emergency training simulation design art hendela president, hendela system consultants, inc. ...

Emergency Training Emergency Training Simulation DesignSimulation Design

Art Hendela

President, Hendela System Consultants, Inc.www.hendela.com

[email protected]

Mihai MoldovanNew Jersey Institute of Technology

Uses of Games and Uses of Games and SimulatorsSimulators

1. Teaching - principles, methods, skills, supplementary material

2. Training – allow dress rehearsals with easy reset

3. Operations – explore, test, and plan operational parameters

http://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Uses of Games and Uses of Games and Simulators - ContinuedSimulators - Continued

4. Research – hypothesis testing5. Therapy – behavioral testing,

evaluation, and drug treatment6. Entertainment – have fun and

relax (sounds good! )


Basic Design Basic Design PhilosophiesPhilosophies

According to Gartner Group’s Clark Aldrich (2001):

Use Authentic Scenarios Force quick decisions Provide lots of options Repetition and choices help it sink in Customize to the culture


Metaphors – the basis Metaphors – the basis for learning eventsfor learning events

Use the 3 C model to help develop your metaphors

1. Create2. Connect3. Combine


Special Purpose Special Purpose Simulators DefinedSimulators Defined

Custom built tool by an experienced model builder

Uses a data driven model of a specific system

The user is allowed to modify model parameters in order to run tests and get his/her results


Simulation Language Simulation Language HistoryHistory

Fortran – The mother of all mathematical modeling languages (1956)

Algol – influenced C’s development (1960) GPSS – IBM’s General Purpose System

Simulator (1961) Dynamo – used first for USAF logistics APL – A Programming Language – all

mathematical symbols.


Simulation Language – Simulation Language – MicrosaintMicrosaint

Developed for modeling human-based complex systems

Used for analysis of resource utilization, maintenance procedures, military personnel performance

Utilizes the Task Network Model to answer what if questions


MicroSaint Application-MicroSaint Application-Human FactorsHuman Factors

Simulation is new to Human Factors/Ergonomic studies

Used by industry and the military to find optimal work teams

Helped design Army’s Comanche Helicopter


Simulation Design –Simulation Design –High Level ArchitectureHigh Level Architecture

Former simulations used Monolithic design techniques to create one large model

High Level Architecture (HLA) is used for newer distributed simulations comprised of sub-models


High Level Architecture High Level Architecture – – Traffic Flow ExampleTraffic Flow Example

Visualization

SimulationCars

SimulationPedestrians

TrafficManagement

System

SimulationTraffic Lights

Traffic Light Models

Runtime Infrastructure (RTI)


Simulation Application-Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poorHealthcare for the poor

• Partnership of Immunization Providers (PIP) used three steps to create simulation to improve clinic performance

1. Create Workflow data acquisition tool2. Break data into functional relationships3. Create simulation model of ideal operation

• Input is made simple for the staff


Simulation Application-Simulation Application-Healthcare for the poor Healthcare for the poor 22

Five key areas are identified: • Check-in, • Waiting Room/pre exam• Exam• Check-out and Charting• Post-checkout


Simulation Application – Simulation Application –

Satellite Terminal Satellite Terminal ControlControl• Simulation of a direct control of

satellite ground terminal• Runs on WIN NT-based laptop• Employed with 3rd party tools,

packages and components• Designed to simulate one control

terminal



Railroad Railroad • TRAINSET is a real-time railroad

simulator • Designed with layout editor, state

display, control programs• Automatic Control Interface (ACI)

establishes the connection



Simulated FireSimulated Fire• Virtual Environment allows safe

recreation of scenarios.• Building designs are evaluated from the

viewpoint of fire safety• 3-D designs allow for the ability to

“walk-through” the building.• Integrates NIST’s Consolidated Model of

Fire and Smoke Transport (CFAST) with Berkeley Architectural Walkthrough (Walkthru).


