dusko mukaetov ordan cukaliev - seerural.org

Dusko MukaetovOrdan CUKALIEV

STATU

S O

F SO

IL DATA

AT D

IFFER

EN

T LEV

ELS

ФАО 2013-2015, МАКЕДОНСКИ ПОЧВЕН

ИНФОРМАТИВЕН СИСТЕМ

MASIS - Soil profile dataset• More than 50 years of soil survey,• 4300 soil profile locations with coordinates available in

the database• 11,071 horizons; most populated properties:

MASIS - Horizon dataset• A part of the soil horizon dataset

Soil profile locations

Soil profiles database



Digitalisation

Analog format

Digital format

Soil Mapping Units

ФАО 2013-2015, МАКЕДОНСКИ ПОЧВЕН ИНФОРМАТИВЕН СИСТЕМ

Soil Map

SOURCE-Macedonian Soil Information System

SO

IL CO

NS

TR

AIN

TS



WEAKNESS

• Insufficient awareness of the key players and the broaderaudience for the importance of the soil as a natural resourceand its vulnerability;

• Lack of capacities at institutional and individual levelneeded to respond to the requirements associated with thesoil (management, monitoring and protection);

• Insufficient networking of the existing data bases onnational and regional level,

• Systematic monitoring of soil resources for identification,prevention and mitigation of the main types of landdegradation, - both on central and local level;

• Implementation of sustainable land use through AEZ, GAPand agro-ecological measures, preservation of ecosystemfunctions,

PROBLEMS AND THREATS

Processes of land degradation :

a. Intensive soil erosion – caused of:- country specifics,- climate impact;- inappropriate soil management practices inagriculture and forestry

b. Soil sealing ;c. Salinization and alkalization ;d. Soil contamination with various type of pollutants (hotspots and diffuse sources);e. Depletion of soil organic matter and soil compaction;

SOIL EROSION• Erosion is the most dominant process causing soil

degradation. The causes of erosion are:- Natural (uneven relief, steep slopes, high intensity rainfalls, landcover, soil erodibility etc.)- Socioeconomic (inappropriate human activities in agriculture and

grazing, forest management, inappropriate construction activitiesetc.),

- Climate change (disbalnce of rain regime with long periods ofdrought and short intensive rainfalls, depletion of SOM, detioration ofsoil structure etc.)

• The consequences of soil erosion can be seen bothon-site and off-site

- On-site effects are the loss of soil, the breakdown of the soil structureand a decline in organic matter. Erosion also reduces available soilmoisture, resulting in more draught-prone conditions.- Off-site problems result from sedimentation downstream ordownwind which reduces the capacity of rivers and drainage ditches,increases the risk of flooding, blocks irrigation canals and shortens thedesign life of reservoirs. Eroded sediment is also a pollutant, thechemicals absorbed by it can increase the levels of nitrogen andphosphorus in water bodies and result in eutrophication.

SOIL EROSION MAP -poor and highly erodible soils,

Areas under different degree of soil erosion

III28%

IV32%

II7%

I3%

V30%

Level category ха

Extremely high erosion I 69 800

High erosion II 183 200

Medium erosion III 689 300

Low erosion IV 793 600

Very low erosion V 746 300

Source: NCSA Report

Sheet erosion, deep erosion, mixed erosion..

SOURCE: I. Blinkov, Faculty of Forestry

Gully Erosion

Landslide Mokliste 1958 Landslide Timjanik

SOURCE: I. Blinkov, Faculty of Forestry

7.000.000, 00 t, in average15т/ха.

In the last 10 years started use of new approaches for defining erosion intensity using contemporary techniques.

SOIL EROSION by USLE model

SOIL SEALING

• The covering of the soil surface with impervious materials as a result of urban development and infrastructure construction is known as soil sealing.

• The term is also used to describe a change in the nature of the soil leading to impermeability (e.g. compaction by agricultural machinery).

• Sealed areas are lost for agriculture production or forestry while the ecological soil functions are severely impaired,

• In addition, surrounding soils may be influenced by change in water flow patterns or the fragmentation of habitats.

• Urbanization was one of the dominant processes of the social and economic development of the Country.

