuseuma ce 3ace^ulu myk npes V 8ek, kozamo lzlma,run

nocmoEHHo 6ura Hanagaua.3a Bceo6ula u3HeHaga 6eatluume

npeycne^u. Ct6upanu con, ro8enu pu6a, cmpouru kopa6u u

npou:8e>kgaru cmtklo, ara Ha0-Beve mtrpayBaru. flpes

CpegHoBekoBuemo BeHertuauckume mtpao8rlu ynpa>knn8a,ru

koumpolr Hag mr:pzo8unma c A:us u Euacnnu ckunu konpuuu

u nognpaBku.3a ga u3epagflm ocHo6ume ua u.o.,8un apag,

me aa6unu uu,nuoHu gtp8euu cmt^6o8e B 6.ldtlucmama nov8a

.-... ,l

d{

". , !3 l**

XuBom Br>B BogamaKuna XV 8ek Beneuur ce npe8upuarra I egun om Ha[-6ozamumeapagoBe B c8ema. flo BpeMe Ha Btpxo8nur cu paau8empa3no^aea^a c 35 000 naopnqu, koumo Eogelu no8eue om3000 kopa6a om u kur,,r npucmaHuulemo r.r. OvapoBamernumeuocmoBe, nasapu, npucmaHu 3a Aogku, gBopuu u vepkBu6u,ru nocmpoeuu npe: cleg8aulume EekoBe, uo noqmu HrMaAoynuqu- Beuequarqume npegnoquma^u ga ce npugBu)k8am clogku no upe>kama om kpacuBu kauanu. Beteuus 6uraBokHo npucmaHuule. Berequarqume pas6upa,nu. qe eaBucgmom Mopemo u Ecrka zogura ymBup>kga8anu Bpuokama cu cHeao no Epeue na ny6nuvua qepeMoHuff. Ynpa8umemm raapaga - go>lom - 6urr ua8e*gan I uopemo I no3nameHa

zoHgoaa. X8upnn,r npbcmeH cpeg Brnsume u o6s8sBar,qe epagbm e cknloqur 6pak c Mopemo.

fpagr>m Ha cnokoricm8uemoB kpar Ha XVlll Bek Bereuus aanouBa ga ay6u Bnunnuemo cukamo nonumuqecka cula, Ho ocmaBa uermup na uskycmBomo,uy:ukama u meambpa. Buaxumumerrusm kapHa8an cenpo8e>kga e*ezogxo u B raLlu gHu. BeHeUus cma8a u:Becmrakamo La Serenissima -,,Ha0-cnokoiHUflm" cpeg Bcuvku zpago8e.Beaequn npogtroka8a ga npuBrruua 6ee6pou nocemumeau.Hesa6paBuuu ocmaBam aaegkama ra apagckume oqepmaHuff.koumo usHukBam npeg noe^ega uag 6regocunume BoguHa AaeyHama, u ynuvkume, koumo Bctulrocm ca kasarru.Ho 6ugeulemo na Beseuus e 3acmpaueno.Mopckomo paBHuue ce u3guea u Bce no-qecmo cma8amuaEogueuun. fpagum e kpexrk u usuck8a MHor(ecm8ocro>kuu epagoycmporicmBeuu peueHus, ako uckauega 3ana3uM qeHHume cepagu u cbkpo8uua.

v Ha y u'rHo Hugo o(uqko e obB ooga,

3amoga Hai-/\e(Ho (€ nbmy8a ( logka.

AHe( MomopHurtu u 0og u a0mo6y0,Hapeq€Hu Sanopemu, 6pa3grm oogume

Ha kaHa ume, Ho 3a no8eqemo mypucmu

egufl(mBeHuSm Ha,{uH Ha npugSukgaHe(u o(maga .oHgo ama {go^y),Tooa e mpaguquoBHama, 6orgu(aHa 0

vepuo aogka Ha kaHaium€, a me(eH

kopnyc r gtarkuaa oko^o 11 Mempa

u ( u38umu Ha?ope Ho( u kbpMa.

foHgo uepbm ynpa0^,8a zoHgo ama( noMou{ma Ha gtlzo ?pe6lo,

> Bogama HaMyga no nuaqema kbM

n^oqag ,IaH Mapko" g qeHmrpa Ha

BeHequs u ra u8a Ma(ume u (mo ooeme,

o6ukHogeHo 3aemu om mypu(mu.

fo^rMama czpaga e Agopeqbm Ha

gokume - eegio8eko8Hurm qeHmrp

Ha ynpao^eflue, ApxumekmypHume

BAurBu, HanoMHlm u A3u, u Egpona -Hac eg(m8o om mbpao8*ama geaHo(m

fla zpaga, B€Hequ, e cBukHa^a (Ha0ogHeHurma, rc 6tgeqemo m zpaga

e noBog 3a ozpoMHa 3azpukeHo(m,

OEOE14EHt/lE HA BTOPA rnABA: flO IIJ14POKUIf CBflT

numyBanu go Apa6un u l4omoqsa AQpuka, a e8poneUckume

uopen,raBame,ru cmueHaAU 6peeo8eme ra Auepuka.

Om Kumatr go MekcukoHau-BHyuumeAHuflm kumaucku naMemHuk e Benukama

kuma[cka cmeHa, cmpoeHa B npogtnkenue Ha BekoBe ga

om6nbckBa sauecmBenuuume. Egun om Ha0-?oleMume

pe^ueuo3Hu kounnekcu B cBema e Axakop Bam B Kavr6og>ka,

nocmpoeH korvr 1 150 ?. Hau-3aeagb,.{Hume om Bcuvku vygeca

no c8ema ca kal,ressume ena8u, ueguzuamu Ha galeqHu,

Benukgexcku ocmpoB I Tuxun okeax om 1000 go 1600 e.

llpegu eBponer.ruume ga omkpunm Anaepuka npeo 1492 e.,

Maume. molmekume, aqmekume u uskume cmpouluBe,ruqecm8enu ?pago8e u xpanao8e. Fpag Huuen l4mqa IMekcuko npoubQmnBa om 600 go 1200 z.

U3nuecm8o u kpacomaHaU-kpacuBomo cpeg no-HoBume vygeca ua cBema

onpege^eHo e Tag* Maxar - va8soresm. u3?pageH om

uozynckun uMnepamop Ha l4Hgufl B qecm sa cbnpyaama My,

sa8rpueH npe3 1652 a. EBpone0ckume zpagoBe flapu>k,

Qrropenqur u noHgoH ce cnaBrm ctc cukpoBuqama cu.

EguH om Ha0-npekpacHume epago8e e Bexeuus. 3acmpoeH

Erpxy nucku ocmpoBu cpeg ^aeyHa

B 14ma^ufl -

HaucmuHa epag, nocmpoeH BbB Eogama.

Ha Be ukgeH(ku{ ocmpo8 I O*ttu8

nacuouk uMa oko o 1000 zuzaHm*u

kaMeHHu zla8u

Ape0en Pu,rnu c,reg moOa

IpeBuume eupuu nosuaBa,ru

eguucmBeno lO*Ha EBpona,

3anagra Asur u Ce8epra

AQpuka. Ho us8tr npegenume

ra oapauuvenun uu c8nm

cuuecmByBaau ganevHu.

Hen03Hamu seuu, kogemo

cbu-lo uMaAo uygeca u :azagku.

flpegu okono 2000 aogurupuruckama 8^acm ce

pa3pacHa^a u putuckume

uxrkeuepu nocmpoulu nbmuula,

akBegykmu u eoleMu apago8e. Konu:eyvtrm B Putr e omkpum

npe3 80 z. u npegcmaBmBa sa6e,\e)kumenHo nocmu>kesue sa

apxumekmypama.

CBemrrm ce pa3urupl0aB npoguokerue Ha 1200 ?oguHu cneg eu6e,rma sa Puuckama

uMnepuF npe3 476 z. Ha no,rmu Eceku kosmusesm 6unu

cusga8aHu npekpacnu nocmpouku u nanemruqu. Xopama

ysHa^u 3a mflx, koaamo npes XIV u XV Bek gano.l8a enoxama

Ha ?oAeMume zeoapaQcku omkpumun. Mapokarqume u

Bexeuuasqume cmueHalu go Kumau, kumaickume mtpaoBqu

nocememe caUma ua

Konuseyua - 6oiHomono^e Ha znaguamopume,

u pa3?AegaUme

lpeBeH Pun,t:

www-the-colosseum.net/idx-en.htm

Hayveme noBe.{e sa xpaua B Axakop

Bam u gpyau sacmpaueru o6ekmu

Ha cauma ra Xucmopu 9eru,r:

www.history.com,/classroom/unesco,/angkor/index2.html

Omkpuime no8eqe sa t{u.reH [4mqa ugpyeu qygeca B l-leHmpanna Arvrepuka:

vvltnru.mnsu-edu/emuseum,/archaeology/sites/meso-america/chichenitza.html

He nponyckaume Be,rukorrenrur ca0m,

nocBemeH Ha opueHmalckamaapxumekmypa u Tag>k Maxan Ha:

www-orientalarchitectu re.com/agra/tajmahalindex.htm

Hayveme oule...flpo,{ememe no8eqe ga

u3yMume^Hume qygeca

no uupokur cBnm:

www.metmuseum .ot g / toah /hdleais/hd eais.htmwww.venetia.itwww.mysteriousplaces.com/maya n,/f ou rEntrance.html

Bertukama kumaicka cmeHa:

eueaumckume cmpoe*u B ucmopunma

om Peiqur Auxem(usg. KugXe0Etr l1pec, 2OO4 e.l

Tag* Maxat: Beaukume cepagu

om Kpucmux MypkpoQm(u:9. Cmek-Bon, 1997 a.)

Kaueuuu maixu: Ecuttko sa

AepoettuQume na uaumeom Aopu Koyamtp.

Capa ,E*etx lrhanutu(usg. Megucun llpec, 2001 a.)

AHmpono^oalzlsyvaBa pasBumuemo,

o6uqaume u EnpBaxurma B

,ro8eukume kyamypu.

U3kycm0oBegl4ayvaBa cmapu npous8egeuun xa

uskycmEomo - kapmunu, pes6u,

ckynnmypu u uao6parkeuun.

Ka,rreuogeleu[4scuva, zpaBupa u oQopun kaMeHHufl

Mamepual. ugnone8as I czpagu unu

sa pecmaBpauun.

Kumaucmtl3y.raBa ucmopunma,kyrmypama u esuka Ha Kuma[.

Pecma0pamopfpDku ce 3a cmapu c?pagu u o6ekmu,

noggrp*a au I go6po cbcmosHue

u zu onas8a.

crrBpelneHHurr cBrrmn?", XVilt u XtX Bek EBpona u CegepHaI lArvrepuka ce npeBpuu.lam g cpeguuleHa 6rps HayqeH u mexnuqeck, npoJp"" _lzlHgycmpuanHa ma peBonlouus.Ilos8s8am ce 6necmRulu uso6pemeuun:napaxogu, Enakoge u agmouo6unu.Ilpes XX Bek ce Busnpueuram HoBu uremoguHa cmpoumencm8o. koumo gknloqgamuenong8anemo Ha 6emoH, cmoMaHa ucmrkno. B epagogeme uspacmBamue6ocmupeavu. Krvr Har{anomo HaXXI Bek MHoeo om gpegnume Meqmu Har{oBeqecmBomo ca ce npeBopHanu g

geUcmBumennocm. Xopama Moeam ganemrm u ga nrmy8am B Kocuoca, cmpoflmue8eponmnu BogoxpaHunutua u uocmoge.Su6nuomekama Ha KoHepeca ua CAIIInpume>ka8a noBe,{e om 29 uunuoHa kHuau.CBemoBnama rvpe>ka ocueypeBa gocmbngo noqmu HeoepaHuqeHa uuQopuraqunno qflAomo se&tHo kbn6o. Kocnauqeckumemeneckonu ce onumgam ga Hag3bpHamI grn6unume Ha Bceneuama. Ho cauo6rgHume nokoneHuR qe onpegennm koeom me3u qygeca gaguHaau ure ocmaHeB ucmopunma Ha qoge,{ecmBomo.

@Ha Br:pxa Ha cBema!;-;eomno>knama nompe6uocm om cmpoumencmSo

I le nosHama om gpeBuocmma. AnekcaHgpu[ckunm Qape caMo eguH om paHHume onumu ga 6tgam u3gueHamu

Bucoku nocmporlku, 3atr,{omo xopama mbpcenu HaquHu ga

nogqepmaflm c8oqma Enacm u o6ulecm8euo nono>keuue.

Ho eg8a npea XIX 8ek, c qso6pemR8anemo na noBu

cmpoumeAHu Mamepuanu, cmpoumencmBomo ua

coBperueHHume,,ne6ocmtpeaqu" cmaHano Eustvto)kHo.

HoBume kynu paevumanu Ha uenons8aHemo Ha

usknloqumenHo sgpaEo >kennso u cmoMaHa.

nnbmHUme cmuknonakemu,mpaguquoHHume mlDou u kauunu.

Ilbp8ume xe6ocmrrpaauunpe3 1871 z. cmpatueH no>kap yHuqo>kur auepukaxckur apag 9ukaao

u B c,reg8auume aoguHu mpn68a^o ga ?o nocmpoflm uaHoEo. 6uro8pene, kozamo Eucokoka,recmBeHama cmoMaHa noeBmuHnBarra.

