Duh Man.Duh Man.

The Assassination of William McKinleyThe Assassination of William McKinley

A Rough Riding PresidentA Rough Riding President Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt

became president in became president in 19011901 His personality made His personality made

him a popular him a popular presidentpresident

He was bold, He was bold, ambitious, and full of ambitious, and full of energy. He had been energy. He had been active in sports and active in sports and politicspolitics

In the Spanish-In the Spanish-American war he led a American war he led a fighting unit called fighting unit called The Rough RidersThe Rough Riders

ConservationConservation

President Roosevelt President Roosevelt believed in believed in

conservation of the conservation of the land, he believed land, he believed some of the land some of the land

should be preserved should be preserved as wilderness while as wilderness while other areas were other areas were developed for the developed for the

common good.common good.

A Rough Riding PresidentA Rough Riding President

Roosevelt used his Roosevelt used his popularity to get popularity to get programs passed.programs passed.

He want to see that the He want to see that the common people common people received a received a SquareSquare DealDeal as he called it.as he called it.

Square DealSquare Deal- term that - term that referred to a program of referred to a program of progressive reforms progressive reforms sponsored by his sponsored by his administration.administration.

T.R. T.R. 6:096:09

Using Federal PowerUsing Federal Power Roosevelt used the power of the government Roosevelt used the power of the government

to help solve the nation’s problems.to help solve the nation’s problems.

Roosevelt the power of his government to deal Roosevelt the power of his government to deal with trusts. with trusts.

Trusts were large companies that had Trusts were large companies that had control over their markets. control over their markets.

Trusts, or monopolies, first drove smaller Trusts, or monopolies, first drove smaller out by lowering their own prices. Then out by lowering their own prices. Then raise their own prices when the other raise their own prices when the other companies were gone.companies were gone.

By 1900, trust controlled over 80% of U.S. By 1900, trust controlled over 80% of U.S. industries.industries.

Roosevelt supported big business but wanted Roosevelt supported big business but wanted to stop harmful trusts.to stop harmful trusts.

Roosevelt had the government sue harmful Roosevelt had the government sue harmful trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act of trusts under the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. 1890.

In all Roosevelt filled 44 antitrust suits In all Roosevelt filled 44 antitrust suits getting him the nickname the Trustbuster.getting him the nickname the Trustbuster.

““Trust Buster” Trust Buster” TR Corrals the TrustsTR Corrals the Trusts

Using Federal PowerUsing Federal Power In 1887, the Interstate In 1887, the Interstate

Commerce Commission Commerce Commission (ICC) had been set up.(ICC) had been set up. ICC was meant to regulate ICC was meant to regulate

the railroad industry. It the railroad industry. It was not effective.was not effective.

Roosevelt pushed through Roosevelt pushed through laws such as the Hepburn laws such as the Hepburn Act of 1906, which strictly Act of 1906, which strictly limited the distribution of limited the distribution of free railroad passes, a free railroad passes, a common form of bribery.common form of bribery.

Roosevelt’s efforts resulted Roosevelt’s efforts resulted in fairer shipping rates and in fairer shipping rates and less corruption in the less corruption in the railroad industry.railroad industry.

Coal Mine StrikeCoal Mine Strike In 1902, about 140,000 coal In 1902, about 140,000 coal

miners went on strike.miners went on strike. Mine owners refused to Mine owners refused to

negotiate negotiate Roosevelt called both sides Roosevelt called both sides

to the White house to work to the White house to work it out.it out. Roosevelt threatened to Roosevelt threatened to

take over the minestake over the mines The two sides agreed to and The two sides agreed to and

arbitration commission.arbitration commission. The commission succeeded The commission succeeded

in reaching a compromise.in reaching a compromise. Federal Government would Federal Government would

often step in to help settle often step in to help settle strikes after this.strikes after this.

HealthHealth After reading The Jungle by After reading The Jungle by

Upton Sinclair which descried Upton Sinclair which descried filthy condition in the filthy condition in the meatpacking industry meatpacking industry Roosevelt pushed for the Roosevelt pushed for the passage of the passage of the Meat Meat Inspection ActInspection Act..

