Download - ABB Numerical Relay Echnology
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Substation Automation
and
Protection Training
Basic Concept Of Numerical Technology
Numerical Protection
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• Electromechanical Relays – Started 100 years ago
• Static or Electronics Relays – !ntroduced in 1"#0s
• $icroprocessor %ased Relays – Present era started in 1"&0s
'e(elopment of Protecti(e Relays
Protecti(e relays de(elopment has under gone follo)ing stages*
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!nitially protecti(e relays )ere of electromechanical design+ attracted
,rmature or mo(ing disc-cup type Operating principal - characteristics
of these relays is depended on operating force of electromagnet and
Retarding force of spring
.our types of Electromechanical relays )ere )idely used* $agnetic
attraction+ $agnetic !nduction+ '/,rson(al and Thermal units
These relays came in eistence in the %eginning of this century and
)ere the only choice till 1"0
Electromechanical Relays
!ntroduction*
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Electromagnetic Relay
CO!2
S3,'!N4
R!N4
'!S5
Electromechanical Relays
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The first time-overcurrent relay made by ABB, type
TCB, manufactured 1905
Electromechanical Relays
Induction type time over-current relay type I from 19!0
"ine distance relay type #$%C from 19&0
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'ra) %ac6 of Electromechanical Relays*
• Slo) and sluggish operation
• 3igh error 7upto 8 109: of measurement
• 3igh %urden on CT/s and PT/s
• 'rift in characteristics due to ageing of components
• No flei%ility in use hence %ecome redundant )hen system
gro)s and fault le(el increases
• Bigger dimensions
• .re;uent maintenance
Electromechanical Relays
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!ntroduction*
The epansion and gro)ing compleity of modern po)er systems ha(e
%rought a need for protecti(e relays )ith higher le(el of performance and
more sophisticated characteristics This has %een made possi%le %y the
de(elopment of semiconductors and other associated components
)hich can %e utilised in relay designs+ generally referred to asSolid
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Static or Electronics Relays
Typical circuit configuration for a Solid
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Static or Electronics Relays
>a(eforms of the Solid
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Still static relays ha(e not fully met e(er gro)ing needs ofusers follo)ing short coming still o%ser(ed in static relays*
• 'ot muc( )le*ibilit+ in alication
• 'o memor+ )eatures o) reious )aults
• 'o sel) suerision
Static or Electronics Relays
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Combifle' Assembly
A$(A )*itched scheme line distance relay - 19+
A$. full scheme line distance relay - 19+5
Static or Electronics Relays
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!ntroduction*
,fter electromechanical and static relays came the
era of $icroprocessor %ased relays
These has %een a significant de(elopment in microprocessor %asedTechnology and it has %rought re(olutionary changes in all )al6s of
2ife 3o) can protection relay technology %e %ehind in adopting the same?
@sers no) ha(e a choice to use latest state of art microprocessor %ased
Relays
$icroprocessor Relays
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$icroprocessor Relays
2ogic 'e(ices
Simple 2ogic 4ates
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$icroprocessor Relays
2ogic 'e(ices
Simple Com%inational Circuit
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$icroprocessor Relays
2ogic 'e(ices
Simple Se;uential Circuit
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$icroprocessor Relays
Basic Operation*
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$icroprocessor Relays
RO$* Read Only $emory+ used to store the relaying program
R,$* Random ,ccess $emory+ used for storing samples and
intermediate ;uantities
EAPRO$* Electrically Erasa%le Programma%le Read Only $emory+
used for storing relay settings
$emories*
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$icroprocessor Relays
Binary Num%er Representation*
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$icroprocessor Relays
,nalogue to 'igital Con(ersion*
Successi(e ,pproimation Con(erter
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$icroprocessor Relays
Sample and 3old ,mplifier*
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$icroprocessor Relays
Signal Processing is t(e e*traction o) in)ormation )rom measured data,
And an+ subse.uent trans)ormation o) signals reresenting t(is in)ormation
For detection, estimation, classi)ication or /ae)orm s+nt(esis0
Signal rocessing ma+ also include deriation o) in)ormation and rocessing
) it0
A digital rotectie rela+ receies seeral analogue inut signals )rom