HoBu ne6ocmtpaauu c pavku om Mema^ ce ycmpeMulu Hazope.

flkocmma ra >kens:omo 6u,ra geMoHCmpupaHa om OpeHckuFuokeuep flocmaB EQe (no3Ham kamo AiQe,n), uurmo AuQeno8a

kyna I [lapu>k cmauam ntrp8ama cpeg Bucokume nocmpouku

npes 1889 z. llpegHa:navenuemo na He6ocmtpeavume,

kakmo u na vygecama om aHmuqHocmma, 6uro ga

Bne.ram^flBam u usmtkBam 6ozamcmEomo u

noro>kesuemo B o6uecm8omo. HoBu uoo6pemelun,

kamo 6upaun acaucoop, nanpa8urru Bucokume

czpagu nonpakmuvnu :a ynompe6a.

Aanepukaxcku neumuHlo lrlopk ckopo no8er kmcaqunma no Sucoku

czpagu. OapaHuven Ha mepumopunma na ocmpo8Manxamtn, apagum nao>ken ga ce paspacm8a

ocnoBlo naaope, a He HacmpaHu. Ilpe: 1930 a.

eleuaHmHuflm, u3ocmpeH cunyem Ha KpauclepEurguna ce us8ucun sa 319 ru. Cano zoguHa

nokocro 6un naguuHam om eguH omHai-us8ecmHume He6ocmupzavu Ha Ecu.rku

Bpeuena - Enanautp Cmeum Sulguna(381 rvr). l(yrume 6^u3Hauu Ha

CBemoBnus mtrpaoBcku ueumt p

(415 r"r) ce omkpon8am na

Hlouopkckur xopueoxm om 1973 go

2001 zoqura, kozamo ca mpaeuqHo

pa3pytxeHu no Epeue na

mepopucmuLrHa amaka. Hukaao

omroBo guprku nup8eucmSomo

npes 1 974 a. cuc Cuupc Tayop,

koflmo ce u3guea Ha

:aLueuemsBauamaBucoquna om 442 uempa.

kakmo u Ha

Euecmo sa

> Te3u (mpoume^Hu pa6omHuqu (e Ha6akga8amHa o6egHama (u no'{ueka, flacrgalu 6Dpxyrclalqumella cmoMaHeHa ?pega Ha oko^o 245 M Hagleurma! To?a0a He e uMa o rpegna3Ha ekunupogkau kacku. foguHama e 1932 u me pa6omrm Ha

RC.A Eu^guHz (256 M) I Hloriopk*u, pokoe^ep

qeHmbp. AHec He6o(mDpzaqbm e uloe(meHkamo A (eHepa t4nekmpuk 6u guHz.

< B Hauu gHu Ecska Hooa

eH3aqur, npegu3SukaHa om

He6ocmlpaaqu, ckopo (e 3aMeHfl om qpy?a,

3aqomo epago8erne no c8ema c€ koxkypupam.nempoHa( Taybp( (452 M) 0 Xya^a AyMnyp,Ma^atuur, gbp*axa pekopga om 1999 go 2004 ?.

Cmomana u 6emoHflpoekmupaxemo ua ne6ocmrpaauu cragaga usaa roBacucmeMa om cmpoumeAHU uemogu. 6emotum 6ul ,,nogcutgau,,

cbc cmoMaHeHU npumoBe. Eurro Bmuo>kso ga ce uoaugam ozpouHu6emoHHu QyHgaMeHmu. koumo ga kpennm ocHoBume, uru sgpaBu

nunouu-cmouku ga 619am ua6uBauu gb^6oko B kanrsumJ.' MoHmaromHa capagume ce usBupru8an okono qeumparuo ngpo. flnaHupaHemo g

mako8 uaula6 e mpygHo u ce npagu c gr.ruuaminra npeqeHkaxa noc,legcmBunma 3a oko^Hama cpega. llpoekmume usuck8amkounlomupHo Moge^upaHe u gopu ce nograaam, kakmo

caMo^emume, Ha u3numaHUs B aepoguuanauvnu mpr6u.flos8ama Ha MogepHU Mamepualu oeHa,taBa, qe Hau_HoBumere6ocmtrpeavu Moeam ga uuam gcegtravo>knu

ueBepormHu Qopuu u noBtrpxHocnlu.

)

i

lzl M Arloe^oBama lslM-rMnaftpkyM, napuil (meim Eu^quu?.

OpaHqu (1889 r) Hto titopk, CAU1 (t9lr ?)

452 M - l'lempoHac 509M 55lM-Tay'bpq (ya^a AyMnyp, Taine 101, Te^e8uruoHHamaMa^alrufl (1998 ,.) TaiBa{ (2003 ?.) kyM CN raFp,

ToPoHmo,(aHaga (1976 ?.)

? _ Evp*

Iy6ai, OAE,

^ B npogr^rcHue Ha qr oek Bu@quHanra m ne6ocmrpzaru u gpFu koH(mpykquu

kamo me e8u3uoHHu lry^u npogb^r{a0a ga pacme ( ByMume Hu meMnoge.fb(mpoeflama npe3 19j1 z. EMnauDp Cmeim 6u^guHz 6u a gga ntmu no_gu(okaom CUH&p 6u guH?, ygu8u a filouopklaHu (aMo 23 zoguHu nc.paHo. np$ 2003 ?,

nogo6mma aa ha2oga lry a Taune 1001 B TaiBaH go(mu?a nopajume BamaBu(oquHa om 509 Mempa, 3amoBa mps68a4o ga 6bge mequa^Ho 3aulumeHaeeqy 3en4empeceHu, u mponu,{ecku 6ypu. A(aH.bopurne t, gou*euru (e

c tleMemrama *opo(m om G5 kr,aA, urguaam no(emume ume goHa6^hgame^xama n am$opMa Ha g9-u, emar( Ovakga <e ne6icmupaarm

6ypk Ay6aii, koiimo (e cmpou om 2005 a, ga 6We go.ma no{u(ok omTaUne 1001. Bcur{ku me3u no(mpotku o ra6erelumearu no(mu}keHu, Ha

uHr{eHepHarna Haylc, Ho ga^u h[ko, om mrx qe n eHu Bro6pakeHuemoHa o8peMeHHuqume cu gomo ko0a, .le ga , o6r8rm 3a qygo Ha (8ema?

!

L

@Apxumekmypa u u3lqycmBoFIpes noc^egHume 100 aoguHu apxumekmume us qenun cBRm

I !crsgagoxa ueBeponmnu noBu epagoBe, quumo o6uecmBenucapagu EguxuoBnBam u npoBokupam Bro6pakeHuemo.Hskou om mrx ca 6emonnu nocmpor.rku unu xygo>kecm8eHu

?a^epuu, gpyau ca agMuHucmpamu8uu capagu unu 6u6nuomeku.

Te ca EunnrmeHu 8rB Qoprvru, koumo cmaBam ErsMo)kHu

6naaogapeuue Ha EunnyBaqume uoBu mexuonoauu kamokonanlomr:pHomo MogenupaHe u ocsga8auemo Ha u3yMume^Hu

xoBu rvramepuanu kamo nnacmMacume, cmuknonakemume,cmoMaHama u >keneso6emoHa.

Xpaan rn u3kycm0ama6u^6ao e zna8susm epag Ha 6ackamanpoBurqun - peeuon I E8pona,

koumo ce npocmupa om l4cnanungo Qparqur. Haqurtm ra rku8om na

6ackume uva runoeo gpeBnu kopenu,no xau+roBomo gonunneuue kunr

apxumekmypama Ha 6ur6ao e

noareg I 6trgeulemo.ToBa e uyaenm aa ct8penreunouskycmBo,,fyeeHxauM", ko0moom8opu Bpamu npes 1997 e.

Apxumekmrm e ar,repukaHeq -

Qpank l-epu. Heo6u,rauHume

u:8uBku u Qopvru ua cepagamaca Bguxxo8eHu om cunyema

Ha kopa6ume.

< nokpu8rm Ha Onepama g CugHU e Hanpa6q{om Hag eguH MUIUOH n oqku om 6le(mxq 6rzpaHum, SzpageHu 0 naHe u ( 2iagka noobpxfiodllnoqlome (a z^alupaHu, 3a ga (e noqu(mgamno-AecHo, HO Om gpeMe Ha gpeMempr60a ga 6!gam nonpaorHu u 3aMeHrHU.

Pako0uau lJo npucmaHuulemoOr4e egua cu8peuerna cepaga, g gpyeufl kpaU sa cgema,e_ npusHama eguHogytuHo sa uogo cgemo8ro vygo.Kakmo gpe8uume ebpqu npegnpueMaAU nbmeuecmgus,3a ga 3bpHam Benukama nupaMuga g Eeunem, maka gnecmypucmume ce cmuqam 6 ABcmpa^ufl ga Bugrm maiuugBecmxa sa6ene)kumenxocm. a uaago>keuqu om gnoHuqgo^umam ga ce cHuMam Ha ooHa u. onepama e nocmpoeHaHa Hoc 6eHe^oH,z nouHm g epag CugHu 6,ru:o go gpyau

- - -egHouMeHHa ga6eae>kume,rsocm _ ro"mu Cugru iupOup.Ilecemme nokpu8a xa Onepama ca oQoprrreHu kamoeuaasmcku ruopcku pakoBuru ulu no_ckopo kamou3gymume om Efmbpa n^amHa Ha sxmume, koumokpucmoc8am culume Bogu Ha npucmaHuutemo nog Her.

< My3erm "IyaeHxaiiM" 0 Eu^6ao ce Ggu?a Oe uqecmo€Ho

Hag peka HepBuoH. O(DqecmgrgaHemo Ha npoekma (maBagb3r or{Ho ( noMorqma Ha koMnlombpHomo rioge^upaHe,koemo npeqeHroa BDlMor{Hocmume u o?paHuqeHurma Hacmpykmypu. oopMu, HanpokeHu, u [4amepua^u, My3e[m eBapageH om 6apoguk, nokpum c mumaHuegu naoqku, koumoHanogo6r8am pu6elu alocnu. u e o6auqogaa Ct( (mDk^o,

Bneqam^r8aura nocmpoiika

9i"OiT. B Cugxu e npoekmupana om gamckus apxumekm/topH ymcoH u e nocmpoeHa rvre>kgy 19bg u 1g73 z.Apxumekmypuurm kovnnekc saeru e nossup>kax om s80 6emos,uT"H:#il.H;"Hiljgtn6oko B seMsma. pasnonaaa c nogeqe om 1000 noru*urur,koumo BkrrloqBam meampa^Hu 3alu, cmygufl u kolqepmnuganu, uanongBagu 3a onepHu. maHqo8u. rnuurpunn, ,BceBusr\ro>kHu Bugoge uy:uka,rnu npegcmagnenun. OcHognamakorqepmna eana no6upa nogeqe om 2500 spumeru.

> Ilo BpeM€ Ha (mpoume^(m0omo Ha Onepama BCugHu mpr60a^o ga 6!gam npeogo^eflu MHoke(mgomexHo o?uqflu npo6^eMu. O6ulecmSeHume ge6amu,(oDp3aHu c gulailHa li. npugo6u^u pa3zopeuleH xapakmep.Ce?a nogeqemo xopa (a (t?/tacHu, qe epagama e egfla0m apxumekmypHume qeHflocmu Ha Hauemo cbopeMue.

BogHu r{ygecaogama e >kusHeHo Heo6xoguua sa oqenn8aHemo Hu Ha

3eunma. lzlsnoneBaMe r 3a nueHe, sa HanoR8aue sa

cenckocmonaHckume Mmypu, nna8aue no no8tpxHocmma u

c kopa6u, npousBe>kgaue enekmpuvecmBo. Bogama uo>ke

ga 6rge u 3annaxa. HanpuMep koaamo Mopemo 3anee

6peao8eme unu pekume npe^erm om kopumama cu.

Xopama, koumo o6yega8am Bognama cmuxufl unu cmporm

3aulumHu crropu>kenun cpeury Ha8ogneHuRma, ca uaBupuunu

u3 qelufl cBnm unkou om uarl-gocmo0Hume nog8usu na

cmpoume^cmEomo B cu8peuuemo uu. floHnkoaa npu kpa0uo

onacHu ycnoBun, c qeHama Ha o?poMHu raoBeuku >kepmBu,

me ca nocmpounu kauanu, HanoumenHu cucmeMu,

Bogoxpanunuqa, unlosoBe u gueu cpeuy HaBogHeuunma.

fo,re,rnume kanra,ruXopama cmporm karanu B npogt,ukeHue Ha noHe 6000 aoguHu. Msoao om mnx Bce

oule Moeam ga ce npueMam 3a qygeca na c8ema, Bknloqumelno Benukusm kuma0cku

kaHal sa8tpureH npe3 1327 z. Iltrokusama uy e '1 781 ku u I egua Qasa om

cmpoumencmBomo uy 6unu Heo6xoguruu nem Mu^uoHa pa6omuuuu. Cyeukunm kaua,r

rrae>kgy 9ep8eno u Cpeguseuno uope e:a8tpureH npes 1869 e., koemo nosBolu^o Ha

?o^eMume kopa6u ga sao6ukansm qenur Arlpukarcku konmunerm no Bpeure na

nrmyBarurma om usmok Ha 3anag u o6pamHo. 1914 eoguna 6e^e)ku omkpu8aHemo Ha

llarauckun kanan 6l-lenmpanHa Arvrepuka, 3anoqHam om Qpaxqyeume u sa6tpuen om

auepukaxqume. Tosu Eoger nrm cBupsBa AmaaHmu.reckug u Tuxus okeas u cnecmn8a

Ha kopa6ume gurreomo aao6ukarsse okono kpar na lo>kna AMepuka.

