drr thematic policy doc

Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection

Disaster Risk ReductionIncreasing resilience by reducing disaster risk in humanitarian actionSeptember 2013

DG ECHO Thematic Policy Document n° 5

DG ECHO Thematic Policy Documents

N°1: Food Assistance: From Food Aid to Food Assistance

N°2: Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH): Meeting the challenge of rapidly increasing humanitarian needs in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

N°3: !?QF�?LB�4MSAFCPQ��'LAPC?QGLE�CȑAGCLAW�?LB�CȎCARGTCLCQQ�?APMQQ�?JJ�QCARMPQ

N°4: Nutrition: Addressing Undernutrition in Emergencies

N°5: Disaster Risk Reduction: Increasing resilience by reducing disaster risk in humanitarian action

N°6: %CLBCP��"GȎCPCLR�,CCBQ��B?NRCB��QQGQR?LAC

1

Table of contentsIntroduction 2

1 Policy 31.1 Introduction 41.2 Background 51.3 EU policy on DRR 61.4 Disaster Risk Reduction in DG ECHO humanitarian policy 8

2 Programming DRR in humanitarian action 102.1 Introduction 10��.PMEP?KKGLE��JCTCJQ�?LB�NF?QCQ�� 102.1.2 Integrated and Targeted DRR 10

2.2 Prioritisation and criteria 112.3 Needs and Risk Assessment 132.4 Design and Implementation 142.4.1 Sustainability, replication and scaling-up 142.4.2 Complementarity, Coordination and Partnerships 14��BTMA?AW� 162.4.4 Capacity-building 19

2.5�+MLGRMPGLE�#T?JS?RGML�?LB�*C?PLGLE� 20

3 Operational considerations 223.1 Introduction 223.2 DRR and Food Assistance 233.3 DRR and Health 253.4 DRR and Nutrition 283.5 DRR and Education 303.6 DRR and Shelter 323.7 DRR and WASH 343.8 Protection and cross-cutting issues in DRR 363.9 DRR / Disaster Preparedness Sub-Sectors 38��*MA?J�"GQ?QRCP�+?L?ECKCLR�!MKNMLCLRQ� 38��'LQRGRSRGML?J�*GLI?ECQ�?LB��BTMA?AW� 403.9.3 Information, Education, Communication 40��1K?JJ�1A?JC�'LDP?QRPSARSPC�?LB�1CPTGACQ� 413.9.5 Constituting Stocks of Emergency and Relief Items 41��*GTCJGFMMB�?LB�#AMLMKGA��QQCRQ�.PMRCARGML 42

3.10�"00�GL�BGȎCPCLR�AMLRCVRQ�� 423.10.1 DRR in slow-onset hazards 42��"00�GL�SP@?L�AMLRCVRQ� 43��"00�GL�AMKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ 44

4 Annexes 474.1 Acronyms 474.2 Terminology 484.3��BTMA?AW�%SGB?LAC�2?@JC� 494.4 Indicators 50

D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e

D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e2

Introduction

The purpose of this document is to present DG ECHO’s current policy, priorities, approach and practice on DRR. It does not QCCI� RM� NPMTGBC� BCR?GJCB� RCAFLGA?J� ESGB?LAC� ML� "00�� QSAF�guidance can be found in the growing body of literature ?T?GJ?@JC�ML�RFC�QS@HCAR��

The document is aimed at a number of audiences, including: b� 1R?Ȏ�GL�"%�#!&-�?LB�MRFCP�#!�QCPTGACQ��b� 1R?Ȏ�GL�GRQ�GKNJCKCLRGLE�N?PRLCPQ�?LB�b Other stakeholders interested in understanding the focus

and scope of DG ECHO’s support in the area of DRR.

As presented in this document, DRR applies to all disaster AMLRCVRQ�GLAJSBGLE�RFMQC�GL�AMLȐGAR�

2FC�BMASKCLR�GQ�BGTGBCB�GLRM�RFPCC�QCARGMLQ�UGRF�?BBGRGML?J�PCQMSPACQ�?LB�RMMJQ�NPMTGBCB�GL�?L��LLCV��b� 2FC� ȏPQR� QCARGML� NPCQCLRQ� RFC� NMJGAW� DP?KCUMPI� ESGBGLE�"%�#!&-�Q�QSNNMPR�DMP�"00�GL�?JJ�GRQ�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ��

b� 2FC�QCAMLB�QCARGML�CVNJ?GLQ�FMU�"%�#!&-�NPMEP?KKCQ�its support for DRR, following the main elements of the programme cycle: assessment, analysis, design, GKNJCKCLR?RGML�KMLGRMPGLE�CT?JS?RGML�?LB�JC?PLGLE��

b� 2FC�RFGPB�QCARGML�NPMTGBCQ�MNCP?RGML?J�AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ�DMP�RFMQC�KMQR�BGPCARJW�GLTMJTCB�GL�"%�#!&-�DSLBGLE�DMP�RFC�implementation of DRR.

5FCPC� NMQQG@JC� RFGQ� BMASKCLR� SQCQ� RFC� BCȏLGRGMLQ� ?LB�RCPKGLMJMEW� EGTCL� @W� RFC� 3LGRCB� ,?RGMLQ� 'LRCPL?RGML?J�Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).

Box 1: Terminology

For consistency in language, DG ECHO follows the 2009 UNISDR terminology unless otherwise indicated. A selection of key terms is given below:

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): The concept and practice of reducing disaster SJTLT� UISPVHI� TZTUFNBUJD� FҧPSUT� UP�analyse and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposure to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events.

Hazard: A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

Risk: The combination of the probability of an event and its negative consequences.

Resilience: The ability of a system, community or society exposed to a hazard to resist, absorb, accommodate to and SFDPWFS� GSPN� UIF� FҧFDUT� PG� B� IB[BSE� JO�B� UJNFMZ� BOE� FҪDJFOU� NBOOFS � JODMVEJOH�through the preservation and restoration of its essential basic structures and functions.

Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities developed by governments, professional response and recovery organisations, communities and JOEJWJEVBMT� UP� FҧFDUJWFMZ� BOUJDJQBUF �respond to, and recover from, the impacts of likely, imminent or current hazard events or conditions.

Mitigation: The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

Prevention: The outright avoidance of adverse impacts of hazards and related disasters.

D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e3

1. Policy

In its work on DRR, DG ECHO applies the following guiding principles:

Guiding Principles for DG ECHO DRR actions:

1. DRR is a key part of the Humanitarian Imperative

DG ECHO supports DRR as an integral part of humanitarian action aimed at NPCQCPTGLE� JGDC� NPCTCLRGLE� ?LB� ?JJCTG?RGLE� QSȎCPGLE� K?GLR?GLGLE� BGELGRW� ?LB�QRPCLERFCLGLE� PCQGJGCLAC� GL� AMSLRPGCQ� ?LB� AMKKSLGRGCQ� ?ȎCARCB� @W� BGQ?QRCP�� 'RQ�QSNNMPR�DMP�"00�GQ�CTGBCLAC�MD�GRQ�AMKKGRKCLR�RM�RFC�NPGLAGNJCQ�MD�EMMB�BMLMP�QFGN�?LB�GQ�?�ICW�CVNPCQQGML�MD�RFC�#3�Q�QMJGB?PGRW�UGRF�RFMQC�?R�PGQI��

2. With a focus on natural hazards, DG ECHO adopts a multi-hazard approach

'L� GRQ� "00� CȎMPRQ� "%� #!&-� NPGK?PGJW� QCCIQ� RM� QRPCLERFCL� PCQGJGCLAC� RM� QFMAIQ�RPGEECPCB�@W�?�L?RSP?J�F?X?PB��'R�?NNJGCQ�?�AMKNPCFCLQGTC�KSJRG�F?X?PB�?NNPM?AF�?LB�?BTMA?RCQ�KMPC�UGBCJW�RM�RFGQ�CȎCAR��!JGK?RC�AF?LEC�?B?NR?RGML�GQ�QSNNMPRCB�through the DRR approach.

3. DG ECHO promotes a people-centred approach to DRR

"%�#!&-�PCAMELGQCQ�RF?R�RFC�NCMNJC�KMQR�?R�PGQI�?PC�ACLRP?J�RM�?JJ�"00�?ARGTGRGCQ��1NCAG?J�?RRCLRGML�GQ�EGTCL�RM�NPMKMRGLE�ECLBCP�COSGRW�?LB�RFC�DSJJ�N?PRGAGN?RGML�MD�TSJLCP?@JC�EPMSNQ� GLAJSBGLE�@MWQ�?LB�EGPJQ�MJBCP�NCMNJC�NCMNJC�UGRF�BGQ?@GJGRGCQ�and other marginalised groups. In adopting this approach, DG ECHO recognises the LCCB�RM�CLE?EC�UGRF�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�?Q�?ARMPQ�MD�AF?LEC�?R�?JJ�JCTCJQ�GLRCPL?RGML?J�national and local.

4. DG ECHO requires programmes to be risk-informed

"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�RF?R�?JJ�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�GR�QSNNMPRQ�GQ�BCQGELCB�@?QCB�ML�?L�assessment of risk, and is implemented to reduce risk.

5. DG ECHO seeks complementarity and partnership in its DRR action

"%�#!&-�CLE?ECQ� NPM�?ARGTCJW�UGRF� MRFCP� QCPTGACQ� MD� RFC�!MKKGQQGML�+CK@CP�States, partners and donors to coordinate commitments to strengthening DRR and its contribution to resilience. In particular, DG ECHO recognises the strong link @CRUCCL�PCJGCD�PCAMTCPW�?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�

1.1 Introduction

DG ECHO’s policy on Disaster Risk Reduction aims to:b� +?VGKGQC� RFC� CȎCARGTCLCQQ� CȑAGCLAW� ?LB�PCJCT?LAC�MD�"%�#!&-�DSLBCB�"00�?ARGMLQ�

b Strengthen DG ECHO’s preparedness to respond P?NGBJW�RM�SLDMJBGLE�FSK?LGR?PG?L�APGQCQ�

b Increase the coherence of DG ECHO’s decision-K?IGLE�

b� #LF?LAC�AMFCPCLAC�UGRF�MRFCP�"%�#!&-�NMJGAGCQ�b �'LDMPK� N?PRLCPQ� ?LB� MRFCP� PCJCT?LR�

stakeholders about DG ECHO’s policy on DRR.

2FC�QCARGML�NPMTGBCQ�ESGB?LAC�RM�?�LSK@CP�MD�R?PECR�?SBGCLACQ�GLAJSBGLE��b "%�#!&-�QR?Ȏ��b "%�#!&-�N?PRLCPQ��RFC�,ML�%MTCPLKCLR?J�-PE?LGQ?RGMLQ�0CB�!PMQQ !PCQACLR�+MTCKCLR�3LGRCB�,?RGMLQ�?ECLAGCQ�?LB�MRFCP�'LRCPL?RGML?J�-PE?LGQ?RGMLQ��

b -RFCP�#SPMNC?L�!MKKGQQGML��#!��"CN?PR�KCLRQ��"%Q��?LB�1CPTGACQ��b European Union Member States.

2FC�UGBCP�BMLMP�AMKKSLGRW�?LB�MRFCP�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�GLRCPCQRCB�GL�"00�UGJJ�?JQM�ȏLB�RFGQ�MD�PCJCT?LAC��

“ Millions of people are regularly BҧFDUFE�CZ�IB[BSET�TVDI�BT�ESPVHIUT �ҩPPET �WPMDBOJD�BDUJWJUZ �MBOETMJEFT �cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis, and XJME�ҨSFT��

$'%30#��',!0#�1#�',�0#.-02#"�,3+ #0�-$�!*'+�2#̃0#*�2#"�#4#,21�́��̃��̂


1.2 Background

+GJJGMLQ�MD�NCMNJC�?PC�PCESJ?PJW�?ȎCARCB�@W�F?X?PBQ�QSAF�?Q�BPMSEFRQ�ȐMMBQ�TMJA?LGA�?ARGTGRW� J?LBQJGBCQ�AWAJMLCQ�C?PRFOS?ICQ� RQSL?KGQ�?LB�UGJB�ȏPCQ��2FC� PCNMPRCB�LSK@CP�MD�QSAF�F?X?PBMSQ�CTCLRQ�GQ�GLAPC?QGLE�?Q�GJJSQRP?RCB�GL�$GESPC��?@MTC��2FC�GKN?AR�MD�RFCQC�F?X?PBQ�GQ�K?BC�UMPQC�@W�NMTCPRW�GLAPC?QGLE�NMNSJ?RGML�BCLQGRGCQ�rapid and uncontrolled urbanisation, CLTGPMLKCLR?J� BCEP?B?RGML� ?LB� AJGK?RC�change.

�Q� F?Q� @CCL� AMKNPCFCLQGTCJW�demonstrated, the good news is that RFC� GKN?AR� MD� RFCQC� F?X?PBQ� ML� JGTCQ�and assets, and the associated need for humanitarian response, can be greatly PCBSACB�@W�KMBCQR�GLTCQRKCLRQ�GL�EMMB�DRR.

-TCP� RFC� WC?PQ� "%� #!&-� F?Q� K?BC�QS@QR?LRGTC� ?LB� NGMLCCPGLE� CȎMPRQ�GL� "00� N?PRGASJ?PJW� UGRF� RFC� Ȑ?EQFGN�DIPECHO (Disaster Preparedness ECHO) NPMEP?KKC�� "%� #!&-�Q� GLTCQRKCLR� GL�"00�F?Q�GLAPC?QCB�QGELGȏA?LRJW�GL�RFC�J?QR�BCA?BC�GL�DSLBGLE�?LB�PCJ?RCB�?ARGTGRGCQ��From an initial focus on piloting and replicating a community-based disaster risk K?L?ECKCLR�?NNPM?AF�"%�#!&-�F?Q�BCTCJMNCB�?�KMPC�AMKNPCFCLQGTC�NCMNJC�ACLRPCB�?NNPM?AF�GLAJSBGLE�CLE?EGLE�UGRF�GLQRGRSRGMLQ�?R�?JJ�JCTCJQ�

In its support for DRR, DG ECHO has been guided by the broad principles set out in RFC�#SPMNC?L�3LGML�Q�&SK?LGR?PG?L�0CESJ?RGML�?LB�QS@QCOSCLR�!MKKSLGA?RGMLQ�ML�BGQ?QRCP�PCBSARGML��"%�#!&-�F?Q�PCAMELGQCB�RFC�LCCB�RM�BCTCJMN�?�AJC?P�?LB�QNCAGȏA�NMJGAW� GLDMPKCB�@W�?L�M@HCARGTC�?L?JWQGQ�MD�B?R?�?LB�AMKNJCKCLRCB�@W�practical programming and operational guidance.

��KMPC�PCACLR�BCTCJMNKCLR�GQ�RFC�QRPMLE�AMKKGRKCLR�MD�RFC�#SPMNC?L�!MKKGQQGML�?LB�GRQ�+CK@CP�1R?RCQ�RM�?�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�?NNPM?AF�RF?R�CLQSPCQ�greater resilience of communities and partner countries to future crises. The EU has LMU�AMKKGRRCB�RM�NSRRGLE�PCQGJGCLAC�?R�RFC�FC?PR�MD�GRQ�UMPI�MD�ȏEFRGLE�FSLECP�?LB�NMTCPRW�UGRF�RFC�J?SLAF�MD�?�LCU�!MKKSLGA?RGML��~2FC�#3��NNPM?AF�RM�0CQGJGCLAC��*C?PLGLE�DPMK�$MMB�1CASPGRW�!PGQCQ��1CC� MV��N?EC��

2FGQ�UGJJ�PCOSGPC�AJMQC�AMMNCP?RGML�@CRUCCL�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�UMPICPQ�?Q�UCJJ�?Q�RFC�JGLIGLE�MD�CKCPECLAW�?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�NPMEP?KKCQ�?LB�?�KGV�MD�short-term and medium-to-long term responses.

There is a strong link between Disaster Risk Reduction and the broad concept of 0CQGJGCLAC��~ SGJBGLE�0CQGJGCLAC�MD�,?RGMLQ�?LB�!MKKSLGRGCQ�RM�"GQ?QRCPQ��GQ�?R�RFC�heart of the UNISDR-led Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-2015), and will be central to discussions and commitments within the post-2015 framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.

DG ECHO has been playing an important role in supporting the priorities, GKNJCKCLRGLE� RFC�ESGBGLE�NPGLAGNJCQ�?LB�NPMTGBGLE�NP?ARGA?J�KC?LQ� DMP�?AFGCTGLE�

“ If we want our assistance to be FҧFDUJWF�BOE�DPTU�FҪDJFOU �XF�NVTU�OPU�

just put a bandage on the wound – we NVTU�IFMQ�ҨOE�B�DVSF��5IJT�SFRVJSFT�B�

shared vision from the humanitarian and the development communities and a joint

commitment to act.

!MKKGQQGMLCP�)PGQR?JGL?�%CMPEGCT?�z� Press Release ‘EU puts resilience at the heart of its work PO�ҨHIUJOH�IVOHFS�BOE�QPWFSUZȅ (October 2012)


resilience within the scope of its humanitarian mandate as set by the Humanitarian Aid Regulation.

The approach to DRR has focused on supporting strategies that enable local AMKKSLGRGCQ�?LB�GLQRGRSRGMLQ�RM�NPCN?PC�DMP�KGRGE?RC�?LB�PCQNMLB�?BCOS?RCJW�RM�disasters triggered by a natural hazard. This approach, implemented through a UGBC�P?LEC�MD�N?PRLCPQ��3,�'LRCPL?RGML?J�0CB�!PMQQ�?LB�0CB�!PCQACLR�+MTCKCLR�,%-Q�?LB�MRFCPQ��F?Q�BCKMLQRP?@JC�GKN?AR�ML�Q?TGLE�JGTCQ�?LB�PCBSAGLE�QSȎCPGLE�

1.3 EU policy on DRR

The EU’s commitment to Disaster Risk Reduction can be found in two key policy documents: the European Consensus on Development (2005)1 and the Consensus on Humanitarian Aid (2007)2.

2FC�!MKKGQQGML�F?Q�BCTCJMNCB�?�AMKNPCFCLQGTC�and integrated approach on disaster risk reduction, @MRF�UGRFGL�RFC�#3�?LB�GL�BCTCJMNGLE�AMSLRPGCQ��On 23 February 2009, the Commission adopted the Communication “EU Strategy for Supporting Disaster Risk Reduction in Developing Countries”3, alongside the Communication on a “Community "QQSPBDI�PO�UIF�1SFWFOUJPO�PG�/BUVSBM�BOE�.BO�Made Disasters” addressing disaster risk within the EU4. This was later complemented by the Communication on Resilience of October 2012 �QCC� MV��@CJMU��

The EU Strategy supports disaster risk PCBSARGML� RFPMSEF� BCTCJMNKCLR� AMMNCP?RGML�and through humanitarian aid. It promotes an integrated approach to disaster management UGRF�NPCTCLRGML�KGRGE?RGML�?LB�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�?Q�COS?J�NPGMPGRGCQ� RM� PCQNMLQC�� 'L�BCTCJMNGLE�countries, the EU supports the following QRP?RCEGA�M@HCARGTCQ5:b Integrating DRR considerations into their BCTCJMNKCLR�NMJGAGCQ�?LB�NJ?LQ�

b� 0CBSAGLE� BGQ?QRCP� PGQI� KMPC� CȎCARGTCJW�through targeted action on disaster NPCTCLRGML�KGRGE?RGML�?LB�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�

b Incorporating DRR considerations more CȎCARGTCJW�GLRM�#3�BCTCJMNKCLR�?LB�humanitarian aid policies.

“ Local response to crisis and disaster risk reduction, including disaster preparedness and recovery, are essential to saving lives and enabling communities to increase their resilience to emergencies. Capacity building activities to prevent and mitigate the impact of disasters and to enhance humanitarian response are also part of EU humanitarian aid.

“ The EU is committed to promoting disaster risk reduction and disaster preparedness in developing countries through coherent and coordinated action at local, national and regional level.

European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid – paragraph 9 & 75

��4FF�QBSBHSBQI��BOE��IUUQ��FD�FVSPQB�FV�EFWFMPQNFOU�JDFOUFS�SFQPTJUPSZ�FVSPQFBO@DPOTFOTVT@��@FO�QEG�

��4FF�QBSBHSBQI�� BOE��IUUQ��FD�FVSPQB�FV�FDIP�ҨMFT�NFEJB�QVCMJDBUJPOT�DPOTFOTVT@FO�QEG�

��$0.��

��$0.��$PVODJM�$PODMVTJPOT�XFSF�BEPQUFE�PO��/PWFNCFS��

��'SPN�$0.��


Box 2: The EU approach to Resilience See Communication from the Commission to the EU 1BSMJBNFOU�BOE�UIF�$PVODJM�$0.��ҨOBM�

For EU External Action, resilience is the ability of an individual, a household, a community, a country or a region to withstand, to adapt to, and to quickly recover from stresses and shocks.

The EU seeks a common humanitarian aid and EFWFMPQNFOU�SFTJMJFODF�TUSBUFHZ�GPTUFSJOH�BO�FҧFDUJWF�BOE�inclusive approach, maximizing comparative advantages, TUSFOHUIFOJOH� DBQBDJUZ� CVJMEJOH� JO� UIF� MPOH�UFSN�FOHBHFNFOU �JO�MJOF�XJUI�DPVOUSZ�PXOFE�BOE�DPVOUSZ�MFE�SFTJMJFODF�BHFOEB �VTJOH�ҩFYJCMF�ҨOBODJOH �FOIBODJOH�SJTL�BTTFTTNFOUT� BOE� ҨOBODJOH � BOE� EFWFMPQJOH� JOOPWBUJWF�ҨOBODJOH�NFDIBOJTNT�

Guiding principles set in the Resilience Communication:

1 Resilience can only be built bottom-up. The starting QPJOU�GPS�UIF�&6�BQQSPBDI�UP�SFTJMJFODF�UIFSFGPSF�JT�B�ҨSN�recognition of the leading role of partner countries. The &6�XJMM�BMJHO� JUT�TVQQPSU�XJUI� UIF�QBSUOFSȅT�QPMJDJFT�BOE�QSJPSJUJFT �JO�BDDPSEBODF�XJUI�FTUBCMJTIFE�"JE�&ҧFDUJWFOFTT�principles.

2 Action to strengthen resilience needs to be based on sound methodologies for risk and vulnerability assessments. Such assessments should serve as the basis for elaborating national resilience strategies, as well BT�GPS�EFTJHOJOH�TQFDJҨD�QSPKFDUT�BOE�QSPHSBNNFT��5IF�EU will support the development of national resilience strategies as part of wider development strategies. The EU will engage with partner countries and key international actors to improve the methodologies for developing the assessments underlying such strategies. In order to FOTVSF�FҧFDUJWFOFTT � UIF�&6�XJMM�NPSFPWFS�QVU� JO�QMBDF�a framework for measuring the impact and results of its support for resilience.

3 In countries facing recurrent crises, increasing resilience will be a central aim of EU external assistance.� &6�GVOEFE� QSPHSBNNFT� XJMM� CF� CBTFE�on a common operational assessment prepared by humanitarian and development actors, covering medium UP�MPOH�UFSN�JOUFSWFOUJPOT��5IFZ�XJMM�GPDVT�PO�BEESFTTJOH�the underlying causes of crises, notably through support for prevention and preparedness activities. It will work closely with partner countries to establish capacities to elaborate and implement strategies and Disaster Reduction Management plans at national and regional level.

4 The Commission will systematically include resilience as an element in its Humanitarian Implementation Plans. The Commission will moreover TUSJWF� GPS� KPJOU� QSPHSBNNJOH� PG� UIF� SFTJMJFODF�SFMBUFE�actions in its humanitarian and development assistance so as to ensure maximum complementarity, and to

FOTVSF� UIBU� TIPSU�UFSN�BDUJPOT� MBZ� UIF� HSPVOEXPSL� GPS�NFEJVN�BOE�MPOH�UFSN�JOUFSWFOUJPOT��

5 Flexibility will be key to responding to the needs LC�AFP>PQBO>ȍB@QBA�@LRKQOFBP� The Commission will DPOUJOVF�UP�FOTVSF�NBYJNVN�ҩFYJCJMJUZ�JO�JNQMFNFOUJOH�its humanitarian programmes. For development funding, in times of unforeseen crises and major disasters, the $PNNJTTJPO�XJMM�TFFL�NBYJNVN�ҩFYJCJMJUZ� JO�NPCJMJTJOH�OPO�QSPHSBNNFE� GVOET�� "EEJUJPOBMMZ � UIF� $PNNJTTJPO�XJMM� JOUSPEVDF� ҩFYJCJMJUZ� JOUP� UIF� QSPHSBNNF� EFTJHO� UP�allow quick and timely action. The EU will consider the VTF�PG�5SVTU�'VOET� UP� JOUFSWFOF� JO�FNFSHFODZ�PS�QPTU�emergency situations.

6�8IFO�XPSLJOH�UP�JNQSPWF�SFTJMJFODF�JO�GSBHJMF�PS�DPOҩJDU�BҧFDUFE�TUBUFT �the EU will pursue an approach that also addresses security aspects and their impact on the vulnerability of populations. This will include an active political dialogue with partner countries and organisations in the region concerned.

7 The EU will seek to replicate existing initiatives such as SHARE and AGIR, as well as successful projects on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). It will share and exchange lessons with its partners in order UP� NVMUJQMZ� BOE� TDBMF� VQ� TVDDFTTGVM� BQQSPBDIFT� �XJUI�the objective of incorporating them in national resilience strategies. The Commission will review regularly progress made on the resilience agenda, looking in particular at programming, methodologies and results.

8 The EU will promote innovative approaches to risk management. Working with the insurance and SF�JOTVSBODF� JOEVTUSJFT� JT� B� QBSUJDVMBSMZ� QSPNJTJOH� XBZ�forward. The Commission will bring forward a Green Paper in early 2013 on the role of insurance in disaster management.

9 For countries facing recurrent crises, the EU will work with host governments, other donors, regional and international organisations and other stakeholders to create platforms at country level for ensuring timely exchange of information and coordination of short, medium and long term humanitarian and development actions to strengthen resilience.

10 The EU will promote resilience in international fora� JODMVEJOH� UIF� (� � (�� UIF� $PNNJUUFF� PO� 8PSME�Food Security (CFS), the Rio Conventions, the process for revision of the Millennium Development Goals, the development of Sustainable Development Goals and EJTDVTTJPOT� PO� UIF� GPMMPX�VQ� UP� UIF� )ZPHP� 'SBNFXPSL�GPS�"DUJPO�PG��3FTJMJFODF�XJMM�GFBUVSF�BT�B�LFZ�theme in its partnerships with organisations such as FAO, IFAD and WFP, as well as UNISDR, the World Bank, and civil society organisations.

D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e�

In practical terms, the EU Strategy:b� "CȏLCQ�PCQNMLQG@GJGRGCQ�?KMLEQR�!MKKGQQGML�1CPTGACQ�?LB�+CK@CP�1R?RCQ�b Positions the EU strategy towards the Hyogo Framework for Action (2005-

2015) “Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters” ��?LB��, and

b� �BTMA?RCQ� DMP� KMPC� CȎCARGTC� AMMNCP?RGML� @CRUCCL� RFC� FSK?LGR?PG?L� ?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�?ARMPQ�UGRFGL�RFC�#3�

�JJ�BCTCJMNGLE�AMSLRPGCQ�?PC�AMTCPCB�@W� RFC�1RP?RCEW�UGRF�QNCAG?J�?RRCLRGML�N?GB�RM�BGQ?QRCP�NPMLC�PCEGMLQ�?LB�RM�JC?QR�BCTCJMNCB�?LB�FGEFJW�TSJLCP?@JC�AMSLRPGCQ�and groups. The disasters targeted are those caused by natural and technological F?X?PBQ��!MLQGBCP?RGML� GQ�EGTCL�RM�@MRF�QJMU�?LB�P?NGB�MLQCR�BGQ?QRCPQ��RM� J?PEC�QA?JC�?Q�UCJJ�?Q�JMA?JGQCB�@SR�DPCOSCLRJW�MAASPPGLE�BGQ?QRCPQ��

'L�?BBGRGML�RFC�#3�DSJJW�QSNNMPRQ�RFC�AMKKGRKCLRQ�K?BC�?R�RFC� SQ?L�&GEF�*CTCJ�$MPSK�ML��GB�#ȎCARGTCLCQQ��UFGAF�PCAMELGQCQ�RFC�GKNMPR?LAC�MD�N?PRLCPGLE�RM�QRPCLERFCL�PCQGJGCLAC�?LB�PCBSAC�TSJLCP?@GJGRW�?KMLE�NCMNJC�?LB�QMAGCRGCQ�?R�risk of shocks. The outcome document8�PC�?ȑPKQ�RF?R�|GLTCQRGLE�GL�PCQGJGCLAC�?LB�PGQI�PCBSARGML�GLAPC?QCQ�RFC�T?JSC�?LB�QSQR?GL?@GJGRW�MD��x��BCTCJMNKCLR�CȎMPRQ}�RFCPCDMPC�RFC�CȎCARGTCLCQQ�MD�?GB��2UM�?BBGRGML?J�NMGLRQ�?PC�CKNF?QGQCB�b “Developing countries will lead in integrating resilience to shocks and measures

for disaster management within their own policies and strategies.b Responding to the needs articulated by developing countries, we will work

together to invest in shock resistant infrastructure and social protection systems GPS�BU�SJTL� DPNNVOJUJFT�� *O�BEEJUJPO �XF�XJMM� JODSFBTF� UIF� SFTPVSDFT �QMBOOJOH�and skills for disaster management at the national and regional levels.”

1.4 Disaster Risk Reduction in DG ECHO humanitarian policy 2FC�!MSLAGJ�0CESJ?RGML�,M�� MD��(SLC��NPMTGBCB�RFC�@?QGQ�DMP�"%�ECHO’s mandate in Disaster Risk Reduction. In Article 1, it states that humanitarian “aid shall also comprise operations to prepare for risks or prevent disasters or comparable exceptional circumstances”.

2FC�K?GL�M@HCARGTCQ�MD�"%�#!&-�Q�CLE?ECKCLR�GL�"00�?PC�RM�b� 0CBSAC�RFC�LSK@CP�MD�JGTCQ�JMQR�RM�BGQ?QRCPQ�RPGEECPCB�@W�L?RSP?J�F?X?PBQ�b� 1?TC�?LB�NPMRCAR�JGTCJGFMMBQ�?LB�CAMLMKGA�?QQCRQ�b� !MLRPG@SRC�RM�?�PCBSARGML�GL�RFC�LCCB�DMP�PCJGCD�?QQGQR?LAC�b� #LAMSP?EC�PCNJGA?RGML�?LB�QA?JGLE�SN�MD�"00�KC?QSPCQ�@W�BCTCJMNKCLR�?ARMPQ�b� .PMKMRC�RFC�QWQRCK?RGA�GLAJSQGML�MD�"00�?R�?JJ�JCTCJQ�@W�BCTCJMNKCLR�BMLMPQ�EMTCPLKCLRQ�?LB�MRFCP�PCJCT?LR�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�

2FC�#SPMNC?L�!MLQCLQSQ�ML�&SK?LGR?PG?L��GB� ��QSNNMPRQ� RFC�NPGLAGNJCQ�MD�~"M�,M�&?PK��?LB�~ SGJB� ?AI� CRRCP��~"M�,M�&?PK��GQ�?�KGLGKSK�PCOSGPCKCLR�DMP�


��IUUQ��XXX�VOJTES�PSH�XF�DPPSEJOBUF�IGB

��5IF�&VSPQFBO�$POTFOTVT�PO�)VNBOJUBSJBO�"JE��TUBUFT�JO�QBSBHSBQI��Ȉ<Ȏ>�UIF�&6�XJMM�QSPNPUF�JOUFSOBUJPOBM�FҧPSUT�XJUIJO�the Hyogo Framework for Action as well as support for the coordinating role of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, to increase coping capacities at all levels through strategic planning and action”

��0VUDPNF�EPDVNFOU��QBHF��IUUQ��XXX�BJEFҧFDUJWFOFTT�PSH�CVTBOIMG��JNBHFT�TUPSJFT�IMG��065$0.&@%0$6.&/5@�@'*/"-@&/�QEG�


��*ODMVEJOH�DSFBUJOH�BO�JOWFOUPSZ�PG�JOGPSNBUJPO�PO�EJTBTUFST �TIBSJOH�CFTU�QSBDUJDF �EFWFMPQJOH�guidelines on risk assessment and hazard mapping, encouraging research activities, developing training policies, etc.