• The concentration of urban population had reached the level of 60% of the whole population.

Soil sealing in the Skopje region

• Soil sealing in the Republic of Macedonia hasn’t been defined yet. Main reasons are inappropriate historical data.

• The only relevant research was done by Trpcevska-Angelkovic D., (2014) for the Skopje region.

1921 41,066 +20.2%

1931 64,807 +57.8%

1948 102,600 +58.3%

1953 139,200 +35.7%

1961 197,300 +41.7%

1971 312,300 +58.3%

1981 408,100 +30.7%

1994 448,200 +9.8%

2002 506,926 +13.1%

2006 668,518 +31.9%

Land use changes in Skopje region (1965 and 2010)

Land use type

Absolute

change

Changes in the period

Out of total area

Mean annual change

s

ha % % %

Unproductive land 11920 63,0 6,5 0,14

Productive land -11920 -7,3 -6,5 -0,14

Agricultural land -42137 -36,6 -23,3 -0,52

Pastures -22769 -40,0 -12,6 -0,28

Arable land -19403 -33,4 -10,7 -0,24

Fields and gardens -18952 -37,3 -10,4 -0,23

Orchard -719 -54,3 -0,5 -0,01

Vineyards -779 -26,7 -0,4 -0,01

Meadows 1047 36,1 0,6 0,01

Forest and forestland 30217 63,9 16,8 0,37

SOURCE: Dusica Trpkovska Andjelkovic, PhD Thesis

Table 3.2.6. Changes of agricultural land in the Sk opje region

1965 1975 1985 1995 2005 2009 2010 2011

Land use Area (ha)

Agricultural land 115001 101672 96446 93331 79571 72402 72864 72861

Pastures 56988 44774 42461 42960 40900 33938 34219 34122

Arable land 58013 56302 53383 50223 38628 38425 38610 38693

Fields and gardens 50866 46615 43128 42434 30718 31836 31914 32065

orchard 1324 1863 2741 1502 709 674 605 773

vineyards 2920 3489 4268 3351 2245 1973 2141 2022

meadows 2903 4335 3246 2936 4956 3942 3950 3833

URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF CITY OF SKOPJE FOR PERIOD 1963 -2012

Soil sealing in municipality of Gjorce Petrov

• Determining the changeof the land cover (Soilsealing) (increase ordecrease) in the areaunder artificial objects

According prepared GIS model - 1978(condition 1971)- 2008 (condition 2004 –aerial photo)-google eartrh map 2012 (condition 2011)

Source -Mackarovski Ilco – BSc diploma

Conversion of agricultural land - soil sealing

• The major changes ofagricultural land(urbanization) is in theperiod of 1971-2011(vicinity of Skopje) 311 хаor 311 % increase.

• The green colorrepresents the urban areain 1971, yellow color is theincreasing from 1971 till2004 and the red colorrepresents the urban landincrease up to 2011.

• 51 big industrial locations and dumpsites identified as “hot spots”,

• 16 major “hot spots” are prioritized according its influence on environment and its hazard potential :

- Three “hot spots” ranked as – with high ecological risk,

- Seven “hot spots” – with medium ecological risk,

- -six “hot spots” – with low ecological risk,

Hot spot Source of pollution StatusStored

material ( м3)

Areacovered

(ха)

OHIS Dump site НСН, lindane, abandoned 252.200 7,7

Bucim Dump site of copper active 196.000.000 90,0Zletovo mine Dump site of mine activities active 1.115.000 9,5Lojane mine chrome, arsenic, antimony abandoned 1.000.000 10,0SASA mine Lead and zinc abandoned 30.000.000 28,5Silmac Ferro - siliciа active 851.000 8,0Toranica mine Lead and zinc abandoned 3.000.000 2,5Makstil Iron and steel active 2.500.000 12,5Zletovo mine Lead and zinc abandoned 14.000.000 28,0MEC Bitola Coal mine and TEP active 11.000.000 10,0FENI Ferro - nickel active 2.200.000 16,7Zletovo mine fertilizers abandoned 3.700.000 7,0MEC Oslomej Coal mine and TEP active 2.000.000 28,0Godel furrier abandoned 5.600 0,1