This law passed in 1906 called This law passed in 1906 called for strict cleanliness for strict cleanliness requirements for meatpackers.requirements for meatpackers. It created a program of federal It created a program of federal

meat inspection.meat inspection.

Congress also passed the Congress also passed the Pure Food and Drug Act Pure Food and Drug Act which halted the sale of which halted the sale of contaminated foods and contaminated foods and medicines and called for truth medicines and called for truth in labeling.in labeling.

The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticalspharmaceuticals Another reason for new acts was to make sure Another reason for new acts was to make sure

European markets could trust American beef and European markets could trust American beef and other meat.other meat.

The EnvironmentThe Environment Before Roosevelt became president, the federal Before Roosevelt became president, the federal

government paid little attention to the nations government paid little attention to the nations natural resources. John Muir, a naturalist and writer, natural resources. John Muir, a naturalist and writer, persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148 million acres persuaded Roosevelt to set aside 148 million acres of forest reserves and other land for waterpower of forest reserves and other land for waterpower sites and mineral and water resources.sites and mineral and water resources.

Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot as head of the Roosevelt appointed Gifford Pinchot as head of the

U.S. Forest Service.U.S. Forest Service. They believed in the conservation of land, meaning some They believed in the conservation of land, meaning some

land should be preserved as wilderness while other areas land should be preserved as wilderness while other areas would be developed for the common good. Roosevelt would be developed for the common good. Roosevelt signed the Newlands Act which funded irrigation projects signed the Newlands Act which funded irrigation projects that transformed dry wilderness into land suitable for that transformed dry wilderness into land suitable for agriculture.agriculture.

Roosevelt and Pinchot were opposed by Muir, who Roosevelt and Pinchot were opposed by Muir, who believed in complete preservation of the wilderness.believed in complete preservation of the wilderness.

Roosevelt and Civil RightsRoosevelt and Civil Rights Roosevelt Roosevelt

supported individual supported individual African Americans African Americans like Booker T. like Booker T. Washington but did Washington but did not help blacks in not help blacks in general.general.

In 1909, black In 1909, black leaders, including leaders, including W.E.D. Du Bois, W.E.D. Du Bois, founded the NAACP.founded the NAACP. The organization The organization

pushed for civil pushed for civil rights and racial rights and racial equality.equality.

The progressive The progressive movement movement continued to focus continued to focus on middle-class on middle-class whites.whites.

Progressive RootsProgressive Roots In the first decade of the In the first decade of the

20th century, the U.S. 20th century, the U.S. would be influenced by a would be influenced by a “Progressive Movement’ “Progressive Movement’ that would fight against that would fight against monopolies, corruption, monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social inefficiency, and social injustice.injustice.

As one progressive As one progressive

explained, the “real explained, the “real heart” of the progressive heart” of the progressive movement was to use movement was to use the government as an the government as an agency of human agency of human welfare.welfare.

The Progressives had their The Progressives had their

roots in the Greenback roots in the Greenback Labor Party of the 1870s Labor Party of the 1870s and 1880s and the Populist and 1880s and the Populist Party of the 1890s. Party of the 1890s.

In 1894, Henry Demarest In 1894, Henry Demarest Lloyd exposed the corruption Lloyd exposed the corruption of the monopoly of the of the monopoly of the Standard Oil Company with Standard Oil Company with his book his book Wealth Against Wealth Against CommonwealthCommonwealth, while , while Thorstein Veblen criticized Thorstein Veblen criticized the new rich (those who the new rich (those who made money from the trusts) made money from the trusts) in The in The Theory of the Leisure Theory of the Leisure ClassClass (1899). (1899).

Other exposers of the Other exposers of the

corruption of trusts, or corruption of trusts, or “muckrakers,” as Theodore “muckrakers,” as Theodore Roosevelt called them, were Roosevelt called them, were Jacob A. Riis, writer of Jacob A. Riis, writer of How How the Other Half Livesthe Other Half Lives, a book , a book about the New York slums about the New York slums and its inhabitants, and and its inhabitants, and novelist Theodore Dreiser, novelist Theodore Dreiser, who wrote who wrote The FinancierThe Financier and and The TitanThe Titan to attack profiteers. to attack profiteers.

