SECOND EDmON
POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA~
PERISHABLE CROPS
EDITORS
Ofelia K. Bautista, PhD . Professor , Elda B. Esguerra, PhD . Research Associate Professor
PoSTHARVEST HORnCULTURE TRAINING AND RESEARCH CeNTER
Postharvest and Seed Sciences Division ' Crop Science Cluster
College of Agriculture· University of the Philippines Los Baiios
College, Laguna, PHIUPPINES
PuIusHED BY mE
-~ lJNMRsnY OF TIE PHnlPPJre Los BANos • COLLEGE, LAGUNA, PHILIPPINES
AND 11£
BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DIllMAN, QUEZON CITY
PHILIPPINES
ii
ISBN978-971 - 547 -250-0
The first edition of this book was written by Ofelia K. Bautista in 1990.
Copyright 2007 by the University of the Philippines Los Banos. All rights reserved. Other than for personal use, this book may not be reproduced in whole or in part, whether by mechanical or electronic means, without written permission from the copyright holder.
Cover layout: Drs. Kerry Phil K. Bautista and Kevin F. Yaptenco
Text layout: Dr. Kevin F. Yaptenco
Administrative support: Ms. Aileen Eusebio, Mr. Crispin Taeza, Jr., Ms. Ranee Mabesa, Ms. WellaAbsulio, Ms. Leslie Ann Cazar, Mr. Manuel Marcaida III, Ms. Adela L. Absulio
English editing: Mr. Frank Hilario
Illustrations: Mr. Gil Menorca
Printer: Multinational Printers
Front cover photos show the scope of the book: fresh produce (top) and postharvest technologies (bottom)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
foREWORD [V)
PREFACE [vi)
ABouT THE AUTHORS [vii)
ExTERNAl REVIEWERS fix]
I. INTROOUCllON
1. OVERVIEW OF PosnIARVEST HANDUNG [3] OfelIa It Bautista • MatiIde v. MauNlhan
THE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INVOLVED · NEED FOR POSTHARVEST HANDLING POSTHARVEST LOSSES • MILESTONES IN POsTHARVEST LOSS REDucnON . STATUS OF
PosTHARVEST HANDLING EFFORTS· SYSTEMS i'ERSPEC11VE OF POSTHARVEST HANDLING· THE FRESH PRODUCE AGRiBUSII'<"ESS SYSTEM· FACTORS AfFECTING THE FRESH PRODUCE AGRIBUSINESS SYSTEM
II. BASIS OF POSTHARVEST HANDUNG TECHNOLOGIES
2. MORPHO-ANATOMICAL BAsIS OF PosnIARV!Sl' TECHNOLOGIES [21]
PeI1ita A. Nuevo· Ofelia It Bautista
POSTHARVEST INTERACTIONS· MORPHO·ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE · SPECIAL MoRPHOLOGICAL PARTS· ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE· THE DERMAL SYSTEM· THE FUNDAMENTAL TISSUE SYSTEM · THE VASCULAR SYSTEM . MORP~ANATOMY AND PosTHARVEST HANDLING
3. PHYSIO-CHEMICAL BAsIs OF PosntARVEST HANDUNG [33] !dralina P. SerraIIo • OfelIa It Bautista
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERISHABLES THAT DETERMINE POSTHARVEST LIFE . CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND COMMODITY RESPONSE· PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN HARVESTED COMMODITIES· STRESS IN FRESH PRODUCE
4. PHYsICAL PROPBmES OF FRESH PRODUCE FOR PosnwtVEST TECHNOLOGY D£vEloPMEJfT [55] Kevin F. YaptMcu
ASPECTS OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS· OPTICAL PROPERTIES· MECHANICAL PROPERTIES· THERMAL PROFERTIES . ACOUSTICiULTRASONIC PROFERTIES . ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
m. PREHARVEST AND HARVEST FACTORS
AFfECTING POSTHARVEST QUAUlY
5. PREHARVfST MoDIFIERS OF Q\JAUlY [77]
Elda B. EIguem • Ofelia It llalllillll
QUALITY. GENETIC FACTORS . CLIMATIC FACTORS . PRODUCTION PRACTICES
6. HARVESTING [87] Eida L hlluem . ore&. It Bautista
PROPER STAGE OF MATURITY . MATURITY INDICES . CONSIDERATIONS IN HARVESTING· MECHANIZED HARVESTING
IV. PAOONGHOUSE OPERATIONS, SrRUCT\JRES & EQUIPMENT 7. TRIMMING, ClfANIIIG AND RDIovAi. OF Exass MOISTURE [113]
0feIiII It Balllillll . Elda 8. &g-.a
SPECIFIC TRIMMING PROCEDURES· OBJECTIVES OF TRIMMlNG · PuRPosES OF CLEANING· CHoosING THE CLEANING METHOD · CHEMICALS FOR THE W ASH WATER· SOuRCES OF CHLORINE FOR WASHING · PROBLEMS DURING WASHING · WATER EUMlNATION
