ecological distribution of the genus crotalaria in nigeria
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8/20/2019 Ecological Distribution of the Genus Crotalaria in Nigeria
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 4, ISSUE 08, AUGUST 2015 ISSN 2277-8616
348IJSTR©2015www.ijstr.org
Ecological Distribution Of The Genus Crotalaria InNigeria
Odewo, S.A., Ajani, B. A., Soyewo. L.T, Omiyale O. A.
Abstract: Geographical distribution and morphological features of the genus Crotalaria were studied. Methods follow conventional practice as reportedby previous studies. Thirty six species of the genus Crotalaria were shown to be distributed in Nigeria. The genera were allopathic in nature. The speciessuch as C. bongensis, C. atrorubens , C. cleomifolia , C. anthyllopsis, C. cuspidata, C. bamendul, C. calycina, C. hyssopifolia, C. incana, C. graminicolaand C. macrocalyx were prominent in savannah zones while C. acervata, C. cylindrical, C. cephalotes, C. comosa, C. retusa, C.doniana, C. glauca, Cfalcata , C. goreensis among others were common in cultivated areas in forest zone of Nigeria. Qualitative leaf morphological features of selectedcrotalaria species in Nigeria were also revealed. It shows that the leaf margin, leaf surface and leaf base are similar in features except in leaf shape thatvary from lanceolate (C. comosa and C. bongensis), oblanceolate (C. retusa, C. goreensis, C. ononoidea and C. lachnosema) to obovate (C. mucronataand C. naragutensis). This implies that most of the genus Crotalaria displays similar characteristic and the features among them shows overlap.
Keywords: Morphology, Allopathic, Qualitative and Lanceolate————————————————————
IntroductionThe genus Crotalaria L. belongs to the family leguminosae,the third largest genus in the family. It consist of 600species worldwide (Polphill, 1982), mostly found in the
tropic and sub-tropic regions. Some species of Crotolaria are grown as ornamental, commonly known as rattle pod,rattle box, shake-shake or devil-bean. They are erect,herbaceous, variably hairy plant and may be annual orperennial. The leaves are simple or one to three foliate,alternate, lanceolate to obovate, with a finely hairy undersurface. Crotolaria in general, is adapted to a tropicalclimate and only a restricted number of species occur intemperate region (Samba et al , 2002). It has a widetolerance of edaphic conditions. The majority of the specieshave a high requirement, therefore they are absent fromforests interior but are relatively common in clearing andforest margins (Polphil, 1982). These species areconserved through micro propagations which is
advantageous over traditional plant breeding methods as ithelps in the mass production of plant (Nuhul et al., 1999).
Economic importance of Crotolaria SpeciesThe world health organization (WHO, 1988) reported thatmany species of this genus are toxic with epidemicoutbreak in some parts of the world .This occurred due tothe accumulated pyrrolozidine alkaloids which occur at theflowering and seed formation stage (Nuhu et al., 2009).Despite these, Crotolaria species play an important role inveterinary pharmacy and also as important etiologicalfactors ( preventive measures) in liver diseases (Nwudeand Ibrahim, 1980: and Nuhu, 1999) . Nuhu et al., (2009)reported the traditional uses of some Crotolaria species inZaria, Nigeria , among which are C. retusa L ., C.lachnosema Stap f., C. naragutensis Hutch and manyothers for feeding of sheep and cattle. In Tanzania ,Crotalaria comosa Bak . provides nitrogen to the crops ,
intercropped with and assist in the control of weeds andnematodes (Mukurasi , 1986); he also emphasised on theusefulness of the species in the management of soil fertilityThomas (2003), reported that Crotalaria recta L. are used
as food source by larvae of Lepidoptera species such asUtetheisa ornatrix ; Eteilla zinckenella and Endoclitasericeus, also serve as their defence against predatorsCook and White (1996) revealed C. retusa L. seeds assource of fibres, silage and green manure when removedfrom pods by pounding. According to Akintayo, (1997) oilsderived from Crotalaria bongensis Bak, C. naragutensisHutch and C. lachnophora Desu. Seeds are not suitable fouse as edible oil and soap production but many howeverare useful for the production of paint and shampoosCrotalaria is also used in the treatment of diabetics(Pullaiah and handrasekhar- Naidu, 2003), skin infectionsnake bit and stomach ache prevention (Verdhana, 2008)Due to the medicinal importance and unrestricted large
scale exploitation to meet increased demands by thepharmaceutical industries, coupled with limited cultivationand insufficient attempts for its reforestation, genusCrotolaria has been marked depleted and disappeared(Saurabh, et al, 2000). Therefore, this paper is focused onthe ecological distribution and diversity of the genus acrossthe country, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods
Plant materialsCollection of herbarium specimens of the genus Crotalariawere examined and studied in the Forest Herbarium Ibadan
(FHI). The ecological data that were obtained includesname of the specimen, town/locality of collection, collectorsname/number and FHI number. The geographical recordsin different locations were used to draw up geographicadistribution maps for the Crotalaria species in NigeriaQualitative micro morphological characters of someselected species such as leaf type, leaf shape, leaf apextype, leaf base and leaf surface were also assessed.