��*ODMVEJOH�NPEVMFT �USBJOJOH�QSPHSBNNFT �FYFSDJTFT �FYDIBOHF�PG�FYQFSUT�BOE�DPPQFSBUJPO�projects.

Box 3: DG ECHO & Climate Change Adaptation

DG ECHO will use DRR as its main approach contributing to developing adaptive capacities. Partners will be SFRVJSFE�UP�FOTVSF�UIFJS�%33�FҧPSUT�UBLF�into account the current, and likely future, FҧFDUT�BOE�JNQBDUT�PG�DMJNBUF�DIBOHF�

5IF� *1$$� EFҨOFT� $MJNBUF� $IBOHF�Adaptation as |�BHSQRKCLR� GL� L?RSP?J� MP�human systems in response to actual or CVNCARCB�AJGK?RGA�QRGKSJG�MP�RFCGP�CȎCARQ�UFGAF� KMBCP?RCQ� F?PK� MP� CVNJMGRQ�@CLCȏAG?J�MNNMPRSLGRGCQ��4?PGMSQ�RWNCQ�MD�adaptation can be distinguished, including ?LRGAGN?RMPW� ?LB� PC?ARGTC� ?B?NR?RGML�NPGT?RC� ?LB� NS@JGA� ?B?NR?RGML� ?LB�autonomous and planned adaptation” (IPCC TAR, 2001 a).

The 2012 Special Report of the IPCC on +?L?EGLE� RFC� 0GQI� MD� #VRPCKC� #TCLRQ�and Disasters�DPOҨSNT�UIBU�NPTU�PG�UIF�measures currently applied to manage DVSSFOU�BOE�GVUVSF�SJTLT�BMTP�IBWF�CFOFҨUT�in managing climate change. It refers UP� %33�NFBTVSFT� BT� CFJOH� ȇMPX�SFHSFUȈ�measures, meaning that they are a good investment in their own right and make sense under a range of future climate scenarios.

humanitarian action and seeks to ensure such action does not F?TC�SLGLRCLBCB�LCE?RGTC�AMLQCOSCLACQ�� ~ SGJB� ?AI� CRRCP��PCOSGPCQ�?L�?L?JWQGQ�MD� PGQI�?LB�RFC�?NNJGA?RGML�MD�CȎCARGTC�DRR measures.

�� ICW� DC?RSPC� MD� "%� #!&-�Q� "00� ?ARGML� MTCP� RFC� N?QR� ��WC?PQ� F?Q� @CCL� RFC� ?@GJGRW� RM� PC?AF� TSJLCP?@JC� NMNSJ?RGMLQ�?R�AMKKSLGRW�JCTCJ�UFGJC�?R�RFC�Q?KC�RGKC�JMMIGLE�?R�E?NQ�?R� PCEGML?J� MP� L?RGML?J� JCTCJQ� ?LB� ?BBPCQQGLE� RFMQC� UFCL�LCACQQ?PW��2FGQ�GQ�PCAMELGQCB�?Q�?�K?HMP�AMLRPG@SRGML�RM�RFC�current approach to disaster risk reduction.

'L� �� "%� #!&-� @PMSEFR� RMECRFCP� !GTGJ� .PMRCARGML� ?LB�&SK?LGR?PG?L� �GB�� 2FGQ� GQ� GLRCLBCB� RM� GKNPMTC� AMMPBGL?RGML�?LB� PCQNMLQC� GLQGBC� ?LB� MSRQGBC� RFC� #3�� Q� RFC� !GTGJ�.PMRCARGML�K?LB?RC�AMTCPQ�BGQRGLAR�?QNCARQ�MD�PGQI�PCBSARGML9 and preparedness10 there is potential for synergy in actions outside the EU, particularly in DRR.


2. Programming DRR in humanitarian action

2.1 Introduction

2.1.1 Programming: levels and phases

'L� NPMEP?KKGLE� GRQ� UMPI� "%�#!&-� ?BMNRQ� ?� KCBGSK� RM� JMLE�RCPK� TGQGML� ?LB�AMLQGBCPQ�?�UGBC�T?PGCRW�MD�GQQSCQ��'R�R?ICQ�?AAMSLR�MD�RFC�NPMEP?KKGLE�?LB�NJ?LLGLE�AWAJCQ�MD�ICW�N?PRLCPQ�QSAF�?Q�RFC�!MKKGQQGML�Q�"CTCJMNKCLR�!MMNCP?RGML��"00�GQ�RM�@C�AMLQGBCPCB�?R�?JJ�QGELGȏA?LR�NMGLRQ�GL�RFGQ�NJ?LLGLE�?LB�NPMEP?KKGLE��

'R�UGJJ� @C� AMLQGBCPCB� ?R� ?JJ� JCTCJQ� EJM@?J� PCEGML?J� AMSLRPW� ?LB� ?ARGML�� 1RP?RCEGA�programming and planning is conducted using both top-down and bottom-up ?NNPM?AFCQ�GLTMJTGLE�?JJ�JCTCJQ�?LB�GQ�NPCQCLRCB�GL�RFC�"%�#!&-�Q�?LLS?J�MNCP?RGML?J�QRP?RCEW��!GTGJ�.PMRCARGML�?ARGMLQ�?PC�AMTCPCB�@W�?�QCN?P?RC�?LLS?J�UMPI�NPMEP?KKC�

-NCP?RGML?J�GLDMPK?RGML�GQ�NPMTGBCB�RFPMSEF�Humanitarian Implementation Plans (HIPs) BP?ȓCB� DMP� C?AF� AMSLRPW� MP� APGQGQ� RF?R�may be complemented by operational recommendations or guidance. The HIP is the reference tool for humanitarian actions AMTCPCB� @W� RFC� UMPJBUGBC� BCAGQGML�� 2FCQC�should increasingly be used to promote, in

C?AF�PCJCT?LR�AMLRCVR�RFC�GLRCEP?RGML�MD�"00�GL�RFC�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�QSNNMPRCB��

DRR is to be considered at all phases in the planning cycle, including:b Assessment and Analysisb Designb Implementationb�+MLGRMPGLE�?LB�#T?JS?RGML�b�*C?PLGLE

2.1.2 Integrated and Targeted DRR

DG ECHO supports DRR in two main areas: integrated and targeted DRR.

Integrated DRR�KC?LQ� RF?R� ?JJ� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� ?PC� RM� @C� PGQI�GLDMPKCB�� L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCQGEL�QFMSJB�@C�@?QCB�ML�?�QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�PGQI�?LB�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC�|PGQI�NPMMȏLE}�MD�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� RM�NPMRCAR� RFCK�?E?GLQR� DSRSPC�F?X?PBQ� �C�E��CLQSPGLE�U?RCP�NMGLRQ�?PC�JMA?RCB�?@MTC�FGEF�U?RCP�JCTCJQ�GL�ȐMMB�NPMLC�?PC?Q�QM�RFCW�?PC�LMR�B?K?ECB�@W�ȐMMBQ��MP�CLQSPGLE�RF?R� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�PCBSAC�PGQI�RM�NCMNJC��C�E�� GLAMPNMP?RGLE�?BCOS?RC� ȏPC�NPMRCARGML� GL� QFCJRCP�� "00� PCQSJRQ ?ARGTGRGCQ�K?W� @C� GLAJSBCB� GL� ?�QCARMP�PCQNMLQC�DMP�CV?KNJC�RFPMSEF�RFC�GLAJSQGML�MD�?�QSPTCGJJ?LAC�QWQRCK�GL�?L�CNGBCKGAQ�PCQNMLQC�NPMHCAR�

“ DRR is to be considered at all TJHOJҨDBOU�QPJOUT�JO�UIJT�QMBOOJOH�BOE�programming.



Targeted DRR PCDCPQ�RM�QNCAGȏA�BGQ?QRCP�PGQI�PCBSARGML�?ARGMLQ��2WNGA?J�CV?KNJCQ�?PC� ?ARGMLQ� NPMKMRGLE� AMKKSLGRW�JCTCJ� NPCN?PCBLCQQ� MP� ?BTMA?RGLE� DMP� RFC�GLQRGRSRGML?JGQ?RGML�MD�"00�GL�NMJGAGCQ�QRP?RCEGCQ�?LB�NJ?LQ��"%�#!&-�F?Q�QCTCP?J�funding instruments supporting targeted measures, including the DIPECHO and "PMSEFR�0GQI�0CBSARGML��ARGML�.J?LQ�?LB�RM�?�ACPR?GL�CVRCLR�RFC�#LF?LACB�0CQNMLQC�!?N?AGRW�$SLBGLE��'L�?BBGRGML��B�&MA�DSLBGLE�K?W�@C�NPMTGBCB�RM�QNCAGȏA�?ARGMLQ�as part of an emergency response.

The following diagram (Figure 2) illustrates the forms of DG ECHO support in DRR:

2.2 Prioritisation and criteria

2M�MNRGKGQC�GRQ�SQC�MD�?T?GJ?@JC�PCQMSPACQ�"%�#!&-�F?Q�RM�K?IC�AFMGACQ�?@MSR�UF?R�?LB�UF?R�LMR�RM�QSNNMPR�UFGAF�PCOSGPCQ�NPGMPGRGQ?RGML��.PGMPGRGQ?RGML�UGJJ�@C�A?PPGCB�GL�?�RP?LQN?PCLR�?LB�QWQRCK?RGA�K?LLCP�?E?GLQR�AJC?P�?LB�?EPCCB�APGRCPG?�?LB�UGJJ�GLTMJTC�?�BG?JMESC�UGRF�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�?R�?JJ�JCTCJQ��

%CLCP?J�APGRCPG?�DMP�?LW�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGML�GLAJSBC�b� ��QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�LCCBQ�?LB�PGQI�b� 2FC�JGICJW�GKN?AR�MD�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�ML�@MRF�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ�b The partner’s institutional commitment to and operational capability in K?L?EGLE� PGQI� GLAJSBGLE� F?TGLE� RFC� PCOSGQGRC� RCAFLGA?J� AMKNCRCLAC� GL� RFC�PCJCT?LR�QCARMPQ�MD�GLRCPTCLRGML�

For integrated DRR, prioritisation of risk reduction measures will be aligned with the NPGMPGRGCQ�MD�RFC�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGML��1GKGJ?PJW�RFC�NPGMPGRGCQ�MD�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�will be informed by the risk analysis. $MP�R?PECRCB�"00�NPGMPGRGQ?RGML�R?ICQ�NJ?AC�?R�?�QRP?RCEGA�NPMEP?KKC�?LB�NPMHCAR�JCTCJ�SQGLE�?Q�PCJCT?LR�RFC�DMJJMUGLE�APGRCPG?�

ALL HUMANITARIAN ACTION IS TO BE RISK INFORMED

TARGETED DRR“stand-alone” measures

e.g. Early Warning Sytems, Community-Based Disaster .PCN?PCBLCQQ�"00�?BTMA?AW�A?N?AGRW�BCTCJMNKCLR�MD�partners to respond, etc.

c�Directly reducing risk to NCMNJC�?LB�?QQCRQ�

c�|0GQI�NPMMȏLE}�?ARGMLQ� to protect them from future hazards.

INTEGRATED DRRin humanitarian action

'JHVSF��%(�&$)0ȅT�%*4"45&3�3*4,�3&%6$5*0/�"1130"$)

b� ��EJM@?J�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�LCCBQ�?LB�PGQI�b� 2FC�JCTCJ�MD�PGQI�RM�NCMNJC�Q�JGTCQ�?LB�JGTCJGFMMBQ�b The capacity and commitment of the main actors,

including regional and local organisations, institutions and EMTCPLKCLRQ�

b The organisational capacity of DG ECHO and its operational N?PRLCPQ��

b� "%�#!&-�Q�?BBCB�T?JSC�b The likelihood that bottom-up approaches at community MP�JMA?J�JCTCJ�UGJJ�AMKNJCKCLR�?LB�@C�QSNNMPRCB�@W�RMN�BMUL�?NNPM?AFCQ�DPMK�L?RGML?J�MP�PCEGML?J�JCTCJ�

b� 2FC� GLRCPTCLRGML� GQ� MP� TCPW� JGICJW� RM� @C� N?PR� MD� ?�NPMEP?KK?RGA�?NNPM?AF�UGRF�?�AJC?P�CVGR�QRP?RCEW�

b� 'L�ACPR?GL�AGPASKQR?LACQ�"%�#!&-�K?W�NPMTGBC�QSNNMPR�to help maintain its own presence in high-risk areas that are not currently engaged in disaster response.

$MP� NPCTGMSQJW� DSLBCB� NPMEP?KKCQ� MP� NPMHCARQ� BCAGQGMLQ� RM�continue funding will be taken on a similar basis as for new GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�SQGLE�RFC�?@MTC�APGRCPG?��'L�?BBGRGML�UFCL�BCAGBGLE�RM�AMLRGLSC�MP�CVGR�"%�#!&-�UGJJ�AMLQGBCP�NPMEPCQQ�RMU?PBQ�RFC�MTCP?JJ�EM?J�MD�PCQGJGCLR�AMKKSLGRGCQ�SQGLE�RFC�DMJJMUGLE�APGRCPG?�b Progress is good and is likely to be maintained without its DSPRFCP�QSNNMPR��

b Progress is poor with little prospect of progress in the near DSRSPC�

b� 2FC�?KMSLR�MD�DSLBGLE�?T?GJ?@JC�

Case Study 1: Participatory prioritisation, Central America

4JODF� �� %(� &$)0 � JUT� QBSUOFST�and the National Systems in charge of Disaster Risk Reduction of Central "NFSJDB�IBWF�NBEF�FҧPSUT�UP�JEFOUJGZ�BOE�QSJPSJUJ[F�UIF�NPTU�BU�SJTLT�BSFBT�for urgent action.

5IFTF�FҧPSUT�IBWF�MFE�UP�UIF�PSHBOJTBUJPO�of a participatory consultation process at various levels led by the National Systems. This allows stakeholders to EFҨOF�UIF�%33�QSJPSJUJFT�BOE�DPPSEJOBUF�FҧPSUT� CBTFE� PO� B� DPNQSFIFOTJWF�analysis of risk, including hazards, vulnerabilities and, more recently, on capacities.

The consultative process starts from the municipal level, using an ‘Indicators .BUSJYȅ �BO�JOTUSVNFOU�BHSFFE�CZ�$FOUSBM�American countries to measure the Response and Preparedness capacities at the local level. In 2011, this was applied JO��PG�UIF�NPTU�BU�SJTLT�NVOJDJQBMJUJFT�of the region by the National Systems and partners. The information collected provides a picture of existing capacities in the country and the most urgent needs PO�TQFDJҨD�BSFBT�PG�%33�

The consultative process is then applied to other levels, such as the departmental, sectoral and national levels, culminating with a regional exercise. The main products of this process are the country and regional documents that are the basis for DG ECHO strategy, but they are also useful for others as the products are currently used by all stakeholders in the region.

A key point is that this participative process has been judged as much or even more important than the product. The process fosters opportunities for each level to understand where the major challenges and priorities in DRR are and how to address them in a unique and integrated manner.

Diagram illustrating the 7 steps

MUNICIPAL CONSULTATION

TERRITORIAL WORKSHOP

SECTORAL CONSULTATION

NATIONAL WORKSHOP

COUNTRY DOCUMENT

REGIONALWORKSHOP

REGIONALDOCUMENT

1

2

3

4

5

6

7


!2�)��--/,

� %��1,-˸!,4+�Ҽ��,11,*˸2-


2.3 Needs and Risk Assessment

"%� #!&-� PCOSGPCQ� RF?R� ?JJ� FSK?LGR?PG?L� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� GR�supports be based on a sound assessment of needs11. The assessment of need will include an assessment of risk, BCȏLCB�@W�3,'1"0�?Q�RFC�AMK@GL?RGML�MD�RFC�NPM@?@GJGRW�MD�?L�CTCLR�?LB�GRQ�LCE?RGTC�AMLQCOSCLACQ��2FC�JCTCJ�MD�PGQI�GQ�related to: b� RFC� F?X?PB�� NPM@?@GJGRW� DPCOSCLAW� GLRCLQGRW�U?PLGLE� ?LB�

likely impact, and b� RFC�TSJLCP?@GJGRGCQ�?LB�A?N?AGRGCQ�MD�RFC�?ȎCARCB�NCMNJC�

and communities.

The risk assessment12 should contribute to an understanding of:b� RFC�P?LEC�GKN?AR�?LB�PCJ?RGTC�GKNMPR?LAC�MD�?JJ�RFC�K?HMP�F?X?PBQ�?ȎCARGLE�RFC�NMNSJ?RGML�

b� FMU�RFC�AMKKSLGRW�NPGMPGRGQCQ�RFC�PGQIQ�GR�D?ACQ�b� RFC�EPMSNQ�KMQR�JGICJW�RM�@C�QCTCPCJW�?ȎCARCB�?LB�UFW��

��8IFSF�B�SBQJE�SFTQPOTF�JT�VSHFOUMZ�OFFEFE �%(�&$)0�BDDFQUT�UIBU�UIJT�BTTFTTNFOU�NBZ�CF�rapid and rudimentary.

�� 1MFBTF� SFGFS� UP� UIF� $PNNJTTJPO� 4UBҧ�8PSLJOH� 1BQFS� PO� Ȅ3JTL� "TTFTTNFOU� BOE�.BQQJOH�(VJEFMJOFT�GPS�%JTBTUFS�.BOBHFNFOUȅ�4&$��ҨOBM��5IF�NBJO�QVSQPTF�PG�UIJT�QBQFS�JT�to improve coherence and consistency among the risk assessments undertaken in the Member States at national level. The guidance and recommendations are relevant beyond the borders of the EU.

#PY��'SBHJMF�4UBUFT�

“It is essential for international actors to VOEFSTUBOE� UIF� TQFDJҨD� DPOUFYU� JO� FBDI�country, and develop a shared view of the strategic response that is required.

It is particularly important to recognise the EJҧFSFOU� DPOTUSBJOUT� PG� DBQBDJUZ � QPMJUJDBM�XJMM� BOE� MFHJUJNBDZ � BOE� UIF� EJҧFSFODFT�CFUXFFO�� J� QPTU�DPOҩJDU�DSJTJT� PS� QPMJUJDBM�transition situations; (ii) deteriorating governance environments, (iii) gradual improvement, and; (iv) prolonged crisis or impasse.

Sound political analysis is needed to adapt international responses to country and regional context, beyond quantitative JOEJDBUPST� PG� DPOҩJDU � HPWFSOBODF� PS�institutional strength.

International actors should mix and sequence their aid instruments according to DPOUFYU �BOE�BWPJE�CMVF�QSJOU�BQQSPBDIFT�Ȉ

'SBHJMF�4UBUFT�1SJODJQMFT��1SJODJQMF��

$BTF�4UVEZ��3JTL�JOGPSNFE�SFTQPOTF�TBWFE�hundreds of lives, Bolivia

-B�1B[�JT�B�DJUZ�PG��NJMMJPO�JOIBCJUBOUT�XIFSF�NPSF�UIBO��PG�IPVTFT�BSF�FSFDUFE�JO�BSFBT�FYQPTFE�UP�SFDVSSFOU�ҩPPET�BOE�MBOETMJEFT �XIJDI�BSF�NBKPS�hazards for large numbers of people. To help in responding to these hazards in a timely fashion, the municipality, with the support of Oxfam Great Britain, initiated a project to develop risk maps and a geodynamic hazard monitoring system.

At the end of 2010, this risk monitoring made it possible to detect in advance UIF�JNNJOFODF�PG�MBSHF�TDBMF�MBOETMJEF�JO�POF�PG�UIF�NPTU�WVMOFSBCMF�[POFT�of the city. In view of this, Oxfam GB secured emergency funding from DG ECHO, under the Small Scale Response Mechanism. In February 2011, a rapid emergency operation was carried out involving the immediate evacuation of at risk families to temporary shelters. The emergency shelters provided XFSF�XPPEFO�IVUT �UPJMFUT�BOE�DPNNVOBM�LJUDIFOT��"ҬFS�VTF�UIFZ�DPVME�CF�dismantled and stored for future emergencies.

+VTU�B�GFX�EBZT�BҬFS�UIF�FWBDVBUJPO �B�NFHB�MBOETMJEF�TXFQU�BXBZ�B�XIPMF�neighbourhood and destroyed the houses of more than 5,000 people. However no victims were reported, as when the event happened families were already relocated to the temporary shelters built by Oxfam in safe areas. With DIPECHO funding, the monitoring system was then fully established.

5IJT� JT� BO� FYBNQMF� PG� IPX� FNFSHFODZ� PQFSBUJPOT� DBO� CF�NPSF� FҧFDUJWF �UJNFMZ�BOE�QFSUJOFOU�XIFO�UIFZ�BSF�CBTFE�PO�B�TPMJE�SJTL�BTTFTTNFOU��3JTL�JOGPSNFE�QSPHSBNNJOH�DBO�HSFBUMZ�SFEVDF�UIF�TVҧFSJOH�DBVTFE�CZ�EJTBTUFST�and the need for future humanitarian response.

© Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de la Paz

© OXFAM/FUNDEPCO


2FC�?QQCQQKCLR�LCCBQ�RM�?AILMUJCBEC�RF?R�EPMSNQ�K?W�F?TC�BGȎCPCLR�JCTCJQ�?LB�NCPACNRGMLQ� MD� PGQI�� N?PRGAGN?RMPW� ?NNPM?AF� RM� PGQI� ?L?JWQGQ� GLTMJTGLE� BGȎCPCLR�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�A?L�EGTC�SQCDSJ�NCPQNCARGTCQ�ML�UFM�GQ�?R�PGQI�?LB�FMU�QNCAGȏA�PGQIQ�can be reduced.

5FGJQR�?AILMUJCBEGLE�RFC�T?JSC�MD�PGQI�NCPACNRGML�BSC�AMLQGBCP?RGML�KSQR�@C�EGTCL�RM�PCJCT?LR�QAGCLRGȏA�CTGBCLAC��2FGQ�GLAJSBCQ�AF?LEGLE�N?RRCPLQ�MD�PGQI�?QQMAG?RCB�with factors such as climate change, urbanisation, demographic pressure and CLTGPMLKCLR?J�BCEP?B?RGML�

5GRF�?�TGCU�RM�QRPCLERFCL�RFC�A?N?AGRGCQ�MD�planners and responders in assessing physical B?K?EC� GL� RFC� ?ȓCPK?RF� MD� BGQ?QRCPQ� "%�ECHO recognises the importance of global/regional/national/local databases.

For rapid onset emergencies, DG ECHO PCAMELGQCQ� RF?R� BCAGQGMLQ� UGJJ� F?TC� RM� @C�K?BC� OSGAIJW� ?LB� ML� RFC� @?QGQ� MD� ?� P?NGB�assessment of need and risk. This rapid initial assessment will be followed up by a more detailed assessment when time and resources permit.

'L� RFC�BCQGEL�MD� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� AMLQGBCP?RGML�QFMSJB�@C�EGTCL�RM�FMU�NJ?LLCB�FSK?LGR?PG?L�

?ARGMLQ� A?L� @C� NPMRCARCB� DPMK� DSRSPC� PGQIQ� �BGQ?QRCP� ~NPMMȏLE�� ?LB� RM� FMU� QSAF�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�A?L�AMLRPG@SRC�RM�PCBSAGLE�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��LCACQQ?PW�RM� SGJB� ?AI� CRRCP��

2.4 Design and Implementation

2FC� DMJJMUGLE� QCARGML� EGTCQ� ?� @PGCD� MTCPTGCU� MD� QCJCARCB� ICW� CJCKCLRQ� RM� @C�considered in design and implementation.

2.4.1 Sustainability, replication and scaling-up

�Q�?�NPC�AMLBGRGML�DMP�NPMHCAR�?NNPMT?J�"%�#!&-�UGJJ�PCOSGPC�RF?R�NMRCLRG?J�N?PRLCPQ�CVNJGAGRJW�?BBPCQQ�QSQR?GL?@GJGRW�PCNJGA?@GJGRW�?LB�QA?JGLE�SN�MD�"00�?ARGMLQ�UGRFGL�?�PC?QML?@JC�RGKCJGLC��2FGQ�UGJJ�GLTMJTC�?�AJC?PJW�BCȏLCB�?NNPM?AF�RM�NF?QC�MSR�MP�F?LBMTCP�CGRFCP�RM�RFC�R?PECR�EPMSN�RFC�?NNPMNPG?RC�?SRFMPGRGCQ�MP�RM�?L�?NNPMNPG?RC�longer-term funding instrument.

"%�#!&-�UGJJ�?JQM�PCOSGPC�RF?R�N?PRLCPQ�F?TC�QRPMLE�?LB�BCKMLQRP?RCB�A?N?AGRGCQ�GL�AMKKSLGRW�@?QCB�?NNPM?AFCQ� GL�?BTMA?AW�UGRF�PCJCT?LR� GLQRGRSRGMLQ�?LB�RF?R�they plan to integrate the proposed action into longer-term DRR programming.

2.4.2 Complementarity, Coordination and Partnerships

2M�NPCTCLR�E?NQ�GL�?QQGQR?LAC�?TMGB�BSNJGA?RGML�CLQSPC�AMLRGLSGRW�?LB�K?VGKGQC�sustainability, DG ECHO will ensure, as far as possible, that current and future DRR needs are addressed in an integrated manner. To do this it will coordinate with MRFCP�GLRCPL?RGML?J�BMLMPQ�?LB�L?RGML?J�?ARMPQ�GLTMJTCB�GL�"00��

“ In the design of interventions, consideration should be given to how planned humanitarian actions can be protected from future risks EJTBTUFS�ȄQSPPҨOHȅ�BOE�UP�IPX�such interventions can contribute to reducing future risks (necessary to Build Back Better).


Box 5: Learning from the DIPECHO programmeA recent review of past evaluations and studies of the DIPECHO (Disaster Preparedness ECHO) programme IBT� IJHIMJHIUFE� TPNF� LFZ� ҨOEJOHT� BOE� GBDUPST� UP� CF�considered for future programming.The DIPECHO programme has established an exceptional reputation in several countries and international DRR forums. Over the course of its evolution, many initiatives IBWF� QSPWFE� UP� CF� FҧFDUJWF� JO� MJNJUJOH� EBNBHF� BOE�saving lives at community level. There is clear evidence in evaluations and studies that DIPECHO projects have had a positive impact on communities: evacuation sites have provided safe shelter during hurricanes, cyclone resistant housing have protected populations, early warning systems have triggered evacuations, trained intervention teams have provide rapid relief, etc.DIPECHO projects have had an impact beyond project locations. There are numerous examples of activities CFJOH� DPOUJOVFE � SFQMJDBUFE� BOE� TDBMFE�VQ�� 5IFZ� IBWF�proven an invaluable source of experience in disaster preparedness and DRR for many NGOs and government agencies.5IF� QSPHSBNNF� UPPL� B� MFBE� QSPNPUJOH� DPNNVOJUZ�based disaster risk reduction at a time when few donors were engaged in this emerging area, and since has helped to mobilise donors. It continues to make a large DPOUSJCVUJPO�UP�EFWFMPQJOH�NPSF�FҧFDUJWF�NFUIPEPMPHJFT�BOE�BQQSPBDIFT � JODSFBTJOH�BXBSFOFTT�PG�UIF�CFOFҨUT�PG� $#%33� BOE� DPOUSJCVUJOH� UP� NPSF� XJEF�TQSFBE�implementation.Many of these successes are the result of a systematic approach based on the principles of demonstration, sustainability and replication. The programme has CFFO� BU� UIF� GPSFGSPOU� PG� DSFBUJOH� ȇNVMUJ�TUBLFIPMEFS�

communities of practice” in all regions.Notwithstanding these successes, there is scope to amplify results. Most evaluations indicate that in instances where there have been positive local results, impact beyond the commune and village level has yet to be achieved and will only happen when pilot initiatives have been replicated elsewhere.A vital component needed to persuade others (to replicate), is for all DIPECHO funding decisions to collate and present evidence that a methodology or approach works. The way the impacts of DIPECHO projects and systems are recorded should be improved. .PSF�RVBOUJUBUJWF�QPSUSBZBMT�PG�DPTUT�BOE�CFOFҨUT�BSF�required.Some DIPECHO projects and community initiatives have not continued beyond the end of a DIPECHO project cycle leading to questions over funding cycles and administrative mechanisms. On the one hand sustainability (e.g. continuation or maintenance) is PҬFO�BO�JOEJDBUPS�PG�XIFUIFS�EFMJWFSZ�JT�FҧFDUJWF�PS�PG�how appropriate. On the other, there may have been an expectation of continued funding support from DIPECHO or elsewhere. The duration of funding is known and partners should be selected on the basis of prior engagement with a community or the possibility of receiving further resources.%FTQJUF� B� MPU� PG� FҧPSUT � FTQFDJBMMZ� JO� UIF� ҨFME � UIFSF�SFNBJOT�B�EJTDPOOFDU�CFUXFFO�%*1&$)0�FҧPSUT�BOE�&6�Delegations on DRR. It is still very frequent that country programming documents allow very little room for QPTU��%*1&$)0�FҧPSUT�BOE�UP�FOTVSF�UIBU�EFWFMPQNFOU�programming is risk informed. Strengthening these links could contribute to replication and scale up.