^ Kackagama om Hag 62 000 ky6u{e*u Mempa

goga e cekyBga 6yqu no npe u8Huka Ha Bogupa

tlmatny u npeg^aza He3a6paeuMa ? egka,

Totu Hau(muHa euzaflmcku xugpoeHepaueH npoekm

6e nycHam 0 geu(m8ue npe3 1984 2. Ha zpaHuqama

Me)kgy 6paiu^u, u napae8at, E^eknpuqe(moomo,

npou38okgaHo om myp6uuumq xagxBupar

npourBerqaHomo om gecem amoMHu

e^ekmpoqeHmpa^u,

< B^ekaqu mez srl kopa6 B paHHume gHu

Ha naHaM(ku, kaHa,\ XuMgu pa6omHuqu

HaMepulu cMDpmma cu Ha cmpoerka Ha

0ogHu[ ntm Merkgy 3:noq0aHemo My

nper 1880 ?. u ,a8Dpur8aHemo nper 1914 z.

ToBa e eguH om Hall-zo eMume u mpygHu

uHl(eHepfl u npoekmu, oft qe(mgrgaru

Hflkoza. AHe( npe3 kaHala

no8eqe om 14 000

npe3 2006 e 6f,xa

(epuo3Ha

3saqultu a3o8upu.D,Ba[cemu 8ek 6ere>ku no8cevecmuo usaparkgaue ua n:o8upu.3a naoBupa fonnu Kyruu (1 942) I ulama Bar-uuHamoH, CAlLl,

ca uano,r:Basu noBe,re om 80 nau,ruosa ky6uvecku vempa6emoa. Acyanckurm nso8up B Eaunem, sa8rpueH npe:1970 2., ctrgt,p>ka 17 nt,mu no-zo,rqtlo konuqecmEo kautHucm nupaMugume I [usa. fao8uptrm PoayH (1 990) ITag>kukucmau ce u3guaa Ha Euco.juHa 335 uempa.Ho Ha0-3a6ene)kumelHunm npoel<m e c8t,p:au c n:o8upa

Tpume krucypu" B Kuma[, ko[mo mpn68a ga 6tge nycHam

I ekcn,roamaqus npe:2009 a. [!e npegcmaE,uBa

Hai-zoleMuflm I cBema zeuepamop na Bognoenekmpuvecka

eHepzufl, kamo cblue8peMeHHo u1e koumpo,rupa pa:nuBume

ra flug:o - mpemama no gul*una peka B c8ema.

CmpoumelcmBo c noaleg krm 6rrgeutemoLloBeukusm yM mpygHo no6upa npegcma8ama sa auaaHmckumeBogoxpauunuuta, nopegHUme qygeca Ha ctBpeuenuur c8am,koumo o6aqe vecmo cuga8am eoAeMU mpygHocmu - noqmueguH MUAuoH gyr-uu Beve ca HanycHanu gouoBeme cu I6,lu:ocmgo n:o8upa ,,Tpume krucypu". IloHnkoea rao8upume ca onacHU

3a oko^Hama cpega. HaBnpuo cmpoume,lcm8omo, koemo ule ceol(a)ke om Hau-aomMo 3HaeeHue, qe 6oge c8rp:ano cnpoekmume, sauluma8au{u xopama om HagueauJomo ce vopckopaBuuue. Hau-aoleLrume 3aulumHu cropt>keHun cpeqyna8ognenur Bknloq8am nnana.Eenma - HeyMopHo ycunue ga He

ce gonycHe nogau3Ha^omo om Eoga xorargcko kpau6pe>kue ga

6tge noetnuamo om Ce8epuo vope. Om 1986 z. HacaM mo3u

u3yMume^eH npoekm e omk^oHu^ vemupu ao,leuu peku cnoMoruma sa urllo:o8e UAU eu e npeHacoLru,r ktru rsoBupu.

< IoBa e EogHoe ekmpuqeckurm

mnpuul8a ( 6eHmogeme cu

nepuMemopbm fia ?opt ama.

GyMume^Hume 47q.U limo91 . CDop-bke*nefiio e

a Tooa e (ega uqemo Ha MHozoHaquoHalHu, EBponeiicku qeHmbp 3a

,gp€Hu u3c^eggaHur, oGoBaH npet 1959 z, llMeHHo myk yqeHume cb3gaEam

u3yMume^Hama CBemoBHa Mpe € nper 90-ne zoguHu xa XX Bek. CD8nageHue e,

qe caMusm o6ekm € €gHo om qyg€cama Ha Haurut a6[m. Pa3noio)keH Ha

OpeH(ko-uBeuqap*ama zpaHuqa, qeHmtPbm Bk^lo,ioa no$eMeH myHe ,

koumo o6pary8a kpbz ( gDDkuHa 27 kM (o3HaqeH ( 6r ama ,luHut Ha GuMkama).

TyHeADm ce u3no^3Ba 3a wyqa8aHe Ha Mameputma u eieMeHmapHume qa(muqu.

Bekrrm Ha komnlomPumenbp8ume kounlompu ca paapa6omenu B Ce8epna Arraepuka u

EBpona npe3 40-me u 50-me zoguHu Ha )(X 8ek. 6unu uacu8uu

uygoBuula c guau ka6enu u no,lmu HukakBa aanauemnBaula

cnoco6nocm. [4ua,ro zu cauo I aguutucmpamu8uu czpagu u

yHuBepcumemu. Cneg u:o6pemn8aHemo ua uukpovuna, u,ru

uHme?palHama cxeMa, npe3 1958 a. u uukponpouecopumenpes 1 971 e., kor,,rnlompume cma8am 8ce no-ualku no paauep,

Ho MHoeo no-MoruHu. flpouenume goBe>kgam go ctsgaBaxemora nrpBume nepcoHa^Hu kounlompu npes 80-me aoguHu Ha

XX 8ek. Xopama 6e,ie iro)kenu ga uMam y goMa, Ha pa6oma

u^u I ^a6opamopuFma

paBHocmouHomo cugtp>karue

ua rskorko A^ekcaHgpuUcku 6u6ruomeku.

Kounlomrprama peEo,rlouun kopeuHo

npoMeHU HaquHa ra >kuBom u pa6oma

Ha xopama.

> KoMnlombpHume yc yzu 0eqe B3auMogeii(m8am

u^u ce (^u8am c gcuqku ocmaHa^u ougoge

koMyHukaquu kamo me^eooH, paguo, me^e8u3u[.

ge(mHuqu, CD u DVD. noHrko?a Hapuqam

e ekmpoHHus cgflm, o3gageH no mo3u fla9uH,

ku6epnpo(mpaH(mSo. ToBa e Bto6pareeM drm,Ho okai8a ozpoMHo S!3geocm8ue obpxy

ocekugxe8uemo Hu. AHe( noBeqemo EugoBe 6u3He(,

yvuluqa, 6oaxuqu u npaBume (m6a Saoucrm om

koMnhmpume. Ku6epnpocmpa8(m8omo e Heu.to

kamo npogbDkeHue Ha qogeuku, yM, 3automo

koMnlombpDm (Dqo mpr6Ba ga nogpegu,

k^a(uouqupa, oxparu u o6pa6omu

uHoopMaquflna.

3ana3BaHe Ha

uHchopMauuflma,.\mkakmo xopama ce HayLlu^u ga nuuam\rf u ga ompa3rBam uHOopMaL{uF, me

nocmpounu GneLluaAHU qeHmpoBe, kogemo

cBegeHuflma Moenu ga 6tgam cbxpaHrBaHu

u xopama ga uMam gocmbn go mfx.

l1pegu okono 4000 aoguuu gBopeur:m E6na

(crBpeueHuuflm Te^ Mapguk B Cupun) 6un

makoBa Mfl cmo. [/luQopruauunma, 3anucaHa

Br:pxy xunngu knuuonucnu eAuHeHu nnoqku,

ce na3e^a no paomo8eme My. [pye LleHmbp,

c8bp3aH c npegcmaBama 3a uHQopMaquoHHu

mexHo^o?uu, e 6u6nuomekama. l.lpoqymama

6u6nuomeka, ocHoBaHa om flmonerve0 ll IArekcangpun, Eaunem, npe3 lll Bek np.Xp.,

cbxpaHffBa^a Gmomuuu xu^flgu pbkonucu.

,[nec HaU-aoneMuflm uHQopMaquoHeH u

kouynukaquoHeH qeHmbp, kor.tmo cBembm

Hflkoea e no3HaBaA, ce HaMupa 8uB EauamagHeBHa. Tor.r ce cbcmou om g8e ,,qygeca" -

Tlnmepuem u C8emo8nama Mpe)ka

Mperkumeflpes 1983 a. rsko,rko yHuBepcumema B CAII 3anoq8amga cBupsBam komnlomtprume cu cucmeMu,3a ga ylecHffmkouyHukaqurma. t4 gpyau nape>ku 3anoqHanu ga ceo6eguun8am. ToBa nolo>kuro Haqanomo ra l4rmeplem -aao6anet koxzrrouepam, cucmaBes om MuluoHu Mpe)ku.Mo>ke ga ce usnors8a 3a npeHacflHe ra enekmpouHa noqau MHoeo gpyau EugoBe kovryHukaquu.Ha0-u3yMumeAHama ulQopuaquotna cucmeua, konmouenolgBa 14xmeprem, e CBemo8nama rupe>ka (www).Paapa6omeua e I naqa,romo ra gO-me aoguHu na XX Bekom aHenu0ckus kovnlomupex uH*erep Tur,r 6upnupc_Auriu zpyna gpyeu y'{eHu om UEPH. Te u3Muc^u^u HaquHU 3ao6eguHflEaHe ua gokyueHmu c nor,rouma Ha eeuk,koUmo ce xapuva xunepmekcm. t4so6pemngam uue^ocmHa cucmeMa om ye6carJmo8e, 6paysupu u mupcavku.

Ku6epnpocmpancmBomoKounlomupum Beve re 6un eguHcmgeHo cpegcmBo oaganauems8aue Ha gaHHu. Ilpe8upxaa ce B uoqeu tayveHuHcmpyMeHm, ko0mo nogo6Ho sa qoBeukus uosuk vorker sac^eg8a acoquaquu u Bprsku. Mo>ke ga om8opu gecmruk BSnorun. ga nocemu 6u6nuomeka g A8cmpanun u,ru ga nasapy8aB l4marus, u mo B paukume ua cekyngu. Tpugr,.luoHnrme uygecusa c8ema ce okaoarru peanHu Mecma u o6ekmu, koumo,roBeliM_o)ke ga nocemu, o6ukoru u gokocHe. HoBomo qygo cugagec8o0 co6cmBeH Eupmyalex c8rm B ku6epnpocmpancmgomo.

v B epaDa Ha C6emo8Hama Mpoka gce oqe ce Hyr{gaeM om o6ukHogeHume6u6^uomeku. Kpacuoama (mapa 6u6rruomeka ua cturuloma no_go y ce HaMupag TpuHumu ko^ugk, Ab6^uH, llpiaHgur, Cbgbpka oko^o qemupu Mu^uoHa moua,Hrkou om koumo ca Bk^loqume^Ha prgko(m, HaI-zoMMama cb0peMeHHa6u6rruomeka e Eu6^uomekama Ha aMepukaH(ku[ KoHzpe( g ?pag SauuHzmoH,CAUI. Aa0uqume i (a ( gbDkuHa 853 kM, crxpaHrga nogeqe om 29 Mu^uoHamoMa, 2,7 Mu^uoHa 3anu(u, 12 Mu uoHa Oomozpaouu, 4g Mu uoHa kapmu u58 MuAuoHa

_

pDkonucu. Io0a onpege^eHo , Haperga cpeg qyge(ama Ha (6ema.

Cr:BpeMeHHume konocupogockunm konoc omga8Ha e u3qe3Han, uo ?ueaumckume

f cmamyu npogu>ka8am ga ouapoBam u Bgrxno8nBam

xopama. CuBpervrennume konocu qecmo ca penueuo3HU Quaypu

kamo Tlcyc Xpucmoc u 5yga, Ho Mo?am ga 6rgam na

HauuoHanHu ?epou unu nonumuqecku Augepu. MacuBna >keucka

$uaypa 8uB Bonaoapag, Pycun, omga8a noqum Ha 3a?uHanume

8 6umkama npu CmanuHapag npu3 1942-1943 a. Cmamynma

e npoekmupaHa npe3 1967 e. u e u3epageHa om cmoMaHa u

6emou. Bucoka e 82,3 ru u me>ku noBeqe om 8000 mona.