Socialists and feminists gained strength, and with people like Socialists and feminists gained strength, and with people like Jane Addams and Lillian Wald, women entered the Progressive fight. Jane Addams and Lillian Wald, women entered the Progressive fight.

Raking Muck with the MuckrakersRaking Muck with the Muckrakers Beginning about 1902, a group of Beginning about 1902, a group of

aggressive ten and fifteen-cent aggressive ten and fifteen-cent popular magazines, such as popular magazines, such as CosmopolitanCosmopolitan, , Collier’sCollier’s, and , and Everybody’sEverybody’s, began flinging the dirt , began flinging the dirt about the trusts.about the trusts.

Most muckrakers believed that Most muckrakers believed that their primary function in the their primary function in the progressive attack on social ills progressive attack on social ills was to make the public aware of was to make the public aware of social problems.social problems.

Despite criticism, reformer-writers Despite criticism, reformer-writers

ranged far and wide to lay bare the ranged far and wide to lay bare the muck on the back of American muck on the back of American society. society.

In 1902, Lincoln Steffens In 1902, Lincoln Steffens launched a series of articles in launched a series of articles in McClure’sMcClure’s entitled entitled The Shame of The Shame of the Citiesthe Cities, in which he unmasked , in which he unmasked the corrupt alliance between big the corrupt alliance between big business and the government. business and the government.

Ida M. Tarbell launched a Ida M. Tarbell launched a devastating exposé against devastating exposé against Standard Oil and its Standard Oil and its ruthlessness.ruthlessness.

These writers exposed the These writers exposed the “money trusts,” the railroad “money trusts,” the railroad barons, and the corrupt barons, and the corrupt amassing of American fortunes, amassing of American fortunes, this last part done by Thomas this last part done by Thomas W. Lawson. W. Lawson.

David G. Phillips charged that 75 David G. Phillips charged that 75 of the 90 U.S. Senators did not of the 90 U.S. Senators did not represent the people, but represent the people, but actually the railroads and trusts.actually the railroads and trusts.

Ray Stannard Baker’s Ray Stannard Baker’s Following Following

the Color Linethe Color Line was about the was about the illiteracy of blacks.illiteracy of blacks.

John Spargo’s John Spargo’s The Bitter Cry of The Bitter Cry of

the Childrenthe Children exposed child labor. exposed child labor. Dr. Harvey W. Wiley exposed Dr. Harvey W. Wiley exposed

the frauds that sold potent the frauds that sold potent patent medicines by patent medicines by experimenting on himself. experimenting on himself.

The muckrakers sincerely believed that cures for the ills of American democracy, was more democracy. They sought NOT to overthrow capitalism but to cleanse it.

Political ProgressivismPolitical Progressivism Progressives were mostly middle-class citizens who felt squeezed Progressives were mostly middle-class citizens who felt squeezed

by both the big trusts above and the restless immigrant hordes by both the big trusts above and the restless immigrant hordes working for cheap labor that came from below. They emerged in working for cheap labor that came from below. They emerged in both major parties, in all regions, and at all levels of government.both major parties, in all regions, and at all levels of government.

To regain the power that the people had lost to the “interests,” the To regain the power that the people had lost to the “interests,” the

Progressives favored the “initiative” so that voters could directly Progressives favored the “initiative” so that voters could directly propose legislation, the “referendum” so that the people could vote propose legislation, the “referendum” so that the people could vote on laws that affected them, and the “recall” to remove bad officials on laws that affected them, and the “recall” to remove bad officials from office.from office.

Progressives also desired to expose graft, using a secret ballot Progressives also desired to expose graft, using a secret ballot

(Australian ballot) to counteract the effects of party bosses, and (Australian ballot) to counteract the effects of party bosses, and have direct election of U.S. senators to curb corruption. have direct election of U.S. senators to curb corruption.

Finally, in 1913, the 17th Amendment provided for direct election Finally, in 1913, the 17th Amendment provided for direct election of senators.of senators.

Females also campaigned for woman’s suffrage, but that did not Females also campaigned for woman’s suffrage, but that did not

come…yet.come…yet.