Conentional current and oltage trans)ormers0 T(e digital rela+ does
Seldom roduce analogue outut signals0 suall+, a digital rela+ roduces
Binar+ outut signals0
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$icroprocessor Relays
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Typical Numerical Relay 3ard)are
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RE2 Numerical Relay 3ard)are Platform
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RE2 Numerical Relay Soft)are Platform
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D
,R
TR!P
101B
10210310
10$
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202
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TR1
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B2OC5CRCR4BC
TR!PEHTFP310%
ST,RT
TRA
TAOR
Numerical Relays
2ess )iring
Programma%le and !nterconnecti%le Protection Soft)are Bloc6s and 2ogic
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
2ess )iring
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Con(entional
relay
Numerical relay
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11
1A
1F
1I
R ΙΙΙΙΙB2OC5 ONE
CR
CR4
BC
TR1
ProtectionfunctionsB,S
CB RE ,' G C2OSE CB
,uto
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
2ess aging pro%lems
Con(entional relay
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
2ess aging pro%lems
J D
!K
Numerical relay
J 701011:
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
Testing .ault Testing
Repair
Repair
Con(entional
protection
Numerical protection)ith
self super(ision
Self super(ision
$TTR* year
$TTR* hours
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E
C
4ead+ Start Tri1%%3-'o-215%52!02!T461 T47FC 681
Parametration
Automatictesting
4eorting
Simulation
Parametration
7nergi9ingo) contacts
Status c(ec:
;irectionalc(ec:
RTS PC
n)ormation
4esetting o) indicationsC(ange o) arametersBac:-u control
2ocal $$!Test Kit
Calculation
Parametration
7aluation
7*ertanal+sis
S$S
Suerision
ControlStatusmonitoringSe.uentialControlStatistics
SCS
Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
Communication
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
4reater flei%ility
H
R
H4.C.
$F
$I
$A
$1
$
R4.CAR4.C1
H4.CR
• .our groups of settings
• !ndependent setting of all
parameters
• Ena%le-disa%le all functions
• Soft)are configuration of logic
• Soft)are configuration of
%inary !-O*s
• Reduced re;uirements
on spares
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
Better functionality
H
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H4.C.
$F
$I
$A
$1
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R4.CAR4.C1
H4.CR
• .ull scheme distanceprotection
• Phase segregated current
differential protection
• Phase segregated CS
• Built
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
•2ess space
•2ess )iring
•2ess terminations
•2ess components
•2ess aging pro%lems
•Self super(ision
•Communication
•4reater flei%ility
•Better functionality
•,dapti(e functions
There are only ad(antages?
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
There are only ad(antages?
•Better performance
•Sa(ings in ci(il )or6s
•Sa(ings in erection+ ca%ling and commissioning
•Sa(ings in maintenance
•Sa(ings in cost-function
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Numerical techni;ue < ,d(antages
,utomated Su%station
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Numerical Techni;ue
Not ne)+ %ut )ell
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Technology Comparison
Su%Lect Electromechanical Static Numerical
8easuring
7lements &s
Comarators
8icrorocessors,
;igital C>s
;igital SignalProcessors,
8easuring 8et(od 7lectrical .uantitiesconerted into
8ec(anical )orce,tor.ue
=eel detectors,comarison /it(
re)erence alue inanaloguecomarator
Analogue to ;igitalconersion,
'umericalalgorit(mstec(ni.ues ealuatetri criteria
Timing Function 8ec(anical cloc:/or:s, ;as(ot
Static Timers Counters
?isual ndication Flags, Targets =7;>s =7;>s =C; disla+
Tri Command Additional Tri4ela+ re.uired
Additional Tri4ela+ re.uired
Tri rela+ inbuilt
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Technology Comparison
Su%Lect Electromechanical Static Numerical
Contacts
Assignments
Fi*ed Fi*ed Freel+ Con)igurable
Se.uence o)7ents
'ot ossible 'ot ossible Aailable
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Su%Lect Electromechanical Static Numerical
8ultile
c(aracteristics
'ot ossible 'ot ossible Possible
8ultile ntegratedProtection Func0
'ot ossible 'ot ossible Possible
4ange o) settings =imited ide ide
Serice alueindication 'ot ossible Possible Possible
;isturbancerecording
7*ternal (ard/are 7*ternal
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Su%Lect Electromechanical Static Numerical
Protection,Control,
8onitoring
nl+ rotection Protection,
8onitoring
Protection, Control,
8onitoring
Solution Fi*ed Fi*ed 7*tension and 'e/deelomentossible, oenarc(itecture
Fault