Xpucmoc Cnacumeir-aCmamyrma sa Xucmoc Cnacumera c pa3nepeHu pbtle ce

us8ucs8a Hag ?pag Puo ge XaHeUpo B Spaeu,run. 3a8upLueHa

npe: 1931 2., mn e Bucoka 38 lt, usapagena e om >keneeo6emon

u e o6,ruuoBaxa c HecMArH ma,rk, ycmolvu8 Ha Sb3geucm8uemo

na k,ruuama. cmamyrma e pa3no^o)keHa xa Eucokun

710 rvr ru,t'a KopkoBagy B npegapagurma raepaga.,[ontrxumensama BucoquHa Ha

mosu cr8penaexen

v Xamo 8(uqku o(maHa^u ,ryg€(a no (0ema,

me)kaqama 1145 moHa (mamyi Ha Xpu(mo(

Cna(um€M, Boucu^a pwm Hag Puo ge XaHeapo,

(e e npe8bpHa^a B (uMBoA Ha zpaga u Ha qr^a

Epa3u^ur, Pa3nepeHume pbqe ( gDDkuHa 30 M

cxkau (e zomoflm ga npe?bpHam (0ema.

Typuamume Mo?am ga (muzHam go o(Hooama

Ha cmamytma c aBmoMo6ul, ,{e^e3Huqa u^u

ro neuexog€fi Mapupym, lft? eglm kDM

npocmpe^Ur (e I Ho3eme uM zpag,

u*prqomo Mope, gaie,rHume xtAMoBe u

n aHu8(kume olpxooe e Hela6pa8uM,

Cuan8o,r na c8o6ogamaC kopouama om arqu, gucoko gguenamur

Qaken upa3no^o)keHUemo cu g nogcmrnume kurra npucmaxuulemoua Hlo 14opk cmamynma Ha ,,Cgo6ogama, o.rp"e.ur.'iOu,iu"regBycruucneno e Bgtxuogeua om aHmuqHUfl pogocku ko^oc.lui:guzrama e npe: 'l gg6 a. .!,o omkpu8aremo ,." .;;o;;;;Cr:TyTu ra CBo6ogama ,"cro duna nopgr", ur"pr-Lur"t,sHak, koumo e8pone0ckume nt,meuecmgeuuuu u uMuaDaHmu

-

3bpBa^u, koaamo npu6ru>kaganu 6peeoBeme," C*n;;;;;;;utamu c^eg npekocr8auemo sa okeana om Egpona.Cmamyrma e nogapuk om Qpeuckun Hapog u e npoekmuoaraom epeHCkufl ckyrnmop epegepuk Oalocm Eapmongu.

Ucmopuama Ha cmamyrmaJa,u3guaaHemo Ha cmamysma 6uA HpkeH uH)keHepeH noggue uux>keueptm, korlmo ao ocbulecmgun, 6uA He qpya, a rB;;;;-ra npovymama A0Qe^oga ky^a g napu>t flocma8 t6en.umamyflma xa CEo6ogama 6ura oQopueua om MegHu

^ucmoge,I::i:1.1, 8-upxy >kennsxa Bumpeura Hoceura koricmpykqun.- -'

::lliY*'e 6uB Opanuus rvre*gv 1874 u 1884 z.. rp"tio.ur. "Ha qacmu npe3 Amlaumuqeckun okeau u e u3guaHama Hauamk ocmpo8 B npucmasuu.{emo Ha Hlo t4opki Crn.rnyrr. ."us8ucs8a ua Euco,.ruHa om 93 u saeguo c kauessun nuuo""run.

BUB EtmpeLuaocmma i uua .ronou]kor.o Bor", n" O'"*-'-"u n,ramoopr.aama sa naonlogeuue g kopouama.

v- l43gueHamurm Oake Ha Cmamyf,ma Ha Cgo6ogama cuMgo^urpa qDm l€j::*rT, npor0eH om AMepuka no BpeMe ra AMepukaHckama pego,{oqus om1n5 - D83 z. BoUHama ra He3agucuMocm omk!(ga AMepuka om fprmarck"ma

'

kopoxa u cma8a npu.luHa 3a olgagaHemo Ha (reguHeflune Lqamu, ADqume omkopoHama Ha (mamyrma (uMgo utupam cegeMme okeaHa u cgeMme kolmulenma.IlaMemHukbm (e Hape)kga (peg Hai_u3oecmHume MoHyMeHmu no ueiu, cgrm.

.:::,}rij.rreiii*;&tani;c3.,i$6,i6*;,i;.-.

sBesgu He6e.

s8esgume.gBukeHuemo Ha

Bek yvenumeHe6emo ce

^ Ko(Muqe(kuxm me^eckon xD6b u3nofioa(oemAuHHU Abqu. CtBbpureHo ? agkomo o(HogHo

o?^ega^o e c guaMembp 2,4 M. O6.ep8amopurma c

gb^lkuHa no0eqe om 13 M u mgkuHa ll moHa

ce raxpaH8a om peguqu (^bHqegu 6amepuu,

koumo npeo6pa3yBam qtHqe8ume ^b.ru

B

e^ekmpuqe(m0o. KocMuqe(kurm me e(koh

xb6b^ .kopo u{e npuk^loqu pa6omama cu.

Koc,rnuqeckurm meireckonXrr6lrl ce omnpaBr Ha

^ ucu,

Eeqe cue2u2aHmcku

mauHu Ha

I-lpes 1 990 a. I op6uma okono 3eunma e us8egeu uoB

acmponouuvecku npoekm. Hapeveu e Ha uMemo Ha Ee,rukun

auepukaHcku acmpoHoM Egyun 11. Xt6ur (1889- 1953). Kocttuqeckunmmeneckon Xt6rn e nlanupan maka, qe ga us8upur8a nunsa o6uko,rka

okolo nnanemama ra Eceku 97 uuxymu. llopagu Qakma,ve pa6omu Ha Buco.ruHa 575 ktut Hag oeurama noBtpxrocm,me,reckonum uMa noflcHa Sugunocm, 3au.lomo He e ueno>keH

ua y8perkgaqume e$ekmu om sauupcn8autume eeuramano8upxHocm zaao8e. Omsaqalo pa6omama na meleckona cpeqaus8ecmnu npo6renu, omcmpaHeHu om Mucuume ua koctrtu.reckumecoBarku, koumo omaoBaprm sa noggpbr*ama Ha Xt6u,r. Ckopokocnruqeckama o6cep8amopur :anovBa ga usnpaqa kou 3eurmau3yMumeAHu u3o6pa)keHUF om kocvru,reckomo npocmpancmEo.Ko,nkomo u neBeponmno ga a8yvu, me,reckonbm e u3npamuluao6pa>kexun, koumo nokasBam kak ce sapakgamaanakmukume; me ca omgaleqeHu na monko8a HeBuo6pasuuusa qo8eka pa3cmoflHufl,,re ca 6ulu neo6xogurrau 13,7MuAUapga zoguuu cBemrrurama uM ga gocmuzHe go Hac.

,[anu nuk ne Hag3bpmaMe kbM caMur npou3xog Ha Bcereuama?

HoBomo kocaluuecko uygoHaquosansama aeeHqufl 3a aepolaBmuka u kocr,roraBmukara CAII {HACA) n^aHupa ga aauesu kocnuqeckun meneckonXu6trrr c so8, koumo pa6omu ocxo8ro c uHQpavep8eHu

Abtru, Lruflmo grokuHa ua Etrlsama e no-gblaa om ma3u Ha

c8emnuHama. HoBusm me,neckon qe 6rge o6opyg8aH c

oznegano c guaMembp 6,6 u. flnanupa ce a8monamuqsamao6cep8amopua DkeiMc ye6 ga 6rge us8egena I op6uma

npes 201 3 z u ga pa6omu Ha pa3cmorHue om okoro 1,5

uunuoua kunouempa om pogHama nlaHema.

3a ga gocmuaue galevHama cu op6uma. ule ca My

Heo6xogurvru mpu Meceua. O6cepEamopunma ue Molke ga

Bu>kga no-ganev om Xb6b^ u ute Hu npegocma8u uessauHSopnaqun sa o6pasyBaHemo na Bce,renama. SOgU I

caMo Moeam ga

OEOE14EHyIE HA TPETA rnABA:9yEECATA HA CbBPEMEHHUIf CBflT

Cmamyrma Ha CEo6ogama 6 npu(maHuqemo

xa Hlo ttropk e ucmuH(ku cbBp€MeHeH ko^oc.

Hayka u npoapecl4ugycmpuaaHunm 8ek

npegus8uka 6upsu npoueHu ImexHo^oeuume u

cusgaBaremo ra ro8u

Mamepua^u c Hau-pa3^uqHo

npuno>keuue, kamo uanpuuep

n^acmMacume. Ilpeo XX Bek

noBume vygeca Na

cu8pevennur c8rm ce

nonBs8am 6upso egno c^eg gpyeo, kamo no8e'{emo uvram

noreeuu npu,ro>kexun. Xopama Enp8am, ve raykama qeHacoqBa .ro8eqecmSomo ktu nocmoflHeH npoepec.

Crr0pe,treanama /rltuzu,B navaromo Ha )(Xl Bek.racm om masu Erpa I naykama u

mexHolo?uume e saey6ula cu^ama cu. Muoao u:o6pemeHun

3aMbpcuxa nlaHemama u u3qepnaxa cktnouessume U pecypcu.

Bounume u erragrm nokasaxa, ve He caMo Meqmume. Ho u

kou.ruapume Mo?am ga ce c6rg8am. Brnpeku moBa Ha Haurume

npagegu qygecama na XXI 8ek 6uxa ce cmopu^u ucmurcka

uaaun. KakBo nu qeue ga ctrmBopu nnko[ gpe8nozpuqku

noem, ako pa3nolaeaure c Aanmon. c8rpsaH c l4Hmepnem?

Hooume nocmpoiikuKuge ga mupcurvr m8peueuuume qygeca Ha c8ema? tiemupu om

cegeMme qygeca na gpe8uur c8rm ca 6u,ru capagu u

oc8peueHrama apxumekmypa xu npegocma8n oapouer ua6op.

Ktrtrr SGme aoguHu Ha XIX Bek sanovBa MaHuflma no

He6ocmbpeaqume; Taiine 101 (2003) noHacmorueM e Hau€ucG

kuflm cpeg mnx cuc cEoume 509 u. ro ce ovak8a ga 6uge

usnpe8apen om npoekma Eyp* fly6aii. Hari-kpacuBume o6pasqu

na cuBpeueHnama apxumekmypa vecmo npegcma8rrnBam

o6qecmBenu czpagu, kamo Onepama xa epag Cugxu (1 973) B

A8cmparur u My3esm fyaexxaiirvr (1997) I 5u^6ao, l4cnaHufl.

Ilozleg krr,rr 3Be3gumeflouegrume nemgecem eoguHu 6ererkam usyuumereu xanpegtk

I cmpoumercmEomo na rso8upu u ruocmo8e. CtBceu noBu

npuuepu kamo Buagykma Muno ca vygeca Ha u keHepHama

uayka, uo zuzaumckume Eogoxpauunuqa kamo ,,Tpume huoTpu"B Kumau Mozam ga noBnunrm sravumenno Erpxy okonuama cpega.

MoHyMeHmume, koumo cflkau rmncuaxo yna8rm gyxa ua

aHmuqHume qygeca Ha c8ema, ca crc8peMeHHume ko^ocu

kamo Xpucmoc Cnacume^n (1931) I Puo ge XaHeUpo, Spasurrun.

Bunpeku mo8a gHec naBrpno Hau{.r3yMume Hume om Bcuqku

vygeca ca CBemo8xama uperka u koouuueckume kopa6u,

koumo uameg8am rcBu cBemoBe.

Acmpouoml4eyvaBa sSesgume, nlaHemume u

gpyau kocrrruvecku QeHouexu.

Cmpoumeiren uxd<enepllpoekmupa, nlaHupa ukoxmporrupa cmpoe)kume Ha

nao8upu, tuocmoBe u myHelu.

Cmpoumeiren pa6omHuklrlsapa>kga c?pagu om BcnkakuB 8ug,

kamo pa6omu c pa3luqHu

Mamepua^u u MauuHu,

Apxumekmflpoekmupa, nAaHupa u

konmponupa cmpoe*a raEcnkakBu Bugo6e cepagu.

Omkpu0me oqe uHQopMauus

aa cu8peueHHume vygeca Ha

c8ema u cu cucmaBeme

co6cmBes cnucr:k:

http://worldvstore.com/modernwonders.htm

Hayueme no8eqe sa HaU-?oAeMume

Bogxu ntmuqa, fl3oBupu u Hau-gb^?ume

uocmoBe ua cu8peueuHun c8nm:

www-g uinessworldrecords.com

OmkpuIme u3rama uu$opuaqur,c8rpaaua c uuoao Eucokume capagu

Ha u3^o)k6eHufl caum:

www.momalorg/tallbuildin gs

Hayveme kakSo nao>keme ga ranpaBume,

3a ga noMoaHeme na Opaauuoauurma aa

c8emo8Ho kyamypno Hac^egcmEo Ha

TOHECKO ga ona3u qygecama no cBema:

http:,//whc.unesco.org

Hayueme orue...Pasnolaaar\4e c oepoMeH

ue6op ga xayvuu no8eue

3a qygecama Ha

crBpeueuHun cBnm:

http://ce.eng.us{.edu/

Pharos,/wonders/Pharos.htmlhttp://wonderclub.com/WorldWonders/Modernwonders.html

www.asce.org/history/

seven_wonders.cfm

www.travelersdigest.com/

seven_modern_wonders.htm

3Sesgnume uouuema: kak nocmpouxa

EMnaAbp Cmeim 6u guHe

om [e6opa XonkuHcus u

,[>keUuc E. PaHcura

(usg. llJEapq u Yeiig Eykc, 2006 a.)