Additionally, the progressives sought the prohibition of Additionally, the progressives sought the prohibition of alcohol in the U.S., which came to fruition with the 18alcohol in the U.S., which came to fruition with the 18thth Amendment.Amendment.

Progressivism in the Cities and StatesProgressivism in the Cities and States Progressive cities like

Galveston, TX either used, for the first time, expert-staffed commissions to manage urban affairs or the city-manager system, which was designed to take politics out of municipal administration.

Urban reformers tackled

“slumlords,” juvenile delinquency, and wide-open prostitution.

In Wisconsin, Governor Robert M. (Fightin’ Bob) La Follette wrestled control from the trusts and returned power to the people, becoming a Progressive leader in the process.

Other states also took to regulate railroads and trusts, such as Oregon and Other states also took to regulate railroads and trusts, such as Oregon and California, which was led by Governor Hiram W. Johnson.California, which was led by Governor Hiram W. Johnson.

Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, gained fame by Charles Evans Hughes, governor of New York, gained fame by

investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies. investigating the malpractices of gas and insurance companies.

T.R. T.R. Global Global

Imperialist Imperialist and and

ProgressiveProgressive

Progressive WomenProgressive Women Women were an indispensable catalyst in the progressive army. They Women were an indispensable catalyst in the progressive army. They

couldn’t vote or hold political office, but were active none-the-less. Women couldn’t vote or hold political office, but were active none-the-less. Women focused their changes on family-oriented ills such as child labor. focused their changes on family-oriented ills such as child labor.

Progressives also made major improvements in the fight against child labor, Progressives also made major improvements in the fight against child labor, especially after a 1911 fire at the especially after a 1911 fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist CompanyTriangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC in NYC which killed 146 workers, mostly young women. which killed 146 workers, mostly young women.

Supreme Court RulingsSupreme Court Rulings

Yet, in Yet, in 1917, the 1917, the court court upheld a upheld a similar similar law for law for factory factory workers.workers.

The landmark case of Muller vs. Oregon (1908) found attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuading the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protected women workers.

•The case of Lochner vs. New York invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.

Alcohol also came Alcohol also came under the attack of under the attack of Progressives, as Progressives, as prohibitionist prohibitionist organizations like organizations like the the Woman’s Woman’s Christian Christian Temperance UnionTemperance Union (WCTU), founded by (WCTU), founded by Frances E. Willard, Frances E. Willard, and the and the Anti-Saloon Anti-Saloon LeagueLeague were were formed. formed. Finally, in 1919, the Finally, in 1919, the

18th Amendment18th Amendment prohibited the sale prohibited the sale and drinking of and drinking of alcohol.alcohol.

TR’s Square Deal for LaborTR’s Square Deal for Labor The The

Progressivism Progressivism spirit touched spirit touched President President Roosevelt, and Roosevelt, and his “Square his “Square Deal” embraced Deal” embraced the three Cs: the three Cs: control of the control of the corporations, corporations, consumer consumer protection, and protection, and the conservation the conservation of the United of the United States’ natural States’ natural resources.resources.

In 1902, a strike broke In 1902, a strike broke out in the anthracite out in the anthracite coalmines of coalmines of Pennsylvania, and Pennsylvania, and some 140,000 workers some 140,000 workers demanded a 20% pay demanded a 20% pay increase and the increase and the reduction of the reduction of the workday to 9 hours.workday to 9 hours. Finally, after the Finally, after the

owners refused owners refused to negotiate, TR to negotiate, TR threatened to threatened to seize the mines seize the mines and operate them and operate them with federal with federal troops if he had troops if he had to in order to to in order to keep it open and keep it open and the coal coming the coal coming to the people.to the people.

•As a result, the workers got a 10% pay increase and a 9 hr. workday, but their union was not officially recognized as a bargaining agent.

•The most unusual and significant characteristic of the anthracite coal strike in 1902 was that the national government did not automatically side with the owners in the dispute.

In 1903, the In 1903, the Department of Department of Commerce and Labor Commerce and Labor was formed, a part of was formed, a part of which was the Bureau which was the Bureau of Corporations, which of Corporations, which was allowed to probe was allowed to probe businesses engaged in businesses engaged in interstate commerce; interstate commerce; it was highly useful in it was highly useful in “trust-busting.”“trust-busting.”

