President Theodore Roosevelt delivering a speech.

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The nation faces social and political problems at the turn of the 20th century.People work in various ways to solve these problems.

The Progressive Era, 1890–1920

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SECTION 1

SECTION 2

SECTION 3

Roosevelt and Progressivism

Taft and Wilson as Progressives

Women Win New Rights

The Progressive Era, 1890–1920

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Reformers try to solve the problems of the cities. They gain a champion inTheodore Roosevelt.

Section 1

Roosevelt and Progressivism

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The Rise of Progressivism

Roosevelt and Progressivism

• Rapid growth of U.S. cities brings manyproblems, including:- poverty- spread of slums- poor conditions in factories

1SECTION

• Reform movements organize, believe in goodness of people, democracy

• Reform movements come to be grouped under the label progressivism.

Continued . . .

• Writers called muckrakers expose corruption, create demand for reform

1SECTION

• Progressive reformers share at least 1 of 3basic goals:- reform government, expand democracy- promote social welfare- create economic reform

continued The Rise of Progressivism

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Reforming Government andExpanding Democracy

• Patronage—elected officials give jobs, contracts for political support

1SECTION

• Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883):- requires people to take civil service exam for certain government jobs- stops officials from firing civil service workers for political reasons

Continued . . .NEXT

• Wisconsin becomes first state to establish a direct primary

1SECTION

• Direct primary—voters not party choose candidates

continued Reforming Government and Expanding Democracy

• Newspaper editor William S. U’Ren promotes 3 more reforms:- initiative—allows voters to propose a law directly- referendum—proposed law is submitted to vote of the people- recall—allows people to vote an official out of office

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Promoting Social Welfare• Movements deal with poverty, unemployment, bad

working conditions

1SECTION

• Jane Addams helps poor at Hull House, helps unemployed

• Florence Kelley pushes for minimum wage laws, limits on working hours

• Prohibitionists work to prevent alcohol from ruining people’s lives

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Creating Economic Reform

• Economic reform limits, regulates big business

1SECTION

• Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890:- illegal for corporations to use trusts to gain

control of industries- government does not enforce law at first

• Enforcement requires a strong president

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Roosevelt and the Square Deal

• Theodore Roosevelt—1st progressiveU.S. president

1SECTION

• Runs on Republican ticket, President McKinley’s vice president (1900)

• After inauguration, McKinley killed, Roosevelt becomes president

• Sees government as an umpire:- ensure fairness, “square deal” for workers,

consumers, big business

• Uses Sherman Antitrust Act to bust up railroad trust, Standard Oil

• U.S. government files suit against 44 corporations

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Roosevelt Leads Progressive Reforms

• Voters pressure senators, representatives to pass reforms

1SECTION

• Roosevelt signs Meat Inspection Act (1906):- creates government meat inspection program• Signs Pure Food and Drug Act:- bans the sale of impure foods and medicines• Does not take political risk by leading fight for civil rights

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Conservation• Roosevelt, a strong crusader for conservation

1SECTION

• Conservation—controlling the use of America’s natural resources

• Sets up 1st wildlife refuge, doubles number of U.S. national parks

• Uses Antiquities Act to preserve the Grand Canyon, Petrified Forest

Map

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Progressive reforms continue under William Howard Taft and Woodrow Wilson.

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Section 2

Taft and Wilson as Progressives

Taft and Wilson as Progressives

• Republican William Howard Taft wins presidential election (1908)

2SECTION

• Continues Roosevelt’s attack on trusts, addresses progressive goals:- democracy, social welfare, economic reform• Receives less credit because of alliance with conservative Republicans

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Taft and Progressivism

Two Progressive Amendments• Sixteenth Amendment (1909):

- gives Congress power to create income taxes- spreads cost of running government among

more people

2SECTION

• Seventeenth Amendment (1913):- provides direct election of U.S. senators by voters in each state- senators no longer can obtain positions through

corrupt bargains

Chart

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The Election of 1912• Conservative Republicans back President Taft, wins

party’s nomination

2SECTION

• Progressive Republicans back Theodore Roosevelt, form Bull Moose Party

• Democrats choose Governor Woodrow Wilson as presidential candidate

• Eugene Debs enters presidential race asSocialist candidate

• Republicans deeply divided, Wilson winsthe election

Chart

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The Wilson Presidency

2SECTION

• Clayton Antitrust Act (1914):- sets rules forbidding business practices that

lessen competition- gives government more power to regulate trusts- allows labor unions, farm organizations to

merge, expand- limits power of courts to force workers to

end strikes- legalizes labor tactics like strikes,

picketing, boycotts

Continued . . .NEXT

2SECTION

• Federal Reserve Act (1913):- improves nation’s monetary, banking system- allows banks to control money supplies

continued The Wilson Presidency

• Wilson approves segregation of black, whitefederal employees

• Does not promote civil rights for African Americans

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The Eighteenth Amendment

2SECTION

• Supporters of prohibition gain strength during Wilson’s presidency

• Congress passes 18th Amendment (1917):- prohibits manufacture, sale of

alcoholic beverages

Chart

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Section 3

Women Win New RightsWomen become leaders in social reform movements and win the right to voteduring the Progressive Era.

New Roles for Women

Women Win New Rights

• Technological advances reduce work at home, families get smaller

3SECTION

• Schools offer courses that teach women latest homemaking methods

• More women take jobs in factories, offices, stores• Some get college education, pursue professions

like nursing, teaching

• If financially possible, women expected to quit jobs when they marry

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Women Progressives• Partake in social reform movements that

help others

3SECTION

• Jane Addams starts Hull House, helps immigrants, unemployed find jobs

• Hull House provides day nurseries, training for public services

• Carry Nation campaigns for prohibition, helps passage 18th Amendment

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Suffrage for Women

• 2 woman suffrage groups merge

3SECTION

• Form National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton is 1st president• Susan B. Anthony becomes group’s

president (1892)• NAWSA focuses on state campaigns to win right

to vote• By 1914, 11 Western states approved suffrage Map

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The Nineteenth Amendment• Tide turns in favor of woman suffrage, U.S. enters

WW I (1917)

3SECTION

• Carrie Chapman Catt president of NAWSA

• President Wilson urges Senate to pass woman suffrage amendment

• U.S. states ratify Nineteenth Amendment (1920):- gives women full voting rights

• Catt argues U.S. cannot deny vote to women who support war effort

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