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EVOLUTION: IT'S JUST GENETICS OVER TIMECOMMUNITY OF REASON18 MARCH, 2012Mindy L. Walker, Ph.D.Assistant Professor of BiologyRockhurst University
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Genetics
The study of hereditary material Genes = elements passed down from
generation to generation Alleles = different forms of genes
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Evolution
Change over time Change(s in allele frequencies in a
population) over time This can take a long, long time (think
3.5 billion years)
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Changes in allele frequencies in a population over a generation
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Experiment time. Initial frequencies:
Milk Chocolate = 16 Krackel = 14 Mr. Goodbar = 14 Special Dark = 1
After one generation of selection… Milk Chocolate = Krackel = Mr. Goodbar = Special Dark =
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Survey – consider this question
Do you believe that evolution, as the explanation for the diversity of all life, is true, false or are you not sure?
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Survey says…
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One more time
Do you believe that evolution, as the explanation for the diversity of all life, is true, false or are you not sure?
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Do you believe in…
Mutation? Reproduction?
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Then, whether you like it or not…
you believe in evolution.
Evolution
Mutation
Time
Reproduction
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If you believe in drug-resistance…you believe in evolution.
Evolution
Treatment
Selection for
resistant individua
ls
Resistant ones
pass on their
genes
Variation in
genes
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http://www.answersingenesis.org/articles/nab/is-natural-selection-evolution
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If you believe you have a tailbone…you believe in evolution.
Evolution
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If you believe in lactose intolerance…you believe in evolution.
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http://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/0,1518,723310,00.html
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MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
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5 processesTendency toward pan-selectionism – often used by Creationists/ID “theorists” as evidence against evolution
Natural Selection
Gene Flow (migration)
Genetic Drift (chance)
Mutation
Nonrandom Mating
Ultra- -ism
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Selection
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Gene Flow
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Genetic Drift
Sampling error in founding pop or in survivorship
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Mutation
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Nonrandom Mating
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GENETIC EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION
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DNA
…is universal.
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The Genetic Code
…is universal.
http://www.pnas.org/content/105/43.cover-expansion
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Chromosomes “Modern Genetics
Confirms Evolution”
http://www.thetech.org/genetics/ask.php?id=229
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Genes are shared
http://genome.cshlp.org/content/20/8/1001.full
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ERVs
Sequences in the genome thought to be derived from ancestral viral infection
“Evolution: Genetic Evidence – ERVs”
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Pseudogenes
Nonfunctional sequences
“Evolution: Genetic Evidence – Pseudogenes”
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Transposons
“Jumping genes”
“Evolution: Genetic Evidence – Transposons”
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Regulatory GenesGenes that regulate the timing and expression of other genesSmall changes can bring about large-scale transformations.
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HOW MUCH DIFFERENCE CAN GENES POSSIBLY MAKE?
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Changes in dog gene frequencies
www.Nationalgeographic.com
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Genes make all the difference!
Evolution is just genetics over time.
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THANK YOU!Questions?