TR Corrals the CorporationsTR Corrals the Corporations

The 1887-formed Interstate Commerce The 1887-formed Interstate Commerce Commission had proven to be inadequate, Commission had proven to be inadequate, so in 1903, Congress passed the so in 1903, Congress passed the Elkins Elkins Act, which fined railroads that gave Act, which fined railroads that gave rebates to the shippers that accepted rebates to the shippers that accepted them.them.

The Hepburn Act restricted the free The Hepburn Act restricted the free passes of railroads.passes of railroads.

TR decided that TR decided that there were “good there were “good trusts” and “bad trusts” and “bad trusts,” and set out trusts,” and set out to control the “bad to control the “bad trusts,” such as the trusts,” such as the Northern Securities Northern Securities Company, which Company, which was organized by was organized by J.P. Morgan and J.P. Morgan and James J. Hill.James J. Hill.

•In 1904, the Supreme Court upheld TR’s antitrust suit and ordered Northern Securities to dissolve, a decision that angered Wall Street but helped TR’s image.

TR did crack down on over 40 trusts, and TR did crack down on over 40 trusts, and he helped dissolve the beef, sugar, he helped dissolve the beef, sugar, fertilizer, and harvester trusts, but in fertilizer, and harvester trusts, but in reality, he wasn’t as large of a trustbuster reality, he wasn’t as large of a trustbuster as he has been portrayed.as he has been portrayed.

He had no wish to take down the “good He had no wish to take down the “good trusts,” but the trusts that did fall under trusts,” but the trusts that did fall under TR’s big stick fell symbolically, so that TR’s big stick fell symbolically, so that other trusts would reform themselves.other trusts would reform themselves.

TR believed that trusts were here to TR believed that trusts were here to stay with their efficient means of stay with their efficient means of production. He simply believed that production. He simply believed that the federal government should the federal government should regulate them.regulate them.

In a nutshell, TR’s real purpose for In a nutshell, TR’s real purpose for assaulting the trusts was to prove that assaulting the trusts was to prove that government, not private business, government, not private business, ruled the country.ruled the country.

TR Corrals the TrustsTR Corrals the Trusts

TR’s successor, TR’s successor, William Howard William Howard Taft, crushed more Taft, crushed more trusts than TR, and trusts than TR, and in one incident, in one incident, when Taft tried to when Taft tried to crack down on U.S. crack down on U.S. Steel, a company Steel, a company that had personally that had personally been allowed by TR been allowed by TR to absorb the to absorb the Tennessee Coal Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, and Iron Company, the reaction from the reaction from TR was hot!TR was hot!

Caring for the ConsumerCaring for the Consumer Upton Sinclair’s novel Upton Sinclair’s novel The Jungle The Jungle enlightened the enlightened the

American public to the horrors of the unsanitary American public to the horrors of the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, thus conditions in the meatpacking industry, thus helping to force changes.helping to force changes.

Sinclair had intended The Jungle to focus Sinclair had intended The Jungle to focus attention on the plight of workers in the attention on the plight of workers in the canning factories.canning factories.

However, TR himself supposedly choked on However, TR himself supposedly choked on

his breakfast sausage’s “contents” when his breakfast sausage’s “contents” when reading the book at the breakfast table.reading the book at the breakfast table.

In 1906, he pushed for significant In 1906, he pushed for significant improvements in the meat industry, and new improvements in the meat industry, and new laws were passed, such as the Meat Inspection laws were passed, such as the Meat Inspection Act, which decreed that the preparation of meat Act, which decreed that the preparation of meat shipped over state line would be subject to shipped over state line would be subject to federal inspection from corral to canfederal inspection from corral to can..

The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the adulteration The Pure Food and Drug Act tried to prevent the adulteration and mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticalsand mislabeling of foods and pharmaceuticals Another reason for new acts was to make sure European Another reason for new acts was to make sure European

markets could trust American beef and other meat.markets could trust American beef and other meat.