Onepama 8 Cugnu. sa6eael<umetHume

cepagu no c0ema om fleau E>k. l-lapkc

(usg. Enek6rrpu llpec, 2004 a.)

CBemoBno lqfnmypHou ucmopuueckoHacnegcmBo

o cBema uMa noBe,te om cegeM qygeca.

Bcruluocm qygecama ca noBeqe omcegeMcmomuH. Ho Eenukume cepagu,

naMemHuqu u gpyeu apage>ku ca He npocmoqacm om ucmopuflma nu. Te ca Hatuemo

HacnegcmEo, sa koemo mpn68a ga ceapu>kurvr u koemo mpn68a ga na3uM, 3a ga

npeuuHaBa om nokoneuue B nokoneuue.

,lMnepamop(kurm ggopeq, nekuH, ltuma! (1420)

3auro mpr60a ga noaaea,rre 2lrur(u?3au1o vygecama na cBema ca monko8a Bakru? Mnoaoom mnx Beqe npegcma8mBam caMo gpe8Hu pyuHu, gpy?u -korkomo u ga ca uHmepecHu u kpacu8u - npocmoompasnBam cu8peveuromo pasBumue ua epagoBeme nu.He 6u nu mpr6Baro ga ce Buruy8aue noBeqe omHacmoflUemo, a He ga 6bgeM o6ce6esu om HaquHaHa )ku8om I uusanomo?

Qakm e, ve me3u o6ekmu uu Bguxno8nBam. He cauo rupaskpuBam kak8o ca nocmuana^u xopama I uuranomo,Ho u kakBo ca cnoco6su ga cumEopnm I6bgeure.3anosHaBam uu c uakycmBa, 3aHanmu, cmpoumeAHuyMeHun, cbmpygHuqecmBo u Bro6pa>keuue, npegusBuk8amecmecmBeuomo Hu nlo6onumcmEo kuvr rto8eLUkomo

cuulecmByBaue. Paa6upa ce, MHoao om gygecama

pa:kpu8am u mbMHama cmpaHa Ha vo8eutkama npupoga.CpegroBekoBnume 3aMbLlu Moeam ga usz,re>kgam >kuBonucnu,ana ntp8ouavaaHomo uM npegHa3Haqesue 6uno kamo tl

cpeguue, omkugemo kpane u Baagemeru no8e;kganuEoeHHu geIcmBu, u ynpa>knrBaru nomucxuqecmSo.

IIog 3an,raxaMaoao kynmypnu u ucmopuuecku o6ekmu ca 3acmpauteHu,kamo sanaaxume 3a mflxHomo ct'uecm8y8ate ca om Ha[-pa3^uqHo ecmecm8o. Hnkou o6ekmu ca uslo>kenu ua puck,sautomo B metreHue Ha Beko8e ca epo3upalu omEtsgeucm8uemo Ha BpeMemo u k^uMama; Busiro)kHo egtrp8erume uM qacmu ga ca 3azHu^u unu ocHo8ume ga

noggaBam. Mnozo o6ekmu ca nocmpaga^u om 3eMempeceHUFunu Boensu geucm8un. B nocaeguo Bpelre gr>kgo8eme vecmoca 3aMbpceHu om a8morrao6unsu aagoBe unu npoMuuleHueuucuu. ,,Kucenunnurm gu>kg" vro>ke ga pasrge a6conlomsoEceku gpeBeH kaMbk. Epyea sannaxa npegcmaBmBapa:pacmBaremo Ha zpagoBeme. EBopqume unu xpauo8emenpu^uqam Ha g)kyg)kema cpeg cu8peuerrume He6ocmbpzaqu u

ce ay6nm om noe^ega. Ilopu koeamo nskoi o6ekm ce noggup>kago6pe, lao>ke ga nocmpaga om xunflgume nocemumenu, koumoBcekugreBno ce cmuqam ga eo Bugnm.

KoacepBauu-a na o6ekmume na c8emoBxomolgr,rmypno u ucmopuuecko nacaegcm0ollo uenun c8tm uecmtu u HaquoHalHu opeaHu3aquu nola?amapu>ku sa koncepBaLlur u pecmaBpaqun. Opaauusaqunma na

O6eguneuume raquu:a o6paso8anue, rayka u kynmypa(IOHECKO) peeucmpupa o6ekmume om cBemoBHomokynmypro u ucmopuvecko nacnegcmEo.Ha6rlogaBa korcep8auunma xa nogo6Hu o6ekmu u,

koaamo e Heo6xoguMo, npegocmaBn cneuuo Qutarcupaxe.

f'aMeflHume qbpk0u ra Aaau6e,ra, Emuonu, (X go Xlll 8ek)

Ho megu nal,remuuqu crulo npegnaeam noyku.

sJ M6T.RUH6ncN 8 squusmrA emuqglugn u unugos 0004oms>l ,nupqol suSsq!, mo u>lrismco emuHns/\o)lu/\e8

.sHumA smnsusod 6H 6M6qx,(.qX.qn.s S€|-If$) snonsmqsf'l

smunBeqp su smupsnC.g6qs RUHHsMUoHps psH Hscs8psH

ssupocuB c qs1 olp Holl mnuH>ksmsuqT.spo)nc8sn 6c uHRnMUq

u m>lygsuS yg>ksr',r euHsmsuoc s nupHsq@ sH>kOI 8 nr 0A

.6Hupos 0d I o,ro>io smunnlrrauq mo HooqmJofl .m>lyps8;ls

RUrJqdl ,6HUmA I 6^onoq A 6H {,qx,qn,s l€}-$}) mdHoHemq6n

.ulrdM6e uHMoqso umsHsugeu ulud snoq8l snnp eN

.peqo8p uJcunncu u sunsrneq>ly,sgsusql 8 sqdM6x^A

B smuqSsna su omoSmcponcos su susqS ofl Hgoqmoon

.omulsmumocofl sH 6xdg 6quno JglrB op u .nursncN

.snoq0I nxuom5U u suasqmnaUsu,r,noll .nuqomcu smssod c uBslc ec snoq83 sHlsqmns!

sr >lovse nuuusqv qgMUqn6H oms>l .um>ledo c sSmc,ludoeu

u sqod^6M uqspuq u>lcHomSsm emunBo>leBonpsqc

sB!,.so1 su 8o>lsq) nuqsmc 6H qdmHgIJ nuHnsno>luns8

6msruJgP 6H 6mslulomc sc 6g6qs urcspuqomcu ulcsq>lsqn

.6uJon6gya nuqsslY su smslulomc u sssqfl s>lu,rdynsq

m>lHsJ psqs 6H smumce^sqn s8uol,ulB snoq83 snpomeN

,6!u^omc sms>lcyq ,s8jcoM sH omslqo3.nucy9 8 sqydqsmsllomedy>l smurusScmdoqn u uHsmc smuueSqeu mo ousuueBy s

.omoSmcrsmuSsqn 6H omsutu^Bpgc - ^dMeq)

8 smuB>lqop su

6floq0il 6H)kOl r! 6Hqe05) ,sxpnna€msSvoln>lB snoqSl 8 uusndoqn sm uH Houp sSqscHo)

nuSocsna u smsBopsqs sH omsusSmcsqesq ,omeHsSncqonse

urs8xon ec sp s)koM snoqBf sr-rpsnst sSom ulsqno8 .uoeuqym

urqymnpl u urcapuqomcu gmuHsr6fl6s gqAop-[6H mo uo>lnH c

u>lceuuqomcusqn m6quM6H sc r\,1sT.sms8c 8 um>lsdo

olo>lo mcsqeoS 6H RU^sHA B;kpusxHyomC om6, uluHmoMsfl

M6A qmoH 6m6^6qpem6)l

6H 6suprx e) (ZlEl-oall)

6H orflglqd) I gmu] Soqm)o

.6lru^om) 6m6r)H9qo

npe3 XV u XVI Bek llmarus e ueHmbp xa mBopuecku

ycmpeNa. PeHecaHcbm, unu Bb3pa>kgaHemo, Eogu go

nocmponBaremo Ha u3flu.lHu epago8e kamo QnopeHqur u

Cuera.

B CeBepHa EBpona, B "Huckume seMu" (noxacmosue[4

Xo,raugun u 6e^zufl), kakmo u I Ckauguna8ur, mupzoBuumecmpoflAu goMoBeme cu no 6peeoBeme sa o>kuBexu kasartu unu

xa uopckur 6pfle,3a ga Moeam ga EHacfm u usnacrm cmoku.14rgycmpuannama pe8olloqufl sanoqBa Ha Spumauckume

ocmpoBu u myk HacnegcmEomo om XVlll u XIX 8ek npume>kaBa

co6cmBeHa kpacoma - gokoBe, ka^aeHU uuru, mekcmunHu

Qa6puku, aptnvapcku u )kele3apcku pa6omunHuqu. He crreg

gb^ao mo3u uHgycmpua^eH cBnm ute ce pa:npocmpaxu ICeBepna EBpona u CeBepou3moqHume auepukarcku u-tamu.

CeBepxa Atppuka14skllo,lumenHume naMemHuuu Ha Eeunem kamo

8,florruHama Ha uapeme ca u38ecmHu no qe,rus c8nm.

Macu8sume cmamyu I A6y Curvr6en na Euspacm no8eve

3200 aogunu mpn6EaLue ga 6bgam cnaceHu u npeMecmeHu

om onacHocmma Ha Haguaauume ce Eogu Ha r3o8up,,Hactp" no Bpeue ua cmpoumencmEomo Ha cmeHama Ha

BogoxpaHuluqemo "Acyar" npe3 1960 a. Cnacumenxamaonepaquff 6e nnanupaxa om IOHECKO. no-Ma^ko ug8ecmsume06ekmu I Ce8epousmovxa AOpuka Bk^loq8am o6e^ucka omAkcyM om lV Eek, Etpnam I Emuonun npes 2005 e.,

crreg kamo e 6ur sakapax B ylmaruq npes 1937 ?.

!,pyaa emuoncka 3a6ele)kumelHocm e Aaru6ena,kounnekc om 13 ckanxu cpegHo8ekoBnu uupkBu.

3a6enerkumersocmume ua CeBepna AOpuka Bk^loq8amcbulo cpegHoBeko8Hume g>kauuu u apagckume na3apu -

cykoBe - om Ka[po Ha u3mok go Mapakeu unu Qec na eanag.

,[opu sxo[rama nycmou Ha Caxapa uo>ke ga ce noxBanu

cuc cukpo8uuta - ckarsume pucynku I Tacunu H'Ag>kep IAokup xa 4000 zogunu.

Uenmpa,ura u KDkna AqrpukaHa loz om nycmuHnma Caxapa ocHo8tume cmpoumelHuMamepua^u Eknloq8anu kan, cnaua u gtpEo - npakmuvru, noHempauHu Mamepualu. B Ma^u ce ramupa mtpeo8ckun epagTuM6ykmy om XV 8ek. Berukama g)kaMufl B E>keHa (1907) u

mpaguquoHHume konu6u cuc cnaueHu nokpuBu, 3aocmpeHu

kamo uanka Ha Eeuuua, Ha n^eMemo Ha go?oHume.

Cu8tpueHcmEomo Ha mpaguuuoHHume cmuexu konu6u

Mo)ke ga 6bge Eugrno I g8opqo8ume epo6Huuu Ha

kpaneme Eyaanga om XIX 8ek I Kaunana. Yzaxga.

Bug kopaloB qu[4eHm e 6un paanpocmpareH cmpoumeleHMamepua^ Hago^y no usmovxoaQpukaHckomo kpa06pe)kueHa cyaxulu, kugemo aQpukarqu, apa6u u nepcu0r.lu mtpzy8anunpes Cpegrume Eeko8e. ,[>karvruu u r(u^uu]a c nut4Ho ykpaceHu .

c gbp8ope36a Epamu uoaam ga 6tgam EugeHu Ha ocmpo8u

kamo Aauy B Kesun u 3ansu6ap I TaHsauus. Hau-npovymamakanerHa capaga 8lo>kna AQpuka e Be^ukuflm 3uru6a68e -ocmaskume om eao6ukoaeHa cbc cmeHa uumage^a om Xll 8ek.

qygecama xa 3anagna A3u-rfltpBume cBemoBnu quBuruoaquu BtsHuk8am B 3anagHa Asun.B l4pan uozam ga 6bgam Eugeuu pyuuume ua flepcenoruc -

XpaMbm KuHkapy, ,3lamHurn naou^uoH" (1398) I Kuomo, f,noHu,

6necmnqama cmoluqa Ha l'lepcutickama unrnepun npes 518 a.

np.Xp. tlempa I tiopganun e epag, ckpum I nycmurrma,ugceqeH I ckalume om nncrvxuk npe3 l8ek.fpag CaHa I liervren npume>ka8a yxukarHu kuutu u g*anauu,

cmpoeHu verkgy Vll u Xl 8ek. B naasusckun patioH na

Kanagokun, Typuur. ca pasnolo>kexu saBnagnBatqu nog3eMHu?pago8e u cena c u3ceqeHu I ckanume

^a6upuHmu om

kopugopu, koumo gamupam om lV Bek.

flpuka3Hume kylmypxu u ucmopuvecku sa6ere)kumenHocmuHa 3anagua Asur ca usnpa8euu npeg aolfM 6po! onacHocmuom HaU-pa3^uqeH xapakmep npe3 noclegHume eoguHu.Epycanuna. cBeulenunm 3a eBpeu, uloclonuasu u xpucmuflHuapag, ce pa3gupa om nonumu.leckume u pe^ueuo3Hu

koHQrukmu 8l4spaen. IlpeBHama aruuena qumageaa B Eau,llpar,6e cpuxama om 3eMempeceHue npes 2003 e.