8. CUlUII6 [121] 0feIa It Bautista • Gloria D .............
STAGES OF CURING· METHODS OF CURING· FACTORS AfFECTING CURING . A TrAINING CURING CONIl!TIONS
II. WAXING [127] !Ida 8. Elgu.ra • OfelIa It llautlsta
APPROPRIATE COATINGS· COMMODITIES WAXED· MATERIALS FOR WAX FORMULATIONS· FORMS OF WAXES . EFFECTS OF
WAXING · CONSIDERATIONS IN WAXING · MEnlODS OF WAXING
10. SrANDARDIZATION, GRADING AND INSPECTION [135] JOMPhille U. Agravante • OfelIa K. Balllillll
THE PROCESSES INVOLVED· BASIC PARTS OF A STANDARD· AGENCIES lNVOL YEO IN STANDAlUJIZAllON . CHARACTEQ)1X:S OF A GOOD STANDARD· quALITY CRITERIA OF STANDARDS . FORMULATION OF STANDARDS· CURRENT SITUATION Of STANDARDIZATION AND GRADING • BENEFITS Of GRADING . CONDITIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL GRADING· INSPECTION · CORRECTIVE ACTION AFTER INSPECTION
11. PACKAGING [153]
JONpbine U. Agravante • OfelIa It Bautlllla
FuNCTIONS OF A PACKAGE· CAUSES OF DAMAGE DuRlNG HANDLING· KINos OF MECHANICAL DAMAGE· SOURCES Of
DAMAGE· KINos OF PACKAGES· USAGE OF CONTAINERS . PACKAGE SELECTION· MEnlODSOf PACKAGING· GlJlllEI.MS FOR PACIONG BY HAND· IMPROVING IN-TRANsrr PACKAGE PERfORMANCE . PREPACIONG . LABELING
12. RIPENING, DEGRmoNG AND COloR ADDING [171] TIto J. Rlmando • Ofelia It Bautistl . !kla B. eso-ra THE ROLE Of ETHYLENE· CLASSES OF FRUITS ACCORDING TO RIPENING PATTERN· ADVANTAGES OF RIPENING REGULATION · RIPENING AND DEGREENING TECIINlQUES . RIPENING AND DEGREENING REQUIREMENTS· TREATMENT WID! ErnYLENE . TREATMENT wrrn ETHEPHON . TREATMENT WID! ACETYLENE · BIOETHYLENE . STRESS ETHYLENE . USE OF INCREASED TEMPERATURE· USE OF SMOKE· SLOWING DOwN RIPENING · COLOR ADDING· TINTING
13. EsTAiUSIIMEIfT OF A PACKIIIGHOUSE [1111] K .... F. Yaptenal
BASI(;CoNcEP1S FORA PACKING\IOtJSE· STEPS IN DESIGNING THE PACKINGHOUSE· OPERATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE PACKINGHOUSE· EXAMPLE OF A PACKINGHOUSE DESIGN AND
LAYOUT
iii
14. PACICJMHOIISI EQuIPMENT AND HAllDUM Am5[207]
KMlF.V ...... SElJ!CTIN(J P AClaNGHOIJSE EQuIPMENr. EQuIPMENr {);sIGN
. BASIC PACKINGHOUSE EQUIPMENT · PACKINGHOUSE
EQuIPMENT FROM NON-ASEAN CouNnuEs
V. MANAGEMENT OF THE PHYsICAl ENVIRONMENT OF PRODUCE 15.PRE~[223J
KMI.F. V ...... • I ....... Q. AIMtDrIo· or.IIII K.a.utIIta
OBJECTIVE . BENEFITS . DRAWBACKS . METHODS .