Simulated Fire – Simulated Fire – CFAST DesignCFAST Design

Environment composed of:1. Rectilinear 3-D regions called

volumes2. Interconnection portals called vents

Differential equations are solved to create the flow and exchange of gases between the volumes


Simulated Fire – Simulated Fire – Walkthru DesignWalkthru Design

Walkthru adds properties and objects not found in the basic CFAST simulation. These include:

1. Wall Specifications such as thickness and material

2. Furniture characteristics such as mass, materials, chemistry, and combustion details.



Submarine CombatSubmarine CombatMission

Requirements

Sensors

InfoProcessing

DecisionFunctions

ActionSystems

Threats/Targets



Multiprocessor Multiprocessor ApplicationsApplications• S3E2S – CAD environment for

specification, simulation, and synthesis of embedded electronic systems

• Combines analog parts, digital hardware, and software.

• Mixes control dominated and data dominated behavior of electronic devices



Power GenerationPower Generation• Interest in power grid simulation high

in light of potential black outs and terrorist threats

• STAR used for a variety of power generation simulation:

1. Electrical Grid2. Electrical Generator3. Steam Turbine4. High Voltage Regulation


Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Hospital Emergency Hospital Emergency Command SystemCommand System

• Four areas in which the system needs to provide control and mobilization: communications, personnel, equipment and mobility

• Five phases in a hospital emergency: detect, dispatch, deploy, deliver and disperse

• Simulation program has been prepared in a modular manner

• Results showed improvements in emergency response time when using the systemhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Design of a Submarine Design of a Submarine Voyage Training SimulatorVoyage Training Simulator

• The simulator consists of three parts: Operation Panel, Display Panel and Interface Cabinet

• System modeling – motion modeling and navigation devices modeling

• Complex software design – differential equations, database management, 3D animation, PID controller, real-time communication

• Results showed that simulator could describe the regulation of submarine movement and maneuvering correctly and completely


Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Inflight Software Inflight Software Simulation of the Harpoon Simulation of the Harpoon MissileMissile• Harpoon missile – anti-ship missile that

can be launched from submarines, surface ships and aircrafts

• Built by McDonnell Douglas Astronautics Corporation

• HACLCS – Harpoon Aircraft Command and Launch System

• Two modes for launch – computer and line-of sight


Simulation Application – Simulation Application – Inflight Software Inflight Software Simulation of the Harpoon Simulation of the Harpoon Missile 2Missile 2• Two launching modes – normal and abnormal

• Simulation function provides the operator with the capability to simulate selection and release of missiles

• Simulation capabilities include: initialization controlling and operating conditions, selection simulation, tableau update simulation, aim point update simulation, MGU update simulation, FTP update simulation, release simulation


Simulation – Transaction Cycle of Simulation – Transaction Cycle of Agents and Web-based Gaming Agents and Web-based Gaming Simulation for International Simulation for International Emissions TradingEmissions Trading

• ASIA – agent-based Java framework (Artificial Society with Interacting Agents)

• Layered structure – application layer, social layer, agent layer, Java virtual machine

• Greenhouse gas emission trading simulation

• Web applications for gaming


Simulation – An Simulation – An Environment Simulator for Environment Simulator for the FDNY Computer Aided the FDNY Computer Aided Dispatch SystemDispatch System

• MICS System – Management and Information Control System

• Environmental simulator – an integral part of the MICS

• Six modes of operation: alarm receipt, decision dispatch, display/fallback, notification, status monitoring and management

• Results showed that the required performance of the MICS system was more than adequately met


Simulation – Simulation Simulation – Simulation Study of a Hospital Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Automated Materials Handling SystemHandling System

• ACT – Automated Cart Transport system – to be implemented in the hospital

• There is a need for studying a number of issues: manpower requirements, number of needed transporters, interfacing with other personnel using the system, scheduling

• A simulation is the best way to analyze all these factors


Simulation – Simulation Simulation – Simulation Study of a Hospital Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Automated Materials Handling System 2Handling System 2

• Two modeling concepts• Breaking down the system activities into

identifiable event elements• Use a dynamically changing list of future

events• WIDES – Wisconsin Discrete Event

Simulator • The system had four main components –

the database, the scheduler, the simulation program and the output

• Conclusion – a feasible schedule of deliveries has NOT been achievedhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Simulation – Modeling with Simulation – Modeling with the Microsaint Simulation the Microsaint Simulation PackagePackage

• Microsaint – a discrete-event simulation software package for building models that simulate real-life processes