OKTA Oil raffinery active 3.000 0,6

Tane Calevski Metal industry abandoned 10 0,0

Total 267.626.810 259,0

Source: NAP for solid waste management

SOIL POLLUTION Hot Spots

SOIL POLLUTION GEOCHEMICAL ATLASES OF VELES AND KAVADARCI

Source: Stafilov at all

SOIL POLLUTIONGeochemical atlases of Veles and Kavadarci

Veles soil contamination-PbKavadarci soil contamination-Ni

Source: Stafilov at all

PROBLEMS AND THREATS1. Small parcel size

3. Plots shape and orientation;4. Inheritance law – parcel fragmentation;5. Limited financial and know-how capacities of the pr imary producers to implement new techniques and technolog ies for SLM:- Adaptation measures,- Agro-ecological measures,- Organci farming etc.,6. Lack of systematic approach in:-transfer of the latest scientific achievements to the primary producers;-systematic and long-term monitoring of soil processes; -encouraging of innovative and focused research;

Year Up to 3 ха.

3-8 ха. More than 8 ха.

1971 66.6 27.5 5.9

1981 72.5 17.8 3.2

1994 86.0 11.5 1.8

2012 87,5 11,5 1,0

STATU

S O

F CLIM

ATE D

ATA



CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

• Network: National Meteorological Network consists (14 main stations, 16 climatological stations,150 precipitation stations and 24 phenological stations)

Main meteorological stations Climatological stations

NATURAL FACTORS WHICH GENERATE DLL

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

Precipitation stations Phonological stations

SOIL-CLIMATE-VEGETATION ZONES

1. Region with a sub-Mediterranean climate (50 -500 m) (Gevgelija-Valandovo region) (SM);

2. Region with a moderate-continental-sub-Mediterranean climate (to 600 m) (MCSM);

3. Region with a hot continental climate (600 - 900 m) (HC);

4. Region with a cold continental climate (900 –1 100 m) (CC);

5. Region with a sub-forest-continental-mountainous climate (1 100-1 300 m) (SFCM);

6. Region with a forest-continental mountainous climate (1 300 – 1 650 m) (FCM);

7. Region with a sub-alpine mountainous climate (1 650 – 2 250 m) (SAM);

8. Region with an alpine mountainous climate ( hs>2250) (AM).

SOIL-CLIMATE-VEGETATION ZONES

Lakes

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS - TEMPERATURE

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS• In the territory of Macedonia there are four types of

pluviometrical regimes : Mediterranean, changed Mediterranean, changed Continental, and Continental .

• Average annual amounts of precipitation - in the region with a sub-Mediterranean climate vary between 611-695 mm, - in the region with a continental-sub-Mediterranean climate vary between 472 and 583 mm- in the region with a hot continental climate vary between 515 and 890 mm, - in the region with a continental mountainous climate vary between 1 044 and 1 103 mm, - in the region with a sub-alpine mountainous climate1 001 mm, and –- in the region with an alpine mountainous climate791 mm.

• Average summer amounts of the precipitation in the territory of Republic of Macedonia the vary between 118 and 199 mm.

• Yearly sum of rainfall in Macedonia average slightly more than 700 mm. However there is big regions with rainfall less than 500 mm or slightly higher than 500 mm that is presented in the following figure.

ISOHYETALMAP

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS - INDEXES

- SEMI-ARID CLIMATIC CONDITIONS AFFECTING LARGE AREA S,- SEASONAL DROUGHTS, VERY HIGH RAINFALL VARIABILITY AND

- SUDDEN AND HIGH-INTENSITY RAINFALL;

Basic data:- 32 gauge stations in RM- period of observing 1951-1990 (1991-2000)- precipitations, temperature, PET- Ides. – Index of desertification (Id=ΣP/PET)- Rf – rain factor (by Lang) (Rf=P/avT)- G- Climate qualification (by Grachanin)- Idr. – drought index (by De Martone) (Is=ΣP/t+10)

CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

MeteorogicalStation

ΣP PET

Ides.