A t4pakckama 8oUHa, koflmo sanouna npea 2003 2.,

Beqe usnaaa ra puck ruroao om ueHHumegpeBuu nauemuuqu na Meconomarraus.

A^xaM6pa, ,,'{epgeHurn 3aMDlC (1248J354) I fpaHaga, l/l.naHu,

UeHmpa^Ha A3u, u cm€numeCmenume, nycmuHume u nlaHuHume Ha l-leumpamra A:ur ca

6unu gou na uouagckume napogu. koumo HflMaAu nocmoflHHo

uecmorkumelcmEo. a ce npeuecmBaAu cnopeg ce3oHume.

flanamkume uM He ocmaBf^u caegu I nelsa>ka. Bunpeku mo8ano npome>keruemo Ha gpeBHume mupao8cku nbmuula omKumai kurvr 3anaga mau uasuksa,ru 6oaamu apago8e kamoCauapkarg, ceaa B y36ekucmaH, koumo ce c^aBe^u cbc

cpegHo8ekoBHume cu g)kaMuu u o6cepBamopuu.fptk npurraep 3a onacHocmume, Ha koumo ca u3^o)keHu

naMemHuqume I l-lermparrua Aeun. e clyvunomo ce B

npekpacxama SaMunHcka goluHa B AQzaxucmar npea 2001 a.,

koaamo maru6aHckomo npaBumencmEo Eapu8r8a gBe

zueaHmcku cmamyu na 6yga.

Hac,regcm0omo Ha lo.rkHa A3u,Ako nrmyBame Ha loa om AQzarucmar ktru flakucman, uenonagHeme na o6ekmu, gpe8Hu kamo pyuHume Ha

Moxeng>kogapo (2500- 1 500 a.np.Xp.) - ?pag, nocmpoeH omrtuBunueauunma, HacelffEaAa gonuHama ra peka 14ug. B epag

Aaxop ce HaMupam ?paguHume UJanuuap u Aaxopckamakpenocm (1 566). l4rgun e oepouna cmpaHa u npume>ka8a

r,ftrozo cukpo8uula. Me>kgy ll 8ek np.Xp. u Vll 8ek npuAg)kaHma. 8llekar. 6uru u3ceqeHu 28 6ygucmku neqepHuxpaua. 6uru ykpaceHu c peneQu u pucyrku. B lO*Ha llngur capa3nolo)keHu unoao cBemunuu.la Ha uugyucmume kamoqygomo Ha Kouapak - xpaM om Xlll Bek, nocBemes Ha

c^bHqe8ufl 6oz Cypur. B npogtr>keuue Ha g8a Eeka

nocmpolkama e 6ula 3ampynaHa om nsctk.Tpaguquonnume npo6rreuu, cBbp3aHu c naMemHuqume Ha

lo>kna Asus, 8k^loq8am ?opeLuufl kAUMam, uycor"rnume gt>kgo8e

u ?bcmama pacmumenHocm. B nocnegro Bpeue npo6rreuumeca c8bp3aHu cbc cmpoe)ka Ha nbmuua u paspacm8aremo Ha

apago8eme, kakmo u c 8ce nouapacm8aulufl 6pou mypucmu,kakmo ranpuuep cmaHa I epago8eme Ha UJpu naHka,

BqacmHocm-8Kangu.

9ygecama xa ll3mouna A3uaKumaI u3o6u^cm8a c ky^mypHo-ucmopuvecku naMemHuUu. B

nekuH ce HaMupa He6ecHuflm xpaM u cmapuflm [4runepamopckugBopeq c oceMcmomuHme cu sanu (u gBama ca nocmpoeHu

npes 1420 a.). flo Epervre ua ynpaBaexuemo Ha guHacmuflma

l-luu e uaapageH nog3eMHufm Ma8so,\erl Ha nbpBufl kumaIckuuMnepamop Llux UJrxyau. noape6aH npe3 210 z.np.Xp.

3aegHo c l-1rla apuun Eoiuuuu om mepakoma I ecmecmBenpbcm. B netuaH ce u3gu?a ucmuHcku koloc - 71- naempoB 6yga.

u3ge^aH om rruue8ama qacm Ha cka^a Me)kgy 713 u 803 e.

Mxoeo kumaicku xpaMoBe 6rxa no8pegeHu npe3 nepuoga Ha

no umuqecka Hecma6u^Hocm npes 60-me eoguHu Ha XX Bek.

3a ulacmue no8eqemo om mflx Beqe ca pecma8pupaHu.

ffnonus ce c^aBu c y^mpaMogepHume cu apago8e, ro IKuomo uMa oqapo8ameAHu c8emunuu-la sa Luusmoucmkamapenuaur. B CeBepra Kopun ce HaMupam apo6uuuume omgpe8uomo qapcmBo Kozypro, a B l0>kua Kopen uMa MHoeo

cBemuauua u gEopuu. l4cmopuveckunm ?pag Aloman B TaIBan(1351)ce c^a8u c ky ume cu u c 6ygucmkume MaHacmupu.qygecama Ha ylHgoHe3us 8knlo,{Bam 6ygucmkun xpar,a I6opo6ogyp ra ocmpo8 flBa, koimo e Ha 1200 aoguHu.

CeBepna A,rrepuka ' gpeBHa u nrlagaB crgnaHuemo ru CeBepxa Ar,aepuka e ocmarana kamoomHocumelHo cbBpeMeHeH konmutesm. Tam uo*ervr ga

omkpueu nocmpouku om paHHama aHa^uocka u ucnasckako,rouusaqun npe3 XV 8ek. ucmopuqecku qeumpo8e Ha cmapu

QpeHcku apagoBe kamo K8e6ek B Kaxaga u Hlo Op^uUHc IAyueuaHa, CAlJl. Bto6pa>keauemo Hu e saBragnxo om

"auepukauckama Me'{ma1 Bucokume He6ocmupeavu BzpagoBeme ulu cb8peMeHHume konocu kamo ana8ume xa

'{emupuMa npe3ugeHmu ra CAIII, usceveuu I n^aHuHama

Porurvrop ve>kgy 1927 u 1941 z.

MHoeo sa6ene)kumensocmu B CeBepHa Arraepuka gamupamom no-paHHufl nepuog Ha koperxama aMepukaHcka kyrrmypa,

konmo ukoza npeo6rragaBam Ha koHmuHeHma. Taku8 8a>kersa c8emd8Homo Haclegcm8o o6ekm ce nauupa I Meca Bepge,qama Koaopago. kogemo *uluqa om muna -nye6,ro",cmpoeru ue>kgy Vl u Xll Bek, ca nolenHalu no om8ecuumecka^Hu cmeHU.

t&npageHume kaMrHu Ha CmoyHxeHgLrh AHz^us (2500-2000 ?.np.Xp.)

Mekcuko u Ueumpairxa AmepukaHau-pasBumume LluBu^u3aquu om npegkoryrra6o8un nepuog(aqmeku, o,rueku u ruau) ce paspacHa^u Ha loa, kbgemonocmpou^u aoneuu apago8e kamo cmoauuama sa aumekumeTeHo,rmum/\ax (ua urcmomo na ct8peueuuun apag Mekcuko).Peauosum u3o6uncmBa om u3yMumeAHu apxeorrozuvecku

o6ekmu, kamo Morme A,r6aH I Mekcuko, kounnekca flareskeHa Maume I Mekcuko u KonaH B Xoxgypac.

U3cy6enume apagoBe na Kld<na Amepukafoneuume kaueuHu apku u cmeHu 8ce oute cmoflm I TuyanakyB Soru8un (600-1200) u cBugemerrcmBam 3a MHoeo6po0HUmegpeBxu qu8unuaaquu Ha lo)kHa Avrepuka. 9anvax (85G1470)Ha nepyaHckomo kpa[6pe>kue e cmo^uqama Ha uapcmEo quMy

u no BpeMe na pa:q8ema ruy 6ponm sa xacereruemo 6urr

30 000 gyruu. EuBuama cmo^uua Ha uMnepusma Ha uHkume

ce HaMupa^a B Kycko, l-lepy. Egur om ua0-BurHy8au-(ume

naMemHuqu ua c8emoBsomo ucmopuqecko HaclegcmBo e

epagum kpenocm Mavy l-lukvy om XV 8ek I flepy, npumucxamrae>kgy n,raHuuckume EbpxoBe 6rrugsaUu 8uB Eucokume AHgu.

ToBa e usay6erunm apag ra urkume.3a6pa8eH om Btnutrusc8flm I npogbDkeHue xa Beko8e.

IIpe3 fuxua okeaaflo ocmpoBume I Tuxun okean ce HaMupam c egu omnorruue:uuckama u gpyau ky mypu, Bk^loqume Ho cmamyume Ha

Benukgerckun ocmpoE. B A8cmpa^ufl noBeqemo ga6enerkumerutu

o6ekmu ca qygeca Ha npupogama - mponuqecku aopu u nycmuHu.Ho me 6urru om oapoMHo 3Haqeuue sa a6opuaetume, koumo

Maqy nukqy 6 nepyaHckume AHgu

>kuBeau mala I npogurkeHue Ha gecemku xu^flgu eoguHu npegunpucmuzaHemo Ha e8pone0qume. .flrp8emama, nomoqume ugao6rresume kaMeHHu 6^oko8e 6ulu sa mrx xpauo8e u c8emuHu,c8eqeHu 3Haqu B nerlsalka. HatrugBecmHomo Mflcmo om mo3umun e Ynypy, no3Hamo cbulo kamo Ckalama E[bpc.

MHoao om uu8u^u3aquume, pa3e egaHu I maeu kHuaa,

ca ce onum8anu ga HagMuHam qygecama xa npupogama, kamoca u3guaa^u kynu, nupauugu u He6ocmupzauu. ABcmpa^uockumea6opueeHu 6ulu uacmnuBu om pealHume rlygeca I c8ema -

cu^ama Ha npupogama. fiokamo u:cnegBaue normapuHHumeo6ekmu om c8emo8nomo ucmopuvecko u kyirmypno nacnegcmEo,

omkpu8aMe, qe qo8e,.{ecmEomo e o6eguHeHo om o6uu yMeHufl

u cmpeue>ku. Ho egHo8peueHHo c moBa omkpuBaue 6o?amopasroo6pasue u pa3^uqun B kylmypume. Bceku napog upeauoH no egHo ulu gpyzo Epeue e pas8un c8orl yHuka^eH

apxumekmypeH cmur. Egxa om npuquHume 3a moBa e qucmo

npakmuqecka. Cmpoumenrume Mamepua^u Bapupam cnopeg

MecmHun k^uMam u Ha^uqHume cypoBuHu. B cpaBrerue c mnx

cu8peuexrume qygeca kamo qrno ca nocmpoeuu I o6utarro6a,res cmurt. Mogepxume raoBupu ca EHyuume^Hu,

Ho u3ene)kgam no eguH u cbtlu HaquH HesaBucuuo garru ceHaMupam I Tag>kukucmax unu 6pa:urrur. PasHoo6pasuemo na

cmulo8e npe3 BekoBeme npa8u koHcep8aqusma sa cBemo8rumeo6ekmu Ha kynmypnomo u ucmopuqeckomo rac,tegcmBou3knloqumelHo 8a>kra. Hauemo MuHano Hu npegocmaBn

no^e3Ha uHQopMauun u okagBa Enunrue Erpxy Hacmosu.temo.

PeqHukAepoguHa^ u.rHa mpb6aTpb6a. I koflmo Moge^ume Ha

npoekmupaHume c?pagu u^u caMo^emu ce

nogna?am Ha u3numaHue B paBHoMepHa

cmpyn Buegyx, sa ga ce npoBepu peakquflma

uu krna Bugyr"uru meqeHufl u Hanpe)keHufl.

Ak0egykmKaHaA, nocmpoeH 3a npeHacsHe Ha Boga,

vecmo noggop>kar om Mocm.

A/vr{rumeambpnocmpooka, B koamo uua apena sa

cnopmHu ulu 6ouHu u?pu, 3ao6ukoleHa

om cmbnaloBugHo pasnorro>kenu cegaaku.

Apxeo,roago8ek, ko[mo uscnegBa u usyvaBa gpeBnu

pyuHU u apmeoakmu.

BuagykmBceku Mocm c usBrnpegno Bucoku konoru,

no koimo npeMuHaga uioce unu >keneseH

nbm.

Bucrul raocmMocm, quemo nlamHo ce noggrp>ka om

okaqeHu cmoMaHeHU BDkema.

fa epafo^flM kopa6, ko0mo ce npugBu)kBa c

norroqma Ha g'b eu ?pe6^a.

feoge3ucm9oBek, koimo u3MepBa mepeHa npegu

nocmpoflEaHemo Ha nbm, Mocm u^u c?paga.