• Model development• Task timing information• Conditions for execution• Beginning/ending effects• Task sequencing

• Used successfully in the manufacturing industry and in the health care industry


Simulation – Simulation Simulation – Simulation Interoperability with the Interoperability with the Microsaint Simulation Software Microsaint Simulation Software and COM Servicesand COM Services

• COM services developed as a new feature for Microsaint

• COM services allow communication between Microsaint and other software applications

• Examples of COM Services application• Course of Action Training Tool (CATT)• Combat Automation Requirements

Testbed (CART)


Simulation – Perspectives Simulation – Perspectives on Simulation using GPSSon Simulation using GPSS

• GPSS – General Purpose Simulation System – a popular simulation modeling language

• Offers a rich set of semantics and yet it is sparse in syntax

• GPSS is a multi-vendor language• Some versions provide built-in graphic

and animation features• Some languages have GPSS embedded


Simulation – Perspectives Simulation – Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS on Simulation using GPSS 22

• Five misconceptions about GPSS• GPSS is inherently slow• To do anything sophisticated in GPSS, HELP

blocks must be used to combine GPSS models with FORTRAN routines

• GPSS is trivial to learn• Modeling difficulties arise more frequently

due to language shortcomings than due to lack of modeler expertise

• GPSS is batch oriented


Simulation – Medical Simulation – Medical Education as a Model for Education as a Model for Simulation EducationSimulation Education

• Two models of simulation application – research model and practice model

• Parallel between medical education and simulation education

• Curriculum proposal• Basic course work – mathematics, statistics,

probability, stochastic models, optimization and simulation modeling

• Additional coursework – accounting, business management, marketing, logistics, Info Systems management, computing, communication and technical writing


Simulation – A Microcomputer Simulation – A Microcomputer Based Simulation Model for a Based Simulation Model for a Military Scheduling Military Scheduling ApplicationApplication

• Study tries to determine the manpower requirements for an army orders processing operation

• Model development• Arrivals• Service• Queue

• Results of the simulation model showed that overall processing time can effectively be reduced by designing the processing system on the basis of the queue size of the orders and the number of clerks


Simulation - An Introduction Simulation - An Introduction to the Simulation of a to the Simulation of a Multiple CPU Military Multiple CPU Military Communications SystemCommunications System

• Design effort to extend the capabilities of Army’s operational telecommunication system

• Resulting system – Pentagon Consolidated Telecommunications Center System (PCTCS)

• Extensible Computer System Simulation (ECSS II) language was used to simulate the new PCTCS system

• ECSS II was found to be a powerful tool for simulating military message processing systems


Simulation – Barriers to Simulation – Barriers to Implementing Simulation Implementing Simulation in Health Carein Health Care

• Barrier #1 – A natural resistance to the unfamiliar

• Rule #1 – Get everybody’s fingerprints on the knife

• Barrier # 2 – The industrial “time and motion” study stigma

• Rule #2 – Educate others and avoid the industrial vernacular


Simulation – Barriers to Simulation – Barriers to Implementing Simulation Implementing Simulation in Health Care 2in Health Care 2

• Barrier # 3 – The poorly conducted simulation study

• Rule #3 – Don’t wind your toys too tight• Barrier #4 – politics, personalities, over

confidence, misunderstanding , ambition, poor data collection etc.

• Rule #4 – Don’t build barriers; build bridges


Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and IssuesApplications and Issues

• Computer simulation models conform both to system structure and to available system data

• Simulation supports experimentation with systems at relatively low cost and little risk

• Variation matters• Simulation experiment results conform

to unique system requirements for informationhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation – A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and Issues 2Applications and Issues 2

Simulation application in healthcare can be classified into four categories• Public policy• Patient treatment process• Capital expenditure requirements• Provider operating policies


Simulation – Internet-based Simulation – Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLASimulation Tools and HLA

• C++ not suited for developing simulations

• HLA – High Level Architecture• Requirements imposed on simulation

tools by HLA are considerable• Requirements derived from the HLA

programming paradigm• Requirements derived from being part

of a distributed simulationhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Simulation – Internet-based Simulation – Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA 2Simulation Tools and HLA 2