Field level BȍB@QP

Sustainability Replicability Scaling-up

Factors ?ȎCARGLE�"%�ECHO partners capacity to facilitate replication and scaling up of DIPECHO NPMHCARQ

Strong and demonstrated capacities in community based approaches

+++ +++ +++

Ability to integrate DIPECHO into broader and longer-term DRR programming

+++ +++ +++

�@GJGRW�RM�JGLI�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�RM�BCTCJMNKCLR ++ ++++ +++++ +++++

Realistic planning (i.e.feasible - timeframe and resources) +++ ++++ ++

Capacity to mobilize resources beyond DIPECHO funding + ++++ +++++ +++++

$?ARMPQ�?ȎCARGLE�the usefullness, appropriateness and ownership of DIPECHO NPMHCARQ

0GQI�?QQCQQKCLR�UGRF�KGV�MD�JMA?J��QAGCLRGȏA�ILMUJCBEC ++++ ++++ +++ +

.PMNCP�NPGMPGRGX?RGML�MD�KMQR�?R�PGQI�?PC?Q�?LB�QNCAGȏA?JJW�TSJLCP?@JC�MP�K?PEGL?JGXCB�EPMSNQ

++++ ++++ +++ ++

*MA?J�A?N?AGRGCQ�?PC�GBCLRGȏCB�?LB�NPMNCPJW�QSNNMPRCB�QM�RFCW�A?L�GKNJCKCLR�RFC�NPMHCAR�AMPPCARJW

++++ ++++ ++++ ++

The choice of appropriate techologies ++++ ++++ +++ ++

#ȎMPRQ�K?BC�RM�CLQSPC�MULCPQFGN�MD�"'.#!&-�NPMHCARQ�@W�RFC�communities and local institutions

++++ ++++ ++++ ++

$?ARMPQ�?ȎCARGLE�RFC�GLTMJTCKCLR�and commitment MD�BGȎCPCLR�institutional JCTCJQ

0CJ?RGMLQ�?LB�GLTMJTCKCLR�MD�JMA?J ACLRP?J�?BKGLGQRP?RGML EMTCPLKCLR

++ ++++ ++++ ++++

1F?PGLE�MD�CVNCPGCLAC�?R�AMSLRPW�?LB�PCEGML?J�JCTCJQ ++++ ++++ ++++ ++++

Creation of a multi-stakeholder community of practice ++ ++++ ++++

Making DRR networks more dynamic ++ + ++++ ++++

Factors that should be consolidated and built upon in future DIPECHO decisions include:

"%�#!&-�QCCQ�"00�?Q�?�ICW�QRP?LB�GL�QSNNMPRGLE�CȎMPRQ�RM�JGLI� PCJGCD� PCAMTCPW� ?LB� BCTCJMNKCLR� ?LB� UFCPC� DC?QG@JC�UGJJ� NPMKMRC� HMGLR� UMPIGLE� @CRUCCL� FSK?LGR?PG?L� ?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�?ARMPQ�RFPMSEF�RFC�CLRGPC�NPMHCAR�AWAJC�

"%�#!&-�TGCUQ�N?PRLCPQFGN�UFCRFCP� AMLRP?ARS?J� MP� LMR� ?Q�?�key element in its approach to DRR. It will therefore work with a P?LEC�MD�N?PRLCPQ�GL�RFC�BCJGTCPW�MD�"00�?ARGMLQ�?R�JMA?J�L?RGML?J�PCEGML?J�?LB�EJM@?J�JCTCJ��2FGQ�GLAJSBCQ�?JJ�MPE?LGQ?RGMLQ�CJGEG@JC�under the regulations of the Framework Partnership Agreement �$.��?LB�RFC�$GL?LAG?J�?LB��BKGLGQRP?RGTC�$P?KCUMPI��EPCCKCLR�(FAFA). Although not eligible for DG ECHO funds, state actors ?LB� JMA?J� AGTGJ� QMAGCRW� MPE?LGQ?RGMLQ� ?PC� AMLQGBCPCB� CQQCLRG?J�stakeholders for DRR actions. Where such entities are credible ?LB�TG?@JC�"00�?ARMPQ�?LB�UFCPC�FSK?LGR?PG?L�NPGLAGNJCQ�?PC�LMR�compromised, DG ECHO will support its partners in establishing partnerships with such entities, particularly in relation to capacity building. Where DRR actions promote replication or scaling up, QSAF�KSJRG�QR?ICFMJBCP�CLE?ECKCLR�GQ�?�NPC�PCOSGQGRC��

In the integration of DRR into general humanitarian response, "%�#!&-�UGJJ�QSNNMPR�AMMPBGL?RCB�?ARGML��GL�N?PRGASJ?P�GR�UGJJ�engage with the cluster system to integrate DRR.

2.4.3 Advocacy

"%� #!&-� PCAMELGQCQ� RF?R� DMP� "00� RM� @C� CȎCARGTC� ?� QMSLB�?BTMA?AW�QRP?RCEW�GQ�LCCBCB��

�BTMA?AW� GQ� N?PRGASJ?PJW� GKNMPR?LR� GL� NPMKMRGLE� RFC� ?BMNRGML�of DRR by partners, local and national institutions and other stakeholders. It is therefore a fundamental tool of EU action on DRR, is a key element in many targeted DRR actions supported by DG ECHO, and is particularly important in DIPECHO actions, UFCPC�RFC�?GK�GQ�RM�GLȐSCLAC�?BMNRGML�?R�J?PEC�QA?JC��BTMA?AW�should be carefully planned and its results monitored and CT?JS?RCB�

2FC�M@HCARGTCQ�MD�?BTMA?AW�GLAJSBC�b The scaling up and promoting the sustainability of pilot GLRCPTCLRGMLQ��

b� 2FC�GLRCEP?RGML�MD�"00�GL�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�?ARGML��

b� 'KNPMTGLE�JCE?J�?LB�GLQRGRSRGML?J�KCAF?LGQKQ�NPMACQQCQ�?LB�KC?LQ�RM�?NNJW�"00��

b� .PMKMRGLE�?LB�BCDCLBGLE�RFC�PGEFRQ�MD�BGQ?QRCP�?ȎCARCB�NCMNJC� ?LB� TSJLCP?@JC� EPMSNQ� CVNMQCB� RM� BGQ?QRCP� PGQI�GLAJSBGLE�EGTGLE�?�TMGAC�RM�KCL�UMKCL�?LB�AFGJBPCL�UGRF�duty-bearers.

2FC�R?PECRQ�DMP�?BTMA?AW�ML�"00�GLAJSBC�BCAGQGML�K?ICPQ�?R�BGȎCPCLR� JCTCJQ� GLAJSBGLE�RFMQC�GL�!MKKGQQGML�BCN?PRKCLRQ�


Case Study 3: Scaling up QBSUJDJQBUPSZ�%33 �1BDJҨD�

In Vanuatu and the Solomon Islands, remote communities face a wide range PG� OBUVSBM� IB[BSET� ҩPPET � DZDMPOFT �tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, etc.). Their vulnerability is high due to their lack of access to most public and private services and to demographic pressure on natural resources and changing climate patterns. Since 2010, DG ECHO has been supporting the French Red Cross in implementing B� NVMUJ�IB[BSE� DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE� %33�QSPKFDU� DPWFSJOH� �� DPNNVOJUJFT � BOE�strengthening the capacities of the two National Red Cross Societies to plan and JNQMFNFOU� DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE� EJTBTUFS�risk reduction projects. This DIPECHO project is conducted in collaboration with the Red Cross and the National Disaster .BOBHFNFOU� 0ҪDF� /%.0� PG� FBDI�country.

Through a participatory process, applying the Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment, communities develop their own plans of action to reduce risk. These plans encompass various issues such as health, water and sanitation, disaster preparedness, shelter, communications, agriculture, etc. They are formulated by community members and their content is acknowledged by local authorities and NDMO representatives. Finally, their implementation is monitored regularly by Red Cross volunteers based in the islands.

This process also serves as a basis for the project team to advocate for the resources OFFEFE� UP� DPWFS� UIF� HBQT� JEFOUJҨFE� JO�their action plans. At local level, based PO� UIF� QSJPSJUJFT� JEFOUJҨFE � UIF� QSPWJODJBM�authorities are approached with requests for assistance. These community grant proposals are collated at national level and sent to embassies or to the private sector. As a result, responding to the three major OFFET� JEFOUJҨFE� CZ� UIF� DPNNVOJUJFT � B�project covering water, radio communication and cyclone community shelter was initiated. An international donor is now funding this project.

5IJT� CPUUPN�VQ� DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE�DRR project is a good example of how community action can be linked to national processes. A crucial element in the success of the project is the leverage with external donors.

D i s a s t e r R i s k R e d u c t i o n i n H u m a n i t a r i a n A s s i s t a n c e��

#PY��4VQQPSUJOH�%33�UISPVHI�UIF�*OUFSOBUJPOBM�)VNBOJUBSJBO�Architecture

?LB� QCPTGACQ� ?LB� GL� GLQRGRSRGMLQ� MD� +CK@CP� 1R?RCQ� JMA?J�and national authorities, national bodies on Disaster 0GQI� +?L?ECKCLR� MP� !GTGJ� .PMRCARGML� QCARMP?J� KGLGQRPGCQ�FSK?LGR?PG?L� ?LB� BCTCJMNKCLR� BMLMPQ� NPGT?RC� QCARMP�the media, international organisations and the at-risk AMKKSLGRGCQ�RFCKQCJTCQ��

�BTMA?AW� A?L� @C� BMLC� BGPCARJW� RFPMSEF� "%� #!&-� ?LB� #3�BCJCE?RGMLQ� MP� RFPMSEF� "%� #!&-� N?PRLCPQ� AGTGJ� QMAGCRW�GLQRGRSRGML?J� N?PRLCPQ� MP� @CLCȏAG?PGCQ� RFPMSEF� ~PMMRCB�?BTMA?AW�13.

2FC�?NNPM?AF�RM�R?IC�UGJJ�BCNCLB�ML�BGȎCPCLR�D?ARMPQ�?Q�RFC�openness, willingness and capacities of target institutions to A?PPW�MTCP�RFC�PCOSCQRCB�AF?LECQ�?LB�RFC�JCTCP?EC�MD�"%�#!&-�?LB� GRQ�N?PRLCPQ� GL�?� ACPR?GL� GLQRGRSRGML?J� AMLRCVR��BTMA?AW�can be done through documents and petitions, promoting accountability mechanisms, media, demonstrations, public CTCLRQ�NPCQCLR?RGMLQ�GL�KCCRGLEQ�?LB�UMPIQFMNQ�MP�QGKNJW�RFPMSEF�BGPCAR�PCJ?RGMLQFGN�?LB�AMLTCPQ?RGMLQ�

The following is a list of key messages about DRR for DG #!&-�� 2FCQC� KCQQ?ECQ� K?W� @C� ?B?NRCB� BCTCJMNCB� ?LB�CJ?@MP?RCB�DMP�QNCAGȏA�?SBGCLACQ��1CC�?JQM�RFC��LLCV�UGRF�?�R?@JC�MD�?BTMA?AW�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�?LB�QCJCARCB�KCQQ?ECQ�

DRR saves lives and livelihoodsReducing the risk from disaster is part of the humanitarian imperative to help those in need. Solidarity means more than waiting until a disaster happens before providing a humanitarian response. It means reducing the risk of the EJTBTUFS� IBQQFOJOH� JO� UIF� ҨSTU� QMBDF�� *O� BEEJUJPO� UP� TBWJOH�lives, reducing the risk of disaster protects economic assets and livelihoods. Good DRR is a sound investment.

$BTF�4UVEZ��1SPNPUJOH�inclusive DRR through Consortium, Myanmar

With funding from the DIPECHO programme, six partners have joined FҧPSUT�UISPVHI�UIF�.ZBONBS�$POTPSUJVN�for Community Resilience (MCCR) to support Safer Coastal and Urban Communities. These agencies are ActionAid (lead), HelpAge International, Malteser International, Oxfam, Plan and 6/�)BCJUBU�

This Consortium supports a range of activities including inclusive Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction, strengthening institutional mechanisms GPS� EJTBTUFS� NBOBHFNFOU � DJUZ�MFWFM�FBSUIRVBLF� BTTFTTNFOU � TNBMM�TDBMF�infrastructure and services, and information, education and communication.

"� IJHIMZ� JODMVTJWF� DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE�approach is used, actively engaging children, women, people with disabilities and older people.

In addition to working with local partners, the group works closely with the national DRR Working Group, so enhancing DPPSEJOBUJPO� BOE� BEWPDBDZ� BU� EJҧFSFOU�levels.

The programme is a good example of DPMMBCPSBUJWF� FҧPSUT� CFUXFFO� %(� &$)0�partners, which has demonstrated positive results from the national to local level.

The International Humanitarian system supports the integration of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) into humanitarian response. For example, the Education $MVTUFS � DP�MFE� CZ� 4BWF� UIF� $IJMESFO� BOE�6/*$&' � IBT�produced DRR guidance and a DRR toolbox to support cluster work. To roll this out, in October 2012, Save the $IJMESFO�PSHBOJTFE�UXP��EBZ�&EVDBUJPO�$MVTUFS�5SBJOJOHT�for 50 members of the education sector disaster management working groups from nine countries in "TJB� BOE� UIF� 1BDJҨD�� 5IF� USBJOJOH� JODMVEFE� TFTTJPOT�on Comprehensive School Safety and INEE Minimum

Standards, which introduced integration of disaster risk reduction into education in emergencies practice. The training is expected to promote humanitarian action UIBU�JT�ȄSJTL�JOGPSNFEȅ�BT�XFMM�BT�UP�QSPWJEF�QBSUOFS�TUBҧ�with the skills and capacities to promote DRR Education and School Safety within development programmes.

A similar initiative was promoted by the Global WASH Cluster. Under the WASH Cluster Coordination, guidelines on DRR were produced by CARE Nederland GPS�ҨFME�QSBDUJUJPOFST�QMBOOJOH�BOE�JNQMFNFOUJOH�8"4)�interventions.

��3PPUFE�BEWPDBDZ�SFGFST�UP�ȇHJWJOH�OBUJPOBM�BOE�MPDBM�DJWJM�TPDJFUZ�HSPVQT�UIF�TVQQPSU�UIFZ�need to build their capacity, in order to advocate for themselves” WaterAid – The Advocacy Source Book (2007)

DG ECHO has a people-centred approach to DRR1FPQMF�JO�UIF�DPNNVOJUJFT�BҧFDUFE�CZ�EJTBTUFS�BSF�UIF�ҨSTU�WJDUJNT��UIFZ�BSF�BMTP�UIF�ҨSTU�SFTQPOEFST�BT�UIFZ�IFMQ�FBDI�PUIFS�JO�JNNFEJBUF�MJGF�TBWJOH�BOE�SFDPWFSZ�BDUJPOT��#Z�BEPQUJOH�B�QFPQMF�DFOUSFE�BQQSPBDI�UP�%33 �%(�&$)0�DPNNJUT�JUTFMG�UP�empowering those most at risk to cope with disasters, so reducing the need for aid and the potential for dependency.

DRR is good practice and essential to strengthening resilienceDRR enables communities to anticipate, absorb and bounce back from shocks. In

humanitarian assistance it is the foundation GPS� Ȅ%P�/P�)BSNȅ�BOE� Ȅ#VJME�#BDL�#FUUFSȅ�BOE�is essential to sustainable development. By promoting DRR, DG ECHO contributes to global FҧPSUT�UP�CVJME�B�DVMUVSF�PG�TBGFUZ�BOE�SFTJMJFODF�at all levels.

A disaster is an opportunity to promote risk reduction"� EJTBTUFS�NBZ� IFJHIUFO� QFPQMFȅT� BXBSFOFTT� PG� BOE�XJMMJOHOFTT� UP� BEESFTT� UIF�risks they face. In this sense there may be an opportunity, during the humanitarian SFTQPOTF�QIBTF �UP�EFWFMPQ�MPOH�UFSN�SJTL�SFEVDUJPO�NFBTVSFT��*U�JT�FTTFOUJBM�UIBU�humanitarian actors take this opportunity to help reduce longer term risk.

DRR is a shared responsibilityWhile recognising the core responsibility of the State, DG ECHO understands that DRR requires and fosters coordination at various levels. In particular it requires


Case Study 5: Joint DRR Advocacy, Vietnam and Bangladesh With the support of DIPECHO funding, two advocacy consortiums have been promoted in Asia: JANI in Vietnam and NARRI in Bangladesh.

The JANI (Joint Advocacy Network Initiative) consortium, set up in 2007, is a joint action initiative MFE�CZ�$"3&�*OUFSOBUJPOBM�JO�7JFUOBN�XJUI��QBSUOFST�(mainly INGOs and mass organisations) that work in UIF�ҨFME�PG�$PNNVOJUZ�#BTFE�%33�$#%33��*U�BJNT�UP�strengthen CBDRR advocacy, information sharing and DPPSEJOBUJPO� UISPVHI� FҧFDUJWF� OFUXPSLJOH� BOE� KPJOU�initiatives.

For the last 15 years, several INGOs have been implementing various CBDRR models across Vietnam focusing their action mainly at commune and village level. To capitalise on the lessons in good practice from these experiences, there was a need to advocate for their replication. This required a network of organisations working closely with the government. The most noticeable result so far is that the government EFDJEFE�JO��UP�JTTVF�UIF�1SJNF�.JOJTUFSȅT�EFDJTJPO�1002 that aims to scale up CBDRR activities in two thirds of the communes in Vietnam.

NARRI (National Alliance for Risk Reduction Initiative) JT�B�DPOTPSUJVN�PG��*/(0T�BOE��UFDIOJDBM�partners in Bangladesh. It is supported by DIPECHO and other donors.

NARRI has developed an informal advisory role to the HPWFSONFOU� ȁ� %JTBTUFS� .BOBHFNFOU� #VSFBV� �� BOE�supports activities such as:

Ȍ Developing the Disaster Management policy for the government of Bangladesh (e.g. setting standards for risk assessments in urban and rural settings);

Ȍ Supporting the preparation of reporting on the Hyogo Framework for Action implementation, including among others, a CSO perspective;

Ȍ Promoting mass casualty management, and broader earthquake disaster preparedness, in health departments through the amendment of medical curriculum for doctors and nurses.

5IFTF� FYBNQMFT� JMMVTUSBUF� UIF� CFOFҨUT� PG� DPMMFDUJWF�JOҩVFODF� BOE� WPJDF� JO� BEWPDBUJOH� GPS� %33� QSBDUJDFT �policies and programmes at all levels, including DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE�BDUJPO�

“ �%(�&$)0�IBT�B�QFPQMF�DFOUSFE�approach to DRR.


EFWFMPQNFOU�BOE�IVNBOJUBSJBO�BDUPST�UP�XPSL�UPHFUIFS��%33�JT�FWFSZCPEZȅT�CVTJOFTT�#LO� QEBPB� OB>PLKP� !$� " %,� TFII� @LKQFKRB� QL� FKSBPQ� FK� PMB@FȎ@� !//�measures and will require that all humanitarian interventions it supports are risk-informed.

2.4.4 Capacity-building

DG ECHO recognises the need to strengthen capacity in DRR of its partners and RFCGP�@CLCȏAG?PGCQ��'L�NSPQSGR�MD�RFGQ�GR�GLRCLBQ�RM�QSNNMPR�b� %JM@?J�CȎMPRQ�RM�GKNJCKCLR�RFC�&WMEM�$P?KCUMPI�DMP��ARGML��&$��1NCAGȏA?JJW�

DG ECHO supports the strengthening of UNISDR coordination capacities and ȏCJB�@?QCB�"00�?ARGMLQ�14

b� 2FC� NPMKMRGML� MD� AMKNPCFCLQGTC� ?LB� CȎCARGTC� L?RGML?J� "00� NMJGAGCQ� ?LB�strategies.

b� 2FC�BCTCJMNKCLR�MD�CȎCARGTC�KCAF?LGQKQ�QIGJJQ�?LB�PCQMSPACQ�?KMLE�JMA?J�stakeholders for the replication and scaling-up of DG ECHO funded DRR ?ARGML��!?N?AGRW�@SGJBGLE�CȎMPRQ�QFMSJB�@C�GL�JGLC�UGRF�L?RGML?J�"00�NMJGAGCQ�and promote their implementation.

The primary targets of DG ECHO funded capacity building are the UN agencies, the 'LRCPL?RGML?J�0CB�!PMQQ�?LB�0CB�!PCQACLR�+MTCKCLR�?LB�RFC�'LRCPL?RGML?J�,%-Q��AILMUJCBEGLE�RF?R�?JJ�LCCB�RM�BCTCJMN�CȎCARGTC�A?N?AGRGCQ�"%�#!&-�UGJJ�QSNNMPR�

$BTF�4UVEZ��4USFOHUIFOJOH�DBQBDJUJFT�PG�MPDBM�QBSUOFST� to integrate DRR, NepalNepal has a high level of disaster risk associated in QBSUJDVMBS� XJUI� FBSUIRVBLFT� PS� ҩPPET�� "� MBSHF�TDBMF�EJTBTUFS�XPVME�MFBE�UP�HSFBU�TVҧFSJOH�BOE�SFRVJSF�B�MBSHF�humanitarian response. The country also experiences OVNFSPVT� TNBMM�TDBMF� EJTBTUFST� JO� JTPMBUFE� IJMMZ� BOE�mountainous areas, which require action at a local level.

Civil society is strong and engages actively in development and humanitarian aid in partnership with the Government, Red Cross, INGOs and UN organisations. There are more than 30,000 registered Nepali NGOs, a network of hundreds of community FM radio stations, BOE�OVNFSPVT�DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE�PSHBOJTBUJPOT��

In this context, the role of DG ECHO partners in DRR is twofold: to support the Government in developing national DRR strategies and guidelines and to support Nepali partners in integrating DRR into their development and humanitarian action.

"O�FYBNQMF�JT�B�QSPKFDU�DPOEVDUFE�CZ�%(�&$)0ȅT�QBSUOFS �Mission East, to support the capacity development PG� UIFJS� MPDBM� QBSUOFS�,*3%"$�� 5IF�BJN�XBT� UP�FOTVSF�greater integration of DRR in projects, particularly those providing water and sanitation facilities to isolated areas PG� UIF� ,BSOBMJ� ;POF� PG� XFTUFSO� /FQBM�� 5IF� ҨSTU� TUFQ�

XBT�UP�FOTVSF�UIF�JNQMFNFOUJOH�QBSUOFS�IBE�TVҪDJFOU�capacity to integrate DRR at institutional, management BOE�UFDIOJDBM�MFWFMT��,*3%"$�IJHIMJHIUFE�UIF�JNQPSUBODF�PG� USBJOJOH� JUT� JNQMFNFOUJOH� QBSUOFST� BT� B� QSF�DPOEJUJPO�GPS�FҧFDUJWF�JOUFHSBUJPO�PG�%33�JO�TIPSU�UFSN�humanitarian WASH. The training focused on two main TDFOBSJPT� JEFOUJҨFE�UISPVHI�QBSUJDJQBUPSZ�SJTL�BOBMZTJT��epidemic outbreak and landslides. On landslides, a technical survey of landslide risk and its likely impact PO� UIF� XBUFS� TVQQMZ� TZTUFN� JEFOUJҨFE� WVMOFSBCJMJUJFT�in location, size and design and came up with a range of mitigation works. These works included landslide management, with training provided to Water Users Committee members. Soil stabilisation measures were implemented by the community, including the use of common species of plants (e.g. Alnus Nepalensis, Agave Americana) and, when unavoidable, the construction PG� SFUFOUJPO� XBMMT�� *O� TPNF� DJSDVNTUBODFT� DBCMF�hanging systems were installed for water pipes crossing MBOETMJEFT�BOE�NVEҩPX�BSFBT�� 5IF�QSPKFDU� JODMVEFE�B�community preparedness component, including training of female community health volunteers on early warning and reporting of epidemic outbreaks.

��4FF�QBSBHSBQI��PG�UIF�&VSPQFBO�$POTFOTVT�PO�)VNBOJUBSJBO�"JE��


the strengthening of partners’ internal institutional and operational capacities. 'R�UGJJ�AMLQGBCP�QSNNMPRGLE�RFC�BCTCJMNKCLR�MD�JMA?J�L?RGML?J�PCEGML?J�MP�EJM@?J�?NNPM?AFCQ�RM�NPMTGBGLE�ILMUJCBEC�QIGJJQ�?LB�RMMJQ�RM�"00�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�

Although not eligible for direct funding by DG ECHO, national authorities and BGQ?QRCP� K?L?ECKCLR� QCPTGACQ� ?PC� RFC� K?GL� BSRW�@C?PCPQ� RM� PMJJ� MSR� "00�approaches. They should therefore be key targets for the DRR capacity-building ?ARGMLQ� MD� "%� #!&-� N?PRLCPQ�� 1GKGJ?PJW� 0CB� !PMQQ� �� 0CB� !PCQACLR� ,?RGML?J�1MAGCRGCQ� ?PC� PCJCT?LR� "00� QR?ICFMJBCPQ�� RFC� A?N?AGRW� @SGJBGLE� CȎMPRQ� MD� "%�ECHO’s partners should seek to strengthen their capacities.

*MA?J�AGTGJ�QMAGCRW�F?Q�?L� GKNMPR?LR� PMJC� RM�NJ?W� GL� RFC� GKNJCKCLR?RGML�MD�"00�?NNPM?AFCQ��"00�?ARGMLQ�QF?JJ�RFSQ�NPMTGBC�QMSLB�A?N?AGRW�@SGJBGLE�MNNMPRSLGRGCQ�to local NGO partners.

��QSAACQQDSJ�CVGR�QRP?RCEW�PCOSGPCQ�RF?R�JMA?J�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�F?TC�RFC�A?N?AGRW�RM�continue their work on DRR. This will be one of the measures used by DG ECHO in its decisions on committing or continuing support for targeted DRR measures.

�Q�UGRF� ?JJ� "%� #!&-� QSNNMPRCB� ?ARGMLQ� A?N?AGRW�@SGJBGLE� CȎMPRQ�KSQR� AJC?PJW�PCQSJR� GL� GKNPMTCB�CȎCARGTCLCQQ�?LB� GKN?AR�MD�"00��L�?AASP?RC�?LB�M@HCARGTC�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�RFC�GKN?AR�MD�RFCQC�?ARGMLQ�GQ�PCOSGPCB�

2.5 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning

"%�#!&-�UGJJ�QRPGTC�RM�CLQSPC�RF?R�?JJ�"00�?ARGMLQ�GR�ȏL?LACQ�?PC�UCJJ�BCQGELCB�UGRF�KC?QSP?@JC�MSRAMKCQ�?LB�AJC?P�GLBGA?RMPQ��0MSRGLC�KMLGRMPGLE�CT?JS?RGML�?LB�PCNMPRGLE�MD�NPMEPCQQ�?PC�PCOSGPCB�MD�RFC�N?PRLCP��2FCQC�PCNMPRQ�UGJJ�@C�SQCB�@MRF�RM�?NNP?GQC�RFC�PCQSJRQ�MD�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�?LB�RM�JC?PL�?LB�GKNJCKCLR�JCQQMLQ�GL�RFC�BCQGEL�?LB�GKNJCKCLR?RGML�MD�DSRSPC�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�

"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�RF?R�?LW�GLTCQRKCLR�GL�"00�GQ�DMASQCB�ML�K?HMP�LCCBQ�?LB�GQ�JGICJW�RM�F?TC�AJC?P�?LB�QS@QR?LRG?J�GKN?AR�N?PRGASJ?PJW�GL�QRPCLERFCLGLE�RFC�PCQGJGCLAC�MD�BGQ?QRCP�?ȎCARCB�NMNSJ?RGMLQ��.PMTGBGLE�QRPMLE�CTGBCLAC�ML�RFC�@CLCȏR�AMQR�P?RGM�of DRR may lead to increased funding from the donor community.

.?PRGASJ?PJW� GL� QFMPR�BSP?RGML� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� "%� #!&-� PCAMELGQCQ� RFC� AF?JJCLECQ�MD�KC?QSPGLE� RFC� GKN?AR� MD�"00�KC?QSPCQ�UFGAF�?PC�KMQRJW� BCQGELCB� RM�F?TC�JMLE�RCPK�@CLCȏRQ��'R�?AILMUJCBECQ�RF?R�QSAF�KC?QSPCKCLR�PCOSGPCQ�RF?R�N?PRLCPQ�F?TC�QR?Ȏ�UGRF�RFC�PGEFR�QIGJJQ�QSȑAGCLR�RGKC�?LB�?BCOS?RC�PCQMSPACQ��"%�#!&-�UGJJ� CLAMSP?EC�N?PRLCPQ� RM�K?IC�QSGR?@JC�NPMTGQGML� DMP� RFGQ� GL� RFCGP�NJ?LQ��Q�?L�GLBGA?RGML� N?PRLCPQ� ?PC� CVNCARCB� RM� F?TC� BCBGA?RCB� KMLGRMPGLE� ?LB� CT?JS?RGML�CVNCPRGQC�UGRFGL�RFCGP�RC?KQ��2FC�SQC�MD�CVRCPL?J�AMLQSJR?LRQ�QFMSJB�@C�A?PCDSJJW�JGKGRCB�?LB�DMPK�N?PR�MD�?�AMKNPCFCLQGTC�KMLGRMPGLE�?LB�CT?JS?RGML�?NNPM?AF��'L�AMKKSLGRW�@?QCB�BGQ?QRCP�PGQI�K?L?ECKCLR�NPMHCARQ�N?PRGAGN?RMPW�KMLGRMPGLE�?LB�CT?JS?RGML�GQ�CVNCARCB�

�JRFMSEF�RFC�JGRCP?RSPC�ML�"00�GQ�CVRCLQGTC�RFCPC�GQ�QRGJJ�KSAF�RM�@C�JC?PLCB�?LB�QF?PCB�ML�FMU� GR� A?L�@C�?NNJGCB� GL�BGȎCPCLR� RWNCQ�MD� QCRRGLEQ�?LB�N?PRGASJ?PJW�on how it can be integrated into general humanitarian action. In its support DMP� "00� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� "%� #!&-�UGJJ� ?ARGTCJW� CLAMSP?EC� A?NGR?JGQ?RGML� ?LB� RFC�dissemination and integration of learning and good practice.



"%�#!&-�UGJJ�NCPGMBGA?JJW�PCTGCU�EP?LRQ�?LB�AMLRPG@SRGML�?EPCCKCLRQ�RM�OS?LRGDW�RFC�CVRCLR�MD�RFC�AMKKGRKCLR�RM�"00�NPGLAGNJCQ�?LB�KC?QSPCQ��"00�KCRPGAQ��2FGQ�UGJJ�QCPTC�RM�GBCLRGDW�RPCLBQ�?LB�E?NQ�?LB�NPMTGBC�?L�GLBGA?RGML�?Q�RM�UFGAF�QCARMPQ�are increasingly addressing risk.


3. Operational considerations3.1 Introduction

2FGQ�QCARGML�NPMTGBCQ�MNCP?RGML?J�AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ�DMP�RFMQC�BGPCARJW�GLTMJTCB�GL�"%�ECHO funding for the implementation of DRR in humanitarian action in line with its NMJGAW��'L�N?PRGASJ?P�GR�GQ�?GKCB�?R�"%�#!&-�Q�MUL�QR?Ȏ�GL�RFCGP�UMPI�UGRF�N?PRLCPQ�?QQCQQGLE�KMLGRMPGLE�?LB�CT?JS?RGLE�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML��'R�GQ�?JQM�?GKCB�?R�RFC�N?PRLCPQ�UFM�UMPI�UGRF�"%�#!&-�N?PRGASJ?PJW�RFMQC�PCOSCQRGLE�MP�PCACGTGLE�DSLBGLE�DMP�RFCGP�UMPI��ICW�GLRCLRGML�GQ�RM�BCKWQRGDW�UF?R�A?L�?NNC?P�RM�@C�?�TCPW�AMKNJCV�and intimidating body of knowledge.