T Md

G Na Nsamm mm oC mm Idr. DF

Period of observing 1951-90Veles 459,6 772,0 0,60 13,3 352,0 a 7 1 19,73 34,56

Kavadarci 476,7 780,9 0,61 13,6 350,1 a 7 1 20,20 35,05

Sveti Nikole 471,8 734,4 0,64 12,5 301,1 a 6 1 20,97 37,74

Stip 482,6 748,3 0,64 12,8 302,5 a 5 3 21,17 37,70

Kocani 522,6 755,1 0,69 13,0 283,7 sa 6 2 22,72 40,20

Skopje 501,7 725,3 0,69 12,0 284,0 sa 6 2 22,80 41,81

Radovis 520,4 727,0 0,72 12,3 299,9 sa 6 1 23,34 42,31

Kumanovo 542,8 708,8 0,77 11,8 229,9 sa 4 3 24,90 46,00

Valandovo 610,8 794,1 0,77 14,2 315,3 sa 4 3 25,24 43,01

Delcevo 514,7 668,4 0,77 10,6 189,2 sa 4 3 24,99 48,56

Strumica 583,3 750,6 0,78 12,9 285,5 sa 4 3 25,47 45,22

Dojran 644,6 791,1 0,81 14,2 302,2 sa 5 2 26,64 45,39

Prilep 556,7 684,4 0,81 11,2 222,1 sa 4 3 26,26 49,71

Gevgelija 694,4 796,8 0,87 14,2 314,4 sa 4 2 28,69 48,90

PR

ES

EN

TATION

OF

AD

MIN

ISTR

ATIVE

UN

ITS IN

THE

C

OU

NTR

Y



Administrative divisions

• Below the NUTS levels, there are two LAU levels (LAU-1municipalities ; LAU-2: settlements).

NUTS-1: MK0 FUR Macedonia•NUTS-2: MK00 FUR Macedonia•NUTS-3: 8 Statistical regions

oMK001 VardaroMK002 EasternoMK003 SouthwesternoMK004 SoutheasternoMK005 PelagoniaoMK006 PologoMK007 NortheasternoMK008 Skopje

ФАО

201

3-20

15,

МАКЕДОНСКИ

ПОЧВЕН

ИНФОРМАТИВЕН

СИСТЕМ

Region GDP (in million

Euro) in 2013

Share in national

GDP (in%)

GDP per capita (in euros) in

2013

Share in total value added in industrial

sector (covering

quarrying and energy) in

2012

Share in total value added in

agriculture, fishery

and forestry in

2012

Unemployment rate in 2013

Share in gross capital

formation in 2012

Transport infrastructu

re (local roads in km) in 2013

Macedonia 7359.8 100.0 3565.7 100.0 100 28.6 100.0 9471

Vardar 580.8 7.9 3784.3 11.2 12.1 29.8 4.5 1005East 593.5 8.1 3329.2 14.9 10.7 19.5 5.2 1187Southwest 564.6 7.7 2562.7 8.0 14.1 36.7 4.7 1278Southeast 575.7 7.8 3320.4 6.4 10.9 18.8 4.3 888Pelagonia 798.9 10.6 3438.3 19.1 14.5 22.2 9.1 1211Polog 505.6 6.9 1590.1 4.5 12.4 33.6 8.3 1483Northeast 430.2 5.8 2448.1 3.4 12.1 44.9 2.3 1035Skopje 3310.5 44.9 5404.8 32.5 13.2 29.3 61.6 1384

Socio -economic indicators

Source: Regional statistic database, State Statistical Office of the Republic of Macedonia(http://www.stat.gov.mk/pxweb2007bazi/Database/Статистика%20по%20региони/databasetree.asp

Municipalities in RM

Municipalities, settlem

ents



TOTAL AGRICULTURAL AREA IN THE COUNTRY AND CROP DISTRIBUTION

• LAND COVER AND LAND USE AT VARIOUS LEVELS

• AGRICULTURAL AREA AND CROP DISTRIBUTION

• SOIL COVER DISTRIBUTION

LAND COVER - CHANGES

Class 2000 г. (ha) % 2006 г. (ha) % Change %

Artificial surfaces 38 900 1.5 41 480 1.6 +0,1

Agricultural areas 973 900 37.8 939 013 36.5 -1,3

Forest and seminatural areas 1587 900 61.7 1 548 855 60.2 -2.5

Wetlands 59 100 2.2 56 444 2.1 -0,1

Water bodies 2 000 0.07 2 015 0.08 0,01

• Due to different human activities, 9.08 % of the total land becomes unproductive for agriculture, forest, and nature purposes.