I^aguamopB EpeBeH PUM - qoBek. o6yqeH

ga ce cpa)kaBa Ha apeHama 3a

pasBaevenue na ny6rrukama.

fpego0 arrocm

Mocm, koumo uua mBupgo xopusonmanno

naamno, noggop>kano om kononu.

ABop 3a uepa c monkaApeHa 3a npoBe)kgaHe Ha pe^u?uo3Ha u?pa

c monka, xapakmepna sa gpeBrume napogu

Ha Mekcuko u UeHmpa^Ha AMepuka.

3amr'pca0ane (oko,rxa cpega)3aurpcnBaremo ra Bragyxa, seunma

unu Bogume c npoMutuleHu omnagDqu

unu xulaukarru.

3ukypamMacuBeH cBeqeH MoHyMeHm B zpagoBeme

Ha JlpeBHa MeconomaMufl, Bug

cmrnarro0ugna nupaMuga.

Ufigycmpua^Ha peBodouurPa38umuemo Ha roBu mexroaoauu u uemogu

3a npou3EogcmEo npe3 Xvlll u XIX Bek.

UxmepxernEaekmponnu kouyrukaquu vpes cBrp:Barera kounlomrpnu upe>ku.

UxSopnauuoxxu mexHoaoauunpakmuqecku Memogu 3a ctxpannBane u

npocrregnBane Ha uHQopMaqug.

K^aHO6uecm0ena epyna xopa

c o6ut npou3xog (pog).

Ko,roxa (cmpoum€^cmBo)

39paB gtpBer, 6emoHeH ulu Mema^eH

cmb 6. Ha6um I cka^a u^u peqHo kopumo,

3a ga noggDprka cepaga.

Pe e0 om AHzkop Bam

KoaocBcflka ?u?aHmcka cmamyfl, HanpuMep

Pogockuflm ko^oc.

l(omnlomrrpxo /nogeaupaxel4snonsBare na kounlomrpnu u3r.tucleHufl

3a npo8epka Ha 8b3Mo)kHocmume 3a

ocDuecm8s8aHe Ha BapuaHmu, HanpuMep

npu npoekmupaHemo Ha c?pagu.

KorcepBauur3aquma u epu)ka 3a oko^Hama cpega

u^u gageH o6ekm,

Koclruqecku meaeckonKocMu,{ecku anapam, o6opygBar c

me^eckon, u3BegeH I op6uma kamo

o6cepBamopun.

Ky,rm;pa1. Ha,{uH Ha >ku8om, o6uqau u mpaguquu.

2. TBopvecka ge[Hocm kamo My3uka.

)kuEonuc u ^umepamypa.

Maolo^eiiBcrka uonyuenmanna ?po6Huqa, Hape,{eHa Ha

uMemo Ha nbpBur MaB3o^ei B Xa^ukapHac.

Meconoma,rru,3euume oko,ro pekume Tuebp u Eopam,

gHec 3aeMaHu om Ylpak u omqacmu om

Cupun u [4pan.

Mumoaozu,CucmeMa om BflpBaHufl, kosmo ce onumBa

ga o6flcHu CbmBopeHuemo u npupogHufl

cBnm vpes paskasu aa 6ozoBe. gyxo8e,

gerroHu. aepou u^u )kuBomHu.

Moaul-uaaamcku kat eHHu enaBu, u3ceqeHu u

u3gu?Hamu om no^uHe3uIqume Ha

Beaukgerckur ocmpoB.

Itranor0aHeMemogu 3a omBe>kgane na Boga krv cyxu

3eMu 3a om?Ae)kgaHe Ha ce^ckocmonaHcku

kynmypu.

HacregcmBoBcuqko, koemo e Hac^egeHo om gageHo

nokoleHue om npagegume My, Bk^lovumeAHo

u3flu1Hu nocmpouku u Ha,{uH Ha )kuBom.

IIu,roxBucoka konona, koamo noggrp>ka

cropr>kerun kamo uocmo8eme.

IlupaauganaMemHuk c kBagpamHa ocHoBa u cmpaHu,

koumo ce cr6upam B egta movka na Brpxa.

IlaamxoXopu3oHmaAHuflm yqacmbk om Mocm, no

ko0mo 06ukHoBeHo npeMuHa8a uoce uAU

pencoB ntm.

IIpucmaHn^amoopMa, u3gageHa B peka u^u Mope.

Pere{ (u3kycm0o)

Pe36oBaHo u3o6pa)keHue, ,lecmo B kaMrk

u^u eAUHa, koemo ce usguaa om ocHoBama

cu u ctsgaBa Bneqamnenue :ampuu3MepHocm.

PeHecaHc

"Bwpa>kgare" - nepuog Ha noBuu.JeHa

kynmypna gelnocm, Et:r.ruknarr B E8pona

npes XV u XVI Bek.

C0emo0xa ,lrpokaCucmeua ga cBrpsBane sa un0opuaquotxuusmoqHuuu vpea kounlomrpnu upe>ku.

CexomeEaepo cpeg Bapo0uko8u cka^u. Cpeua ce

B Mekcuko u UeHmpa^Ha AMepuka.

C^rrHqe0u 6amepuuPeguqa krremku, koumo ce u3norcBam 3a

npou:BogcmBo na elekmpuvecmBo omortnveBama etepaun.

CmenuXunuucmu nacuqa I lod<ua EBpona u

Llenmpanxa Asun.

Cmortlaxexu 0r':kemaIrlgnoaeBam ce npu apegoBu r'rocmoBe,

npu koumo nlamHomo ce noggbp)ka om

nu oHu, kamo egHoBpeMeHHo ce

nogcuaypr8a ctc cmouasetu Bukema.

Ct[urkcXuBomro c mnno na rrr8 u a^aBa Ha qo8ek,

xapakmepHo 3a eaunemckama Mumo^oeuff.

npoqymu8m CQunkc cmou Ha nocm npeg

egHama om mpume nupaMugu B fuaa.

CmrrnaloBugxa nupar,rauqallupalauga, quumo cmpaHU ne ca naocku,

a ca oQopMeHu kamo cmtnarra.

Texxolozu-gHa,{uHume. no koumo Haykama ce npu^aea

3a npakmuqecku qe^u kamo Mema^ypaufl,pygogo6uB u e ekmpoHuka.

Typ6uxaIlEueamen, quumo onamu ce 3ag8u)kBam

om Bragyureu ulu BogeH nomok 3a

npouaBogcmBo na errekmpuuecmBo.

@apaoxBrrageme,r B llpeBeH Eaunem. cusman ome?unmflHume ea 6oe Ha 3eMama.

Xugpoerekmpurrecka exepau.aEnekmpuvecka enepaur, npousBe>kgara omgBukeHuemo xa Bogama.

Xpa,vrMgcmo ga npo6e)kgaHe Ha pe^u?uo3HU

pumya^u u omgaBaHe noqum na 6oao8eme.

Tepuunrm ce u3norcBa B utozo peauauu,gk^loqume^Ho uHgyu3Ma, 6ygusua, logausuau gpeBuume Erp8aHuE B l4gmoqHa Asun.

UeHmpa^Ha u lo>kHa Aruepuka.

llyxamuf u?aHmcka, MoqHa okeaHcka npu^uBHa

Buna, o6uknoBego npuquHeHa om

3eMempeceHue urru noggogtro

u3pueBaHe Ha 8y kaH.

rfak-rloo,r

Kauetta cmamyn na noneanana $uaypa.omkpuma I nrkoako gpeBru o6ekma BMekcuko u L[enmpaaxa Auepuka,Bepoamno usnonsBaHa npu voBeutku

*epmBonpurourerur.

9ygecama xa c0emallopBonavarrno, cnuctk Ha cegeMme Hau-

npekpacHu o6ekma B cBema. koumo mpn6Ba

ga 6bgam nocemeHu, cbcmaBeH ompa3^u,{Hu agmopu B [lpeBHa fbpqufl u

CpegHoBekoBHa EBpona.

lIIalolCpegcmEo sa 3au.{uma Ha kpa[6pe)kHume

u8uqu u^u pe.iHume 6peeoBe omnaEognenun, koemo qecmo usnonsBa

cmoMaHeHu Bpamu, koumo uoaamBpeuenno ga ce Bgu?am.

,gpeHu qacmuuuManku qacmu.lku Mamepufl, koumo ceralaupam 6 ngpomo Ha amoMa.

KocMu,{eckurm me^eckon Xr6b

A0Oe^oBa kyna, flapu>k, cmp.40,41, 51

An CoQun, Koscmaxmunonon, cmp. 23AnekcaHgup Beruku, cmp. 20, 22A,rekcangpu0cku Qap, cmp.7, 2G21,22, 40

- cbulo. 6oeo8e, cmp.20- aopuEo, cmp.21- ra8uzaquoHno cpegcmEo, cmp. 20, 21- flmoreuel l, cmp.20- ['lmo,reuei ll (Qu,ragerQuu), cmp.20- pa3pyr.!eH om

seuempecenue, cmp. 20- Cocmpam Kxugcku, cmp. 20

A^ekcaHgpufl. cmp. 20, 21, 22Arraasouku, cmp.17Arakop Bam.

KaM6og)ka, cmp. 23, 28-29, 38- ctu1o, -,[>kar8apuaH Vll, cmp. 29- ungyucmka uumo,roaur, cmp. 29- Myo, Anpu, cmp. 29- HanageHue Ha maU8aHqume, cmp. 29- cmpoumelcmBo, cmp. 29- Cypa8apnaan ll. cmp. 29

Airzkop Torvr, Kau6og>ka, cmp. 28Armunamup om Cugox, cmp. 7 ,22Apxeoaosu, cmp. 1'1, 17, 22,28,30,31- ctqo, nogEogna apxeonoeun, cmp. 21

Apxumekmu, cmp.8, 42, 43Aqmeku, qu8uruoauus, cmp. 32, 38

Su6ruomeku, cmp. 39, 48, 49- Arekcaxgpun, cmp. 48- E6,ra. cmp. 48- na auepukauckur Koxapec BtB

Baurusamos, cmp. 39, 49- xa Tpurumu korug>k,

[u6lux. cmp. 49Soeo8e u 6oauHu

- Anoron, 6oa xa uysukama u

noe:unma, cmp.1 5

- ApmeMuga (Euaxa), 6ozusn raro8a u guBama npupoga, cmp. 14. 15

- BuurHy, uxgyucmku 6oa, cmp. 28, 29- 3e8c.

BrpxoBen 6oz, cmp- 12-13, 20, 22- l4rgpa, uHgyucmku 6oa, cmp. 28- Kemuankoamn,

flepuamama 3r,run, cmp. 33- Ku6em, 6oauHflma-Maika, cmp. 15- Huke. 6oausn ua no6egama, cmp. 12- fioce[gor, 6oe Ha uopemama, cmp. 20- Xeiruoc, 6oa sa Cntxuemo, cmp.18, 22- Xepa, onpyea na 3eBc, cmp. 12

A36yueH noka3aneuEygu3bM, cmp. 28, 29, 35, 50Ba8unor, cmp. 1O-11, 14Benukama kumaUcka

cmeHa, cmp. 23, 26-27, 38- cuulo, - EuscmaHo8rBaxe, cmp. 27- xa6rrlogamerrHu kylu, cmp. 27- Hauecm8esuuu, cmp. 26, 27- MoHaonume, cmp. 26, 27- CuoHHy, cmp. 27- cmpoumeacmEo, cmp. 26, 27

Benukama nupaMuga Ha

XyOy (Xeonc). cmp.l , 8-9, 22, 43- cuu1o, - Bucovuua, cmp, 9- eagapo6eir >ku8om, cmp. 9- nozpe6anHu kaMepu. cmp. 8, I- pumyanu. cmp. 9- cmpoumencmSo, cmp. 8-9- Xy$y, $apaox. cmp. 8, 9

Be^ukgeHcku ocmpoB(Pana Hyu). cmp. 23. 30"31.38

- cuu.to, - EyirkaxrmPano Papaky, cmp. 30, 31

- Mapku3ku ocmpoBu, cmp. 30- uoau (cmamyu), cmp. 30, 31- no^uHesuIcku Hapogu, cmp. 30- mrpao8uu ua po6u, cmp- 31- uyHaMu, cmp. 30

BeHeuur, [4mal\un, cmp. 23, 36-37, 38- ctu1o, - Banopemu

(8ogru makcuma), cmp. 37- eoHgoAU. cmp. 36-37- Eo>k, cmp. 37- kananu u Eoguu nrmuqa, cmp. 36-37- MocmoBe, cmp. 36- HaEogrerun, cmp. 37- ocmpo8u, cmp. 36- npousBogcmBo ua cmtkrro, cmp. 36- cmpoumencmEo Ha zpaga, cmp. 36-37

fupuu, gpeBnu,

cmp. 7, 9, 10, 11, 22, 23, 32, 43- ctqo, apuuu, cmp. 22- apxumekmu, cmp. 17

- 6oao8e, cmp. 12, 13, 15, 17, 18-19- Mumo^oauf. cmp. 12, 17

- nucameru, cmp. 22- noemu, cmp. 22, 54- ckymmopu. cmp. 12, 17

- cmpoume^u, cmp. 17

frpuun, [pe8Ha, cmp. 20

firkocep, QapaoH. cmp. 9

EBpone0cku qeHmbp 3a

ngpeuu uec,regEaHur,

UJBe[uapuf (UEPH), cmp.39, 48, 49- cbuo, [4HmepHem, cmp. 49- C8emoBna rvrpe>ka, cmp. 49

Ezunem, ,[peBeH, cmp. 8-9, 20

Eaunmrru, gpeBnu, cmp. 7. 8-9- cbulo, cmpoume^u Ha

nuparvrugu, cmp. 9- Qapaoxu, cmp. 8,9

E$en, flocmaB , cmp. 40, 51

lzlngyusurvr, cmp. 28, 29, 35- cruo. 6oe Buurry, cmp. 28, 29[4uku, qu8uru:aqur, cmp. 32, 38lzlumepHem, cmp. 49

Kanuuax Kupeucku, cmp. 7

KaHaru u 6ogHu nbmuua, cmp. 36-37, 44- cuu.lo, Beaukunm kumaucku

kanan, cmp. 44- Bexequs. l4marrun, cmp. 36-37- flaHaucku kacan, cmp. 44- Cyeqku kanarr, cmp. 44

Ku6epnpocmpancmBo, cmp. 48,49Koau:eyu, auQumeamrp ra(PraBuume, Purr,l, cmp. 23, 24-25, 38

- cbuo, e^aguamopu, cmp. 24, 25- uepu, cmp. 24. 25- us6uBaHe na >ku8omru, cmp. 25- koxcmpykqun ra aperama, cmp. 24- xa8ogrn8ane Ha apeHama, cmp. 24, 25- cmpoumeacm8o, cmp. 24

Koo,ruqecku merreckon

IDke0uc Ye6, cmp. 52-53

I,''...