Results and discussion
____________________
Odewo, S.A., Ajani, B. A., Soyewo. L.T, Omiyale O.
A.Forestry Research Institute Of Nigeria P. M. B.5054, Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria,[email protected]
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Fig 1: Map showing the distribution of the genus Crotolaria in Nigeria
KEYS
C. acervata C. atrorubensC. glauca C. falcateC harmsiana C.incanaC.mucronata C. ochroleucaC. ononoides C. retusaC. bamendul C. Bongensis
C. cylindrical C.cleomifoliaC. anthyllopsis C. cuspidataC. cylindrocarpa C. bamendulC. cephalotes C. calycinaC.comosa C.confusaC.doniana C. goreensisC.graminicola C. lachnophoraC. lanchnosema C. ledermanniiC. macrocalyx C. naragutensisC. obovata C. spectabilisC. senegalensis C. vogeliC.juncea
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Table 1: Lists of the genus Crotalaria found in Nigeria.
Taxa Town and localityCollectorsname/number
FHI number
C. acervata Bak.F.Cross RiverMambila hill area
Gbile / 29Latilo/ 45
10214677361
C. bamendul HepperManbila / P/hortcortNtugi farmland
Latilo 77401
C. bongensis Bak.F.
Manbila / BauchiGashaka Game ReserveGasaka forest Reserve
Gbile, Olorunfemi andEmwiogbo/1029OlorunfemiEkwuno / 56Latilo/ 2
64603569457699577291
C. atrorubens Hochst Ex.Benth.
Manbila/ forest farm landareaKanoGombeGongola / YolaKastinaAdamawaEnuguCross River/ ObuduBorno / Konduga
Kaduna/ BrininGwari/GashakaOndo / Oka
Ekwene /Gbile andDaramolaLatiloDaramolaD. ClaytonLatiloDaramola / J.AEmwiogbonAriwaodo
Fagbemi / EkwunoSoladoye/Ekwuno/IheLatiloDaramola
77000
6363863466899974189063489723919944693811
844167359190147
C. cylindrical Pa. D.C NigerOnisha
Oguntayo, OyayomiA. P. D. Joues
79994625
C. cleomifolia Bak. Kaduna / AfakaGongolaJos
Oyayomi, Fagbemi,OnijamowoEkwuno
-
81214932291182
C. anthyllopsis Welw. BauchiZaria
_M.G.latilo
1312737987
C.cuspidata Taub.
Kaduna
IgbettiKaduna
JacksonG.geerling
DaramolaH.D onyeachusimDaramola
543644597
33435720561821
C.cylindrocarpa D.C
Kaba/isanluMopoKwaraAnambraOkeogun/ oyoBebdel/Edo
M.G LatiloLatilo and EimujezeAriwodoD.P slewJames Adejimi
6132865649890185563382547
C.bamendul Hepper Manbila/Jos Latilo77401
C.cephalotes Steud.