• Agricultural land represents 51 % of the total area of the country. Half of the agricultural land is covered with pastures and only 25.86 % of the total area is cultivated land.

• According to the data from the Spatial Plan (2003) 140 000 ha. of the arable land is abandoned, decreasing the arable land portion to only 20.36 % of the total area.

• Large percentages of pastures, which represent a quarter of the total area, are artificial pastures with low productivity, established by deforestation.

• Only small percent of the arable land is under intensive production (orchards, vineyards).

• It is important to emphasize that due to soil degradation, the productivity of the arable land is rapidly decreasing.

• Land management will continue to be the principal determinant of the soil organic matter content and susceptibility to erosion during the next few decades, but changes in vegetation cover resulting from short-term changes in weather and near-term changes in climate are likely to affect SOM dynamics and erosion in the country.

Land use distribution1998 2012 Changes

‘98-‘12in %Area in ha. Area in % Area in ha. Area in %

Total land 2.543.216 100 2.571.300 100

1. Productive land 2.312.390 90.92 2.183.766 84,93 -5,99

1.1. Forest land 1.021.139 40.15 981.812 38,18 -1,97

1.2. Agriculture land 1.291.251 50.77 1.120.213 43,57 -7,2

1.2.1. Pastures 633.562 24.91 608.176 23,65 -1,26

1.2.2. Cultivated land 657.689 25.86 511.316 19,89 -5,97

1.2.2.1. Arable lands and gardens 554.162 21.79 414.829 16,13 -5,66

1.2.2.2. Orchards 19.633 0.77 14.469 0,56 -0,21

1.2.2.3. Vineyards 29.298 1.15 20.695 0,80 -0,35

1.2.2.4. Natural meadows 54.596 2.15 61.323 2,38 0,23

2. Unproductive land 230.826 9.08 387.534 15,07 5,99

2.1. Waters 87.493 3,44 81.741 3,18 -0,26

2.2. Other 143.333 5,64 305.793 11,89 6,25

FACTORS FOR LAND USE CHANGEThere are several factors that have influenced these changes of land use in the past few decades. • bad management of agricultural land, land sealing, • lack of financial resources for the reforestation of

forests destroyed by fires and cutting. The rapid increase of the size of unproductive land is a result of:• fast extension of the settlements and

infrastructure of the country. The perspectives for the next 20 years are that the road network will extend for about 9 700 km of different categories of roads. The realization of this amount of road network will occupy about 40 000 ha. of land.

• increasing of the area of abandoned land - social and demographic transformation of rural population.

CROP DISTRIBUTION Land Parcel identification System -LPis

LAND USE CHANGE

• The agricultural land is being reduced. Within the past fifteen years, according to data from 1988 and 2012) we can determine reduction of agricultural land as about (7.2 %).

• The area under forest has been reduced by 39,327 ha. (1,97 %).

• Within the area of agricultural land, the percentage of arable land is dramatically decreasing by approximately 5,97 %, while the area under pasture is decreasing for 25,386 ha. (1,26 %).

• Increasing of the area with anthropogenic soils (rigosols under perennial plants) and deposols (mines, landfills with municipal and industrial waste material) is quite evident.

• Increasing of the area with unproductive soils is very common. Most frequent increase is due to: building of artificial lakes, extension of the infrastructure, expansion of settlements, excavation of various kinds of materials, etc.

TOPGRAPHYC LEVEL -Selection

ZONAL STATISTICKS OF SOIL RESOURCES

MUNICIPALITY LEVEL Selection

CATHMENT LEVEL selection



FR

EE

HA

ND

Selection

Thank you for your attention!

Проф. Душко МУКАЕТОВУКИМ Земјоделски институт

www.maksoil.ukim.mk

dusko mukaetov ordan cukaliev - seerural.org

Documents