• Four general solutions for integrating existing simulation tools into HLA• Re-implementation of the tool with HLA

extensions• Extension of intermediate code• Usage of an external programming

interface• Coupling via a gateway program


Simulation - Using Simulation Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency DepartmentsEmergency Departments

• Object of the study – a medium to large hospital in the southeast

• Simulation software – MedModel• 10 steps in the project

• Identify the process to be simulated• Define the goals and objectives of the

study• Formulate and define model• Collect data• Build the modelhttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Simulation - Using Simulation Simulation - Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency Departments 2Emergency Departments 2

• 10 steps in the process (cont)• Verify the model• Validate the model• Set up alternatives for evaluation• Run multiple replications on each

alterative and evaluate results• Choose best alternative or

combination of alternatives


Simulation – A Review of Simulation – A Review of Web-based Simulation: Web-based Simulation: Whither we WanderWhither we Wander

• New software technologies• Java is one of the most promising technologies for

web based simulation• Environments and languages for web based simulation

• Simjava• DEVSJAVA• JSIM• JavaSim• JavaGPSS• Silk• WSE


Simulation – A Review of Simulation – A Review of Web-based Simulation: Web-based Simulation: Whither we Wander 2Whither we Wander 2

• Areas of application:• Manufacturing• Education and training• Military applications• Scientific applications• Other applications


Training Application-Training Application-Healthcare TreatmentHealthcare Treatment

• Police are trained to recognize gestures and verbal cues regarding mental illness

• Verbal interaction methods are taught• The following are simulated:

1. Schizophrenia2. Paranoia3. Depression


Healthcare Treatment – Healthcare Treatment – Mental Illness SimulatorMental Illness Simulator

Behavior Engine

Virtual Human Visualization Engine

Language Processor


Training Application – Training Application – Multi-ship Air CombatMulti-ship Air Combat

• Simulation used as inexpensive way to keep skills sharp

• Live flight limited due to security, flight safety, resources, range of flight

• Pilots train in a F-15 cockpit in a 40 foot dome with target projection

• SIMNET implements multi-user design utilizing pilots, weapons controllers, and enemies.


Training Application – Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat 2Multi-ship Air Combat 2

Simulation considered better for training:1. Multi-bogey, four or more2. Reaction to surface to air missiles3. Employment of electronic

countermeasures/counter-counter measures

4. Escort tactics5. All weather tactics6. Low altitude tactics


Training Application – Training Application – Multi-ship Air Combat 3Multi-ship Air Combat 3

Simulator considered worse for:1. Visual outlook2. Tactical formation3. Visual identification4. Mutual support


Training Application – Training Application – Virtual PatientsVirtual Patients

• Virtual human patient developed to train for cardiac emergencies.

• Uses Artificial Intelligence to simulate medical conditions

• Adds 3-D environment to visualize a patient in an emergency room.

• Used to train medical students for cardiac emergencies


Virtual Patients –Virtual Patients –System DesignSystem Design

• Patient’s appearance varies based on clinical condition

• Emergency room is filled with virtual nurses to execute requests for diagnosis and treatment

• Complementary examination is carried out to aid diagnosis.


Virtual Patients –Virtual Patients –Emotional DesignEmotional Design

• Views are provided at user determined angles

• Animation shows the patient’s current state

• Commands carried out by menus or voice commands

• Environment becomes busier as situations become more critical


Training Application – Training Application – Tactical Network Tactical Network ManagementManagement

• Communication Network Simulation system (CNS) used for tactical training.

• Operators train in:1. System Configuration2. Message Response3. Emergency Situations


Tactical Network Tactical Network Management - Management - FunctionsFunctions

NMT Functions

WANManagement

BattlefieldSpectrum Mngmt

Network PlanningAnd Engineering

System AdminCots and Utility

SoftwareApplicationExecutive

Soldier/MachineInterface


Training – Measuring the Training – Measuring the Effectiveness of Simulation-Effectiveness of Simulation-Based TrainingBased Training

• Instructional Systems Design (ISD)• Analysis of training needs• Design of training curriculum• Evaluation• Development of training curriculum• Implementation (delivery)

• Formulation of an elementary simulation-based training effectiveness measurehttp://www.hendela.com Your Web Database Experts. Landing pages, Online Surveys, Search Engine Optimization