Earth ControlEarth Control Americans were vainly wasting Americans were vainly wasting

their natural resources, and the their natural resources, and the first conservation act, the Desert first conservation act, the Desert Land Act of 1877, provided little Land Act of 1877, provided little helphelp

More successful was the More successful was the Forest Reserve Act of 1891, Forest Reserve Act of 1891, which authorized the president which authorized the president to set aside land to be to set aside land to be protected as national parksprotected as national parks

Under this statute, some Under this statute, some 46 million acres of forest 46 million acres of forest were set aside as were set aside as preservespreserves

Roosevelt, a sportsman in addition Roosevelt, a sportsman in addition to all the other things he was, to all the other things he was, realized the values of conservation realized the values of conservation and persuaded by other and persuaded by other conservationists like Gifford conservationists like Gifford Pinchot, head of the federal Pinchot, head of the federal Division of Forestry, he helped Division of Forestry, he helped initiate massive conservation initiate massive conservation projects.projects.

TR and Pinchot’s idea of TR and Pinchot’s idea of conservation was “multiple-use conservation was “multiple-use resourse management,” in other resourse management,” in other words, the land could be words, the land could be conserved yet still be used for conserved yet still be used for recreation, sustained yield-recreation, sustained yield-logging, and summer stock logging, and summer stock grazing. grazing. (ie. Use it without abusing it!)(ie. Use it without abusing it!)

The Newlands Act of 1902 The Newlands Act of 1902 initiated irrigation projects for initiated irrigation projects for the western states while the the western states while the giant Roosevelt Dam, built on giant Roosevelt Dam, built on Arizona’s Salt River, was Arizona’s Salt River, was dedicated in 1911.dedicated in 1911.

By 1900, only a quarter of the nation’s natural timberlands By 1900, only a quarter of the nation’s natural timberlands remained, so remained, so TR set aside 125 million acres, establishing TR set aside 125 million acres, establishing conservation as perhaps his most enduring conservation as perhaps his most enduring achievement as president.achievement as president.

Concern about the disappearance of the national frontier led Concern about the disappearance of the national frontier led to the success of such books as Jack London’s to the success of such books as Jack London’s Call of the Call of the WildWild and the establishment of the Boy Scouts and the Sierra and the establishment of the Boy Scouts and the Sierra ClubClub

In 1913, San Francisco received permission to build a In 1913, San Francisco received permission to build a dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley, a part of Yosemite National dam in Hetch Hetchy Valley, a part of Yosemite National Park, causing much controversy.Park, causing much controversy. Roosevelt’s conservation deal meant working with the Roosevelt’s conservation deal meant working with the

big logging companies, not the small independent big logging companies, not the small independent ones.ones.

Teddy Roosevelt

The Roosevelt “Panic” of The Roosevelt “Panic” of 19071907

TR had widespread popularity (such as the “Teddy” bear), but TR had widespread popularity (such as the “Teddy” bear), but conservatives branded him as a dangerous rattlesnake, conservatives branded him as a dangerous rattlesnake, unpredictable in his Progressive moves.unpredictable in his Progressive moves.

However, However, after his election in 1904, TR announced that he after his election in 1904, TR announced that he

would not seek the presidency in 1908, since he would would not seek the presidency in 1908, since he would have, in effect, served two terms by then. Thus he have, in effect, served two terms by then. Thus he “defanged” his power and weakened himself politically“defanged” his power and weakened himself politically..

In 1907, a short but sharp panic on Wall Street placed TR at the In 1907, a short but sharp panic on Wall Street placed TR at the

center of its blame, with conservatives criticizing him, but he center of its blame, with conservatives criticizing him, but he lashed back, and eventually the panic died down.lashed back, and eventually the panic died down.

In 1908, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which In 1908, Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act, which

authorized national banks to issue emergency currency authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral.backed by various kinds of collateral. This would lead to the momentous Federal Reserve Act This would lead to the momentous Federal Reserve Act

of 1913, so the Panic of 1907 ultimately stimulated of 1913, so the Panic of 1907 ultimately stimulated important reform in U.S. banking.important reform in U.S. banking.

In the 1908 In the 1908 campaign, TR campaign, TR handpicked handpicked William William Howard Taft Howard Taft as his as his “successor,” “successor,” hoping that hoping that the corpulent the corpulent man would man would continue his continue his policies, and policies, and Taft easily Taft easily defeated defeated William William Jennings Jennings Bryan.Bryan.