DETERMINATION OF COOLING RATES LOW-COST ALTERNATIVES TO CoNVENTIONAL i'REcooLERs . STATUS OF
FRECOOLlNO IN SOOlHEAST AsIA
16. fuNDAMENTALS Of R!FRlGERAlION [235J KMI F. V8pl8nco • EmlMlllMl Q. AIMtDrIo 0!IlEC'lTVES . ilENEFITS . BASIc CoNCEPTS ONHEM1'RANsrnl . '!HE V APOR-CoMPREsSION REFlUG£lIATlON CYCLE · COLD
CHAIN SYSTEMS · BASIC REQuIREMENTS FOR REFlUOERAlllD
HANDLING· HEM LoAD CALCULATlONS
17. REFRlGERAliD TRANSPORT AND S'roRAGE [249] KMI F. v ....... or.IIII K. a.utIIta • Em ........ Q.AIMtDrIo O!'ERA:rlON AND MANAGEMENT · CAUSES OF LossEs DURING STORAGE . TERMINATING STORAGE . POST-STORAGE
CONSIDERATIONS . DECIDING ON REFRIGERATION FOR
TRANSPORT AND STORAGE NON-CONVENTIONAL REFRIGERATED STORAGE
18. TRANsPoRT [267J T1tD l. AI ....... EIdIII. &guemt • Sher-. M. OIavu·KMlF.V ...... TRANSPORT STAGES . TRANSPORT SYSTEMS· PROPER TRANSPORT PRACUCES . TYPEs OF STACKlNO TIERs . NON
CONVENl10NAL TRANSPORT
19. SuPPLEMINlS TO REFRlGERAlION [277] ~ It. Art. . OfelIa K. a.utIIbI
IRRADIATION· CHEMICAL TREATMENTS · ATMOSPHERE
MODlFlCATlON . MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PA~AOlNG . CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE
20. ALliRNAlJVU TO REFRlGERAliD TRAIISPORT AND SToRAGE [299J OfelIa K. a.utIIbI . NokIII S. FIor • KIrvIn F. V8p1Mco
'!HE NEED FOR REFlUOERATlON ALTERNATIVES · DRAWBACKS OF ALTERNATIVE METHODS . EVAPORATIVE COOLING · VENl1LATED CooLING · STORAGE BELOW GROUND LEvEL . ATMOSPHERE MoolFlCAl10N AND OTHER SUPPLEMENTS TO REFRIGERAllON . LIGHT REGULATION · DELAYED OR LATE
HARVEST· CooLINO wrrn A HEAT SINK . EvAPORATIVEVENTR.ATED COOLERs
VI. PosTHARVEST PEsr MANAGEMENT
Iv
21. PomIARvur INSECT PUT SuPPllESSJON AND DlslHFUTAlION [321] EIdIII. Esg1*TIl • or.IIII K. II8uIIItII PosniARvEsT IMPACT OF INSECT PESTS . IMPORTANT INSECT PEsTS OF HORTICULTURAL PERISHABLES . SANITARY AND
PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES · TERMINOLOGIES USED IN DISINFESTATION · CHARACTERISTICS OF A GooD TRE.m.!ENr . 1'REATME:NTS . FREVENl10N OF REINFESTATION
22. PomIARYEsr DIsEAsE CotmtoL [337J Bd8 I. &guemt • OfelIa K. IIeutI8tII
TYPEs OF PoSTHARVEST DISEASES· SouRCES OF INocULA . Mooos OF ENTRy . CoMMoorrYFACTORS FAVORING DISEASE
DEvELoi>MENr . ENvlRONMENTAL FACTORS FAVORABLE FOR DISEASE DEvELo!>ME:Nr . MAJOR Posn!ARvEsT DISEASES OF
FRUITS AND VEGETABLES AND THEIR CONTROL
PREREQUISITES FOR EFFEcnVE CoNTROL OF POSTHARVEST DISEASES· STRATEGIES FOR DISEASE CONTROL · CHEMICAL
TREATMENTS· PHYSICAL TREATMENTS . BIOLOGICAL CoNTROl
VII. QUALITY AssuRANCE & PREPARATION OF FRESH ClJTS 23. PREPARAlIOM AND HANOUNG OF FRESH CuTs [367] NokIa S. FIor • EIdIII. &guern • GIort8 D. M ........ n TYPEs OF FRESH CUTS . ADVANTAGES OF FRESH Curs·
SrruATION . FRESH Curs AND INTACT 1'RooucE . CHANoES IN FRESH Curs . PRODUCT i'REPARAllON
24. QuAuTY AssuRANCE PROGRAM fOR FRESH PRODUCE [383] EId8 S. fig...,.. . 0hIIII K. II8utIIIa • PertIt8 It. N_
RELATED PRAcnCES AND PROGRAMS . AsPECTS · BENEFITS .
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION . ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAM FOR SAFETY . MAJOR FOOD SAFETY CONCERNS ·
IiAzARDANALYSlSANDCRmCALCONTROLPoDITS · ~ALlTY STANDARDS OR NORMS . AUDITING AND CERTIFICATION . STATUS OF COUNTRY PROGRAMS
VIII. PosTHARVEST Soao-ECONOMICS 25. ECONOMIC YJAlJurv Of PomtARYEsr HANDUNG OPERAlJONS AND TECHNOLOGJU [399] MIIIIIde Y. M8uMIIMI • DonnIta R. dill c.m- . ear- T. AnIgDn
IMPoRTANCE OF EcoNOMIC VlABR.lTY . FACTORS AFFECTING
EcONOMIC VIABlLlTY . EsTlMATlNG PRomABlLlTY· REcoRD KEEPING · EcONOMIES OF ScALE
26. SoaAL DlMENSJON Of PomIARYEsr SYsTEMS IMPROVEMENT [415] DonnIta R. .... c:.rn- . ot.IIII K. .......
COMPONENTS OF THE POSTHARVEST SOCIAL SYSTEM · CoNSlDERAllONS FOR SYSTEMS IMPROVEMENT . FACTORS
AFFECTING PARTICIPANTS' DECISIONS AND ACTIONS ·
ALLIANCES OF MAJOR PARTICIPANTS IN THE CHAIN · ORGANIZATIONS AND/OR INSTITUTIONS . SUPPORTING INSTInmONS AND ORGANlZATlONS
UNITS [427]
GLOSSARY [428]
ScIENTIAC AND CoMMON NAMES OF PROOUCE [437]
INDEX [441]