Training – Firefighter Training – Firefighter Command Training Virtual Command Training Virtual EnvironmentEnvironment

• System consists of three main components• Virtual Environment• Graphical Command Interface• NIST Fire Dynamic Simulator

• Firefighter control • Pathfinding• Models and animation

• Realistic fire and smoke• Fire simulation• Volume compression• Fire and smoke visualization• Interactive fire and smoke


Training – Developing and Training – Developing and implementing a Comprehensive implementing a Comprehensive Training and Incentive Program Training and Incentive Program for Student Employees in ITfor Student Employees in IT

• Employee skills• Demographics of student employees• Who to look for in interviews• Orientation trainings• Tools to aid and supplement training• Ongoing or long-term training• Tracking student progress• Making students want to improve


Conclusions – Strategic Conclusions – Strategic directions in Distributed directions in Distributed SimulationSimulation

• Systems operations and management

• Real-time decision making• Combat consultant• Aircraft navigation• Crowd management

• Persistent virtual worlds• Virtual verisimilitude


Conclusions –Research Conclusions –Research Challenges in Distributed Challenges in Distributed SimulationSimulation

• Human behavior modeling

• Simulation domain architectures

• Abundant network bandwidth

• Practical event management techniques


References• Aldrich, Clark, “Something about simulations”,

elearningforum.com, July, 2001• Alexopoulos, Chritos, et al, “A discrete

simulation application for clinics serving the poor”, Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference.

• Araten, Michel, “Perspectives of the founding Fathers”, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference.


ReferencesReferences

• Barnes, Catherine Drury and K Ronald Laughery, Jr.”Advanced uses for MicroSaint Simulation Software”. Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference, 271-274

• Bell, Herbert H and Peter M Crane, “Training Utility of Multiship Air Combat Simulation”, Proceedings of the 1992 Winter Simulation Conference.

• Brooke, Thomas C, “Development of a Distributed, Cross-Platform Simulator”, SigADA’02, December 8-12, 2002, p 12-21



• Brown, Richard A. “A software testbed for Advanced Projects in Real-time and Distributed computing”. ACM 24th Conference on Systems Engineering, Feb 1993, 247-250.

• Bulowski, Richard and Carlo Sequin, “Interactive Simulation of Fire in Virtual Building Environments”, Proceedings of the 24th annual conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques, 1997, 35-44.

• Bulowski, Richard, “The Firewalk Project”, http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~bukowski/wkfire/



• Carlino, Dominick. “Combat System Decision Aids Simulation”. Proceedings of the 15th annual simulation symposium, March 1982, 189-196

• Carro, Luigi, Marcio Kreutz, Flavio Wagner, Marcio Oyamada, “System Synthesis for Multiprocess Embedded Applications”. “Proceedings of the conference on Design, Automation and testing in Europe”, January 2000, 697-702.



• Cavazza, Marc and Altion Simo. “A Virtual Patient based on Qualitative Simulation”, Proceedings of the 2003 international conference on Intelligent ser interfaces, January 2003, 19-25

• Corsi, S, M Pozzi, G Tagliabue. “A new Real-time Digital Simulator of the Turbine Alternator Grid System (Star) for Control Apparatus Closed Loop Tests”, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol 13, No 3, Sept 1998, 282- 291.



• Coughlan, Kiran L. and Paul J Nolan. “Developing Special Purpose Simulators Under Microsoft Windows”. Proceedings of the 1995 Winter Simulation Conference, 969-976

• Deasy, Joseph O., M. Victor Wickerhauser, Mathieu Picard.”Accelerating Monte Carlo simulations of radiation therapy dose distributions using wavelet threshold de-noising”, Med Physics, 29(10), Oct 2002, 2366-2373



• Drury, Catherine and K Ronald Laughery, Jr.”Advanced uses for MicroSaint Simulation Software”. Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation Conference, 510-516



• Duncombe, Christopher B.”Network Management Training for Tactical Systems”. IEEE MILCOM ’97, VOL 3, No 3, 1519-1523

• Eikenberry, Kevin.”Creating Metaphors and Analogies to use in training and Other Learning Events”,www.disian,com/resources/reports/report005.asp, 1999.