"%�#!&-�PCAMELGQCQ�RF?R�EMMB�"00�PCOSGPCQ�NPMDCQQGML?J�HSBECKCLR�GL�C?AF�QCARMP�?LB�RF?R�RFC�NP?ARGAC�UGJJ�AMLRGLSC�RM�CTMJTC��'L�K?LW�A?QCQ�"00�UGJJ�?JPC?BW�@C�GLAJSBCB�?Q�?L� GKNJGAGR�N?PR�MD�EMMB� RCAFLGA?J�NP?ARGAC��$MP�CV?KNJC� RFC�ASPPCLR�best practice in the siting and design of temporary settlements considers the risks MD�ȐMMBGLE�?LB�ȏPC�?Q�?�K?RRCP�MD�AMSPQC��'L�K?LW�A?QCQ�RFC�"00�?NNPM?AF�UGJJ�QGKNJW�@C�K?IGLE�CVNJGAGR�UF?R�U?Q�GKNJGAGR��GL�MRFCPQ�GR�K?W�QRGKSJ?RC�LCU�GLQGEFRQ�or thinking.

2FCQC� AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ� QFMSJB� @C� GLRCPNPCRCB� ?AAMPBGLE� RM� RFC� JMA?J� AMLRCVR� RFC�L?RSPC�MD�RFC�BGQ?QRCP�?LB�RFC�NPMȏJC�MD�RFC�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML��2FGQ�QCARGML�BMCQ�LMR�AJ?GK�RM�@C�?�AMKNPCFCLQGTC�K?LS?J�DMP�"00�NP?ARGRGMLCPQ��QSAF�K?LS?JQ�?PC�DMSLB�CJQCUFCPC��QCC�DMP�CV?KNJC�UUU�NPCTCLRGMLUC@�LCR��,CGRFCP�BMCQ�GR�AJ?GK�RM�EGTC�RCAFLGA?J�ESGB?LAC�ML�QNCAGȏA�QCARMPQ�MP�?PC?Q�MD�GLRCPTCLRGML��0C?BCPQ�QFMSJB�AMLQSJR�RFC�PCJCT?LR�RCAFLGA?J�JGRCP?RSPC�?LB�NPMDCQQGML?J�CVNCPRQ�

��KCR?NFMP�RF?R�K?W�@C�FCJNDSJ�GL�AMLQGBCPGLE�"00�GQ�RF?R�MD�RFC�~PGQI�JCLQ��5FCL�UC�TGCU�?LW�?QNCAR�MD�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�UC�QFMSJB�TGCU�GR�RFPMSEF�RFGQ�PGQI�JCLQ�assessing what risks people face now or are likely to face in the near future and FMU�RFCQC�PGQIQ�A?L�@C�PCBSACB��5C�QFMSJB�?JQM�AMLQGBCP�CVNJGAGRJW�RFC�PGQIQ�NMQCB�by humanitarian action itself (Do No Harm).

"00�GQ�PCJCT?LR�RM�CTCPW�QCARMP�MD�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?QQGQR?LAC�� W�GRQ�L?RSPC�GR�PCOSGPCQ�consideration of the linkages between sectors. This section is structured according RM�RFC�QCARMPQ�?LB�QS@�QCARMPQ�SQCB�@W�"%�#!&-�?Q�QCR�MSR�GL�RFC�R?@JC�?LLCVCB�RM� RFC� "%� #!&-� 1GLEJC� $MPK� %SGBCJGLCQ�� $PMK� RFC� JGQR� MD� RUCJTC�K?GL� QCARMPQ�RFC�DMJJMUGLE�F?TC�@CCL�AFMQCL�DMP� GLAJSQGML� GL� RFGQ�BMASKCLR��$MMB��QQGQR?LAC�Nutrition, WASH, Health, Shelter, and Child protection/Education. This is not intended RM�@C�?L�CVF?SQRGTC�RPC?RKCLR��QGKGJ?P�AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ�UGJJ�?NNJW�RM�MRFCP�QCARMPQ��

3.2 DRR and Food Assistance

Scope of Food Assistance2FC�QAMNC�MD�UMPI�AMTCPCB�@W�RFC�#3�Q�FSK?LGR?PG?L�DMMB�?QQGQR?LAC�GLQRPSKCLRQ�GQ�BCȏLCB�?Q�Q?TGLE�JGTCQ�RFPMSEF�BCJGTCPGLE�?QQGQR?LAC�RM�KCCR�@?QGA�FSK?LGR?PG?L�DMMB�

and nutrition needs.15�&MUCTCP�GR�?JQM�?GKQ�RM�DSJȏJ�QSNNMPRGTC�DSLARGMLQ�QNCAGȏA?JJW�AMLRPG@SRGLE� RM� PCBSAGLE� PGQI� ?LB� TSJLCP?@GJGRW� ?LB� GKNPMTGLE� RFC� ?NNPMNPG?RCLCQQ�?LB� CȎCARGTCLCQQ� MD� FSK?LGR?PG?L� DMMB� ?QQGQR?LAC� RFPMSEF� A?N?AGRW�@SGJBGLE� ?LB�?BTMA?AW�� 'R� GLAJSBCQ��CKCPECLAW�DMMB�QCASPGRW��GLAJSBGLE�LSRPGRGML��?LB�QFMPR�RCPK�JGTCJGFMMB�QSNNMPR��SQGLE�GL�IGLB�BGQRPG@SRGML�?LB MP�A?QF��TMSAFCPQ�RP?LQDCPQ��DMMB�QCASPGRW�?LB�LSRPGRGML�GLDMPK?RGML�?LB�?L?JWQGQ�?BTMA?AW�?LB�?U?PCLCQQ�P?GQGLE��

Rationale for DRR in Food AssistanceThere is a direct correlation between disaster risk and food insecurity. Food-insecure NCMNJC�?PC�RFC�JC?QR�?@JC�RM�AMNC�UGRF�BGQ?QRCPQ��#VNMQSPC�RM�FGEF�JCTCJQ�MD�BGQ?QRCP�risk and lack of capacity to manage these risks trap poor households in a cycle of DMMB�GLQCASPGRW�?LB�NMTCPRW�RF?R�OSGAIJW�BCRCPGMP?RCQ�GLRM�?�DMMB�APGQGQ�?LB�?ASRC�undernutrition when a disaster occurs.

$MMB� ?QQGQR?LAC� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� AMLRPG@SRC� RM� BGQ?QRCP� PGQI� PCBSARGML� CGRFCP� @W�NPMRCARGLE�JGTCJGFMMB�?QQCRQ��N?PRGASJ?PJW�FSK?L�?LB�QMAG?J�A?NGR?J��?LB MP�QSNNMPRGLE�?LB�?BTMA?RGLE�DMP�?�AMLBSAGTC�CLTGPMLKCLR�GL�RCPKQ�MD�QRPSARSPCQ�?LB�NPMACQQCQ��2FC� #3�Q� FSK?LGR?PG?L� DMMB� ?QQGQR?LAC� QCCIQ� RM� ?TMGB� SLBCPKGLGLE� AMKKSLGRW�resilience and coping capacity.


Case Study 7: Introducing short cycle rice varieties allows farmers to harvest before the cyclone season, MadagascarMadagascar is a country at risk of both natural hazards BOE�QPMJUJDBM�VOSFTU�DPOҩJDU��%SPVHIU �ҩPPEJOH �SFDVSSJOH�cyclones and epidemics are frequent events. In recent ZFBST � USPQJDBM� DZDMPOFT� F�H�� BOE��BOE�ҩPPET�F�H��BOE��IBWF�SFTVMUFE�in major destruction of shelter and livelihoods. These OBUVSBM� FWFOUT� IBWF� XPSTFOFE� .BEBHBTDBSȅT� GSBHJMF�situation, and the country is at risk of crisis with TJHOJҨDBOU�IVNBOJUBSJBO�DPOTFRVFODFT��

The cyclone season takes place right in the middle of the main harvest, posing major risks for the agricultural sector, and particularly the most vulnerable farmers. 0ҬFO �UIF�ҨFMET�BSF�ҩPPEFE�PS�EBNBHFE�CZ�TUSPOH�XJOET�before the farmers bring in the harvest. In this context, FAO initiated the introduction of new short cycle rice varieties to the vulnerable east coast of Madagascar. 5IFTF� WBSJFUJFT� NBUVSF� JO� UISFF�NPOUIT� JOTUFBE� PG�six, allowing farmers to harvest before the peak of the cyclone season and to replant following a cyclone, thereby reducing the risk of harvest losses during the cyclone season and providing the opportunity to replant if any losses do take place.

Farmers are now more resilient because their harvests are secured before the cyclones arrive. The degree of acceptance by farmers has been very high and the use of these seeds is being expanded quickly throughout DZDMPOF�BҧFDUFE�BSFBT��

Scaling up the use of these seeds and integrating their use and dissemination in national policies is an objective of a consortium of DIPECHO partners, led by FAO, and that is supported for three years by the EU Delegation. The programme focuses on quality assurance, seed multiplication and linkages to markets. It is expected that short cycle rice seeds will shortly be integrated as part of the new Madagascar national agriculture programme.

This case study shows how an analysis of recurrent risks faced by vulnerable groups can help inform development programming in such a way as to greatly reduce the risk to these groups, improve their livelihoods and reduce the need for humanitarian interventions.

© CARE France

3. Operational considerations

��1MFBTF�SFGFS�UP�UIF�)VNBOJUBSJBO�'PPE�"TTJTUBODF�$PNNVOJDBUJPO�BOE�4UBҧ�8PSLJOH�%PDVNFOU�

Approach to DRR in Food Assistance"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�?JJ�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�RM�@C�PGQI�GLDMPKCB�KC?LGLE�RF?R�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCQGEL�QFMSJB�@C�@?QCB�ML�?�QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�PGQI�?LB�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC��b Directly reducing risk to people and especially the most at risk (children under 5, NPCEL?LR��J?AR?RGLE�UMKCL�MJBCP�NCMNJC�?LB�NCMNJC�UGRF�BGQ?@GJGRGCQ��2FGQ�UMSJB�include immediate risks, such as acute undernutrition due to lack of access to basic DMMB�PCOSGPCKCLRQ�� 'R�QFMSJB�?JQM�AMLQGBCP� JMLECP�RCPK�PGQIQ�QSAF�?Q�NPMKMRGLE�?NNPMNPG?RC�ȐMMB�K?L?ECKCLR�KC?QSPCQ�DMP�?EPGASJRSP?J�J?LB�B?K?ECB�@W�ȐMMBQ��

b�2FC�|PGQI�NPMMȏLE}�MD�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�RM�NPMRCAR�RFCK�?E?GLQR�DSRSPC�F?X?PBQ�QSAF�as ensuring that emergency food storage facilities are designed to withstand F?X?PBQ�QSAF�?Q�UGLBQ�ȐMMBQ�C?PRFOS?ICQ�


Box 7: Scalable safety nets, Ethiopia

The Ethiopian Government has taken important steps to improve drought management, notably with the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP), established in 2005. A key objective is the alleviation of chronic food insecurity. Under this, considerable amounts of food are routinely distributed to poor households. Early warning systems have been strengthened and UIF� HPWFSONFOU� JT� NPWJOH� CFZPOE� UIF� ȄGPPE� ҨSTUȅ�culture to ensure higher levels of livelihood support.

The PSNP provides cash or food to people who have predictable food needs in a way that enables them to improve their own livelihoods – and therefore become NPSF�SFTJMJFOU� UP�UIF�FҧFDUT�PG�TIPDLT� JO�UIF�GVUVSF��The main activities of PSNP are:

(i) Cash or Food for Work; public works are focusing on watershed management and rehabilitation; and

(ii) Direct support (cash and food) to the most vulnerable population, including elders, women and children.

Targeting of assistance was focused on households that had been persistent recipients of emergency food aid. However, communities were given substantial discretion to modify this approach and to update their lists of food insecure households based on local DSJUFSJB��5IJT�BMMPXFE�GPS�B�ҩFYJCMF�DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE�targeting strategy that takes advantage of local LOPXMFEHF� PG� IPVTFIPMETȅ� DJSDVNTUBODFT� UP� JEFOUJGZ�the neediest households. However, when a shock results in temporary food insecurity, which is beyond the mainstream PSNP to address, additional temporary TVQQPSU�DPNFT�GSPN�UIF�14/1ȅT�$POUJOHFODZ�#VEHFU��If that is exhausted, further support is available through the Risk Financing Mechanism (RFM).

For example in February 2011, early indications of a drought and possible crisis began to emerge in the highlands of Ethiopia. In most years, the PSNP QSPWJEFT� USBOTGFST� UP� DISPOJDBMMZ� GPPE�JOTFDVSF�households between February and August. In 2011, EVSJOH� UIFTF�NPOUIT � UIF� OFFET� PG� USBOTJUPSZ� GPPE�insecure households were met through the PSNP Contingency Budget in the usual way. However, it became increasingly clear that highland areas of the country would need support in the months preceding UIF�/PWFNCFS��IBSWFTU �BҬFS�UIF�14/1�USBOTGFST�DFBTFE� JO�"VHVTU��"DDPSEJOHMZ � JO�"VHVTU��BҬFS�DPNQMFUJPO� PG� B� SBQJE� WFSJҨDBUJPO� PG� OFFET � UIF�federal government triggered the RFM to address the USBOTJUPSZ� GPPE� OFFET� PG� BQQSPYJNBUFMZ� �� NJMMJPO�QFPQMF� MJWJOH� JO� 14/1� EJTUSJDUT�� 0G� UIFTF� ��NJMMJPO�QFPQMF � �� NJMMJPO� XFSF� FYJTUJOH� 14/1� DMJFOUT�� "O�additional 3.1 million people living in PSNP areas, who in a normal year do not need additional assistance, SFDFJWFE�VQ�UP�UISFF�NPOUITȅ�TVQQPSU�UP�FOTVSF�UIBU�they could meet their food needs until the harvest in November.

The RFM allows the PSNP to scale up in times of crisis, BOE� JT� EFTJHOFE� UP� SFEVDF� UIF� ȄUZQJDBMȅ� UJNFMJOF� GPS�humanitarian response, so that households receive assistance before a crisis makes itself felt. All of these steps meant that Ethiopia was better prepared to manage the 2011 drought than ever before.

The PSNP is an example of a safety net that can be scaled up in times of crisis. Such a safety net is a necessary part of a Disaster Risk Management strategy. Although there are areas for improvement, UIF�14/1�IBT�TIPXO�JUT�SFTQPOTJWFOFTT�BOE�ҩFYJCJMJUZ�and has successfully contributed to addressing temporary food needs in Ethiopia.

'R�K?W�?JQM�GLTMJTC�QNCAGȏA�?ARGMLQ�QSAF�?Q�~NPC�CKNRGTC�BC�QRMAIGLE�MD�JGTCQRMAI��or the short-term strengthening of early-warning systems, incorporating indicators on emergency food-insecurity and acute undernutrition.

DG ECHO recognises that good professional practice in food assistance will GLAMPNMP?RC�K?LW�GD�LMR�KMQR�?QNCARQ�MD�"00��AAMPBGLEJW�"%�#!&-�UGJJ�PCOSGPC�RF?R�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�@W�?ECLAGCQ�NMQQCQQGLE�RFC�PCOSGQGRC�RCAFLGA?J�AMKNCRCLAC�

The Humanitarian Food Assistance Communication (2010) states that the Commission, other than responding to emergency situations and food crisis, can trigger a humanitarian food assistance response for anticipated crisis on the basis MD�ȏPK�DMPCA?QRQ�@CDMPC�RFC�LSRPGRGML?J�QR?RSQ�BCRCPGMP?RCQ��*GTCJGFMMB�NPMRCARGML�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�A?L�RFCL�?GK�?R�KGRGE?RGLE�?Q�KSAF�?Q�NMQQG@JC� RFC� GKN?AR�MD� RFC�CVRCPL?J�QFMAI�

3.3 DRR and Health16

Scope of HealthThe scope of work considered under the Health sector includes:b� 2FC�NPCTCLRGML�?LB�K?L?ECKCLR�MD�BGQC?QC�GLHSPGCQ�?LB�BGQ?@GJGRW�b Health information management systems, including health risk assessments, C?PJW�U?PLGLE�?LB�QSPTCGJJ?LAC�

b� "GQ?QRCP�PGQI�K?L?ECKCLR�NMJGAGCQ�RM�GKNPMTC�?AACQQ�RM�FC?JRF�A?PC�UFCL�LCCBCB�b Health system strengthening in health emergencies.

The health impact of a disaster depends on RFC�RWNC�MD�F?X?PB�RFC�JCTCJ�MD�CVNMQSPC�MD�the population, the pre-disaster health status and the capacity of the health system to AMLRGLSC�RM�BCJGTCP�QCPTGACQ�?ȓCP�RFC�BGQ?QRCP��2FC� GKKCBG?RC� CȎCARQ� MD� BGQ?QRCPQ� K?W�GLAJSBC�BC?RFQ�GLHSPGCQ�?LB�BGQC?QC�PCOSGPGLE�emergency care and rehabilitation. Medium RCPK�CȎCARQ�K?W� GLAJSBC� GLDCARGMSQ�BGQC?QC�such as water-borne or respiratory infections, NQWAFMQMAG?J� CȎCARQ� ?LB� RFC� BGQPSNRGML� MD�FC?JRF�QCPTGACQ��#NGBCKGAQ�DMJJMUGLE�?�BGQ?QRCP�?PC�GLDPCOSCLR��. Mostly they result DPMK� ?L� GLQGBGMSQ� @PC?I�SN� MD� AMKKSLGRW� GLDP?QRPSARSPC� @?QGA� FC?JRF� QCPTGACQ�GLAJSBGLE�T?AAGL?RGML�?LB�DPMK�MTCPAPMUBGLE��$MMB�QCASPGRW�CKCPECLAGCQ�?JQM�JC?B�RM�SLBCPLSRPGRGML�PCOSGPGLE�QSNNJCKCLR?PW�?LB�RFCP?NCSRGA�DCCBGLE��

Rationale for DRR in Health0GQI� PCBSARGML� GQ� PCJCT?LR� GL�CTCPW�?QNCAR�MD�FC?JRF�QCARMP� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� GL�BGQ?QRCP�NPMLC�AMSLRPGCQ��L�CȎCARGTC�?LB�PM@SQR�FC?JRF�A?PC�QWQRCK�PCOSGPCQ�CȎCARGTC�FC?JRF�emergency and disaster risk management capacities. Strategic risk assessments A?L�FCJN� GBCLRGDW� ?PC?Q�MD� RFC�FC?JRF� QWQRCK� RF?R� PCOSGPC� GLTCQRKCLR�?LB� A?N?AGRW�BCTCJMNKCLR��


“ )FBMUI�TZTUFNT �TUBҧ�BOE�infrastructure must be able to

withstand hazards and function in times of emergencies.

��1MFBTF�SFGFS�UP�UIF�%(�&$)0�HVJEFMJOFT �UPPMT�BOE�5*1T�SFMBUJOH�UP�IFBMUI�

��4FF�&QJEFNJDT�BҬFS�/BUVSBM�%JTBTUFST��+�8BUTPO�FU�BM��XXXOD�DED�HPW�FJE�BSUJDMF��@BSUJDMF�IUN

'LRCPTCLRGMLQ�RM�PCBSAC�FC?JRF�PGQIQ�UGJJ�@C�GLȐSCLACB�@W�RFC�RWNC�MD�F?X?PB��0?NGB�MLQCR�CTCLRQ�A?L�MTCPUFCJK�MP�BCQRPMW�FC?JRF�D?AGJGRGCQ�?LB�BGQPSNR�RFC�NPMTGQGML�MD�FC?JRF�A?PC��1JMU�MLQCR�BGQ?QRCPQ�K?W�APC?RC�?�K?QQGTC�A?QC�JM?B�RF?R�UC?I�FC?JRF�QRPSARSPCQ�A?LLMR�F?LBJC�CȎCARGTCJW��AAMPBGLE�RM�5&-�AJGK?RC�AF?LEC�GQ�CVNCARCB�RM�increase health risks18. DRR is a key component of climate change adaptation.

#ȎCARGTC�PGQI�PCBSARGML�PCOSGPCQ�QMSLB�NMJGAW�JCE?J�QRP?RCEGA�ȏL?LAG?J�?LB�MNCP?RGML?J�AMMPBGL?RGML� DP?KCUMPIQ�� &C?JRF� QWQRCKQ� QR?Ȏ� ?LB� GLDP?QRPSARSPC� �GLAJSBGLE� ~Q?DC�hospitals’) must be able to withstand hazards and function in times of emergencies.

Risk assessments and early warning systems are an essential part of the risk reduction approach in health. Mortality and morbidity indicators are typical measures of an CKCPECLAW�?LB�FCJN�BCȏLC�NPGMPGRW�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ��2FCW�NPMTGBC�?L�?NNPMNPG?RC�P?LEC�MD�indicators to guide early response to disease outbreaks.

Approach to DRR in Health"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�?JJ�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�RM�@C�PGQI�GLDMPKCB�KC?LGLE�RF?R�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCQGEL�QFMSJB�@C�@?QCB�ML�?�QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�PGQI�?LB�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC�b Directly reducing risk to people. This would include immediate risks, such as PCBSAGLE�GLHSPGCQ�MSR@PC?IQ�MP�CNGBCKGAQ��'R�QFMSJB�?JQM�AMLQGBCP�JMLECP�RCPK�PGQIQ�QSAF�?Q�GKNPMTGLE�AMKKSLGRW�Q?DCRW�GKNPMTGLE�U?RCP�OS?JGRW�LSRPGRGML?J�QR?RSQ�?LB�T?AAGL?RGML�DMP�?R�PGQI�EPMSNQ�@CDMPC�?LB�?ȓCP�CKCPECLAGCQ�

b�2FC�|PGQI�NPMMȏLE}�MD�FC?JRF�QWQRCKQ�RM�NPMRCAR�?LB�NPCN?PC�DMP�RFC�RGKCJW�?LB�CȎCARGTC�BCJGTCPW�MD�FC?JRF�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�@CDMPC�BSPGLE�?LB�?ȓCP�CKCPECLAGCQ��$MP�CV?KNJC�FC?JRF�D?AGJGRGCQ�A?L�@C�PGQI�NPMMDCB�@W�CLQSPGLE�RFCW�?PC�BCQGELCB�RM�UGRFQR?LB�F?X?PBQ�QSAF�?Q�UGLBQ�ȐMMBQ�?LB�C?PRFOS?ICQ��

DG ECHO recognises that good professional practice in health will incorporate many, GD�LMR�KMQR�?QNCARQ�MD�"00��AAMPBGLEJW�"%�#!&-�UGJJ�PCOSGPC�RF?R�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�@W�?ECLAGCQ�NMQQCQQGLE�RFC�PCOSGQGRC�RCAFLGA?J�AMKNCRCLAC�GL�RFC�QNCAGȏA�?PC?Q�MD�FC?JRF�AMTCPCB�

Disaster preparedness enables health systems to prepare for a surge in BCK?LB�DMP�FC?JRF�QCPTGACQ�GL�?�BGQ?QRCP��2FGQ�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�GLAJSBCQ�CKCPECLAW�PCQNMLQC�?LB�PCAMTCPW�NJ?LLGLE�CQR?@JGQFGLE�?LB�RCQRGLE�MD�QR?LB?PB�NPMRMAMJQ�

BCTCJMNKCLR�?NNJGA?RGML�?LB�AMKKSLGA?RGML�MD� C?PJW� U?PLGLEQ� RP?GLGLE� MD� FC?JRF� QR?Ȏ�?LB� AMKKSLGRGCQ� BCTCJMNKCLR� MD� ȐCVG@JC�coordination structures at local, sub-national ?LB� L?RGML?J� JCTCJQ� ?LB� GBCLRGȏA?RGML� ?LB�BCNJMWKCLR� MD� CVRP?� QSNNJGCQ� RM� ?LRGAGN?RC�emergency response.

!MKKSLGRW� A?N?AGRW� GQ� ?� TGR?J� AMKNMLCLR� MD�PGQI�PCBSARGML�GL�FC?JRF��2FGQ�GLTMJTCQ�PGQI�?U?PCLCQQ�FC?JRF�NPMKMRGML�AMKKSLGRW�PGQI�?QQCQQKCLRQ�GLBGTGBS?J�?LB�FMSQCFMJB�KC?QSPCQ�NJ?LLGLE�DMP�AMKKSLGRW�PGQI�NPCTCLRGML�PCQNMLQC�?LB�PCAMTCPW�?LB�RFC�RP?GLGLE�MD�AMKKSLGRW�FC?JRF�UMPICPQ��!MKKSLGRW� FC?JRF� UMPICPQ� QFMSJB� @C� GLTMJTCB� GL� PGQI� ?QQCQQKCLRQ� ?LB� JMA?J�emergency planning.


��8PSME�)FBMUI�0SHBOJTBUJPO�'BDU�TIFFU�/o��$MJNBUF�DIBOHF�BOE�IFBMUI��

“ Community health workers should be involved in risk assessments and local emergency planning.


$BTF�4UVEZ��1SFQBSFEOFTT�BOE�&BSMZ�3FTQPOTF �(VJOFB�$POBLSZ�and Sierra Leone

DG ECHO, through its partner Action Against Hunger (AAH), has been supporting cholera preparedness and early response in Guinea Conakry and Sierra Leone.

Cholera is endemic to both countries, with outbreaks occurring in recent years. Conakry and Freetown host almost 2.5 million people and are historically WVMOFSBCMF� UP� DIPMFSB�� DSPTT�CPSEFS� DPNNVOJDBUJPO�is high. With each new rainy season (June to October) there is high risk of outbreaks, although outbreaks may occur at any time. In February 2012, a cholera epidemic began in Sierra Leone in the disadvantaged area close to Freetown before spreading to neighbouring Guinea.

DG ECHO decided to support AAH with a grant for CPUI�DPVOUSJFT �CVJMEJOH�PO�UIF�QBSUOFSȅT�FYQFSJFODF�of preparedness and early response. This early support allowed the strengthening of prevention, surveillance and rapid response capacity, in both rural and urban areas.

Some of the preparedness and early response measures included:

Ȍ Improving the epidemiological surveillance through direct support to the Ministry of Health (MoH) on data collection and analysis;

Ȍ Risk mapping and contingency planning in Guinea and Sierra Leone;

Ȍ Development of district level operational plans for cholera prevention and response;

Ȍ Organizational and technical support to emergency teams for coordination, contingency plan activation, lesson learning and dissemination UISPVHI�USBJOJOHT�UP�PUIFS�BҧFDUFE�SFHJPOT�

Ȍ Development of a response capacity to cope with outbreaks.

*O� (VJOFB � JO� SFDFOU� ZFBST � JOTUJUVUJPOBM� BOE� OPO� governmental actors have developed expertise in cholera preparedness and response. The main results are:Ȍ An accurate analysis of areas at risk of a cholera

outbreak, including risk mapping;

Ȍ Cholera contingency planning: AAH supported the .P)� UP� EFҨOF � UFTU � VQEBUF� BOE� EJTTFNJOBUF� B�contingency plan for cholera in Conakry;

Ȍ� &YQFSUJTF�JO�SFTQPOTF�BDUJWJUJFT �TVDI�BT�FҧFDUJWF�surveillance and testing, provision of sanitary

barriers in public places and at household level, and emergency medical care.

Ȍ� 5FDIOJDBM�BOE�PQFSBUJPOBM�TLJMMT�PG�EJҧFSFOU�BDUPST�have been strengthened through simulations exercises.

Faced with the 2012 outbreak, the crisis committee within the health sector was activated and actors EFWFMPQFE� SFTQPOTF� BDUJWJUJFT� JO� UIF� UXP� BҧFDUFE�regions.

In Sierra Leone, national capacities were very weak from the start, but the early intervention allowed stakeholders to collaborate to respond more rapidly and consistently. However, the epidemiological surveillance still remains very weak. In rural areas JU� JT� MJNJUFE� CZ� UIF� DBQBDJUZ� PG� UIF� IFBMUI� TUBҧ�and communication challenges (no phone credit, access to mobile phone, mobile phone network). Awareness raising and hygiene promotion still SFNBJOT�JOTVҪDJFOU��

The 2012 cholera outbreak resulted in a lower number of cases and mortality than in previous outbreaks. There was a much improved preparedness and early response, as demonstrated by the surveillance and early warning system, declaration of the epidemic, partner activation and coordination, quality of intervention, and a limitation on the spread of the epidemic.

© ECHO/Christophe Valingot


&'4�?LB��'"1�ECLBCP�@?QCB�TGMJCLAC�?LB�KCLR?J�FC?JRF�GQQSCQ�LCCB�QNCAGȏA�?RRCLRGML�CQNCAG?JJW�?ȓCP�?�J?PEC�QA?JC�P?NGB�MLQCR�CTCLR�MP�GL�AMKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ�

'L�RFC�PCF?@GJGR?RGML�?LB�PCAMTCPW�NF?QC�RFC�DMASQ�QFMSJB�@C�ML�NFWQGA?J�PCF?@GJGR?RGML�MD�GLHSPCB�NCMNJC�?LB�ML�RFC�K?L?ECKCLR�MD�JMLECP�RCPK�KCLR?J�?LB�NQWAFMQMAG?J�CȎCARQ��2FC�PCAMTCPW�NF?QC�K?W�?JQM�NPMTGBC�MNNMPRSLGRGCQ�RM�QRPCLERFCL�FC?JRF�QWQRCKQ�?LB�RM�CLQSPC�RF?R�GLDP?QRPSARSPC�?LB�QR?Ȏ�?PC�KMPC�PCQGQR?LR�RM�DSRSPC�BGQ?QRCPQ�

3.4 DRR and Nutrition��?LB��

Scope of Nutrition2FC�QAMNC�MD�UMPI�AMLQGBCPCB�SLBCP�RFC�,SRPGRGML�QCARMP�GLAJSBCQ�RFC�NPCTCLRGML�MD�SLBCPLSRPGRGML�LSRPGRGML?J�PCF?@GJGR?RGML�?LB�QSPTCGJJ?LAC�QSPTCWQ�?LB�QSPTCGJJ?LAC�?LB�RFC�SQC�MD�A?QF TMSAFCPQ��

2?AIJGLE�FGEF�PGQI�KMBCP?RC�?LB�QCTCPC�?ASRC�K?JLSRPGRGML�GQ�?�NPGMPGRW�DMP�"%�#!&-��2FC�K?GL�PCQNMLQC�GQ�RFPMSEF�BGPCAR�,SRPGRGML�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�RM�GBCLRGDW�?LB�BG?ELMQC�undernutrition and address the symptoms through appropriate treatment. Appropriate GLD?LR� ?LB� WMSLE� AFGJB� DCCBGLE� Q?TCQ� JGTCQ� N?PRGASJ?PJW� UFCL� GR� CKNF?QGQCQ� RFC�GKNMPR?LAC�MD�CVAJSQGTC�?LB�AMLRGLSCB�@PC?QRDCCBGLE��?LB�QFMSJB�RFCPCDMPC�?JU?WQ�QSNNMPR�K?RCPL?J�LSRPGRGML�?Q�UCJJ��'L�RCPKQ�MD�?NNPM?AF�QSNNMPR�GQ�RM�@C�NPMTGBCB�RM�RFC�GLRCEP?RGML�MD�LSRPGRGML�GL�RFC�FC?JRF�QWQRCK��2FGQ�PCOSGPCQ�?�DSLARGML?J�?LB�QRPMLE�QCR�SN� UGRF� ?BCOS?RC� ?LB� RP?GLCB� RCAFLGA?J� QR?Ȏ� ?LB� KGEFR� GLAJSBC� QNCAG?JGQCB�nutritional products.