- mtpeo8un, cmp. 36, 37Buagykm Muiro,

opaHuus. cmp. 39, 46-47, 54

' cbuo, Ebsge0cmBue Btpxyokonuama cpega, cmp. 47

- Me)kgyHapogHo yvacmue, cmp" 47- cmpoumencmEo, cmp. 46

Bucnuume zpaguHu Ha

BaBuiroH, cmp.7, 1O-11, 22- cuulo, Aruumuc, cmp. 10- zbpuu, cmp. 11

- sacokgaue, cmp. 10,1 1

10, 11,22- HaByxogorocop ll, cmp.- nanorBaHe, cmp. 11

I

I

Kocrvru,recku meleckonXr6trr, cmp. 39. 52-53

- cuu1o. oznegano, cmp. 52- cnuHqe8u 6amepuu, cmp. 52- cHuMku, cmp. 52-53

Kocuuqeckumeneckonu, cmp. 39, 52-53. 54

- cbulo, kocMuqecku meleckonXb6b , cmp- 52-53

- kocMu,recku meleckon

Er(e0Mc Ye6, cmp. 52-53- PATAH 600, cmp. 52- Mtoeo zoneuu meneckonu, cmp.52

Kxnepcka uuBurusaqus.Kau6og>ka, cmp. 28, 29

Ma83o^eu, Xanukapxac, cmp. 7, 16-17, 22- cuuo, ama:onku, cmp. 17- Apmeuusun, cmp. 17- 3namHa kolecHuua, cmp. 17- MaBsor, qap, cmp. 16- cmamyu u Qpuso8e, cmp. 17- cmpoumencmBo, cmp. 17- ynuqo>kaBaue om

:evempeceuun, cmp" 17

Meakaypa (Mukepur),

Qapaou, cmp. 9Mekcuko, uauecmBue, cmp. 33Meconomauun, cmp. 10, 22Muu, guHacmur, Kumat, cmp. 27Moaynu, cmp. 34Mocmo8e, cmp. 39, 46-47

- cru1o, "Akatuu Ka0kuo",

flnoHun, cmp. 47- Euagykm Muro,

(Dpurrrrr, cmp. 46-41- Bucsulu ruocmoBe, cmp. 46- fo^gbH [e[m,

Can Qpaxqucko, cmp. 47- ?pega. cmp. 46- Pom [opg>k, CAIL cmp. 47- Tayup Spug>lc AoHgoH, cmp. 47- Uuna Ma, Xorkoua, cmp. 46

My3eu ,,fyaeHxauM",5ur6ao, cmp. 39, 4243. 54- ctruo. aPxumekmypa, cmp. 42- korunlomrpuo ruogenupane, cmp. 43- (Ppank l-epu, apxumekm, cmp. 42

He6ocmrrpaavu, cmp. 39, 4041, 54- cbuo, acaHcbopu

(Bumpeu.rxu), cmp. 40- 6yp>k fiy6ari SurguHe,

OAE. cmp.41.54- Kpaoc^ep 6unguua, Hlo t4opk, cmp.40

- PokQe^ep rleHmbp, Hlo t4opk, cmp. 41- cmpoumeacmBo, cmp. 4041- cmpoume^Hu Mamepua^u, cmp. 41- Ta[ne 101, TaiEax, cmp. 54- Tene8u:uorna kyna,

TopoHmo, cmp. 41- Cuuaup 6urguna, Hlo t4opk, cmp. 41- Cuopc Tayrp. 9ukaao, cmp. 40

O^uMnuicku uapu, cmp. 12-13Onepama 8 Cugru, cmp. 39. 43, 54

- cbuto, t4opH ymcoH,

apxumekm, cmp. 43-ro8u uamepualu. cmp. 43- cmpoumencm8o, cmp. 43- cmpykmypa Ha nokpu8a, cmp. 43

flepcur, cmp. 10-1 1

flepy. cmp. 31, 32flempoHac Tayopc,Kyana Ayrvrnyp, cmp. 39, 40-41flupauugu, cmp. 8-9, 11, 14,33

- cbuto, Be^ukamanupaMuga, cmp. 7 , 8-9, 22, 43

- 9uqeu l4mua, cmp. 23, 32-33, 38flpoekm ,[erma. cmp. 45

Pogoc, cmp. 7 , 18, 19, 22Pogocku konoc, cmp. 7, 18-19,50

- cbqo, AHmuaoH I om Kunup, cmp. '18

- .flervrempur), HauecmBue, cmp. '18

- kopoua, cmp. 18-19- cmpoumeacmBo, cmp. 18- Xapec om Aungoc, ckynnmop, cmp. 18- Xe^uoc, 6ozom sa C^bHuemo, cmp. 18- pa:npoga>k6a na pyuuume, cmp. 18- yHuulo)kaEaHe om

senempecenur, cmp. 18Puu,rsHume, cmp. 7, 23, 2+25, 38

- ctuto, pyxBaue ua

uunepunma, cmp. 38- cmpoume^cmEo, cmp. 38

CBemo8ua rvrpe>ka, cmp. 39Cmamyn na 3eBc,Orruunus, cmp.1, 12-13, 22

- cuu1o. 6ozoBe, cmp. 12- us8au8aue, cmp. 12- Onuunu0cku uapu, cmp. 12, 13- yHur.uo)keHa om no)kap, cmp. 13- (Pugu0, ckynnmop, cmp. 12

Cmamynma Ha c8o6ogama,Hlo t4opk. cmp. 39. 51. 54

- flocmaB EQea, uH>{<eHep, cmp. 51- usguaaxe, cmp. 51- @pegepuk Sapmongu,cky nmop. cmp. 51

Cmoynxeng*, cmp. 23CSurkc, Ezunem, cmp. 8Ctopu>kerun npomuBuaEogrieuun, cmp. 44, 45

Tag)k Maxa^, Tlugun, cmp.23,34-35, 54- cru1o, apxumekmypa, cmp. 34- Mynma: Maxan, cmp. 34, 35- pa3xogu ea cmpoumercm8o. cmp. 35- cmpoumencmBo, cmp. 34- ykpaca, cmp. 34- ljlax lU<axas,

uMnepamop, cmp. 34. 35To^meku. uuBuAU3aiIUr, cmp- 32, 33, 38Typusrrur, cmp. 7 . 29, 37 , 50

XaQpa (Xe$peu), Oapaon, cmp. 8, 9Xepogom, cmp.7,22Xugpoerekmpuvecku npoekm, cmp. 44Xpau ua Apmeuuga(Apmeuuauon), cmp. 7 , 14-15, 22

- cbuo. 6oeo8e, cmp. 14, 15- EuscmaHoSn8axe, cmp. 15- no8mopHo ono)kapflBaHe, cmp. 15- cmpoume,rcmBo, cmp. 1 5- Xepocmpam, ono>kapn8ane, cmp. 15

Xpucmoc Cnacume,rs,

Puo ge XaHeupo. cmp. 39, 50-51, 54XpucmunHcm8o, cmp. 13, 15, 50XyQy (Xeonc), OapaoH. cmp. 7, 8, 22

l-]ur, qapcmEo, Kumau. cmp. 27

[ua l.lJuxyan,

kuma[cku Bragemen, cmp. 27, 58

9uqeg l4mUa,

Mekcuko, cmp. 23, 32-33, 38- crqo, 6oao6e, cmp. 32, 33- gSop 3a uapa c monka, cmp.32- uepa c monka, cmp. 32- kaueHogencmEo, cmp. 33- nogaBaue Ha 8oga, cmp. 33- pyuHu, cmp. 33- Cmerama om vepenu, cmp. 33- Xpautm ua Eounume, cmp. 33- qoBeuku

rkepmEonpuroureuur, cmp. 32, 33

Sao8upu, cmp. 39, 4445- Acyaucku mo8up, Eaunem, cmp. 45- l-nex Kenurs, cmp. 39, 4+45- fo,reuus Kynuu, CAI!. cmp. 45- okonna cpega, cmp. 45- PoeyH, Tag>kukucmaH, cmp. 45- cmpoume^cmEo, cmp. 45- "Tpume krrucypu", Kuma0, cmp. 45, 54

6naeogapHocmul43game^ume uskasBam npu3HamelHocm Ha goryus6poerume 3a pa3peueHuemo

ga 6ugam ny6lukyBanu mexHu Mamepuanu. flono;kuxue Ersuo>kuume ycu^uf, ga Eneservr 8u8 Eptska

c Ecuqku rocumelu Ha aBmopcku npa8a B c y'{au, qe He8orrso cue nponycuanu Hnkoao

ulu He cMe ycnelu ga ycmano8utut koHmakm c Hnkoi aBmop, nogHacsMe Hauume ug8uHeHun

u ako 6bgeM cBoe8peuexro y8egorraeHu, qe ce nocmapaeM ga nonpaBuvt epeukama I cneg8aqume usgaxun.

Knloq: b-go^y; c - qexmtp; /-t.'n9o, r- gflcHo; feope.

Cover I photolibrary; Cover c Corbis Tim Graham; pages 1 Getty lmages National Geographic Society; 2-3 Photolibrary

JtB photo Communications; 4-5 Panoramic lmages; 8l Alamy Werner Otto; 8r Corbis Christine Osbourne; 10 Mary Evans

picture Library; 1 2cl Slephane Compoint 1 2b Stephane Compoint; 1 3f Stephane Compoint; 13b Corbis Kin Cheung;

14 Corbis Nik Wheeler; 15 Bridgeman Art Library British Museum; 16 Bridgeman Art Library Private Collection; 17 Werner Forman

Archive; 18 Bridgeman Art Library Private Collection; 20tl Art Archive Dagli Orti; 20c Stephane Compoint;

21 Stephane Compoinq 22 Bridgeman Art Library Private Collection; 24-25 Alamy Arco lmages; 25tr Corbis Tom

Brakelield; 26-27 phorolibrary Panorama Media; 26b Empics AP; 27tr Gelty lmages lmagebank: 28-29b Photolibrary

Jon Arnold lmages; 28 Heritage lmages Partnership; 28-29f Corbis Kevin R. Morris; 29r Photolibrary Photononstop;

301 Corbis Keren Su; 3O-31 Getty lmages Taxi; 31f Corbis Douglas Peebles; 32bl Getty lmages Stone; 32c Art Archive

Dagli Orti; 32rr Corbis Ludovic Maisant; 33 Getty lmages National Geographic Society; 34tl Bridgeman Art Library

private Collection; 34fr Alamy Steve Allen Travel Photography; 34-35 lmpact Photos Yann Arthus-Bertrand; 35br Corbis

Jim Zuckerman; 36-37 Getty lmages Panoramic lmages; 36t Corbis Jonathan Blair; 37r Empics AP; 38 Corbis Keren Su;

4O-41 Gelty lmages Taxi;41t Corbis Bettmann; 42 Photolibrary lndex Stock lmagery; 43f Photolibrary; 43b Corbis

Charles & Josette Lenars; 44tr Alamy Mike Goldwater; 44b Getty lmages Hulton; 45 Photolibrary Mary Plage;

46-47 Corbis Reurers;46b Construction Photography; 48t Bex Features; 48b Photolibrary Dynamics Graphics;

49 Corbis Robert Harding Photo Library; 50-51 Corbis Richard T. Nowitz;51 Corbis Gail Mooney; 52 NASA/ESA; 52-53 NASA;

b3 NASA/ESA; 54 Phototibrary lndex Stock lmagery; 55tl Corbis Free Agents Ltd; 55br Photolibrary lndex Stock lmagery;

S6tr Getty lmages Photonica; 56b Alamy Boll Bichardson; 57 Getty Images Lonely Planet; 58t/ Getty lmages lmagebank;

58cr Photolibrary Jon Arnold lmages; 59 Getty lmages Taxi; 60/ Stephane Compoinu 60-61t Corbis Kevin R. Monis;

61r NASA/ESA; 64 Getty lmages Stone