• Hideyuki, Mizuta, Yoshiki, Yamagata. “Transaction Cycle of Agents and Web-based Gaming simulation for International emissions Trading”, Proceedings of the 2002 Winter Simulation conference

• Hubal, Robert C., Geoffrey A. Frank, Curry I. Guinn. “Lessons Learned in Modeling Schizophrenic and Depressed Responsive Virtual Humans for Training”, Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces, January 2003, 85-92.


References References

• Klein, Ulrich, Thomas Schulze, Steffan Strassburger, “Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference”, 1095-1103.

• Kuljis, Jasna, Paul, Ray. “A Review of Web-based Simulation: Whither we Wander”, Proceedings of the 2000 Winter Simulation Conference

• Levine, Stephen. “Simulation of a Hospital emergency Command System”, Proceedings of the third conference on Applications of simulation, December 1969



• Leonard, James, Soderberg, John. “Inflight SoftwareSimulation of the Harpoon Missile”, The Proceedings of the 16th annual simulation symposium on Simulation, 1983

• Lowery, Julie, Hakes, Brian, Keller, Lou, Lilegdon, William, Mabrouk, Kal. “Barriers to Implementing Simulation in Health Care “, Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation Conference


ReferencesReferences• Lin, Zhao, Feng, Sung, Ying, Liu. “The design of a

Submarine Voyage Training Simulator”• McGinnis, Michael, Stone, George. “Measuring the

Effectiveness of Simulation-Based Training”, Proceedings of the 1996 Winter Simulation conference

• McGuire, Frank. “Using Simulation to Reduce Length of Stay in Emergency Departments”, Proceedings of the 1994 Winter Simulation conference

• Mohan, John, Geller, Michael. “An environmental simulation for the FDNY Computer Aided Dispatch System”, Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Software engineering, 1976



• Osborn, Jim. “Developing and implementing a Comprehensive Training and Incentive Program for Student Employees in IT”, SIGUCCS 2000, October 29 – November 1

• Page, Ernest, Nicol, David, Balci, Osman, Fujimoto, Richard, Fishwick, Paul, L’Ecuyer, Pierre, Smith, Roger. “Panel: Strategic Directions in Simulation Research”, Proceedings of the 1999 Winter Simulation Conference

• Ross, Barry, Cheung, Francis. “Simulation Study of a Hospital Automated Materials Handling system”, Proceedings of the eleventh annual simulation symposium, 1978


ReferencesReferences• Schunk, Daniel “Modeling with the Micro Saint

Simulation Package”, Proceedings of the 2000 Winter simulation Conference

• Schunk, Daniel, Bloechle, Wendy. “Simulation Interoperability with the Micro Saint Simulation Software and COM Services”, Proceedings of the 2001 Winter Simulation Conference

• Schriber, Thomas. “Perspectives on Simulation using GPSS”, Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference

• Seila, Andrew. “Medical Education as a Model for Simulation Education”, Proceedings of the 2000 winter Simulation conference



• Shimshak, Daniel, Saluti, Dean. “A Microcomputer Based Simulation for a Military Scheduling Application”, Proceedings of the 15th conference on Winter Simulation - Volume 2, December 1983

• Shubik, Martin. GAMES FOR SOCIETY, BUSINESS, and WAR, Elserver Publishing, New York, 1975.

• Sprung, James, Beatty, Paul, Camery, John, Norrell, John. “An Introduction to the Simulation of a Multiple CPU Military Communications System”, Proceedings of the fourth symposium on Simulation of computer systems, August 1976



• Strassburger, Steffen, Schultze, Thomas, Klein, Ulrich, Henriksen, James. “Internet-based Simulation using Off-the-shelf Simulation Tools and HLA”, Proceedings of the 1998 Winter Simulation Conference

• Standridge, Charles “ A Tutorial on Simulation in Healthcare: Applications and Issues”, Proceedings of the 1999 winter Simulation conference

• St.Julien, Tazama, Shaw, Chris. “Firefighter Command Training Virtual Environment”, TAPLA 2003, October 15-18


emergency training simulation design art hendela president, hendela system consultants, inc. ...

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