Bornu/MungunuNiger/ AbujaKwara/ lokajaPlatu/ JosIlorin/ KwaraZaria/Igabi
Ekwuno/FagbemiGbileDaramolaFagbemiD.P slewLatilo
938748005190179799356074045493
C. calycina Schrank Niger/ AbujaZaria/kadunaKwara/Borgu
OlorunfemiJ.R catarrhLatilo/Fagbemi
549933520370597
C. comosa Bak
Zaria/ Amara F.RkanginiKwaraPlateu/northside offorest school JosKaba/KogiOyo/ Okeogun cattle
OlorunfemiLatiloLatilo/45LatiloLatiloR.H. Brown/63Ekwena/237
24361656094073161344556325731993123
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reserveJos /jos water worksGongola/jenbuNjger/Cattle ranch plotmokwa
Oguntayo,fagbemi andOyayomi/33
80006
C. confuse Hepper
Niger/ AgaieKwaraIlorin/borgu kanjiKano/DauraCongula/YolaBorgu game reserveSokoto
Oguntayo, fagbemiSoladayo/Daramola
H.D. Onyeachusin andBinuyoDaramolaOdewoAfolayanLatilo
80106860685810361378968882542343803
C.doniana BackerOndo/AkureOyo/IbadanZaria/Jermila
Olorunfemi-
Olorunfemi
919462396655652
C. glauca Willd
Asaba/EnuguCross-river/OgbuduKaduna/ZariaPlateu/Jos
ZamierowskiDaramolaSoladayo,EkwunoOlorunfemi
57589379858338256942
C.falcata Vahl.ex DC. Lagos/BadagryOshun/IjebuCrossriver/AkassaZaria/Kore village
DaramolaD.P.shifildAdebusuyiDaramola
82378
543445869078750
C.hyssopifolia KwtzchKadunaNiger
SoladoyeEkwuno and Ihe
8362879724
C. incana L.sub Sp. GongollaMambila Jos
OdewoEkwuno
9738377029
Pwpuiascens(Lam) Mi/ne/Redh
Cross rivers Gbile/ daramola 94110
C. junceaIbadan/ Oyo Daramola 24145
C.graminicola Taub.ex Bak.
ZariaBornu
BauchiNiger/ Abuja
R.G.loweOnochie
Daramola and P.WitGbile
4841138454
3845480050
C.lachnophora Hochst and A.Rich
Oyo/ ShakiPlateauGongolla/GembuMambila /PlateauGongolaOyo
SofoluweR.W.S keayDaramola
-DaramolaD.P Shilied
381852102286156460638558744437
C. lanchnosema Stapf.
Zaria / anara N.A ForestReserveJos/ Jos water worksGongola/ JembuNiger/ Cattle ranch plotmokwaBauchi/ Darazo grazingresearchAnambra/ Nsuka? OlidoMambila/ maisamariglaa landKaduna / Nimbi ForestreserveOsun/ igbajo community
LatiloR.H. Brown/63Ekwuno/337Oguntayo, Fagbemi and
Oyayomi/33Mogaji/201Ariwaodo/ 190Latilo/73Oguntayo, Fagbemi andOnijaimowo/386Latilo/77
379785731993123800061798890823773628012605714
C. ledermanni Bark.F MambillaJos
EkwunoDaramola
7716246841
C. macrocalyx BenthNigerZariaBornu/ Xerwa
-LoweDaramola
234674268845540
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BauchiKwaraAdamawaOyo
-Adedeji,IbhaneseborEkwunoJackson/69
371461009353436819183
C. mucronata Desu.
KwaraZariaNsukaOban/ Cross riverCross RiverBauchiOgun/ AbeokutaGongola
JonathanGbile and Daramola/ 74Okafor/ EmiogbonLatilo/Daramola
Onijamowo andIbhanesebor Osanyinlusi/ Emwinogbon 265/77EmwinogbonOnochieDaramola and Ohaeri
801157692972257722577184787227653903598298975
C.naragutensis Hutch
Abu/ ZariaKatsinaBornoKadunaPlateauLagos/ BadagryBornu/ Yarwa
RiversKanoSokotoPlateau
LatiloSoladoye,Ekwuno andIheSoladayo,Ekwuno andIheOlorunfemi, Binuyo,BabayemiFagbemi, Osanyinusi