,SRPGRGML?J�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�A?L�@C�CGRFCP�b� 2?PECRGLE�QNCAGȏA�FGEF�PGQI�QS@�EPMSNQ��GLD?LRQ�AFGJBPCL�NPCEL?LR�?LB�J?AR?RGLE�KMRFCPQ�� UGRF� QNCAGȏA� LSRPGRGML� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� QSAF� ?Q� GLD?LR� DCCBGLE� ?LB�KGAPMLSRPGCLR�QSNNJCKCLR?RGML�

b Target the general population with general food distributions, including KGAPMLSRPGCLR�DMPRGȏA?RGML QSNNJCKCLR?RGML�?LB MP�QR?NJC�DMMBQ�

!FMMQGLE� ?LB� NPGMPGRGQGLE� LSRPGRGML?J� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� ?LB� QNCAG?JGQCB� LSRPGRGML?J�NPMBSARQ� QFMSJB� @C� GLDMPKCB� @W� CTGBCLAC� ?LB� DMJJMU� J?RCQR� @CQR�NP?ARGAC� ?LB�operational guidelines.

Rationale for DRR in Nutrition2FC� A?SQ?J� D?ARMPQ� JC?BGLE� RM� SLBCPLSRPGRGML� ?LB� D?KGLC� ?PC� AMKNJCV� ?LB� KSJRG�faceted.21 Access to food may not be the sole cause leading to undernutrition. There GQ�?�QRPMLE�AMPPCJ?RGML�@CRUCCL�BGQ?QRCP�PGQI�DMMB�GLQCASPGRW�NMTCPRW�?LB�QSAF�DMPKQ�MD�SLBCPLSRPGRGML��,?RSP?J�F?X?PBQ�A?L�@C�?�RPGEECP�AMKNMSLBGLE�RFC�?JPC?BW�CVGQRGLE�health and social factors.

Approach to DRR in Nutrition"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�?JJ�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�RM�@C�PGQI�GLDMPKCB�KC?LGLE�RF?R�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCQGEL�QFMSJB�@C�@?QCB�ML�?�QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�PGQI�?LB�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC��

��1MFBTF�SFGFS�UP�UIF�%SBҬ�4UBҧ�8PSLJOH�1BQFS�PO�"EESFTTJOH�6OEFSOVUSJUJPO�JO�&NFSHFODJFT�

��3FBEJOH��4QIFSF�1SPKFDU�DIBQUFS�PO�/VUSJUJPO�BOE�8)0�'BDU�4IFFU�PO�/VUSJUJPO�BOE�%JTBTUFS�3JTL�.BOBHFNFOU��

��4FF�"DUJPO�"HBJOTU�)VOHFS�CSPDIVSF�PO�"DVUF�.BMOVUSJUJPO��"�1SFWFOUBCMF�1BOEFNJD�

b Directly reducing risk to people. This would include immediate risks, such as BGQC?QC�?LB�BC?RF�BSC�RM�QCTCPC�?ASRC�SLBCPLSRPGRGML�GL�AFGJBPCL�?LB�MRFCP�?R�PGQI�EPMSNQ�� 'R� QFMSJB�?JQM� AMLQGBCP� JMLECP�RCPK� PGQIQ� QSAF�?Q�BCȏAGCLAGCQ� GL�KGAPM�nutrients leading to growth restriction, QRSLRGLE� U?QRGLE� ?LB� GKN?GPCB� AMELGRGTC�BCTCJMNKCLR�22

b� 2FC� |PGQI�NPMMȏLE}� MD� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� RM�protect them against future hazards, such as ensuring that health facilities are designed to withstand hazards such as UGLBQ�ȐMMBQ�C?PRFOS?ICQ�

DG ECHO recognises that good professional practice in nutrition will incorporate many, GD� LMR�KMQR� ?QNCARQ� MD�"00�� AAMPBGLEJW�"%�#!&-�UGJJ� PCOSGPC� RF?R� FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�GL�LSRPGRGML�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�@W�?ECLAGCQ�NMQQCQQGLE�RFC�PCOSGQGRC�RCAFLGA?J�AMKNCRCLAC�GL�RFC�QNCAGȏA�?PC?Q�MD�LSRPGRGML�AMTCPCB�

1SPTCGJJ?LAC� DMP�C?PJW�?ARGMLQ� �?R�L?RGML?J� QS@�L?RGML?J�?LB�AMKKSLGRW� JCTCJQ��GQ�CQQCLRG?J��Q�N?PR�MD�?L�CȎCARGTC�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�NJ?L�AMMPBGL?RGLE�KCAF?LGQKQ�need to be in place and fully functional.

The risks of undernutrition can be managed by optimising maternal nutrition, infant and young child feeding, increasing mothers’ care and feeding practices knowledge, GKNPMTGLE�DMMB�QCASPGRW�?LB�CLQSPGLE�?AACQQ�RM�FC?JRF�A?PC��!+�+��AMKKSLGRW�@?QCB�management of acute undernutrition) plays an essential role in DRR.

.PCTCLRGML�GQ�?JQM�SLBCPR?ICL�RFPMSEF�BGTCPQC�QCARMP?J�?NNPM?AFCQ�RF?R�GLAJSBC�&C?JRF�$MMB��QQGQR?LAC�5?RCP�?LB�1?LGR?RGML�?LB�.PMRCARGML��#KCPECLAW�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�GQ�TGR?J�for communities to:b� 'KNPMTC�?AACQQ� RM�?BCOS?RC�LSRPGRGML� DMP� GLHSPCB�NCPQMLQ� MJBCP� NCMNJC�?LB� RFC�KMQR�TSJLCP?@JC�EPMSNQ�

b� +GLGKGXC� LSRPGRGML?J� TSJLCP?@GJGRGCQ� DMP� GLD?LRQ� C�E�� @W� GLAPC?QGLE� CVAJSQGTC� ?LB�AMLRGLSCB� @PC?QRDCCBGLE� P?RCQ� QSNNMPRGLE� AMKKSLGA?RGML� DMP� @CF?TGMSP� AF?LEC�RMU?PBQ�NPCEL?LR�?LB�J?AR?RGLE�UMKCL�

b� 'KNPMTC�RFC�GKN?AR�MD�LSRPGRGML?J�PCQNMLQCQ�C�E��LCRUMPIQ NMMJQ�MD�RP?GLCB�NCPQMLLCJ�ready to act in an emergency.

'R� GQ�RFPMSEF�RFC�GLRCEP?RGML�MD�"00�UGRFGL�RFCQC�BGȎCPCLR�?NNPM?AFCQ�RF?R�UC�QCCI�RM�@CRRCP�?BBPCQQ�RFC�SLBCPJWGLE�A?SQCQ�?LB�@SGJB�EPC?RCP�PCQGJGCLAC�RM�?TMGB�DSRSPC�QFMAIQ�GLAPC?QGLE�RFC�NPCT?JCLAC�MD�?ASRC�SLBCPLSRPGRGML�

3.5 DRR and Education23

Scope of Education'L� RFGQ� AMLRCVR� CBSA?RGML� GQ� RM�@C�SLBCPQRMMB�@PM?BJW�?Q� RFC�K?LW� DMPKQ�MD�DMPK?J� �RFPMSEF� QAFMMJQ� ?LB� SLGTCPQGRGCQ�� ?LB� LML�DMPK?J� RP?LQKGQQGML� MD�ILMUJCBEC� QIGJJQ� CVNCPGCLAC�?LB�CLE?ECKCLR�MD� EPMSNQ�MD� NCMNJC� GLAJSBGLE�RFC�SQC�MD�KCBG?�?U?PCLCQQ�A?KN?GELQ�QNCAG?J�CTCLRQ�CRA�


�� 4��.�� (SBOUIBN.D(SFHPS � 4�� 1��8BMLFS� BOE� 4�� $IBOH� �� /VUSJUJPOBM� EFҨDJFODJFT� BOE� MBUFS� CFIBWJPVSBM� EFWFMPQNFOU� 1SPDFFEJOHT�PG�UIF�/VUSJUJPO�4PDJFUZ �� QQ��EPJ��4��

��1MFBTF�SFGFS�UP�UIF�%(�&$)0�4UBҧ�8PSLJOH�%PDVNFOU�PO�&EVDBUJPO�$IJMESFO�JO�&NFSHFODJFT�BOE�$SJTJT�4JUVBUJPOT��

“ There is a strong correlation between disaster risk, food

insecurity, poverty and such forms of undernutrition.

Within the scope of DG ECHO’s work, Education is not a separate sector in itself. #BSA?RGML�?ARGTGRGCQ�?PC�QSNNMPRCB� GL�BGȎCPCLR�U?WQ� GLAJSBGLE�SLBCP�?ARGTGRGCQ�MD�protection, psycho-social health, hygiene promotion and through DRR measures. 'R�?JQM�JGLIQ�RM�QNCAGȏA�QFCJRCP�?ARGTGRGCQ�UFCL�GR�PCJ?RCQ�RM�NFWQGA?J�GLDP?QRPSARSPC�used for educational purposes.

Rationale for DRR2FC�CBSA?RGML�QCARMP� GQ�?�N?PRGASJ?PJW�PCJCT?LR�?PC?�DMP�"00�� 'L�?BBGRGML�RM�@CGLE�QCLQGRGTC� RM� BGQ?QRCPQ� GR� ?JQM� MȎCPQ� MNNMPRSLGRGCQ� RM� BCTCJMN� RFC� BGQ?QRCP� PGQI�reduction approach. It is a crucial means within communities to communicate, to KMRGT?RC�?LB�RM�CLE?EC�?Q�KSAF�?Q�GR�GQ�RM�RC?AF�

Approach to DRR in Education"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�?JJ�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�RM�@C�PGQI�GLDMPKCB�KC?LGLE�RF?R�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCQGEL�QFMSJB�@C�@?QCB�ML�?�QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�PGQI�?LB�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC��


Case Study 9: Children, Education and DRR, ,ZSHZ[TUBO

"U��PO��+VMZ�� BO�FBSUIRVBLF�XJUI�B�NBHOJUVEF�PG��TUSVDL�#BULFO� QSPWJODF� JO� 4PVUIFSO� ,ZSHZ[TUBO�� 5IF� FQJDFOUSF� XBT� ,BO� WJMMBHF��%VSJOH�BOE�BҬFS�UIF�FBSUIRVBLF �UIF�$PNNVOJUZ�&NFSHFODZ�3FTQPOTF�5FBN�BOE�$IJME�-FE�0SHBOJ[BUJPO�$&35�$-0�PG�,BO�WJMMBHF�PQFSBUFE�FҧFDUJWFMZ��

Prior to the earthquake, with DIPECHO funding, Save the Children had established CERT/CLO and trained the members on DRR topics including child protection and early warning systems. They learned the science behind earthquakes and safety measures, such as how to behave during an emergency. Several school and village simulations were conducted. During earthquake preparedness exercises, adults and children learned about safety and safe locations. Prior to this, CERT/CLO had developed a hazard map and Emergency Preparedness Plan.

When the earthquake struck in the early morning hours, members of CERT/CLO were mobilized and helped to evacuate people from houses to a safe place. In addition, 32 children were evacuated safely from a residential TVNNFS�DBNQ��.PTU�PG�UIF�,BO�SFTJEFOUT �JODMVEJOH�DIJMESFO �EJE�OPU�QBOJD��The training, planning and lessons learned from the exercises had helped UIFN�UP�SFTQPOE�FҧFDUJWFMZ�UP�UIF�FBSUIRVBLF�

"ҬFS�UIF�FBSUIRVBLF�4BWF�UIF�$IJMESFO �$&35�BOE�MPDBM�HPWFSONFOU�PҪDJBMT�assessed the damage, and checked all electric lines/poles. CERT/CLO informed the population about disaster risk reduction and new risks following UIF�FBSUIRVBLF��.FNCFST�PG�$&35�$-0�MBUFS�UPPL�QBSU�JO�UIF�DMFBO�VQ�BOE�JO�the eventual reconstruction of homes that ensured all families had safe and XFBUIFS�QSPPG�TIFMUFS�GPS�UIF�XJOUFS��5IJT�XBT�EPOF�VOEFS�B�%(�&$)0�GVOEFE�TNBMM�TDBMF�SFIBCJMJUBUJPO�QSPKFDU�

Further support was provided by the Red Crescent in the form of provision PG�CVJMEJOH�NBUFSJBMT�UP�BO�BEEJUJPOBM��BҧFDUFE�GBNJMJFT�XIPTF�IPVTFT�TVҧFSFE�NJOPS�EBNBHFT �BOE�XIP�IBE�OPU�SFDFJWFE�BTTJTUBODF�

Young Rescuers Competition h�.4%41�,ZSHZ[TUBO

b Directly reducing risk to people. This would include immediate risks, such as disruption to the system and learning. It should also consider longer-term risks, QSAF�?Q�RFC�GKNJGA?RGMLQ�GL�RCPKQ�MD�JGTCJGFMMBQ�MD�RFMQC�?ȎCARCB��

b� 2FC� |PGQI�NPMMȏLE}� MD� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� RM� NPMRCAR� RFCK� ?E?GLQR� DSRSPC� F?X?PBQ�such as ensuring that education facilities are designed to withstand hazards QSAF�?Q�UGLBQ�ȐMMBQ�C?PRFOS?ICQ�

DG ECHO recognises that good professional practice in education will incorporate K?LW�GD�LMR�KMQR�?QNCARQ�MD�"00��AAMPBGLEJW�"%�#!&-�UGJJ�PCOSGPC�RF?R�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�GL�CBSA?RGML�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�@W�?ECLAGCQ�NMQQCQQGLE�RFC�PCOSGQGRC�RCAFLGA?J�AMKNCRCLAC�GL�RFC�QNCAGȏA�?PC?Q�MD�CBSA?RGML�AMTCPCB�

'L� CKCPECLAGCQ� ~AFGJB�DPGCLBJW� QN?ACQ��K?W� @C� GKNJCKCLRCB� @W� N?PRLCPQ� ?LB� F?TC�NPMTCL� CȎCARGTC� CLRPW�NMGLRQ� DMP� "00� KCQQ?ECQ ?ARGTGRGCQ�� 1SAF� QN?ACQ� ?PC� KC?LR�?Q�BCBGA?RCB�Q?DC�?PC?Q�UFCPC�AFGJBPCL�A?L�NJ?W�QMAG?JGQC�JC?PL�?LB�ȏLB�?�QCLQC�MD�LMPK?JAW�?LB�AMKKSLGRW�UFCL�RFCGP�JGTCQ�?PC�BGQPSNRCB�@W�?�BGQ?QRCP24.

2FCPC�?PC�QGELGȏA?LR�@CLCȏRQ�RM�JC?PLGLE�?@MSR�PGQIQ�?LB�B?LECPQ�?Q�C?PJW�?Q�NMQQG@JC��Schools can be models of participatory risk reduction in their communities.25 The 3,'1"0�A?KN?GEL��QJME?L�QR?RCB�that DRR Begins at School. This is inscribed as the third priority of the Hyogo Framework for Action that promotes the “use of knowledge and education systems to build a culture of Q?DCRW�?LB�PCQGJGCLAC�?R�?JJ�JCTCJQ}�

�KMLE�MRFCP�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�N?PRLCPQ�K?W�AMLQGBCP�RFC�DMJJMUGLE�KC?QSPCQ�b�1SNNMPR�RM�CBSA?RGML�AMLRGLSGRW�DMJJMUGLE�?�BGQ?QRCP�26

b Education for DRR, including DRR awareness raising campaigns and the inclusion MD�"00�GLRM�QAFMMJ�ASPPGASJSK�MP�CVRP?�ASPPGASJ?P�?ARGTGRGCQ�

b Ensuring physical structures used for education are safe and resilient e.g. school Q?DCRW�NJ?LQ��

b�0GQI�0CBSARGML�DMP�RFC�#BSA?RGML�1CARMP�@W�NPMKMRGLE�QNCAGȏA�GLBGA?RMPQ RMMJQ�e.g. building codes, Safer Schools.

b�.PMKMRGML�MD�RFC�PMJC�MD�AFGJBPCL�RM�BGQQCKGL?RC�"00�~NCCP�RM�NCCP��MP�AFGJB�JCB�"00�b�0C?AFGLE�AFGJBPCL�UFM�F?TC�LM�?AACQQ�RM�DMPK?J�CBSA?RGML�b Adult education.

3.6 DRR and Shelter27

Scope of shelterThe scope of work considered under the Shelter sector includes emergency temporary QFCJRCP�NMQR�CKCPECLAW�PCF?@GJGR?RGML�QCKG�NCPK?LCLR�QFCJRCP�NPMTGQGML�MD�LML�DMMB�GRCKQ�?LB�A?QF TMSAFCPQ��


��4FF�$IJME�'SJFOEMZ�4QBDFT�JO�&NFSHFODJFT��"�)BOECPPL�GPS�4BWF�UIF�$IJMESFO�4UBҧ��

��4FF�6/*4%3��-FU�PVS�DIJMESFO�UFBDI�VTɑ�"�SFWJFX�PG�UIF�SPMF�PG�FEVDBUJPO�BOE�LOPXMFEHF�JO�EJTBTUFS�SJTL�SFEVDUJPO��#��8JTOFS��

��'PMMPXJOH�B�EJTBTUFS �TDIPPMT�NBZ�CF�VTFE�BT�TIFMUFST�EJTSVQUJOH�FEVDBUJPO�DPOUJOVJUZ�BOE�TDIPPM�TUBCJMJUZ�

��3FGFS�UP�UIF�4IFMUFS�DIBQUFS�PG�UIF�4QIFSF�1SPKFDU�.BOVBM�BOE�UFDIOJDBM�HVJEBODF�QSPWJEFE�CZ�UIF�4IFMUFS�$FOUSF�MJCSBSZ�IUUQ��sheltercentre.org/library).

“ Schools can be models of participatory risk reduction in

their communities.

2FC�NPGK?PW�DSLARGML�MD�?LW�DMPK�MD�QFCJRCP�GQ�RM�NPMTGBC�CQQCLRG?J�NPMRCARGML�DPMK�RFC�CJCKCLRQ�MD�L?RSPC�� 'R� GQ�?JQM�CQQCLRG?J�RM�NPMTGBC�QCASPGRW�NCPQML?J�?LB� ?QQCR� NPMRCARGML� NPMKMRC� EMMB� FC?JRF� NPCTCLR� BGQC?QC� QSNNMPR� FSK?L�BGELGRW�NPMKMRC�D?KGJW�?LB�AMKKSLGRW�JGDC�?LB�QSNNMPR�RFC�P?NGB�PCAMTCPW�NMQR�disaster.

"%� #!&-� PCAMELGQCQ� RFC� AMKNJCVGRGCQ� MD� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� GL� RFC� QFCJRCP� QCARMP�PCOSGPGLE�RCAFLGA?J�AMKNCRCLAC�?Q�UCJJ�?Q�RFC� JGLIQ�RM� JMLECP�RCPK�GLGRG?RGTCQ�?LB�CȎCARGTC�EMTCPL?LAC�

#KCPECLAW� RCKNMP?PW� QFCJRCP� GLTMJTCQ� RFC� NPMTGQGML� MD� RCKNMP?PW� QFCJRCP�GL� FSK?LGR?PG?L� APGQCQ� GLAJSBGLE� �@SR� LMR� JGKGRCB� RM�� RFC� NPMTGQGML� MD� RCLRQ�materials for the construction of temporary shelter (plastic sheeting, wood, PMMȏLE�QFCCRQ�L?GJQ� RMMJQ� PMNC�CRA��?LB� RFC� PCN?GP�?LB� �MP�KMBGȏA?RGML�MD�NS@JGA�@SGJBGLEQ� RM� RCKNMP?PGJW�?AAMKKMB?RC�RFMQC�?ȎCARCB��ARGMLQ�DMP�NMQR�CKCPECLAW� PCF?@GJGR?RGML� � QCKG�NCPK?LCLR� QFCJRCP� PCJ?RC� RM� RFC�NPMTGQGML�MD�shelter as a solution for the longer term, including (but not limited to): support for FMQRGLE�?PP?LECKCLRQ�RFC�NPMTGQGML�MD�K?RCPG?JQ�?LB�RMMJQ�DMP�RFC�AMLQRPSARGML�MP�PCN?GP�MD�QFCJRCPQ�?LB�GL�CVACNRGML?J�A?QCQ�RFC�?ARS?J�PCAMLQRPSARGML�MP�PCN?GP�of shelters.


$BTF�4UVEZ��1PSU�BV�1SJODF�$BNQ�Disaster Preparedness, Haiti

"ҬFS�UIF�+BOVBSZ��FBSUIRVBLFT�JO�)BJUJ �NPSF�UIBO��NJMMJPO� QFPQMF� XFSF� EJTQMBDFE�� *O� UIF� BҬFSNBUI� PG� UIF� FBSUIRVBLF �TIFMUFS� XBT� JEFOUJҨFE� BT� UIF� NPTU� QSFTTJOH� OFFE� GPS� UIF�hundreds of thousands of displaced and camps were set up to provide temporary shelter. The need to act quickly and the lack of land meant that there was very little choice in site selection. "T�B�SFTVMU �NBOZ�DBNQT�XFSF�DSFBUFE�JO�IJHI�SJTL�BSFBT��

In an attempt to reduce these risks, DG ECHO funded actions to support partners, particularly the Red Cross family to promote disaster preparedness. In particular this involved adapting tools to assess vulnerabilities and capacities, support camp early warning systems, camp emergency intervention teams and community based vulnerability assessments. Risk assessments were conducted, to identify the camps at highest risk and to support the design and implementation of risk mitigation measures for these camps.

This assessment was also used to assess which camps had priority for evacuations in case tropical cyclones presented a threat to Port au Prince. This was the case in 2012 when USPQJDBM�TUPSN�*TBBD�IJU�UIF�DPVOUSZ��5IFTF�DBNQT�XFSF�UIF�ҨSTU�to be evacuated before the storm made landfall, saving many MJWFT�BOE�NVDI�TVҧFSJOH�

This case study illustrates the importance of incorporating risk analysis, and associated risk reduction measures, into the design and implementation of humanitarian interventions – at every point in the process.

© ECHO/Susanna Perez Diaz and Vincente Raimundo

Rationale for DRR in Shelter"SC� RM� GRQ�NFWQGA?J�L?RSPC� QFCJRCP�K?W�@C�N?PRGASJ?PJW� TSJLCP?@JC� RM�BGQ?QRCPQ��Shelter represents a key asset of a family, and its loss or damage can result in GLAPC?QCB�CVNMQSPC�?LB�TSJLCP?@GJGRW��2FC�J?AI�MD�?BCOS?RC�Q?DC�QFCJRCP�NPCQCLRQ�K?HMP�PGQIQ�RM�NCMNJC�?ȎCARCB�@W�BGQ?QRCP��.MMPJW�JMA?RCB�BCQGELCB�AMLQRPSARCB�and/or maintained shelter is a leading cause of mortality in hazards such as C?PRFOS?ICQ� �C�E�� &?GRG� �� "GQNJ?ACKCLR� MP� JMQQ� MD� QFCJRCP� K?ICQ� NCMNJC�TSJLCP?@JC�RM�NMQQG@JC�?ȓCPQFMAIQ�?Q�UCJJ�?Q�RM�RFC�AJGK?RC�z�P?GL�QLMU�UGLB�FC?R�z�RFSQ�AMKNMSLBGLE�RFC�CȎCARQ�MD�RFC�BGQ?QRCP��'R�GQ�GKNMPR?LR�RM�Q?DCES?PB�?ȎCARCB�NCMNJC�DPMK�RFCQC�PGQIQ�RFPMSEF�RFC�NPMTGQGML�MD�?BCOS?RC�QFCJRCP�

Approach to DRR and Shelter"%� #!&-� PCOSGPCQ� ?JJ� FSK?LGR?PG?L� ?ARGML� RM� @C� PGQI�GLDMPKCB� KC?LGLE� RF?R�analysis and design should be based on a sound assessment of risk and the GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC��b Directly reducing risk to people. This would include immediate risks, such as QGAILCQQ�?LB�BC?RF�DPMK�CVNMQSPC�GL�AMJB�AJGK?RCQ�?LB�KC?QSPCQ�RM�NPCTCLR�%CLBCP� ?QCB�4GMJCLAC�GL�A?KNQ��C�E�� JMA?RGML�MD�J?RPGLCQ�QSȑAGCLR�JGEFRGLE�and security). It should also consider longer-term risks, such as the impact on D?KGJW�?LB�AMKKSLGRW�JGDC�?LB�JGTCJGFMMBQ��

b�2FC�|PGQI�NPMMȏLE}�MD� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�RM�NPMRCAR� RFCK�?E?GLQR�DSRSPC�F?X?PBQ�such as ensuring that shelters are designed to withstand, as far as is possible, F?X?PBQ�QSAF�?Q�UGLBQ�ȐMMBQ�C?PRFOS?ICQ��

DG ECHO recognises that good professional practice in shelter will incorporate K?LW� GD� LMR� KMQR� ?QNCARQ� MD� "00�� AAMPBGLEJW� "%� #!&-� UGJJ� PCOSGPC� RF?R�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�GL�QFCJRCP�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�@W�?ECLAGCQ�NMQQCQQGLE� RFC� PCOSGQGRC� RCAFLGA?J� AMKNCRCLAC� GL� RFC� QNCAGȏA� ?PC?Q� MD� QFCJRCP�AMTCPCB�

5FGJC� CKCPECLAW� QFCJRCP� NPMTGQGML� BSPGLE� RFC� GKKCBG?RC� PCQNMLQC� QR?EC� GQ�generally temporary or transitional, people tend to start rehabilitating or PCAMLQRPSARGLE� RFCGP� FMKCQ� TCPW� C?PJW�� 2FGQ� QR?EC� NPCQCLRQ� ?L� MNNMPRSLGRW� DMP�building capacity, raising awareness or risk reduction for future safe shelter constructions.

"SPGLE� PCAMTCPW� ?LB� PCAMLQRPSARGML� NF?QCQ� GR� GQ� GKNMPR?LR� RM� ?BBPCQQ� RFC�SLBCPJWGLE� GQQSCQ� RF?R� F?B� NPCTCLRCB� Q?DC� QFCJRCP� AMLQRPSARGML� ?LB� RFC� PGQI�that threaten durability and sustainability of shelter. Building shelter back to a @CRRCP�QR?LB?PB�RF?R�GQ�JCQQ�TSJLCP?@JC�RM�AMLRCVR�QNCAGȏA�F?X?PB�UGJJ�AMLRPG@SRC�to reduced risks in the long-term. Reconstructed or rehabilitated shelter with DSRSPC� PGQI� GL� KGLB� UGJJ� NPMTC� KMPC� QSQR?GL?@JC�� $MP� CV?KNJC� GLAMPNMP?RGLE�C?PRFOS?IC�PCQGQR?LR� AMLQRPSARGML� CJCKCLRQ� QSAF� ?Q� @P?AGLEQ� ?LB� QRPSRQ� A?L�PCBSAC�DSRSPC�C?PRFOS?IC�PGQI��MP�@SGJBGLE�P?GQCB�QFCJRCP��DMP�CV?KNJC�CJCT?RCB�FMKCQRC?BQ�MP�KSJRGNJC�NSPNMQC�CT?AS?RGML�ACLRPCQ��GL�ȐMMB�NPMLC�?PC?Q�A?L�NPMTGBC�CQQCLRG?J�NPMRCARGML�

This should be implemented within a framework of local risk assessment (i.e. K?NNGLE� RFC� ?PC?Q� ?R� PGQI� ?LB� SLQ?DC� FMSQCQ�� GKNPMTCKCLR� MD� JMA?J� @SGJBGLE�NP?ARGACQ�?LB�QIGJJQ�GKNPMTCB�?LB�KMPC�PCQGJGCLR�@SGJBGLE�K?RCPG?JQ�?LB�RCAFLGOSCQ�greater accessibility and contingency planning (i.e. stockpiling materials) for QS@QCOSCLR�BGQ?QRCP�CTCLRQ��


'L� A?QCQ� MD� K?HMP� BGQNJ?ACKCLR� ?LB� A?KN� QCRRJCKCLRQ� A?KN� NJ?LLGLE� ?LB�management should be conducted using a risk-informed approach.28

Shelter responses may increasingly occur in urban settings (e.g. Port-au-Prince, &?GRG� �� AF?P?ARCPGQCB�@W� J?AI�MD� NJ?LLGLE� NMMP� AMLQRPSARGML� MTCPAPMUBGLE�?LB�JGKGRCB�?AACQQ�?LB�MNCL�QN?ACQ��1NCAGȏA�AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ�QFMSJB�@C�EGTCL�RM�

RFC� AF?JJCLECQ� NMQCB� @W� QSAF� AMLRCVRQ� QCC�RFC�QCARGML�@CJMU�~"00�?LB�SP@?L�AMLRCVRQ��

Targeted DRR carried out by partners may QCCI� RM�?BBPCQQ� QFCJRCP� GQQSCQ�� 1CTCP?J�3,'1"0�!?KN?GELQ�F?TC�@CLCȏRCB�DPMK�"%�#!&-�DSLBQ�RM�NPMKMRC�EPC?RCP�Q?DCRW�GL�QCARMPQ�PCJCT?LR�RM�Shelter, such as the Safe School and Hospital Campaign,29 and more recently the Making Cities 0CQGJGCLR�CȎMPR�

#V?KNJCQ�MD�KC?QSPCQ�GLAJSBC�BCTCJMNGLE�?LB�RCQRGLE��G�C��BCKMLQRP?RGTC��?NNPM?AFCQ�RM� Q?DCP� QFCJRCPQ�� 1FCJRCP�K?L?ECKCLR� ?R� RFC� AMKKSLGRW�JCTCJ�K?W� @C� AMLQGBCPCB�?Q�?�NMQQG@JC�?NNPM?AF��'L�ȐMMB�NPMLC�?PC?Q�GLGRG?RGTCQ�F?TC�@CCL�NGJMRCB�RM�CJCT?RC�homesteads, establish safe areas, or the construction of multi-use buildings (e.g. Bangladesh) to safely shelter large numbers of people.

3.7 DRR and WASH��?LB��

Scope of WASH~5�1&��PCDCPQ�RM�5?RCP�1?LGR?RGML�?LB�&WEGCLC��2FC�?GK�MD�RFC�!MKKGQQGML�Q�GLRCPTCLRGML�ML�5�1&�GQ�RM�|Q?TC�?LB�NPCQCPTC�JGDC�?LB�?JJCTG?RC�RFC�QSȎCPGLE�MD�NMNSJ?RGMLQ�D?AGLE�QCTCPC�CLTGPMLKCLR?J�FC?JRF�PGQIQ�?LB MP�U?RCP�GLQCASPGRW�GL�RFC�AMLRCVR�MD�?LRGAGN?RCB�ML�EMGLE�?LB�PCACLR�FSK?LGR?PG?L�APGQGQ}��'R�F?Q�RFC�DMJJMUGLE�QNCAGȏA�M@HCARGTCQ��?��2M�CLQSPC�RGKCJW�?LB�BGELGȏCB�?AACQQ�RM�QSȑAGCLR�?LB�Q?DC�5�1&�QCPTGACQ�DMP�

populations threatened by on-going, imminent or future humanitarian crises, and to increase their resilience to withstand water stress and shocks.

@�� 2M� GKNJCKCLR� KC?QSPCQ� RM� NPCTCLR� RFC� QNPC?B� MD� 5�1&� PCJ?RCB� BGQC?QCQ� GL�populations threatened by on-going, imminent or future humanitarian crises.