The Rough Rider Thunders The Rough Rider Thunders OutOut

A surprise came from Socialist Eugene V. Debs, who A surprise came from Socialist Eugene V. Debs, who garnered 420,793 votes, proof that the nation was in garnered 420,793 votes, proof that the nation was in a very “progressive” mood, indeed.a very “progressive” mood, indeed.

Theodore Roosevelt had established many Theodore Roosevelt had established many precedents and had helped ensure that the new precedents and had helped ensure that the new trusts would fit into trusts would fit into capitalism and have capitalism and have healthy adult lives while still helping the healthy adult lives while still helping the American people.American people.

Despite his reputation, TR was ultimately a Despite his reputation, TR was ultimately a

“middle-of-the-road” politician. He greatly “middle-of-the-road” politician. He greatly expanded the powers and prestige of the expanded the powers and prestige of the presidencypresidency, , protected against socialism, was a protected against socialism, was a great conservationist, shaped the progressive great conservationist, shaped the progressive movement, launched the Square Deal—a movement, launched the Square Deal—a precursor to the New Deal that would come later, precursor to the New Deal that would come later, and opened American eyes to the fact that the and opened American eyes to the fact that the United States shared the world with other nations United States shared the world with other nations and that it could no longer be isolationist as it and that it could no longer be isolationist as it had now become established as a world power. had now become established as a world power.

TR waved goodbye to his crowd of admirers and left TR waved goodbye to his crowd of admirers and left the presidency setting sail for Africa to go on an the presidency setting sail for Africa to go on an indefinite safari…..(TR forever out of the limelight, indefinite safari…..(TR forever out of the limelight, eh? Yeah, right…)eh? Yeah, right…)

Teddy & His Elephant…..Teddy & His Elephant…..

Teddy & His Elephant #2…..Teddy & His Elephant #2…..

And And other other dead dead pals!pals!

AND Alive!!AND Alive!!

William Howard

Taft

Taft: A Round Peg in a Taft: A Round Peg in a Square HoleSquare Hole

William Taft was a mild William Taft was a mild progressive, quite jovial, progressive, quite jovial, quite fat, and passive.quite fat, and passive.

He was also sensitive to He was also sensitive to

criticism and not as liberal criticism and not as liberal as Roosevelt.as Roosevelt.

Wedded more to the Wedded more to the

status quo than to status quo than to change, Taft still made change, Taft still made quite an impact in many quite an impact in many areas.areas.

William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft

The Dollar Goes Abroad as The Dollar Goes Abroad as DiplomatDiplomat

Taft urged Americans to invest abroad, in a policy Taft urged Americans to invest abroad, in a policy dubbed “Dollar Diplomacy,” which called for Wall dubbed “Dollar Diplomacy,” which called for Wall Street bankers to direct their surplus dollars into Street bankers to direct their surplus dollars into foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S.,foreign areas of strategic concern to the U.S., especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the especially in the Far East and in the regions critical to the security of the Panama Canal. This investment, in effect, security of the Panama Canal. This investment, in effect, gave the U.S. economic control over these areas.gave the U.S. economic control over these areas.

In 1909, perceiving a threat to the monopolistic Russian and In 1909, perceiving a threat to the monopolistic Russian and

Japanese control of the Manchurian Railway, Taft had Japanese control of the Manchurian Railway, Taft had Secretary of State Philander C. Knox propose that a group of Secretary of State Philander C. Knox propose that a group of American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn American and foreign bankers buy the railroads and turn them over to China.them over to China.

Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and Haiti, whose Taft also pumped U.S. dollars into Honduras and Haiti, whose

economies were stagnant, while in Cuba, the same economies were stagnant, while in Cuba, the same Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, American Honduras, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, American forces were brought in to restore order after unrest. forces were brought in to restore order after unrest.

Taft the Taft the Trustbuster

Trustbuster In his four years of office, In his four years of office,

Taft brought 90 suits Taft brought 90 suits against trusts.against trusts.

In 1911, the Supreme Court In 1911, the Supreme Court

ordered the dissolution of ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company.the Standard Oil Company.