MusaGbile and DaramolaJacksonLatiloGbile
79570437718379284418943699491523005
93042526406279377041
C. ochroleuca G.Don.
Anambra/ NsukaCalabarBendelOyoKabba/ KotonkarfiZaria
AriwaodoAriwodoFagbemi/ OsanyinlusiD.P shildDaramolaDaramola
8904810050287761556256127154368
C. ononoides Benth
Enugu/ Miori ochaBendel/Benin/Okomu
Jos/NgurojeZaria/ Bot.garden AbuKwara/ LokojaCalabar/Akpabuyo
Daramola
Ekwuno/FagbemiandOsanlusi/57Ibhanesbhor/159Ohaeri/ 1183Chopma
55153
55153889827781410201831328
C.obovata S. dru. Ikoyi/ Lagos Ikoyi/ Lagos 18842
C.recta ex A.Rich Plateau - 70895
C. retusa Linn
Kabba/KotonkartiuAdejena roadUmuahia/afaraUmuahia Rain ForestCross River/ Ogoja-
IKOm roadOndO/kaoKwara/ lokojaAjaokuta-Okena roadsideOgun/ IlaraOyo/ Iwo-Ibadan roadAnambra/ NsukaBendel/ OwanOyo
Daramola and Binuyo/455Ariwodo/271Osanyinlusi,
Emwiogbon/ 57/77Daramola and Binuyo/28Daramola/87Oyayomi andOsanyinlusi/2Odewo, Adedeji andOsanyinlusi/57Ariwaodo/79Odewo and OniTanajong
6128673220
8701911069019682915101811908037898116789
C. Spectabilis RothIbadan Gbile 73310
C. Senegalensis (Pers) Bacle Oyo/Ibadan Jackson 77548
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ex DC. KastinaBorno/MaiduguriZariaOyo/Igbetti
Musa and DaggashDaramolaLatiloC. Geerling
35010636807288046369
C.vogeli Benth
OnitshaEnuguKabbaOgun /EgbadoKwara /Ilorin
A.P.D TowerEmwiogbonBostonEkwuuno
EimonjezeM.C. Ejiofor
589366587527906809019824
Table 2: Qualitative leaf morphological features of selected crotalaria species in Nigeria
Species Leaf apex Leaf margin Leaf shape Leaf surface Leaf base
C.retusa Retusa/obtuse Entire Oblanceolate Glabrous CuneateC. goreensis Obtuse Entire Oblanceolate Glabrous CuneateC.bongensis Obtuse Entire Lanceolate Glabrous CuneateC.mucronata Acute Entire Obovate Glabrous CuneateC.ononoideas Obtuse Entire Oblanceolate Glabrous CuneateC. lancnosema Obtuse Entire Oblanceolate Glabrous Cuneate
C.naragutensis Sub-acute Entire Obovate Glabrous CuneateC.comosa Obtuse Entire Lanceolate Glabrous Cuneate
Table 1 and figure 1 shows the list of the genus Crotolaria present in Nigeria. It is observed that most of the crotalaria speciesare found in all parts of Nigeria, usually in most places and cultivated on open areas. The study reveals that C. cleomifolia, Canthyllopsis, C. hyssopifolia, C. graminicola, C.ledearmamii and C.recta are commonly found in Northern parts of Nigeria(Kaduna, Gongola, Bauchi, Niger, Bornu and Jos ) while species such as C.spectabilis, C. juncea, C.obovata are commonlyfound in South western parts of Nigeria ( Lagos, and Oyo) . However, crotalaria species like, C. cylindrocarpa, C. cylindrica, Cretusa, C. nagutensis, C. micronata, C. ononoidea, C. ochroleuca, C. macrocalyx, C. lanchrosema, C.lacnophora, C. incana, C.
glauca, C. goreensis, C. falcata, C.atrorubens, and C. bongensis are mostly dominated in all ecological zones of Nigeria. Othespecies such as C. cephalote, C. comosa, C. calycina, C. confusa, C. doniana and C. senegalensis are said to be sympatricGenerally, it is observed that most of the genus crotolaria are found in waste places, cultivated and open forest areas in thecountry Sofowora,(1993), Nuhu et al ,(2000) and Samba et al , (2002) that most of these plants are found in savannah andderived savannah while few were found in an open forest areas in Nigeria
Plate 1: Photograph of Crotalaria retusa Plate 2: Photograph of Crotalaria lachnosema
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Plate 3: Photograph of Crotalaria mucronata
Table 2 indicates qualitative leaf morphological features ofselected crotalaria species. The selected species are C.retusa, C. gorensis, C. bongensis, C. mucropnata, C.ononoidea, C. lachnosema, C. naragutensis and C.comosa. The leaf apexes of the species studied are similar
except in C. mucronata and C. naragutensis that are sub-acute and acute. The leaf margin, leaf surface and leafbase are similar in features except in leaf shape that varyfrom lanceolate (C. comosa and C. bongensis),oblanceolate (C. retusa, C. goreensis, C. ononoidea and C.lachnosema) to obovate (C. mucronata and C.naragutensis). This implies that most of the genusCrotalaria displays a similar characteristic and the featuresshown among them do overlap. Stace (1965) reported thatthe leaf characters of the species are most variedanatomical and morphological features in angiosperm.
Conclusion The genus Crotalaria is distributed throughout theecological zones in Nigeria. Besides, their availabilityoccurs in all the states of the country. They could be foundin savanna and open forest areas usually waste places,cultivated and an open areas, species such as C.cephalote, C. comosa, C. calycina, C. confusa, C. donianaand C. senegalensis are allopatric in nature. The leafmargin , leaf apexes, leaf surface and leaf base of thespecies show a similar characteristic except in leaf shapethat vary from lanceolate to obovate.
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