A��2M�CLF?LAC�RFC�GKN?AR�PCJCT?LAC�CȑAGCLAW�?LB�CȎCARGTCLCQQ�GL�RFC�BCJGTCPW�MD�WASH assistance by strengthening the capacities of the humanitarian aid system, including its coordination mechanism.

The scope of work considered under the WASH sector includes humanitarian WASH capacity building and emergency WASH operations, coordination, rehabilitation, deployment and operation of water supply and treatment systems, sanitary facilities ?LB�U?QRC�K?L?ECKCLR�TCARMP�AMLRPMJ�?LB�FWEGCLC�NPMKMRGML��1CC�?�KMPC�CVRCLQGTC�RWNMJMEW�MD�CKCPECLAW�5�1&�MNCP?RGMLQ�?LLCVCB�RM�RFC�!MKKGQQGML�1R?Ȏ�5MPIGLE�"MASKCLR�ML�&SK?LGR?PG?L�5�1&�NMJGAW��15"��


��$$$.�UPPMLJU�ȁ�$IBQUFS��PO�&OWJSPONFOU�BOE�PUIFS�DIBQUFST�IUUQ��XXX�OSD�OP�BSDI�@JNH��QEG�

��4FF�IUUQ��XXX�TBGF�TDIPPMT�IPTQJUBMT�OFU�FO�)PNF�BTQY�

��1MFBTF�SFGFS� UP� UIF�$PNNJTTJPO�4UBҧ�8PSLJOH�%PDVNFOU�PO�)VNBOJUBSJBO�8"4)�1PMJDZ��.FFUJOH� UIF�DIBMMFOHF�PG� SBQJEMZ�increasing humanitarian needs in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (SWD (2012) 277).

��3FBEJOH��%JTBTUFS�3JTL�3FEVDUJPO�BOE�8"4)�$PNQSFIFOTJWF�(VJEBODF�ȁ�(MPCBM�8"4)�$MVTUFS��

“ In cases of major displacement and camp settlements, camp planning and management should CF�DPOEVDUFE�VTJOH�B�SJTL�JOGPSNFE�approach.

Rationale for DRR in WASH2FC�CVRCLR�RM�UFGAF�"00�AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ�LCCB�RM�@C�?BBPCQQCB�GL�5�1&�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�UGJJ�@C�GLȐSCLACB�@W�RFC�RWNC�MD�F?X?PB�D?ACB�?LB�JCTCJ�MD�TSJLCP?@GJGRW��P?NGB�MLQCR� CTCLR� �C�E�� ȐMMB� C?PRFOS?IC� FSPPGA?LC�� A?L� BCQRPMW� MP� QCTCPCJW� B?K?EC�GLDP?QRPSARSPC�?Q�UCJJ�?Q� JGKGR�RFC�A?N?AGRW�MD�QCPTGAC�NPMTGBCPQ��C�E��AMKKSLGRW�EMTCPLKCLR�MP�NPGT?RC�QCARMP��RM�MNCP?RC�?LB�K?GLR?GL�QWQRCKQ��QJMU�MLQCR�MP�AFPMLGA� CTCLR� QSAF� ?Q� BPMSEFR� A?L� APGRGA?JJW� PCBSAC� LMPK?J� U?RCP� PCQMSPACQ� @W�drying up surface water and lowering groundwater tables.

Approach to DRR and WASH"%�#!&-�PCOSGPCQ�?JJ�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�RM�@C�PGQI�GLDMPKCB�KC?LGLE�RF?R�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCQGEL�QFMSJB�@C�@?QCB�ML�?�QMSLB�?QQCQQKCLR�MD�PGQI�?LB�RFC�GLRCPTCLRGML�QFMSJB�QCCI�RM�PCBSAC�GKKCBG?RC�?LB�DSRSPC�PGQIQ��'R�A?L�GLTMJTC��b Directly reducing risk to people. This would include immediate risks, such as

sickness and death from WASH related diseases such as cholera and/or acute water shocks and stress. It should also consider longer-term risks, such as the GKN?AR� ML� ?OSGDCP� BCNJCRGML� ?LB� MTCPEP?XGLE� MD� CKCPECLAW� U?RCP� @MPCFMJC�programmes.

b 2FC� |PGQI�NPMMȏLE}� MD� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� RM� NPMRCAR� RFCK� ?E?GLQR� DSRSPC� F?X?PBQ�such as ensuring that water-points are designed to withstand, hazards such as J?LBQJGBCQ�ȐMMBQ�MP�C?PRFOS?ICQ��


Case Study 11: Integrating DRR in emergency response to Floods, GambiaThe Gambia is a narrow strip of land on each side of UIF�(BNCJB�3JWFS��*O�SFDFOU�ZFBST �JU�IBT�TVҧFSFE�GSPN�ҩPPEJOH�FYBDFSCBUFE�CZ�VOQMBOOFE�VSCBOJ[BUJPO�

*O�� GPMMPXJOH�B�ҩPPEJOH�UIBU�BҧFDUFE�NPSF�UIBO�50 000 people, DG ECHO funded Concern Universal with a small scale response grant to respond to the emergency needs whilst working to reduce the impact PG� GVUVSF� ҩPPET�� 5IF� QSPHSBNNF� XBT� EFTJHOFE� UP�systematically integrate DRR in each component of UIF�FNFSHFODZ�SFTQPOTF��5IJT�IFMQFE�UP�SJTL�QSPPG�UIF�intervention and to reduce the risk of future disasters.

An initial risk analysis highlighted the obstruction of drainage channels, poor construction techniques in ҩPPE�QSPOF�QFSJ�VSCBO�BSFBT�BOE�MPX�MFWFM�PG�TFSWJDFT�(including Water, Sanitation and Hygiene) as the critical issues to be addressed.

The emergency Water and Sanitation intervention included immediate distribution of household water treatment solutions (WASH kits) together with hygiene promotion. To reduce the risk of using contaminated water from unprotected wells, the intervention increased the number of public water taps connected to the water network in the area.

A particular high risk to health was caused by the DPMMBQTF� PS� PWFSҩPX�PG� QJU� MBUSJOFT� EVSJOH� UIF� ҩPPET �

particularly in areas with high water tables. In areas where this happened, several demonstration raised toilets were constructed as good examples. This was complemented by providing training for skilled latrine builders.

Further measures included: Ȍ� 5SBJOJOH�PO�ҩPPE�SJTL�NBOBHFNFOU�GPS�DPNNVOJUZ�

DRR focal points;Ȍ Risk assessments, community contingency

planning and risk mapping exercises;Ȍ Provision of response kits and equipment; Ȍ Regular drainage channels cleaning before the

next rainy season; Ȍ Training for community workers and leaders

in shelter rehabilitation, including use of better materials, building techniques and site selection;

Ȍ The development and promotion of an improved EFTJHO�PG�ҩPPE�SFTJTUBOU�IPVTJOH�JO�UIF�DPNNVOJUZ�

With funding from the EU Delegation and the support of the government, rehabilitation, cleaning and construction of new drainage systems was done GPMMPXJOH�UIFTF��ҩPPET��

This integrated DRR intervention proved its worth when UIF�BҧFDUFE�BSFBT�XIFSF�LFQU�PVU�PG�EBOHFS�EVSJOH�UIF��ҩPPET��

DG ECHO recognises that good professional practice in WASH will incorporate many, if not most aspects of DRR. Accordingly DG #!&-�UGJJ�PCOSGPC�RF?R�FSK?LGR?PG?L�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�GL�5�1&�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�@W�?ECLAGCQ�NMQQCQQGLE�RFC�PCOSGQGRC�RCAFLGA?J�AMKNCRCLAC�GL�RFC�QNCAGȏA�?PC?Q�MD�5�1&�AMTCPCB��

The need to consider integrated water management is essential GL�?PC?Q�NPMLC�RM�U?RCP�GLQCASPGRW�BGQ?QRCPQ�MP�CLTGPMLKCLR?JJW�DP?EGJC�� 'L� ?� U?RCPQFCB� U?RCP� CVRP?ARGML NSKNGLE� KC?QSPCQ�R?ICL� SNQRPC?K�K?W� PCQSJR� GL� LCE?RGTC� GKN?ARQ� BMULQRPC?K��C�E��BGTCPRGLE�U?RCP�DPMK�QK?JJ�PGTCPQ�RM�GLAPC?QC�GPPGE?RGML��

��.PMRCARGML�?LB�APMQQ�ASRRGLE�GQQSCQ� in DRR32

In times of disaster, the normal systems of protection may break BMUL��ACPR?GL�EPMSNQ�K?W�@C�?ȎCARCB�BGQNPMNMPRGML?RCJW�?LB�K?W�F?TC� RM� ?BMNR� AMNGLE�KCAF?LGQKQ� RF?R� GLAPC?QC� TSJLCP?@GJGRW��Young men may be targeted for recruitment into the military or TGMJCLR�E?LEQ�WMSLE�UMKCL�K?W�@C�KMPC�TSJLCP?@JC�RM�P?NC�MP� RP?LQ?ARGML?J� QCV33� GL?BCOS?RC� QFCJRCP�K?W� CVNMQC� NCMNJC�RM� RFCȓ�MP� TGMJCLAC� CJBCPJW� NCMNJC�K?W�@CAMKC� GQMJ?RCB� ?LB�children may be separated from their families. A core principle of humanitarianism (e.g. see the SPHERE Handbook) is that people ?ȎCARCB�@W�BGQ?QRCP�F?TC�RFC�PGEFR�RM�NPMRCARGML�?QQGQR?LAC�?LB�life with dignity. A risk informed approach takes into account RFC� DSJJ� P?LEC�MD�NPMRCARGML�LCCBQ�MD�T?PGMSQ�EPMSNQ��.PMNCPJW�conducted, a risk analysis will identify key protection issues DMP� RFCQC� TSJLCP?@JC� EPMSNQ� ?LB� PGQI� GLDMPKCB� NPMEP?KKGLE�can ensure that the protection needs of these groups are met. #ȎCARGTC� BGQ?QRCP� NPCN?PCBLCQQ� ?LB� ?BTMA?AW� GQ� CQNCAG?JJW�important for protection.

0CDCP�RM�RFC�@?QGA�NPMRCARGML�NPGLAGNJCQ�NPMTGBCB�@W�RFC�1.&#0#�Handbook (2011), and the wealth of information, guidance and RMMJQ�?T?GJ?@JC�ML�RFC�%JM@?J�.PMRCARGML�!JSQRCP�UC@N?EC��FRRN� www.globalprotectioncluster.org/

%CLBCP� GQ� ?� ICW� AMLQGBCP?RGML� GL� "00�� #TGBCLAC� DPMK� N?QR�disasters, seems to point to a disproportionate impact on women and girls. The death toll was much higher among women and EGPJQ�DMP�PC?QMLQ�P?LEGLE�DPMK�FGEFCP�JCTCJQ�MD�SLNPCN?PCBLCQQ�to not being allowed to make decisions at household or AMKKSLGRW�JCTCJQ��"SC�RM�RFCGP�BGȎCPCLR�PMJCQ�GL�QMAGCRW�UMKCL�?LB�KCL�K?W�F?TC�BGȎCPCLR�NPGMPGRGCQ�?LB�GBC?Q�ML�RFC�NPGMPGRGCQ�?LB�?ARGMLQ�RM�@C�R?ICL�RM�PCBSAC�RFC�PGQIQ��#L?@JGLE�RFC�TMGACQ�of both women and men, girls and boys, to be heard, and to N?PRGAGN?RC�?LB�RM�K?IC�BCAGQGMLQ�GQ�ACLRP?J�RM�CȎCARGTC�BGQ?QRCP�


#PY��(FOEFS�EJҧFSFOUJBUFE�EJTBTUFS�impacts

“The nature and extent of disaster and DMJNBUF�SJTL�GPS�NFO�BOE�XPNFO � <BOE�HJSMT� BOE� CPZT> � JT� EJҧFSFOU� JO� FWFSZ�location and set of circumstances.

In terms of mortality following hazards, JO� )VSSJDBOF� .JUDI� �� NPSF� NFO�than women died because men were NPSF�JOWPMWFE�JO�SFTDVF�FҧPSUT �XIJMF�JO�UIF�*OEJBO�0DFBO�5TVOBNJ��NPSF�women than men died because they were less likely to know how to swim and their long clothing hampered their movement.

But being at risk includes other types of potential losses, such as losing livelihood assets, housing, health and wellbeing. Following the Peru earthquake (2007), the unemployment rate rose more sharply for women than men as key production and service industries which had employed them XFSF�BҧFDUFE �XIFSFBT�JO�SVSBM�"VTUSBMJB�SFQFBUFE� ҩPPEJOH� BOE� ESPVHIU� FWFOUT�are reported to be impacting more IFBWJMZ� PO� NFOȅT� NFOUBM� IFBMUI� BOE�suicide rates than on those of women. "� TUVEZ� PG� UIF� �� ҩPPET� JO� /FQBM�found that women in particular were BҧFDUFE�CZ�BOYJFUZ �TMFFQMFTTOFTT�BOE�feelings of helplessness as a result of their displacement and a loss of social networks they depend on.”

Extract from Towards Resilience: A (VJEF� UP�%33�BOE�$$"�ȁ�1BHF�� ECB Project, (2012)

��%(�&$)0�IBT�EFWFMPQFE�B�(FOEFS�1PMJDZ�BOE�B�(FOEFS�BOE�"HF�NBSLFS�UIBU�HJWF�B�OVNCFS�PG�PSJFOUBUJPOT �HVJEBODF�BOE�UJQT�GPS�B�HFOEFS��BOE�BHF��TFOTJUJWF�%JTBTUFS�3JTL�3FEVDUJPO�

�� 4VSWJWBM� TFY� JO� )BJUJ� *%1� $BNQTȅ� �� IUUQ��XXX�IBQJOUFSOBUJPOBM�PSH�OFXT�TUPSZ�aspx?id=251

PGQI�PCBSARGML��!MKKSLGRW�PCQGJGCLAC�?LB�AMKKSLGRW�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�A?LLMR�@C�?AFGCTCB�successfully if the gender roles and dynamics are not taken into account. Gender issues are to be considered when conducting a risk analysis.

�EC�GQ�?�K?HMP�D?ARMP�GLȐSCLAGLE�TSJLCP?@GJGRW�RM�BGQ?QRCPQ��2FC�CȎCARGTC�N?PRGAGN?RGML�of older people and children34�A?L�CLQSPC�RF?R� JGDC�Q?TGLE�?ARGMLQ�?PC�BCQGELCB�?LB�GKNJCKCLRCB�RM�GLAJSBC�RFC�QNCAGȏA�LCCBQ�MD�RFC�BGȎCPCLR�?EC�EPMSNQ�

��LSK@CP�MD�GLGRG?RGTCQ�DPMK�?�PGEFRQ�@?QCB�?NNPM?AF�RM�"GQ?QRCP�0GQI�0CBSARGML�F?TC�highlighted the role of children as agents of change, including disaster preparedness GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� JCB� @W� ?LB� DMP� AFGJBPCL�� 2FGQ� GLAJSBCQ� ?ARGTGRGCQ� QSAF� ?Q� UMPIGLE� UGRF�+GLGQRPGCQ�MD�#BSA?RGML�?LB�L?RGML?J�"00�?ECLAGCQ�RM�BCTCJMN�QAFMMJ�Q?DCRW�K?LS?JQ�and to include DRR in the education curriculum.

Traditional knowledge and the historical memory of the older people of the community K?W�@C�T?JS?@JC�QMSPAC�MD�ESGB?LAC�GL�BGQ?QRCP�PGQI�PCBSARGML�

+CL�UMKCL�?LB�AFGJBPCL�UGRF�BGQ?@GJGRGCQ�?PC�MȓCL�GLTGQG@JC�GL�"00�NPMACQQCQ��FMUCTCP�RFCW�F?TC�QNCAGȏA�TSJLCP?@GJGRGCQ�?LB�A?N?AGRGCQ�UFGAF�LCCB�R?IGLE�GLRM�?AAMSLR�UFCL�NJ?LLGLE�?LB�GKNJCKCLR?RGML�MD�GLRCPTCLRGML��*?AI�MD�?AACQQG@GJGRW�MD�BGQ?QRCP�PCJ?RCB�QCPTGACQ�QSAF�?Q�C?PJW�U?PLGLE�QWQRCKQ�QFCJRCPQ�?LB�FC?JRFA?PC�?PC�ICW�GQQSCQ�RM�@C�?BBPCQQCB��'LAPC?QGLE�RFC�TGQG@GJGRW�?LB�?ARGTC�N?PRGAGN?RGML�MD�NCPQMLQ�UGRF�BGQ?@GJGRGCQ�GL�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCAGQGML�K?IGLE�?R�AMKKSLGRW�JCTCJ�A?L�FCJN�RM�CLQSPC�?ARGTGRGCQ�?PC�KMPC�GLAJSQGTC�MD�RFCGP�LCCBQ�� SGJBGLE�RFC�A?N?AGRW�MD�BGQ?@JCB�NCMNJC�MPE?LGQ?RGMLQ�(DPOs) is also considered critical in supporting greater participation.


��4FF�Ȅ.JOJNVN�4UBOEBSET�GPS�$IJME�1SPUFDUJPO�JO�)VNBOJUBSJBO�"JEȅ�(MPCBM�1SPUFDUJPO�$MVTUFS�

$BTF�4UVEZ��"�TIFMUFS�ҨU�GPS�BMM �#BOHMBEFTI.E��5BKVM�*TMBN�JT��ZFBST�PME��)F�IBT�UIF�MFҬ�QBSU�PG�IJT�CPEZ�QBSBMZTFE�BOE�JT�MPPLFE�BҬFS�CZ�IJT�EBVHIUFS�in law, Royeka and son, Saifuddin. During the cyclone SIDR (2007), Saifuddin heard the warning signal over the radio and carried Tajul and his wife (also paralysed) to the cyclone shelter. Royeka said, “Taking them to the DZDMPOF�TIFMUFS�XBT�WFSZ�EJҪDVMU�BT�UIFSF�XBT�OP�SBNQ�in the cyclone shelter. Pathways inside the shelter were BMTP�CSPLFO��-PPLJOH�BҬFS�UIFN�JOTJEF�UIF�DZDMPOF�TIFMUFS�was also very challenging...” Because of this Saifuddin and Royeka hesitated to take their parents to the shelter.

With support from DG ECHO, Handicap International )*�VOEFS�JUT�QSPKFDU � Ȅ.BLF�DPNNVOJUZ�CBTFE�EJTBTUFS�SJTL�NBOBHFNFOU�JODMVTJWF�JO�4PVUI�"TJBȅ �TVQQPSUFE�BO�accessibility audit on this cyclone shelter in 2011. The ҨOEJOHT�DPOҨSNFE� UIBU� UIF�TIFMUFS�XBT�OPU�BDDFTTJCMF�for persons with disabilities. Based on this, HI and its local partner, in partnership with the Cyclone Shelter Management Committee, which includes persons with disabilities, made accessibility improvements. Those included removing obstructions to the entrance and CVJMEJOH�B�SBNQ�VQ�UP�UIF�HSPVOE�ҩPPS �XJEFOJOH�QBUIXBZT�to the bathroom and toilets as well as making the surface rougher to reduce slippage, among other improvements.

Local masons were trained to do the accessibility works, thus retaining the skills in the community.

Measures such as mock drills and visits by local authorities and persons with disabilities have increased awareness of the improvements and CVJMU� DPOҨEFODF� JO� VTJOH� UIF� TIFMUFS�� *O� �� UIF�Government of Bangladesh approved a new cyclone shelter management and maintenance policy, which made it mandatory for all new cyclone shelters to incorporate a ramp. The government of Bangladesh collaborated with HI and other DIPECHO partners to develop minimum accessibility standards for this new policy, while exposure visits and training increased their understanding of vulnerability issues.

Regarding the recent changes Royeka said, “It will be much easier to take him to the cyclone shelter with the wheelchair and take care of him there. I will not wait till the last moment now as the ramp, comfortable toilets, water, and stretcher blankets are available in the cyclone shelter.”

5IJT� DBTF�TUVEZ� JMMVTUSBUFT� IPX�HPPE� QSBDUJDF� DBO� CF�EFWFMPQFE�BU�MPDBM�MFWFM�BOE �UISPVHI�DP�PQFSBUJPO�XJUI�government, adopted at scale.

��"00� �"GQ?QRCP�.PCN?PCBLCQQ�1S@�1CARMPQ

~"GQ?QRCP�0GQI�0CBSARGML� �"GQ?QRCP�.PCN?PCBLCQQ��GQ�MLC�MD�RFC�RUCJTC�QCARMPQ�PCAMELGQCB�@W�"%�#!&-��2FGQ�QCARMP�GQ�BGTGBCB�GLRM�QCTCL�QS@�QCARMPQ�b�*MA?J�BGQ?QRCP�K?L?ECKCLR�AMKNMLCLRQb�'LQRGRSRGML?J�JGLI?ECQ�?LB�?BTMA?AW�b Information, education, communicationb�1K?JJ�QA?JC�GLDP?QRPSARSPC�?LB�QCPTGACQb Constituting stocks of emergency and relief items b�*GTCJGFMMBQ�?LB�CAMLMKGA�?QQCRQ�NPMRCARGMLb Other

"%� #!&-� PCAMELGQCQ� RF?R� K?LW� MD� RFC� ?ARGTGRGCQ� RF?R� DMJJMU� UMSJB� @C� AMLQGBCPCB�~BCTCJMNKCLR�?ARGMLQ��?LB�UGJJ�MLJW�CLE?EC�GL�RFCQC�?ARGTGRGCQ�SLBCP�AMLBGRGMLQ�QCR�@W�the Humanitarian Implementation Plan and operational guidance.

�ȓCP�?�BGQ?QRCP�RFCPC�GQ�JGICJW�RM�@C�GLAPC?QCB�AMLACPL�?@MSR�BGQ?QRCPQ�GLRCPCQR�GL�PGQI�PCBSARGML�KC?QSPCQ�?LB�NMRCLRG?J�?T?GJ?@GJGRW�MD�ȏL?LAG?J�PCQMSPACQ�DMP�QSAF�?ARGMLQ��2FGQ�K?W�NPCQCLR�?L�GKNMPR?LR�MNNMPRSLGRW�RM�GLRPMBSAC�MP�PCTGQGR�NP?ARGACQ�MP�KC?QSPCQ�that can help reduce future risk.

'L�RFC�DMJJMUGLE�QCARGMLQ�@PGCD�CVNJ?L?RGMLQ�?LB�CV?KNJCQ�?PC�NPMTGBCB�DMP�C?AF�MD�RFC�sub-sectors.

��*MA?J�"GQ?QRCP�+?L?ECKCLR�Components

Local Capacity Building /Training*MA?J�A?N?AGRW�@SGJBGLE�?LB�RP?GLGLE�PCDCPQ�RM�measures linked to strengthening the abilities of the community and stakeholders present ?R� RFC� JMA?J� JCTCJ� RM�@CRRCP�NPCN?PC�KGRGE?RC�and respond to natural hazards. The approach reinforces the people-centred principle of DG ECHO’s action. Such measures seek to

promote greater inclusion and consideration of groups at particular risk including women, children, older people, people with disabilities and other marginalised groups. �ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b Strengthening of systems and mechanisms for inclusion and participation in risk EMTCPL?LAC�?R�RFC�JMA?J�JCTCJ�

b Community mobilisation promoting inclusion of women, children, older people and NCMNJC�UGRF�BGQ?@GJGRGCQ�AMTCPGLE�GQQSCQ�QSAF�?Q�N?PRGAGN?RMPW�CJ?@MP?RGML�MD�JMA?J�BGQ?QRCP�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�QRP?RCEGCQ�?LB�AMLRGLECLAW�NJ?LQ�

b Coordination with (sub)national disaster management authorities and systems, ?LB�@SGJBGLE�?JJG?LACQ�DMP�"00�

b Promoting the piloting and replication of good practices in DRR, including for CV?KNJC�QSNNMPRGLE�RFC�MPE?LGQ?RGML�?LB�RP?GLGLE�MD�JMA?J�CKCPECLAW�AMKKGRRCCQ @PGE?BCQ�

b� 2P?GLGLE� MD� 0CB�!PMQQ� ?LB�0CB�!PCQACLR� TMJSLRCCPQ� AMKKSLGRW� D?AGJGR?RMPQ� ?LB�KM@GJGQCPQ�


“ "ҬFS�B�EJTBTUFS �UIFSF�JT�MJLFMZ�UP�be increased concern about disasters, interest in risk reduction measures, BOE�QPUFOUJBM�BWBJMBCJMJUZ�PG�ҨOBODJBM�resources for such actions.

b� #QR?@JGQFGLE 2P?GLGLE�MD�!GTGJ�"CDCLAC .PMRCARGML�3LGRQ�b� 2P?GLGLE�MD�KCBGA?J�QR?Ȏ�GL�K?QQ�A?QS?JRW�K?L?ECKCLR�b� 2P?GLGLE�KCK@CPQ�MD�RFC�AMKKSLGRW�ML�Q?DC�AMNGLE�KCAF?LGQKQ�ȏPQR�?GB�QC?PAF�

and rescue, and damage assessments and needs analysis.b� "CQGEL�GKNJCKCLR�?LB�CT?JS?RC�QGKSJ?RGML�CVCPAGQCQ�?R�RFC�JMA?J�JCTCJ�

Early Warning SystemsEarly Warning Systems (or EWS) are: “the set of capacities needed to generate and BGQQCKGL?RC� RGKCJW� ?LB� KC?LGLEDSJ� U?PLGLE� GLDMPK?RGML� RM� CL?@JC� GLBGTGBS?JQ�communities and organizations threatened by a hazard to prepare and to act ?NNPMNPG?RCJW�?LB�GL�QSȑAGCLR�RGKC�RM�PCBSAC�RFC�NMQQG@GJGRW�MD�F?PK�MP�JMQQ}��NCMNJC�ACLRPCB�C?PJW�U?PLGLE�QWQRCK�AMKNPGQCQ�DMSP�ICW�CJCKCLRQ��ILMUJCBEC�MD�RFC�PGQIQ��KMLGRMPGLE�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�DMPCA?QRGLE�MD�RFC�F?X?PBQ��AMKKSLGA?RGML�MP�BGQQCKGL?RGML�MD� ?JCPRQ� ?LB�U?PLGLEQ�� ?LB� JMA?J� A?N?@GJGRGCQ� RM� PCQNMLB� RM� RFC�U?PLGLEQ� PCACGTCB��ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b� 0CTGTGLE�?LB MP�QRPCLERFCLGLE�MD�RP?BGRGML?J�CVGQRGLE�JMA?J�ILMUJCBEC�MD�#51�b� 2CAFLGA?J�QRSBGCQ�AMLBSARCB�QNCAGȏA?JJW�RM�QCR�SN�?L�#51��C�E��FWBPMJMEGA?J�QRSBW��b� +MLGRMPGLE�QWQRCKQ��C�E��GLQR?JJ?RGML�MD�P?GL�E?SECQ��b� 1SNNMPR�RM�?JCPR�QCPTGACQ�GLAJSBGLE�RP?GLGLE�MD�#51�MNCP?RMPQ�b� !MKKSLGA?RGML�LCRUMPI��C�E��GLQR?JJ?RGML�MD�P?BGM�LCRUMPIQ��b� 1GKSJ?RGML�CVCPAGQCQ�b� 0CEGML?J�?LB�L?RGML?J�CVAF?LECQ�MD�#51�RCAFLGA?J�CVNCPRGQC�

Mapping and data computerization2FGQ�AMKNPGQCQ�?�P?LEC�MD�?ARGTGRGCQ�JGLICB�RM�K?NNGLE�?LB�K?L?EGLE�PCJCT?LR�B?R?�DMP�RFC�NSPNMQCQ�MD�PGQI�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�BCAGQGML�K?IGLE��ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b� "?R?�AMJJCARGML�QSPTCWQ�DMP�PGQI�K?NNGLE�NSPNMQCQ�b Community risk mapping and Geographical Information Systems (GIS), including .?PRGAGN?RMPW��"GKCLQGML?J�+MBCJJGLE��QA?JC�KMBCJ��

b� +?NNGLE�CT?AS?RGML�PMSRCQ�ML�KSP?JQ�?LB�QGEL@M?PBQ NMQRCPQ�TGQG@JC�DMP�?JJ�b Printing, distribution, dissemination of collected data/maps.

��'LQRGRSRGML?J�*GLI?ECQ�?LB��BTMA?AW

�BTMA?AW� GQ�?�NPMACQQ�RF?R�?GKQ�RM� GLȐSCLAC�NCMNJC�NMJGAGCQ�QWQRCKQ�?LB�PCQMSPAC�?JJMA?RGML�BCAGQGMLQ�GL�MPBCP�RM�@PGLE�?@MSR�AF?LEC��2FGQ�QRP?RCEW�K?W�QCCI�RM�GLȐSCLAC�?�P?LEC�MD�?SBGCLACQ� GLAJSBGLE�EMTCPLKCLR�BMLMPQ�AGTGJ�QMAGCRW�NPGT?RC�QCARMP� RFC�media, etc. Institutional strengthening refers to measures seeking to strengthen the ?@GJGRGCQ�MD�ICW�GLQRGRSRGMLQ�GL�"00��2FGQ�K?W�GLTMJTC�QSNNMPRGLE�CȎMPRQ�RM�QRPCLERFCL�RFC�JGLI?ECQ�@CRUCCL�AMKKSLGRGCQ�?LB�RFC�PCJCT?LR�GLQRGRSRGMLQ��ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b� .PMKMRGLE�"00�GLRCEP?RGML�GLRM�BCTCJMNKCLR�NJ?LLGLE�?LB�@SBECRGLE�b� �BTMA?RGLE�RM�ICW�BGQ?QRCP�K?L?ECKCLR�BSRW�@C?PCPQ�DMP�RFC�GLRCEP?RGML�MD�"00�GLRM�PCESJ?P�NJ?LLGLE�

b� 2P?GLGLE�MD�BCAGQGML�K?ICPQ�?R�BGȎCPCLR� JCTCJQ�ML�BGQ?QRCP�NPCN?PCBLCQQ �PGQI�PCBSARGML�

b Training and information materials on DRR for local authorities, health care centres, ?LB�MRFCP�PCJCT?LR�GLQRGRSRGMLQ��

b� �BTMA?RGLE� RM� RFC� +GLGQRPW� MD� #BSA?RGML� DMP� RFC� GLRCEP?RGML� MD� "00� GLRM�curricula/ teacher training.


Coordination and multi-stakeholder dialogue ?PC� CQQCLRG?J� DMP� CȎCARGTC� "00� ?LB� PCQNMLQC��ARGTGRGCQ�RM�D?AGJGR?RC�AMMPBGL?RGML�K?W�GLAJSBC�b Supporting inter-institutional fora/KCCRGLEQ KCAF?LGQKQ�

b Working with sectoral groups and Clusters ML�AMMPBGL?RGML�

b Setting up or strengthening platforms, networks and other AMMPBGL?RGML�EPMSNQ�DPMK�PCEGML?J�RM�JMA?J�JCTCJ�

b�0CEGML?J�AMMNCP?RGML�CVAF?LEC�MD�CVNCPRQ�?LB�NCCPQ�?LB�NPMKMRGML�MD�"00�LCRUMPIGLE��

b Standardization of IEC materials and operating protocols.