After Taft tried to break After Taft tried to break

apart U.S. Steel despite TR’s apart U.S. Steel despite TR’s prior approval of the trust, prior approval of the trust, Taft increasingly became Taft increasingly became TR’s antagonist. TR’s antagonist.

Taft Splits the Republican Taft Splits the Republican PartyParty

Two main issues split the Republican party: (1) the tariff and (2) Two main issues split the Republican party: (1) the tariff and (2) conservation of lands. conservation of lands.

To lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign promise, Taft and the House To lower the tariff and fulfill a campaign promise, Taft and the House passed a moderately reductive bill, but the Senate, led by Senator Nelson passed a moderately reductive bill, but the Senate, led by Senator Nelson W. Aldrich, tacked on lots of upward revisions, and thus, when the Payne-W. Aldrich, tacked on lots of upward revisions, and thus, when the Payne-Aldrich Bill passed, it betrayed Taft’s promise, incurred the wrath of his Aldrich Bill passed, it betrayed Taft’s promise, incurred the wrath of his party (drawn mostly from the Midwest), and outraged many people. party (drawn mostly from the Midwest), and outraged many people.

Old Republicans were high-tariff; new/Progressive Republicans were low tariff. Old Republicans were high-tariff; new/Progressive Republicans were low tariff. Taft even foolishly called it “the best bill that the Republican party ever Taft even foolishly called it “the best bill that the Republican party ever

passed.” passed.” While Taft did establish the Bureau of Mines to control mineral resources, While Taft did establish the Bureau of Mines to control mineral resources,

his participation in the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel of 1910 hurt him. In the his participation in the Ballinger-Pinchot quarrel of 1910 hurt him. In the quarrel, Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in quarrel, Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development and was Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development and was criticized by Forestry chief Gifford Pinchot, who was then fired by Taft. criticized by Forestry chief Gifford Pinchot, who was then fired by Taft.

Old Republicans favored using the lands for business; new/Progressive Old Republicans favored using the lands for business; new/Progressive Republicans favored conservation of lands. Republicans favored conservation of lands.

In the spring of 1910, the Republican party was split between the In the spring of 1910, the Republican party was split between the Progressives and the Old Guard that Taft supported, so that the Progressives and the Old Guard that Taft supported, so that the Democrats emerged with a landslide in the House. Democrats emerged with a landslide in the House.

Socialist Victor L. Berger was elected from Milwaukee. Socialist Victor L. Berger was elected from Milwaukee.

The Taft-Roosevelt The Taft-Roosevelt RuptureRupture

In 1911, the National In 1911, the National Progressive Republican Progressive Republican League was formed, with League was formed, with LaFollette as its leader, but LaFollette as its leader, but in in February 1912, TR began February 1912, TR began dropping hints that he dropping hints that he wouldn’t mind being wouldn’t mind being nominated by the nominated by the Republicans, his reason Republicans, his reason being that Taft had being that Taft had seemed to discard his seemed to discard his policies and that he had policies and that he had meant no third meant no third consecutive term, not a consecutive term, not a third term overallthird term overall..

Rejected by the Taft Rejected by the Taft

supporters of the Republicans, supporters of the Republicans, TR became a candidate on the TR became a candidate on the Progressive party ticket, Progressive party ticket, shoving LaFollette aside.shoving LaFollette aside.

In the Election of 1912, it would be Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive In the Election of 1912, it would be Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive Republican) versus William H. Taft (Old Guard Republican) versus the Republican) versus William H. Taft (Old Guard Republican) versus the

Democratic candidate, whomever that was to be………Democratic candidate, whomever that was to be………

Theodore “Teddy” RooseveltTheodore “Teddy” Roosevelt

T.R. and the Rough Riders- Cuba, 1898 T.R. and the Rough Riders- Cuba, 1898

10.16.13 U.S. History10.16.13 U.S. History Ch. 12 Age of ImperialismCh. 12 Age of Imperialism

1. Guided Readings and Matching Ch. 121. Guided Readings and Matching Ch. 12 2. 2. Finish Powerpoint Notes- Imperialism I-PadFinish Powerpoint Notes- Imperialism I-Pad Who is T.R.????Who is T.R.???? Exit SlipExit Slip