��'LDMPK?RGML�#BSA?RGML�!MKKSLGA?RGML�

In DRR, public awareness seeks to encourage a culture of Q?DCRW��ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b Community-led awareness campaigns (e.g. theatre, AMKKSLGRW�P?BGM�N?PRGAGN?RMPW�TGBCM��

b� "CTCJMNKCLR� MD� ?U?PCLCQQ� K?RCPG?JQ�� JC?ȐCRQ� NMQRCPQ�@GJJ@M?PBQ� @PMAFSPCQ� P?BGM� QNMRQ� � NS@JGA� QCPTGAC�?LLMSLACKCLRQ�

b� 'LTMJTGLE� RFC� KCBG?� C�E�� 24� ?PRGAJCQ� NS@JGQFCB� GL�LCUQN?NCPQ�?LB�K?E?XGLCQ�

b Peer-to-peer awareness, conferences, seminars, QWKNMQGSKQ�CVFG@GRGMLQ�UMPIQFMNQ�

b�2P?GLGLE�UMPIQFMNQ�DMP�RFC�KCBG? HMSPL?JGQRQ�

'L�RFGQ�AMLRCVR�CBSA?RGML�GQ�RM�@C�SLBCPQRMMB�@PM?BJW�?Q�RFC�K?LW�DMPKQ�MD�DMPK?J��RFPMSEF�QAFMMJQ�?LB�SLGTCPQGRGCQ��?LB�LML�DMPK?J� RP?LQKGQQGML� MD� ILMUJCBEC� QIGJJQ� CVNCPGCLAC�and engagement of groups of people, including the use of KCBG?�?U?PCLCQQ�A?KN?GELQ�QNCAG?J�CTCLRQ�CRA��ARGTGRGCQ�may include:b Designing and producing of training materials for school AFGJBPCL�?LB�RC?AFCPQ�

b� 2P?GLGLE�MD�RC?AFCPQ�?LB�NSNGJQ�b� #KCPECLAW�NJ?LLGLE�?R�QAFMMJ�JCTCJ�b� !MLBSARGLE�QGKSJ?RGMLQ�?R�QAFMMJ�JCTCJ�?LB�#51�?R�QAFMMJ�JCTCJ�

b� #BSA?RGML� MD� QRSBCLRQ� ML� @?QGA� QCPTGACQ� GL� CKCPECLAW�QGRS?RGMLQ��

b� "CTCJMNGLE� ?� |ASJRSPC� MD� NPCTCLRGML}� DMP� WMSRF� ?LB�AFGJBPCL�GLAJSBGLE�CVRP?�ASPPGASJ?P�?ARGTGRGCQ�

b� .J?LLGLE� DMP� AMLRGLSGRW� GL� CBSA?RGML� GL� RFC� CTCLR� MD�CKCPECLAGCQ�

"%� #!&-� PCAMELGQCQ� RF?R� !FGJB�ACLRPCB� "00� PCOSGPCQ�focusing on the specific risks faced by children, as well ?Q� GLTMJTGLE� AFGJBPCL� GL� CDDMPRQ� ?LB� GLGRG?RGTCQ� RM� PCBSAC�


“ Advocacy is a process that aims UP�JOҩVFODF�QFPQMF �QPMJDJFT �TZTUFNT�and resource allocation decisions in order to bring about change.

$BTF�4UVEZ��1VCMJD� Private Partnerships, Peru

In Peru, the level of exposure to high magnitude disasters would require a major deployment of logistic resources, most of which belong to private companies. As part of the DIPECHO programme, WFP has promoted an agreement between the main private companies, which are present in the areas exposed to seismic events, and the National Institute of Civil Defense. With the agreement signed, several of these companies engage in the humanitarian coordination mechanisms and commit to lend their storage and transport faci�lities to the humanitarian response in case of a major event.


BGQ?QRCP�PGQI��2FC�'#!�RMMJQ�QFMSJB�@C�GLAJSQGTC�RM�ES?P?LRCC�RF?R�RFC�GLDMPK?RGML�is accessible for all.

��1K?JJ�1A?JC�'LDP?QRPSARSPC�?LB�1CPTGACQ

This sub-sector includes small-scale infrastructure works common to many "'.#!&-�NPMHCARQ�?Q�UCJJ�?Q�QK?JJ�GLQR?JJ?RGMLQ�DMP�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�?LB�CKCPECLAW�PCQNMLQC�D?AGJGRGCQ��'R�K?W�?JQM�AMTCP�Q?DCES?PBGLE�APGRGA?J�D?AGJGRGCQ�?LB�QCPTGACQ�such as communications and energy/electricity from disasters.

1SAF� UMPIQ� UGJJ� @C� AMLQGBCPCB� MLJW� DMP� BCKMLQRP?RGTC� NSPNMQCQ� ?LB� ?JU?WQ�complementary to other disaster preparedness measures. They should be the result MD�?L�?NNPMNPG?RC�PGQI�?L?JWQGQ�KCRFMBMJMEW�@C�?ȎMPB?@JC�?LB�C?QGJW�PCNJGA?@JC�GL�LCGEF@MSPGLE�?PC?Q�?LB�UFCL�PCJCT?LR� GL�RFC�AMSLRPW PCEGML��1SQR?GL?@JC�?ARGMLQ�?LB�K?GLRCL?LAC�QAFCKCQ�QFMSJB�@C�?L�GLRCEP?J�N?PR�MD�?LW�GLRCPTCLRGML��

#?AF�NPMHCAR�QFMSJB�@C�BCQGELCB�@W�?L�?NNPMNPG?RC�NPMDCQQGML?J��ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b� SGJBGLE�NPMRCARGML�U?JJQ�?JMLE�PGTCP�@?LIQ�UGRF�AMKKSLGRW�N?PRGAGN?RGML��b� 1K?JJ�QA?JC�BP?GL?EC�?LB�GPPGE?RGML�UMPIQ�b� .PCTCLRGTC�?ARGML�?E?GLQR�QMGJ�CPMQGML�b� 0CGLDMPAGLE�PM?BQ�?LB�@PGBECQ�b� 1RPSARSP?J�KGRGE?RGML�GL�|Q?DC�NJ?ACQ}�GBCLRGȏCB�GL�CKCPECLAW�NJ?LQ�b Construction of emergency response facilities, including emergency coordination ACLRPCQ�?LB�CKCPECLAW�U?PCFMSQGLE�

b� 1CRRGLE�SN�MP�PCF?@GJGR?RGML�MD�CT?AS?RGML�QFCJRCPQ�?LB�PMSRCQ�b� "CKMLQRP?RGML� NPMHCARQ� CQNCAG?JJW� ML� Q?DCP� AMLQRPSARGML� DMP� NPMKMRGML�UGRF�

professionals and the community.

��!MLQRGRSRGLE�1RMAIQ�MD�#KCPECLAW�?LB�0CJGCD�'RCKQ

2FGQ� GLTMJTCQ� @SGJBGLE� SN� QRMAIQ� MD� CKCPECLAW� PCJGCD� GRCKQ� R?PECRGLE� RFC�reinforcement of the response capacity of local actors and institutions in disaster-NPMLC�?PC?Q��#KCPECLAW�IGRQ�?PC�RM�@C�QCV ?EC BGQ?@GJGRW�?LB�ASJRSP?JJW�?NNPMNPG?RC��ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b� 3NEP?BGLE�MP�PCLMT?RGML�MD�QRMP?EC�D?AGJGRGCQ�b� .PC�NMQGRGMLGLE�MD�QRMAIQ��IGRQ�U?RCP�RPC?RKCLR�NPMBSARQ��b� .PC�NMQGRGMLGLE�MD�COSGNKCLR��U?RCP�RPC?RKCLR�SLGR�R?LIQ�RMMJQ��b Training for stock management and monitoring the distribution process.

��*GTCJGFMMB�?LB�#AMLMKGA��QQCRQ�.PMRCARGML

*GTCJGFMMB� NPMRCARGML� GLTMJTCQ� NPMRCARGLE�FMSQCFMJB�JGTCJGFMMB�QWQRCKQ�RM�NPCTCLR�?L�CPMQGML�MD�NPMBSARGTC�?QQCRQ�MP� RM�?QQGQR� GL�RFCGP�PCAMTCPW��'R�QFMSJB�PCBSAC�TSJLCP?@GJGRW�resulting from the forced selling of NPMBSARGTC� ?QQCRQ� RM�KCCR� GKKCBG?RC� DMMB�and other needs. Well-designed and timely GLRCPTCLRGML�GL�RFGQ�?PC?�K?W�FCJN�PCBSAC�RFC�impact of and considerably reduce the costs of dealing with a full-blown emergency.

“ Livelihood protection involves protecting household livelihood

systems to prevent an erosion of productive assets or to assist in

their recovery.

"%�#!&-�PCAMELGQCQ�RF?R�JGTCJGFMMB�NPMRCARGML�GQ�?�BCTCJMNKCLR�?ARGML�?LB�UGJJ�MLJW�CLE?EC�GL�RFCQC�?ARGTGRGCQ�UFCL�RFCPC�GQ�EMMB�CTGBCLAC�RF?R�RFCW�UGJJ�F?TC�?L�GKN?AR�ML�?L�GKNCLBGLE�FSK?LGR?PG?L�BGQ?QRCP�� C?PGLE�RFGQ�GL�KGLB�?ARGTGRGCQ�K?W�GLAJSBC�b� �QQCQQGLE�PGQIQ�RM�JGTCJGFMMB�GL�PCJ?RGML�RM�BGȎCPCLR�IGLB�MD�F?X?PBQ�b� #J?@MP?RGLE�NJ?LQ�DMP�JGTCJGFMMB�NPMRCARGML�?LB�PCAMTCPW�b� 1RPCLERFCLGLE� ILMUJCBEC� A?N?AGRGCQ� QIGJJQ� CVNCPGCLACQ� ?LB� JGLI?ECQ� RM� NPMRCAR�NPCQCPTC�?LB�CLPGAF�AMKKSLGRW�JGTCJGFMMBQ��

b Promoting resilient farming practices and inputs (e.g. use of drought resistant seeds ?LB�APMNQ�QFMPR�AWAJC�ASJRGT?RGML�JGTCQRMAI�T?AAGL?RGML�?B?NR?RGML�MD�?EPGASJRSPC�A?JCLB?PQ� RM� AJGK?RC� AF?LEC�QACL?PGMQ� CȑAGCLR� GPPGE?RGML� GKNPMTCKCLR�MD� DMMB�RP?LQDMPK?RGML�AMLQCPT?RGML�?LB�QRMAIGLE�CRA��

b� 0SLLGLE�BCKMLQRP?RGML�?ARGMLQ�DMP�RFC�NPMRCARGML�MD�JGTCJGFMMBQ�?LB�?QQCRQ�b� 'KNPMTGLE� GLDP?QRPSARSPC� MP� QSNNMPRGLE� QMGJ� ?LB� U?RCP� AMLQCPT?RGML� KC?QSPCQ�A?PPGCB�MSR�RFPMSEF�DMMB��MP�A?QF�DMP�UMPI�MP�QMKC�MRFCP�KC?LQ�

b Reforesting and repairing of water catchments.b� 1SNNMPRGLE� RFC� BCTCJMNKCLR� MD� D?KGJW� "00� NJ?LQ� GLAMPNMP?RGLE� NPMRCARGML� MD�JGTCJGFMMBQ�BSPGLE�CKCPECLAGCQ�

��"00�GL�BGȎCPCLR�AMLRCVRQ

"%�#!&-�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?QQGQR?LAC�R?ICQ�NJ?AC�GL�?�KSJRGRSBC�MD�AMLRCVRQ�DPMK�L?RSP?J�RM�K?L�K?BC�BGQ?QRCPQ�?LB�DMPEMRRCL�APGQGQ��2FC�DMJJMUGLE�NPMTGBCQ�"00�AMLQGBCP?RGMLQ�DMP�RFPCC�RWNCQ�MD�QCRRGLEQ�RF?R�NPCQCLR�?�QNCAGȏA�QCR�MD�AF?JJCLECQ�DMP�NPMEP?KKGLE��?��QJMU�MLQCR�F?X?PBQ��@��SP@?L�AMLRCVRQ��?LB�@��AMKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ�

��"00�GL�QJMU�MLQCR�F?X?PBQ

1JMU�MLQCR�F?X?PBQ� PCDCP� RM�NMRCLRG?JJW�BGQ?QRPMSQ�CTCLRQ� RF?R�BM�LMR�CKCPEC�DPMK�?�QGLEJC�BGQRGLAR�CTCLR��DMP�CV?KNJC�C?PRFOS?IC�AWAJMLC�MP�ȐMMB��@SR�RF?R�K?LGDCQR�RFCKQCJTCQ�EP?BS?JJW�MTCP�RGKC��QCTCP?J�KMLRFQ�MP�WC?PQ��KMQR�MȓCL�?Q�?�PCQSJR�MD�?�QCR�MD�D?ARMPQ��2FCGP�QJMU�MLQCR�L?RSPC�NPCQCLRQ�QGELGȏA?LR�AF?JJCLECQ�DMP�?�QR?LB?PB�FSK?LGR?PG?L�PCQNMLQC�z�FMU�K?LW�NCMNJC�KSQR�BGC�MP�@C�QCTCPCJW�?ȎCARCB�@CDMPC�?�K?HMP� PCQNMLQC� GQ� RPGEECPCB��-L� RFC� MRFCP� F?LB� RFC� QJMU� MLQCR� L?RSPC� NPMTGBCQ�?L� MNNMPRSLGRW� DMP� "00� GL� C?PJW� PCQNMLQC� ?LB� GKNJCKCLRGLE�KC?QSPCQ� RM� ?TMGB� ?�catastrophic outcome.

"PMSEFR�GQ�MLC�MD�RFC�KMQR�GKNMPR?LR�MD�RFC�QJMU�MLQCR�F?X?PBQ��-RFCP�CV?KNJCQ�?PC��BCQCPRGȏA?RGML� CLTGPMLKCLR?J� BCEP?B?RGML� U?RCPJMEEGLE� NMJJSRGML� AJGK?RC� AF?LEC�CȎCARQ��QC?�JCTCJ�PGQC�?LB�T?PG?RGMLQ�GL�RCKNCP?RSPCQ�?LB�P?GLD?JJ��?LB�GLQCAR�GLDCQR?RGML�

2FC�K?GL�JGLCQ�MD�?ARGML�DMP�"%�#!&-�GL�RFC�AMLRCVR�MD�QJMU�MLQCR�BGQ?QRCPQ�?PC�b� *GDC�Q?TGLE�FSK?LGR?PG?L� PCQNMLQC� RFPMSEF�QCARMP�?ARGMLQ� �G�C��,SRPGRGML�&C?JRF�5�1&�$MMB��QQGQR?LAC�.PMRCARGML��CLQSPGLE�RF?R�RFCQC�?PC�DSJJW�PGQI�GLDMPKCB�

b� 1RPCLERFCLGLE�FSK?LGR?PG?L�QR?ICFMJBCPQ��CKCPECLAW�NPCN?PCBLCQQ��b� 1SNNMPRGLE�PCAMTCPW�RFPMSEF�NPMRCARGML�MD�JGTCJGFMMBQ�b� 1SNNMPRGLE� AMKKSLGRW�@?QCB� NPCN?PCBLCQQ� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� GLAJSBGLE� QK?JJ�QA?JC�?LB�GLLMT?RGTC�?ARGMLQ�DMP�PCNJGA?RGML�NSPNMQCQ�?LB�@SGJBGLE�CTGBCLAC�MD�QSAACQQDSJ�?ARGMLQ�

b� .PMTGBGLE�RCAFLGA?J�QSNNMPR�BGQQCKGL?RGML�MD�EMMB�NP?ARGAC�?U?PCLCQQ�P?GQGLE�?LB�?BTMA?AW�


'L� RFC� A?QC�MD�BPMSEFR� ?� AMK@GL?RGML�MD� D?ARMPQ� GLAJSBGLE� APMN� D?GJSPC�?LB� QCTCPC�water and food shortages, will determine whether it results in a disaster. The causes ?PC�MȓCL�AMKNJCV�?LB�GLAJSBC�NMJGRGA?J�CAMLMKGA�?LB�QMAG?J�D?ARMPQ��!MLȐGAR�?LB MP�GLQCASPGRW�K?W�UMPQCL�?L�?JPC?BW�DMMB�GLQCASPC�AMLRCVR��NNPM?AFCQ�RM�KGRGE?RGLE�RFC�GKN?AR�MD�BPMSEFR�?PC�UCJJ�BMASKCLRCB��2FC�K?GL�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�UGJJ�DMASQ�ML�?�P?LEC�of strategies to cope with food insecurity and famine, and bolster greater resilience of communities, such as:b� +MLGRMPGLE�BPMSEFR�?LB�TSJLCP?@GJGRW�b� 1SNNMPRGLE�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�NJ?LLGLE�?LB�AMLRGLECLAW�NJ?LLGLE�35

b� .PMRCARGLE�DMMB�NPMBSARGML�?LB�JGTCJGFMMBQ��GLAJSBGLE�ICW�?QQCRQ��b� .PCQCPTGLE�DMMB��DMP�CV?KNJC�RFPMSEF�CQR?@JGQFGLE�QCCB�?LB�DMMB�QRMP?EC @?LIQ��b� 2?PECRCB�DMMB�?QQGQR?LAC�b� 2PC?R�NMAICRQ�MD�?ASRC�SLBCPLSRPGRGML�b� 1?DCES?PBGLE�?LB�NPCQCPTGLE�U?RCP�QSNNJGCQ�b� .PCQCPTGLE�JGTCQRMAI�UFCL�RFGQ�GQ�RFC�K?GL�JGTCJGFMMB�MNRGML�b� 1CCIGLE�RM�JGKGR�RFC�JGICJGFMMB�MD�DSRSPC�BGQ?QRCP�RFPMSEF�JMLECP�RCPK�GLGRG?RGTCQ�

'BCLRGDWGLE�RFC�APGRGA?J�QR?EC�UFCL�RM� GLRCPTCLC�BSPGLE�?�QJMU�MLQCR�F?X?PB�K?W�@C�AF?JJCLEGLE�� !JMQC� AMMNCP?RGML AMMPBGL?RGML� UGRF� CVGQRGLE� C?PJW� U?PLGLE� QWQRCKQ� GQ�CQQCLRG?J�RM�?EPCC�ML�RFC�ICW�~RPGEECPQ��DMP�C?PJW�?ARGML��2FC�BPMSEFR�AWAJC�K?L?ECKCLR�?NNPM?AF�QSNNMPRCB�GL�RFC�&MPL�MD��DPGA?�F?Q�NPMTGBCB�T?JS?@JC�JCQQMLQ�GL�PCQNCAR�RM�RFC�NPGLAGNJC�MD�~BMGLE�RFC�PGEFR�RFGLE�?R�RFC�PGEFR�RGKC��

��"00�GL�SP@?L�AMLRCVRQ

Accelerated urbanisation is taking place in BGȎCPCLR�N?PRQ�MD�RFC�UMPJB�UGRF�KMPC�RF?L�F?JD�MD� RFC�UMPJB�Q�NMNSJ?RGML�LMU� JGTGLE� GL�SP@?L�?PC?Q��2FGQ�SNU?PB�RPCLB�GQ�CVNCARCB�RM�continue. This urban growth is accompanied @W� ?� FGEF� BCEPCC� MD� TSJLCP?@GJGRW� MD� KSAF�of the urban population, due to informal settlement patterns, limited access to land ?LB�QCASPGRW�MD�RCLSPC�?LB�NMMP�MP�LML�CVGQRCLR�SP@?L�GLDP?QRPSARSPCQ��!MLQCOSCLRJW�GR�GQ�JGICJW�RF?R�RFCPC�UGJJ�@C�?L�GLAPC?QGLE�PCOSGPCKCLR�DMP�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�?LB�?L�?QQMAG?RCB�PCOSGPCKCLR�DMP�"00�GL�SP@?L�AMLRCVRQ��

.P?ARGAC�F?Q�QFMUL�RF?R�SP@?L�ASJRSPC�BCK?LBQ�QNCAGȏA�?NNPM?AFCQ�RF?R�MȓCL�BM�LMR�AMPPCQNMLB�RM�KCRFMBMJMEGCQ�?LB�RMMJQ�RF?R�F?TC�NPMTCL�CȑAGCLR�GL�PSP?J�MP�QCKG�SP@?L�AMLRCVRQ��JRFMSEF�QMKC�MD�RFC�RMMJQ�?NNPM?AFCQ�NMJGAGCQ�?LB�NP?ARGACQ�F?TC�?JPC?BW�@CCL�?B?NRCB�DPMK�PSP?J�RM�SP@?L�?PC?Q�RFCGP�QA?JGLE�SN�?LB�RFC�BCTCJMNKCLR�MD�LCU�RMMJQ�RM�ȏJJ�E?NQ� GQ�?JQM�CQQCLRG?J� RM�CLF?LAC�RFC� GKN?AR�?LB�CȑAGCLAW�MD�FSK?LGR?PG?L�?QQGQR?LAC�GL�SP@?L�?PC?Q�?LB�PC?AF�RFC�KMQR�TSJLCP?@JC��

2FC� DMJJMUGLE�?PC�CV?KNJCQ�MD�FMU�"%�#!&-�K?W�QSNNMPR� PGQI� PCBSARGML� GL� RFC�SP@?L�AMLRCVR�b� .PMKMRGLE�AGRGXCL�N?PRGAGN?RGML�?LB�JMA?J�MPE?LGQ?RGMLQ�?BBPCQQGLE�BGQ?QRCP�PGQI�b� �BTMA?RGLE�UGRF� JMA?J�BCAGQGML�K?ICPQ� DMP� PGQI� GLDMPKCB� JMA?J�NJ?LLGLE�?LB�@SBECRGLE�


��0$)"�ȁ�1PMJDZ�%FWFMPQNFOU�BOE�4UVEJFT�#SBODI�ȁ�1PMJDZ�#SJFҨOH�4FSJFT�/P��0$)"�BOE�4MPX�0OTFU�FNFSHFODJFT

“ Practice has shown that urban DVMUVSF�EFNBOET�TQFDJҨD�BQQSPBDIFT�UIBU�PҬFO�EP�OPU�DPSSFTQPOE�UP�NFUIPEPMPHJFT�

BOE�UPPMT�UIBU�IBWF�QSPWFO�FҪDJFOU�JO�SVSBM�PS�TFNJ�VSCBO�DPOUFYUT��

b� !MLBSARGLE�MP�SNB?RGLE�SP@?L�PGQI�?QQCQQKCLRQ�?LB�BGQQCKGL?RGLE�ȏLBGLEQ�RM�RFC�NS@JGA�

b Assessing the safety of school and health facilities and supporting upgrading UFCPC�LCCBCB�

b� 1SNNMPRGLE�QK?JJ�QA?JC�KGRGE?RGML�UMPIQ�QSAF�?Q�GKNPMTGLE�ȐMMB�BP?GL?EC�?LB�NPMTGBGLE�CT?AS?RGML�QFCJRCPQ�

b Promoting local awareness and disaster risk reduction in education NPMEP?KKCQ�

b Strengthening early warning systems and emergency management A?N?AGRGCQ�

b� !MLRGLECLAW�NJ?LLGLE�?LB�QGKSJ?RGML�CVCPAGQCQ�GLTMJTGLE�?JJ�QR?ICFMJBCPQ�

"%�#!&-� GQ�QSNNMPRGLE�RFC�EJM@?J�A?KN?GEL�|+?IGLE�!GRGCQ�0CQGJGCLR�� ~+W�!GRW�is getting ready!’”, by boosting the signing up of more local and national EMTCPLKCLRQ�RM�?NNJW�RFC�RCL�CQQCLRG?J�?ARGMLQ�AFCAIJGQR�AGRW�RM�AGRW�JC?PLGLE�NPMBSAGLE�ESGBCJGLCQ�?LB� RP?GLGLEQ� ?LB�?NNJWGLE� RFC�*MA?J�%MTCPLKCLR�1CJD��QQCQQKCLR�2MMJ��*%�1�2��

��"00�GL�AMKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ

!MKNJCV� CKCPECLAGCQ� ?PC� JGLICB� RM� ?� P?LEC� MD� F?X?PBQ� GLAJSBGLE� ?PKCB�AMLȐGAR��,?RSP?J�F?X?PBQ�?LB�AMLȐGAR�?PC�MȓCL�QRPMLEJW�GLRCPJGLICB��!MLȐGAR�A?L�increase the risks associated with natural hazards while natural hazards (such ?Q� BPMSEFR��K?W� CV?ACP@?RC� MP� ECLCP?RC� AMLȐGAR�� !MLTCPQCJW� QMKC�BGQ?QRCPQ�triggered by natural hazards (such as the 2004 Tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia) K?W�AMLRPG@SRC�RM�?�PCBSARGML�GL�AMLȐGAR��

!MKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ�A?L�JC?B�RM�?�BCRCPGMP?RGML�GL�QMAGM�CAMLMKGA�AMLBGRGMLQ�?LB� FCLAC� RM� GLAPC?QCB� TSJLCP?@GJGRW� RM� F?X?PBMSQ� CTCLRQ�� 0?NGB� PCQNMLQC�KCAF?LGQKQ� ?PC� MȓCL� BGQPSNRCB� @W� AMLȐGAR� FGLBCPGLE� @MRF� GKKCBG?RC� PCJGCD�CȎMPRQ�?LB�JMLECP�RCPK�PCAMTCPW�CȎMPRQ��

In accordance with the Do No Harm principle, FSK?LGR?PG?L�?ARGML�GL�AMKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ�QFMSJB� @C� @?QCB� ML� ?� AMKNPCFCLQGTC� PGQI�?L?JWQGQ�UFGAF�AMLQGBCPQ�?JJ�PCJCT?LR�F?X?PBQ�GLAJSBGLE�RFMQC�PCJ?RGLE�RM�AMLȐGAR��$?ARMPQ�RM�AMLQGBCP�GLAJSBC�RFC�GLRCLQGRW�MD�RFC�AMLȐGAR�displacement of population, access to local resources, humanitarian space and access, the presence of combatants, neutrality and RFC�OS?JGRW�MD�EMTCPL?LAC��'R�GQ�GKNMPR?LR�RM�

?L?JWQC�@MRF�CVGQRGLE�?LB�JMLECP�RCPK�PGQIQ�GLAJSBGLE�RFC�CȎCARQ�MD�AJGK?RC�AF?LEC�?LB�EMTCPL?LAC�

'L�QMKC�AMKNJCV�CKCPECLAGCQ�RFC�PCBSARGML�MD�PGQIQ�?QQMAG?RCB�UGRF�L?RSP?J�F?X?PBQ�K?W�@C�?L�?AACNR?@JC�CLRPW�NMGLR�CQNCAG?JJW�UFCPC�RFC�N?PRGCQ�RM�RFC�AMLȐGAR�F?TC�?�LCE?RGTC�NCPACNRGML�MD�FSK?LGR?PG?L�MPE?LGQ?RGMLQ��0CBSAGLE�PGQI�BSC�RM�L?RSP?J�F?X?PBQ�GQ�ECLCP?JJW�NCPACGTCB�?Q�~LCSRP?J��?LB�LML�RFPC?RCLGLE�NMJGRGA?JJW��

5FGJC�CLE?ECKCLR�?R�AMKKSLGRW�JCTCJ�GQ�APGRGA?J�RM�RFC�QSAACQQ�MD�PGQI�PCBSARGML�KC?QSPCQ� GL� AMKNJCV� CKCPECLAGCQ� DSJJ� N?PRGAGN?RGML� K?W� LMR� @C� DC?QG@JC��

“ Complex emergencies can lead UP�B�EFUFSJPSBUJPO�JO�TPDJP�FDPOPNJD�conditions and hence to increased vulnerability to hazardous events.



#PY��%FҨOJOH�DPNQMFY�Emergencies

"� DPNQMFY� FNFSHFODZ� DBO� CF� EFҨOFE�as “a humanitarian crisis in a country, region or society where there is total or considerable breakdown of authority SFTVMUJOH�GSPN�JOUFSOBM�PS�FYUFSOBM�DPOҩJDU�and which requires an international response that goes beyond the mandate or capacity of any single agency and/ PS�UIF�PO�HPJOH�6OJUFE�/BUJPOT�DPVOUSZ�QSPHSBN�Ȉ�*"4$ ��

“Some disasters can result from several EJҧFSFOU� IB[BSET� PS � NPSF� PҬFO � UP� B�complex combination of both natural BOE� NBO�NBEF� DBVTFT� BOE� EJҧFSFOU�causes of vulnerability. Food insecurity, FQJEFNJDT � DPOҩJDUT� BOE� EJTQMBDFE�populations are examples” (IFRC).

��4FF�Ȅ%JTBTUFS�3JTL�.BOBHFNFOU�GPS�*OTFDVSF�$POUFYUTȅ�"$'��

&SK?LGR?PG?L� ?ARMPQ� UGJJ� F?TC� RM� @C� PC?JGQRGA� ?@MSR�CVNCAR?RGMLQ�36

"%� #!&-� PCOSGPCQ� RF?R� FSK?LGR?PG?L� GLRCPTCLRGMLQ� GL�AMLȐGAR� QGRS?RGMLQ� ?PC� BCQGELCB� ?LB� GKNJCKCLRCB� @W�?ECLAGCQ� NMQQCQQGLE� RFC� PCOSGQGRC� RCAFLGA?J� AMKNCRCLAC�?LB�QRPMLE�A?N?AGRW�GL�RFC�QNCAGȏA�?PC?Q�MD�AMLȐGAR�AMTCPCB�including knowledge of the socio-economic dimensions, AMLȐGAR�BWL?KGAQ�?LB�JMA?J�CLTGPMLKCLR��JJG?LACQ�@CRUCCL�QNCAG?JGQRQ�GL�BGȎCPCLR�ȏCJBQ�?PC�RM�@C�NPMKMRCB�

1NCAGȏA� AMLȐGAR� PCBSARGML� KC?QSPCQ� QFMSJB� MLJW� @C�designed and implemented by those with the appropriate skills and mandate.

!?PCDSJJW� BCQGELCB� AMLȐGAR� QCLQGRGTC� PGQI� PCBSARGML�KC?QSPCQ�K?W�AMLRPG@SRC�RM�?�PCBSARGML�GL�AMLȐGAR�?Q�UCJJ�as reducing the risk posed by natural hazards.


$BTF�4UVEZ��(SB[JOH�BHSFFNFOUT�CVJME�QFBDF�CFUXFFO�DPNNVOJUJFT�BOE�SFEVDF�UIF�JNQBDU�PG�ESPVHIU �/PSUIFSO�,FOZB

In many pastoralist environments people are struggling for survival, with access to very limited natural resources and an associated high degree of JOUFS�FUIOJD�DPOҩJDU �QBSUJDVMBSMZ�JO�UJNFT�PG�ESPVHIU��&ҧFDUJWF�ESPVHIU�NBOBHFNFOU�SFRVJSFT�TBGF�BDDFTT�to water and grazing resources. Such access requires reciprocal grazing agreements between the groups JO�DPOҩJDU��*O�TVDI�TJUVBUJPOT �SFMJFG�BOE�EFWFMPQNFOU�QSPKFDUT� IBWF� UP� CF� JNQMFNFOUFE� JO� B� DPOҩJDU�sensitive way.

'PS�DFOUVSJFT�,FOZBO�(BCSB�DMBOT�IBWF�CFFO�VTJOH�#PSBOB�MBOE�JO�&UIJPQJB�BT�B�ȄGBMM�CBDLȅ�SFHJPO�EVSJOH�droughts. The Borana could in turn access the XJEF� HSB[JOH� SFTPVSDFT� BOE� USBEF� SPVUFT� JO� ,FOZB�during normal years. During the last decade, these BSSBOHFNFOUT� XFSF� DBODFMMFE� BOE� B� EJҪDVMU� BOE�dangerous period was experienced for both ethnic groups.

In 2009, Veterinaires Sans Frontieres Germany (VSF) began a drought management project in one such BSFB � UIF�WPMBUJMF�,FOZBO�&UIJPQJBO�CPSEFS�BSFBT��"�necessary condition for the start of the project was the cessation of hostilities between the Gabra and Borana and some sort of peace agreement.

The negotiation of reciprocal resource agreements is a traditional risk reduction approach among neighbouring pastoralist communities. VSF has adapted this traditional approach into a series of 10 participatory steps that lead to a resource sharing BDUJPO�QMBO�XJUI�DMFBSMZ�EFҨOFE�SVMFT�BOE�SFHVMBUJPOT��Using a facilitation process that incorporates water infrastructure rehabilitation, peace building and Do No Harm tools, the resource agreements have proved to be highly successful in building resilience UP�ESPVHIU�BOE�SFEVDJOH�DPOҩJDU��

*O� UIJT� QSPKFDU � 74'� PSHBOJ[FE� JOUFS�DPNNVOJUZ�meetings in which underutilized resources were JEFOUJҨFE �USVTU�XBT�CVJMU�CFUXFFO�DPNNVOJUJFT �BOE�GVUVSF�PQUJPOT�XFSF� JEFOUJҨFE��5IJT� MFE�PO� UP� JOUFS�community strategic planning. A reciprocal resource agreement between the Gabraa and Borana was ESBҬFE � SBUJҨFE� BOE� TJHOFE� JO� �� CZ� BMM� JO� UIF�presence of key community members, political leaders and government representatives. The Gabraa dry season reserve around Hurri Hills had pasture but no water, whilst the Borana of Dillo woreda had water but no pasture. The two communities agreed to share their resources, leading to increased resilience to drought, reduced livestock mortality and improved

trade. Implementation and monitoring is through regular community meetings and outreach by VSF.

The success of this approach is illustrated by the series of agreements that have now been established through the DG ECHO funded VSF Cross Border Drought Preparedness Project (ICRD) implemented JO� /PSUIFSO� ,FOZB� .BSTBCJU� /PSUI� %JTUSJDU� BOE�4PVUIFSO�&UIJPQJB� 4PVUI�0NP�BOE�0SPNJZB�;POF��in Ethiopia the Gabraa and Hammar communities developed a reciprocal grazing agreement that has been instrumental in enhancing pasture and water resource sharing around the Sabare, Minongerti and )BEP� BSFBT�� DPOҩJDUT� CFUXFFO� UIF� %BTBOBDI� BOE�the Gabraa had previously meant that the grazing in Sabare, Darate and Bulluk was only sporadically utilized, but with reciprocal grazing agreements now in place these areas are being used fully; the Dodoth community of Uganda and the Turkana community PG�,FOZB�FTUBCMJTIFE�SFDJQSPDBM�HSB[JOH�BHSFFNFOUT�CZ� ҨSTU� NBQQJOH� UIFJS� FOUJSF� EJTUSJDUT� UP� JEFOUJGZ�QPUFOUJBM�HSB[JOH�BSFBT�UIBU�XFSF�QSPOF�UP�DPOҩJDUT�and had limited accessibility. Naporoto, Loile, Pire, .BUBLVM � BOE� ,BMPQFUP� UIFO� CFDBNF� NVDI� NPSF�accessible to the communities bordering these areas BҬFS�UIF�BHSFFNFOU�XBT�TJHOFE��

Looking to the future, these intercommunity resource BHSFFNFOUT�XJMM� OFFE� UP�CF� MJOLFE� UP� TVC�OBUJPOBM �national and regional resource management FҧPSUT�� *O� 'FCSVBSZ� �� 74'� GBDJMJUBUFE� BO�JOUFSHPWFSONFOUBM� NFFUJOH� CFUXFFO� UIF� ,FOZBO�and Ethiopian governments. The meeting concluded with the governments agreeing to open the border and to reinforce the reciprocal grazing agreements EFWFMPQFE�CZ�CPUI�DPNNVOJUJFT �XJUI�TUJҧ�QFOBMUJFT�enforced for contraventions. In addition, the two governments agreed to have frequent meetings in order to share information and to improve the coordination of their actions across the border. VSF is working towards a greater integration of reciprocal resource agreements with planned grazing (holistic rangeland management) and participatory rangeland management.

5IJT�Ȅ%P�/P�)BSNȅ�BQQSPBDI�TVQQPSUT�BHFODJFT�JO�UIFJS�relief and development work while minimizing the SJTL�UIBU�UIFJS�JOUFSWFOUJPOT�XPSTFO�FYJTUJOH�DPOҩJDUT��*U� JMMVTUSBUFT� IPX� B�NVMUJ�IB[BSE� SJTL� BOBMZTJT� BOE�SJTL�JOGPSNFE�QSPHSBNNJOH�DBO�DPOUSJCVUF�UP�MBTUJOH�CFOFҨUT�GPS�UIF�BҧFDUFE�DPNNVOJUJFT�



4.1 Acronyms

AGIR �JJG?LAC�%JM@?JC�NMSP�J�'LGRG?RGTC�0ĸQGJGCLAC

CBDRR Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction

CCA Climate Change Adaptation

CE !MKNJCV�#KCPECLAW

CERT/CLO !MKKSLGRW�#KCPECLAW�0CQNMLQC�2C?K�?LB�!FGJB�*CB�-PE?LGX?RGML�

CMAM Community based Management of Acute Malnutrition

COM European Commission Communication

CSO !GTGJ�1MAGCRW�-PE?LGQ?RGML

DG Directorate-General

DIPECHO Disaster Preparedness ECHO

DRR Disaster Risk Reduction

EU European Union

EWS Early Warning System

FPA / FAFA $P?KCUMPI�.?PRLCPQFGN��EPCCKCLR� �$GL?LAG?J�?LB��BKGLGQRP?RGTC�$P?KCUMPI��EPCCKCLR

GIS Geographic Information System

HFA Hyogo Framework for Action

HIP Humanitarian Implementation Plan

IEC Information Education and Communication

INGO 'LRCPL?RGML?J�,ML�%MTCPLKCLR?J�-PE?LGQ?RGML

IPCC 'LRCPEMTCPLKCLR?J�.?LCJ�ML�!JGK?RC�!F?LEC

LRRD *GLIGLE�0CJGCD�0CF?@GJGR?RGML�?LB�"CTCJMNKCLR

NDMO National Disaster Management Organisation

NGO ,ML�%MTCPLKCLR?J�-PE?LGQ?RGML

PSNP .PMBSARGTC�1?DCRW�,CR�.PMEP?KKC�

SHARE Supporting Horn of Africa Resilience

SWD !MKKGQQGML�1R?Ȏ�5MPIGLE�"MASKCLR

UNISDR United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction

VCA Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment

WASH Water, Sanitation and Hygiene

��LLCVCQ

4.2 Terminology

1MFBTF�SFGFS�UP�6/*4%3ȅT��5FSNJOPMPHZ�PO�%JTBTUFS�3JTL�3FEVDUJPO�GPS�B�NPSF�complete glossary of key terms.

Climate Change Adaptation: 2FC� '.!!� �'LRCP�%MTCPLKCLR?J� .?LCJ� ML� !JGK?RC�!F?LEC��BCȏLCQ�!JGK?RC�!F?LEC��B?NR?RGML�?Q�|�BHSQRKCLR�GL�L?RSP?J�MP�FSK?L�QWQRCKQ�GL�PCQNMLQC�RM�?ARS?J�MP�CVNCARCB�AJGK?RGA�QRGKSJG�MP�RFCGP�CȎCARQ�UFGAF�KMBCP?RCQ�F?PK�MP�CVNJMGRQ�@CLCȏAG?J�MNNMPRSLGRGCQ��4?PGMSQ�RWNCQ�MD�?B?NR?RGML�A?L�@C�BGQRGLESGQFCB� GLAJSBGLE�?LRGAGN?RMPW�?LB� PC?ARGTC�?B?NR?RGML�NPGT?RC�?LB�public adaptation, and autonomous and planned adaptation” (IPCC TAR, 2001 a).

Disaster: A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society GLTMJTGLE� UGBCQNPC?B� FSK?L� K?RCPG?J� CAMLMKGA� MP� CLTGPMLKCLR?J� JMQQCQ� ?LB�GKN?ARQ�UFGAF�CVACCBQ�RFC�?@GJGRW�MD�RFC�?ȎCARCB�AMKKSLGRW�MP�QMAGCRW�RM�AMNC�using its own resources.

Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR): The concept and practice of reducing disaster PGQIQ� RFPMSEF� QWQRCK?RGA� CȎMPRQ� RM� ?L?JWQC� ?LB� K?L?EC� RFC� A?SQ?J� D?ARMPQ� MD�BGQ?QRCPQ�GLAJSBGLE�RFPMSEF�PCBSACB�CVNMQSPC�RM�F?X?PBQ�JCQQCLCB�TSJLCP?@GJGRW�MP�NCMNJC�?LB�NPMNCPRW�UGQC�K?L?ECKCLR�MD�J?LB�?LB�RFC�CLTGPMLKCLR�?LB�GKNPMTCB�NPCN?PCBLCQQ�DMP�?BTCPQC�CTCLRQ�

Hazard: ��B?LECPMSQ�NFCLMKCLML� QS@QR?LAC�FSK?L�?ARGTGRW�MP� AMLBGRGML� RF?R�K?W�A?SQC� JMQQ�MD� JGDC� GLHSPW�MP�MRFCP�FC?JRF� GKN?ARQ�NPMNCPRW�B?K?EC� JMQQ�MD�JGTCJGFMMBQ�?LB�QCPTGACQ�QMAG?J�?LB�CAMLMKGA�BGQPSNRGML�MP�CLTGPMLKCLR?J�B?K?EC�

Mitigation:� 2FC� JCQQCLGLE� MP� JGKGR?RGML� MD� RFC� ?BTCPQC� GKN?ARQ� MD� F?X?PBQ� ?LB�related disasters.

Preparedness: 2FC� ILMUJCBEC� ?LB� A?N?AGRGCQ� BCTCJMNCB� @W� EMTCPLKCLRQ�NPMDCQQGML?J�PCQNMLQC�?LB�PCAMTCPW�MPE?LGQ?RGMLQ�AMKKSLGRGCQ�?LB�GLBGTGBS?JQ�RM�CȎCARGTCJW�?LRGAGN?RC�PCQNMLB�RM�?LB�PCAMTCP�DPMK�RFC�GKN?ARQ�MD�JGICJW�GKKGLCLR�MP�ASPPCLR�F?X?PB�CTCLRQ�MP�AMLBGRGMLQ�

Prevention: 2FC�MSRPGEFR�?TMGB?LAC�MD�?BTCPQC� GKN?ARQ�MD�F?X?PBQ�?LB� PCJ?RCB�disasters.

Resilience: 2FC� ?@GJGRW� MD� ?� QWQRCK� AMKKSLGRW� MP� QMAGCRW� CVNMQCB� RM� ?�F?X?PB� RM� PCQGQR� ?@QMP@� ?AAMKKMB?RC� RM� ?LB� PCAMTCP� DPMK� RFC� CȎCARQ�MD� ?� F?X?PB� GL� ?� RGKCJW� ?LB� CȑAGCLR� K?LLCP� GLAJSBGLE� RFPMSEF� RFC�NPCQCPT?RGML� ?LB� PCQRMP?RGML� MD� GRQ� CQQCLRG?J� @?QGA� QRPSARSPCQ� ?LB� DSLARGMLQ�

$MP� #3� #VRCPL?J� �ARGML� PCQGJGCLAC� GQ� RFC� ?@GJGRW� MD� ?L� GLBGTGBS?J� ?� FMSQCFMJB� ?�AMKKSLGRW�?�AMSLRPW�MP�?�PCEGML�RM�UGRFQR?LB�RM�?B?NR�RM�?LB�RM�OSGAIJW�PCAMTCP�from stresses and shocks.

Risk: 2FC�AMK@GL?RGML�MD�RFC�NPM@?@GJGRW�MD�?L�CTCLR�?LB�GRQ�LCE?RGTC�AMLQCOSCLACQ�



4.3 Advocacy Guidance Table

TARGET ,�'" 1&3"˶0˷ MESSAGE/ CONTENT MEANS TIPS

�BKBȎ@F>OFBPUnderstanding of

@CLCȏAG?PGCQ�?@MSR�"00�and DG ECHO

What is DG ECHO and why it funds DRR in their community

4'.�TGQGRQ+MLGRMPGLE�TGQGRQ

Through partners during implementation

Respectful attitude, listening capacity, simple language

Public(within and outside the

EU)

Increase legitimacy of DG #!&-�@W�CVNJ?GLGLE�UFW�and what it does in DRR RM�#SPMNC?L�R?VN?WCPQ�

and the general public of the host country

Why DRR is important and how DG ECHO funds it

Testimonies, successful stories of "%�#!&-�"00�GLGRG?RGTCQ

4'.�TGQGRQMedia incl. Web/Social

DG ECHO partnersDG ECHO Communications products through HQ and

0CEGML?J�'LDMPK?RGML�-ȑACPQ��TGBCMQ�NFMRMQ�CVFG@GRGMLQ�

*?LES?EC�?B?NRCB�?LB�not technical

Communication professional neededGood Media contacts

Authorities and DRM

institutions in target countries

2MMJ�DMP�?BTMA?AWSustainability and up-

scalability of DRR actionsIncrease awareness about "00�?LB�GLTMJTCKCLR�GL�

"00�GLGRG?RGTCQ'KNPMTC�AMMPBGL?RGML

- Importance of DRR- Good practices and tools

designed by DG ECHO actions- Importance of ownership of DRR by targeted communities/

authorities��1SAACQQ�QRMPGCQ�GLTMJTGLE�"0+�

Systems that promote ownership/replication

Meetings, presentations, N?PRLCPQ�GLQRGRSRGML?J�?ARGTGRGCQ

Promotion of DG ECHO partnersDG ECHO partnersWeb/Social media

"00�?AFGCTCKCLRQ�depend on their

commitment and capacities

Development donors and

organisations

CoordinationIntegration of DRR in humanitarian ?LB�BCTCJMNKCLR�

programmes*00"� �2P?LQGRGML

DG ECHO as a reference donor in DRR

Importance of DRR for QSQR?GL?@JC�BCTCJMNKCLR*00"�@?QGA�AMLACNRQ

"%�#!&-�Q�*00"�EMMB�CV?KNJCQ"%�#!&-�?ARGTGRGCQ�?LB�

possibilities of connection/AMLQGBCP?RGML�GL�BCTCJMNKCLR�

�*00"�

.PCQCLR?RGMLQ�GL�CTCLRQ� �meetings

Discussions PGCȏLEQ

Web/ Social Media

DRR terminology, basic principles of humanitarian aid ?LB�*00"�?PC�MȓCL�

unknown or patchy by BCTCJMNKCLR�BMLMPQ��

These basic messages should be reinforced

Other DRR and humanitarian stakeholders

Coordination'LAPC?QC�CȎCARGTCLCQQ�RFPMSEF�CVNCPGCLAC�

sharingDG ECHO: a reference

donor in DRRGreater integration of DRR in programming

Who, what, where and how DRR is implemented and integrated1NCAGȏAGRGCQ�MD�"%�#!&-�Q�

mandate, policy and strategies on DRR

"%�#!&-�Q�CV?KNJCQ�MD�integrating DRR in humanitarian

response

.PCQCLR?RGMLQ�GL�CTCLRQ�?LB�meetings.

DiscussionsTechnical forums and

communication platformsWeb/Social media (incl..

0CJGCDUC@�'0',�.PCTCLRGMLUC@�etc.)

Technical terms are understood, so generic messages RM�@C�?TMGBCB��C�E��importance of DRR,

etc.)

Other EU institutions and Member

States

EU Delegations empowered to

communicate about DG ECHO

!MMPBGL?RGML�?LB�*00" Transition

Integration of DRR in #3�BCTCJMNKCLR�?LB�

thematic programmes

Why DRR is important and how DG ECHO funds it

Testimonies, successful stories of "%�#!&-�"00�GLGRG?RGTCQImportance of DRR for QSQR?GL?@JC�BCTCJMNKCLRDG ECHO and other EC

"CN?PRKCLRQ�?ARGTGRGCQ�?LB�possibilities of connection/

AMLQGBCP?RGML�GL�BCTCJMNKCLR��*00"�

DG ECHO DRR PolicyRegular meetings and

communicationDG ECHO focal points in EU

Delegations.PCQQ�'LDMPK?RGML�-ȑACPQ��.'-Q��

in the Delegations0CEGML?J�'LDMPK?RGML�-ȑACPQ�

(RIOs)Web/Social Media

DRR terminology is MȓCL�SLILMUL�@W�#3�

institutions*00"� �2P?LQGRGML�LCCBQ�

to be promoted at political and practical

JCTCJQ

DG ECHO partners

Mutual understanding of PCQNCARGTC�"00�K?LB?RCQ�?LB�M@HCARGTCQ�@CRUCCL�DG ECHO and partners

Partners understand their role in communication /

?BTMA?AW

DG ECHO and partners policies, QRP?RCEGCQ�?LB�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�ML�

DRR'KNMPR?LAC�MD�HMGLR�

communication rules and terms to be considered in DG ECHO-

DSLBCB�GLRCPTCLRGMLQ�GLAJSBGLE�GL�TGQG@GJGRW�?LB�AMKKSLGA?RGML

DG ECHO DRR PolicyPeriodic communication

+CCRGLEQ�KMLGRMPGLE�TGQGRQHumanitarian Implementation Plans, Single Forms, reporting

RIO´s and communication MȑACPQ�DPMK�N?PRLCPQSharing/interchange of

communications productsWeb/Social media

A better and KMPC�GLRCLQGTC�communication

between DG ECHO and its partners increase the coherence of DG

ECHO’s funding and its support by European

R?VN?WCPQ

DG ECHO in-house

Clarity about DG ECHO´s K?LB?RC�?LB�M@HCARGTCQ�

in DRR"%�#!&-�&/�?LB�ȏCJB�?U?PC�MD�?AFGCTCKCLRQ�?LB�NPMEPCQQ�GL�RFC�ȏCJBTechnical Assistants in

RFC�ȏCJB�?PC�?@JC�RM�QF?PC�basic messages about

DRR

Successful DRR stories ?LB�?AFGCTCKCLRQ

Well documented data about DG ECHO´s programming and

engagement in DRR

DG ECHO DRR PolicyFluid communication

&/�$GCJB�-ȑACQ�PCE?PBGLE�operational results

Communication products for UGBCP�NS@JGA��TGBCMQ�D?ARQFCCR�

photos, web stories) also informing operational desks PGCȏLE�MD�AMJJC?ESCQ�?LB�

translation in practice PGCȏLE�0'-Q

A shared and consensual

terminology, policy and strategy on DRR

4.4 Indicators

Examples are given below of indicators for monitoring results of Disaster Preparedness actions in the main DG ECHO DRR/DP sub-sectors (see section 3.9)

2FPCC�JCTCJQ�MD�GLBGA?RMPQ�K?W�@C�AMLQGBCPCB�

b Strategic indicators�?R�GLQRGRSRGML�JCTCJ��C�E��3,'1"0 &$��b Programme indicators (e.g. DIPECHO HIPs or Drought preparedness NPMEP?KKC��

b Project indicators��C�E��"'.#!&-�NPMHCARQ��

$MP�C?AF�MD�RFCQC�JCTCJQ�RFCPC�?PC�RFPCC�D?KGJGCQ�MD�GLBGA?RMPQ�JGLICB�UGRF�RFC�QRP?RCEW� NPMEP?KKC �NPMHCAR�AWAJC�K?L?ECKCLR�

b Entry strategy / opportunity indicators links with the beginning of the cycle (Global ?QQCQQKCLR�CLRPW�NMGLRQ�@?QCJGLC�QRSBW��

b� 0CQSJR�MP�MSRAMKC�GLBGA?RMPQ�JGLICB�UGRF�RFC�KMLGRMPGLE�NPMACQQ�

b Indicator of progress linked with the end of the cycle.

#V?KNJC�MD�?�1NCAGȏA�-@HCARGTC��

2FC�M@HCARGTC��RFC�NMNSJ?RGML�GL��PC?�6�GQ�?U?PC�MD�RFC�BGQ?QRCP�PGQI�GL�RFCGP�?PC?�?LB�?PC�NPCN?PCB�RM�PC?AR�GL�?L�?BCOS?RC�D?QFGML��b Indicator: .CPACLR?EC� �Ϥ��MD� NMNSJ?RGML�NCPACGTGLE� RF?R� RFCW�?PC� GL� BGQ?QRCP�NPMLC�?PC?�?LB�NPCN?PCB�RM�PC?AR�?BCOS?RCJW�

b� 1MSPAC� MD� 4CPGȏA?RGML�� ?QCJGLC� QSPTCW� GL� FGEF� PGQI� ?PC?� ?R� RFC� @CEGLLGLE� MD�RFC�MNCP?RGML�AMKN?PCB�UGRF�RFC�CT?JS?RGML�PCQSJRQ�MD�BPGJJ�CVCPAGQCQ��@?QCJGLC�QSPTCW�?LB�BPGJJ�CT?JS?RGML��?R�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�MNCP?RGML�

Local disaster management components


ENTRY

GUIDELINES

GUIDELINES

CONTRIBUTIONS

CONTRIBUTIONS

STRATEGIC LEVEL

PROGRAMME LEVEL

PROJECT LEVEL

MONITORING EXIT


1.1� ,SK@CP� �̼�� MD� JMA?J� AMKKGRRCCQ� �?LB MP� @PGE?BCQ� DMJJMUGLE� RFC� AMLRCVR��F?TC� @CCL� CQR?@JGQFCB� RP?GLCB� COSGNNCB� ?PC� DSLARGMLGLE� ?LB� PCAMELGXCB� @W�PCQR� MD� RFC� AMKKSLGRW� �MP� RFC� PCJCT?LR� MȑAG?J� @MBW� JGIC�KSLGAGN?JGRW� GD� GR� GQ�stated by law).1.2. �R�JC?QR�̼�AMKKSLGRGCQ�F?TC�BCTCJMNCB�AMLRGLECLAW�NJ?LQ�RF?R�?PC�T?JGB?RCB�and tested.1.3��R�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�NPMHCAR�?L�#51�GQ�DSLARGMLGLE�?NNPMNPG?RC�?LB�K?L?ECB�@W�the community and/or municipality/local authorities.1.4��R�JC?QR�6Ϥ�MD�RFC�@CLCȏAG?PGCQ�ILMU�?LB�?PC�?@JC�RM�GBCLRGDW�RFC�#51�?J?PK�?LB�?JCPR�QGEL?JQ�?LB�A?L�NPMTGBC�?LB�PCACGTC�GLDMPK?RGML�GL�?L�SLBCPQR?LB?@JC�?LB�timely way.If the focus of the results is an "40�MOBQBKAFKD�QL�OB>@E�>K�BȍB@QFSB�OBPMLKPB�to warnings: it is recommended to use 4 indicators to measure the following elements: b�'KNPMTCKCLR�MD�KMLGRMPGLE�?L?JWQGQ�?LB�DMPCA?QRGLE�MD�RFC�F?X?PBQ�b�'KNPMTCKCLR�MD�ILMUJCBEC�MD�RFC�PGQIQ�@W�CVNMQCB�AMKKSLGRGCQ�b�'KNPMTCKCLR�MD�RFC�AMKKSLGA?RGML�MP�BGQQCKGL?RGML�MD�?JCPRQ�?LB�U?PLGLEQ�b�'KNPMTCKCLR�MD�JMA?J�A?N?@GJGRGCQ�RM�PCQNMLB�RM�RFC�U?PLGLEQ�PCACGTCB�

Institutional linkages and advocacy

2.1��ȓCP�6�KMLRFQ�MD� RFC�NPMHCAR�̼�KSLGAGN?J� AMKKGRRCCQ�CQR?@JGQFCB� RP?GLCB�COSGNNCB�?LB�MNCP?RGML?J�2.2�+SLGAGN?J�!MKKGRRCCQ�BCTCJMNCB�AMLRGLECLAW�NJ?LQ�RF?R�?PC�T?JGB?RCB��?JQM�?R�L?RGML?J�JCTCJ��?LB�RCQRCB�2.3� 2FC� N?PRGAGN?RGLE�+SLGAGN?JGRGCQ� F?TC� ?QQGELCB�Ϥ� MD� RFCGP� LCVR� @SBECR� WC?P�NJ?LLGLE� DMP� "GQ?QRCP� .PCN?PCBLCQQ� ?ARGTGRGCQ� �NJC?QC� LMRC� RF?R� RFGQ� GLBGA?RMP� GQ�NMQQG@JC�MLJW�GL�ACPR?GL�AMLRCVRQ��2.4 The Emergency Operation Centre (EOC) in # municipalities has been created, COSGNNCB�?LB�MNCP?RGML?J�?LB�C?AF�MLC�MD�RFC�N?PRGAGN?RGLE�KCK@CPQ�ILMUQ�RFCGP�role and responsibilities in the EOC.2.5 There is at least one coordination and communication formal protocol between �L?RGML?J��PCEGML?J�KSLGAGN?J�?LB�AMKKSL?J�AMKKGQQGMLQ�@CDMPC�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�NPMHCAR�2.6� .PMHCAR� AMLRPG@SRCQ� RM� ?� @CRRCP� AMKNPCFCLQGTC� BGQ?QRCP�+?L?ECKCLR� ?ARGML�NJ?L�?R�L?RGML?J�?LB�KSLGAGN?JGRW�JCTCJ��'L�?�A?QC�MD�#51�QCC�?JQM�FMU�RFC�*MA?J�EWS is compatible/ integrated within the national/regional one.

Information, education, communication

3.1��R�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�NPMHCAR�?R�JC?QR�6�NCMNJC��MP�6�Ϥ�MD�RFC�@CLCȏAG?PGCQ��?BSJRQ�?LB�AFGJBPCL��MD�RFC�R?PECR�AMKKSLGRGCQ�ILMU�RFC�PGQIQ�MD�RFC��QNCAGȏCB��F?X?PB�and know the contingency measures to adopt in case of disaster.3.2�6�Ϥ�MD�indirect�@CLCȏAG?PGCQ�ILMUJCBEC?@JC�MD�AMKKSLGRW�AMLRGLECLAW�NJ?LQ�3.3� 6�Ϥ� MD� RFC� QAFMMJQ� GL� RFC� GLRCPTCLRGML� ?PC?� F?TC� QAFMMJ� CKCPECLAW� NJ?LQ��NJC?QC�QNCAGDW�RFC�JMA?J�J?LES?EC�UFCL�LCCBCB��?LB�RFCQC�F?TC�@CCL�T?JGB?RCB�@W�the parents, teachers, children and the rest of the community.3.4� CQR� NP?ARGACQ� RMMJQ� ?LB� CVNCPGCLAC� ML� "00� GL� RFGQ� NPMHCAR� ?PC� GBCLRGȏCB�QWQRCK?RGXCB�?LB�BGQQCKGL?RCB�RFPMSEF�6��NJC?QC�QNCAGDW�MLC�AMKKML�AF?LLCJ��Small-scale infrastructure and services

4.1��R�KGB�RCPK�MD�RFC�NPMHCAR�?R�JC?QR�6Ϥ�MD�RFC�@CLCȏAG?PW�AMKKSLGRGCQ�F?TC�GBCLRGȏCB�AMKKSLGRW�GLDP?QRPSARSPCQ�RM�@C�GKNPMTCB�?LB MP�AMLQRPSARCB�RM�@C�SQCB�during emergencies and this has been agreed with the Municipality.4.2�̼ �QFCJRCPQ�F?TC�@CCL�GKNPMTCB�DMJJMUGLE�RFC�GLRCPL?RGML?JJW�?AACNRCB�QR?LB?PBQ�RM�PCACGTC�̼�NCMNJC�4.3 % of the population better protected by mitigation works implemented.

Constituting stocks of emergency

5.1�'L�RFC�6�+SLGAGN?JGRW�?L�CKCPECLAW�QRMAI��NPMTGBC�BCR?GJQ�ML�RFC�QNCAGȏAGRGCQ�MD�RFC�QRMAIQ��GQ�?T?GJ?@JC�RM�AMTCP�RFC�GKKCBG?RC�LCCBQ�MD�?R�JC?QR�̼�MD�NCMNJC�BSPGLE�?LB� GL�RFC� GKKCBG?RC�?ȓCPK?RF�?L�CKCPECLAW��DMJJMUGLE�RFC�1NFCPC�QR?LB?PBQ��[and has a mechanism for restocking].5.2��R�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�NPMHCAR�C?AF�+SLGAGN?JGRW�F?Q�?R�JC?QR�MLC�QN?AC�PCDSP@GQFCB�?LB�COSGNNCB�DMP�U?PCFMSQGLE�?LB�ILMU�FMU�RM�K?L?EC�GR�?LB�F?Q�RFC�A?N?AGRW�RM�?RRCLB�?R�JC?QR�̼Ϥ�MD�RFC�KMQR�TSJLCP?@JC�NMNSJ?RGML�GBCLRGȏCB�

Livelihood and Economic Assets Protection

6.1��R�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�?ARGML�6�D?KGJGCQ�DPMK�V�AMKKSLGRGCQ�F?TC�QRPCLERFCLCB�RFCGP�ILMUJCBEC�A?N?AGRGCQ�QIGJJQ�CVNCPGCLACQ�?LB�JGLIQ�RM�NPMRCAR�NPCQCPTC�?LB�CLPGAF�RFCGP�JGTCJGFMMBQ��6.2��R�RFC�CLB�MD�RFC�NPMHCAR�?R�JC?QR�6�"00�D?KGJW�NJ?LQ�?LB�V�@SQGLCQQ�NJ?LQ�F?TC�@CCL� NPCN?PCB� GLAMPNMP?RGLE� NPMRCARGML� MD� JGTCJGFMMBQ� ?LB� ?LGK?J� K?L?ECKCLR�during emergencies. 6.3� �R� RFC� CLB� MD� RFC� NPMHCAR� ?R� JC?QR� 6� D?KGJGCQ� F?TC� @CCL� QSNNMPRCB� UGRF�BCKMLQRP?RGTC�?ARGMLQ�DMP�RFC�NPMRCARGML�MD�JGTCJGFMMBQ�BSPGLE�L?RSP?J�F?X?PB��6.4� �R� RFC� CLB� MD� RFC� NPMHCAR� 6� ?BCOS?RC� JGTCJGFMMBQ� ?LB� ?QQCRQ� NPMRCARGML�GLDP?QRPSARSPCQ�DMP�ȐMMBGLE�NCPGMBQ�?PC�?T?GJ?@JC�DMP�?R�JC?QR�V�D?KGJGCQ�?LB�RFCGP�BCKMLQRP?RGTC�NSPNMQCQ�?PC�AMLȏPKCB�


Disaster Risk Reductionweb page

https: www.facebook.com/EuropeanCommission

https://twitter.com/eu_echo

https://twitter.com/kgeorgievaeu

Cove

r ph

oto

© W

FP/R

ein

Skul

leru

d