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MAKINGGOVERNANCE GENDER RESPONSIVE: MODULE 2 35

MODULE 1


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MAKING GOVERNANCE

GENDER RESPONSIVE

Module 1

Prepared by

CENTER FOR ASIA-PACIFIC WOMEN IN POLITICSManila, Philippines

for the

ASIA-PACIFIC GENDER EQUALITY NETWORK

UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME

(UNDP-APGEN)

2002


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CONTENTS

PAGE

What Does This Module Teach You? 2

What Should You Be Able To Do After Studying

This Module? 3

Lets See, What Do You Already Know About

The Subject? 4

Lets Start A Journal 5

Lesson 1: WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE HUMAN

DEVELOPMENT? 5

Lesson 2: WHAT IS GOVERNANCE 13

Lesson 3: LINKING GOVERNANCE WITH

SUSTAINABLE HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 20

This Module In A Nutshell 25

Evaluate What You Have Learned From This Module 26

Answer Key 27

Glossary of Terms 29

APPENDIX 30


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If you were to live in an ideal society, what kind ofsociety would it be? What are the things that can

be found there? How would people in that society

treat each other? How would your ideal society be gov-

erned?

Most human being beings would like to live in a so-

ciety where people enjoy life. It is a society where all

needs are met and people treat each other with respect.

It is a society where the full potentials of individuals are

allowed to develop and maintained. This is called sus-tainable human development. Good governance is an

important part of it.

As a member of your community, how can you help

achieve sustainable development? Sustainable devel-

opment is achieved when people and social structures

work together to bring out the full potentials of the mem-

bers of a society. This module shall introduce you to

the concept of sustainable human development and the

ways in which it is achieved.

What Does

This Module TeachYou?

2 MAKING GOVERNANCE GENDER RESPONSIVE: Module 1


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This module is the first of 10 modules on the subject:

Making Governance Gender Responsive. The mod-

ules are to be read in their proper order so that you

can fully understand and appreciate the importance of gen-

der responsiveness in good governance. It is also important

that you read the general introduction to the modules before

taking this course.

At the end of this module,you should be able to:

define sustainable human development

explain why sustainable human development is an

important goal state the importance of good governance in

achieving sustainable human development

define good governance

name the characteristics of good governance

describe the link between good governance and sustain-

able human development

This moduleis divided into three lessons

Lesson 1: What Is Sustainable Human Development?

Lesson 2: What is Good Governance?

Lesson 3: Linking Good Governance with Sustainable

Human Development

Reading the lessons covered in this module will help you

understand good governance and its relationship with sus-

tainable human development. These are important concepts

to help you become a better member of your society and

help you perform your specific tasks better.

What Should You Be Able To DoAfter Studying

This Module?

MAKING GOVERNANCE GENDER RESPONSIVE: Module 1 3


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Before you proceed, read the

questions that follow. Encircle the letterof the correct answer.

1. The end goal of al l governance

efforts is:

a. Peace

b. Sustainable human development

c. Elimination of poverty

d. Justice

2. Which one is not a characteristic of sus-

tainable human development?

a. People-centered

b. Participatory in nature

c. Considers only the present genera-

tions

d. Empowering

3. Which of the following is not an aspect

of sustainable human development?

a. Empowerment

b. Cooperationc. Government-dependent

d. Equity

e. Sustainability

f. Security

4. What is a basic precondition for sus-

tainable human development?

a. Governance

b. Money

c. Workd. Family

Lets see

What Do You Already Know

About the Subject?


5. Which of the following is not a domain

of governance?a. State

b. Private Sector

c. Church

d. Civil Society

Enumerate the eight characteristics of

good governance.

1. _____________________________

2. _____________________________

3. _____________________________

4. _____________________________

5. _____________________________

6. _____________________________

7. _____________________________

8. _____________________________

Define sustainable human development

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Compare your answer with those in

the Answer Keyon page 27. If you an-

swered all questions correctly, congratu-

lations! You are already familiar with the

lessons covered in this module. You may

read this module for review. If you got

more than two incorrect answers, study

this module well.


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Lesson 1

What Is

Sustainable HumanDevelopment?

A society is composed of people interacting

among themselves and their environment. The

social structures and institutions that exist in a so-

ciety aim to address the needs of its people and help them

achieve their full potentials. Do you know some of these

social structures and institutions? The family, the basic unity

of society, is one of them. The church and government arealso important examples of these structures. There are also

other organizations and institutions that exist to help make

peoples lives better. You could be a member of an NGO

(non-government organization), a government worker, a

student or even be involved in business. In each of them,

you have your role to play. Each

of these institutions has spe-

cific tasks in making sure that

peoples needs are addressed

and help them reach their full po-tentials.

Are the social structures/ in-

stitutions in your country able to

work well in achieving these

goals? More often than not, there

are still some issues and needs

that are not adequately ad-

dressed. Do you know some of

these issues that are often called

societys problems? How do youfeel about them? What is your or-


Lets StartA Journal

P repare a learningjournal before read-ing the lessons in this

module. You may use a

notebook or any mate-

rial that you can write on.

You may also recycle oldnotebooks or bind used

sheets of paper.

This learning journal

will serve as a record of

your accomplishments

as you study this course.

You will be asked to jot

down in your journal the

answers to the ques-

tions found in the les-

sons of every module.Also, your reflections,

learnings, and plans for

the future are to be noted

down in this journal.

Keeping a journal is a

very important part of this

course.

Do you already have

your journal? Are you

now ready to learn moreabout sustainable hu-

man development and

good governance? Pro-

ceed to Lesson 1.


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ganization doing to prevent and solve these problems? How are you in-

volved in this effort.In this lesson, you shall study sustainable human development, an

important concept you observed specially in governing a society. At the

end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to

define sustainable human development, and

explain why sustainable human development is an important goal.

Are you ready to know more about this topic? Read on and find out

more about sustainable human development.

Heres Something For You To DoHeres Something For You To DoHeres Something For You To DoHeres Something For You To DoHeres Something For You To DoStudy the illustrations below. Each one depicts a current issue or

concern. After studying them, answer the questions that follow. Jot down

your answers in your learning journal.

Picture 1:Labor unrest

1. What is the social issue depicted in the illustration?

2. How do you fee about it?

3. Why does this problem continue to exist?

The illustrations depicted labor unrest, urban poverty and

homelessness, poor health conditions and environmental problems. Most

people do not feel good about the existence of these problems in theircountry. They often worry about it. Did you feel the same way?


1


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1. What

social issue is

depicted in

Picture 2?

2. How do

you feel about

it?

3. Why does

this problemcontinue to

exist?

2


31. What social issue isdepicted

above?

2. How do you feel about it?

3. Why does this problem con-tinue to exist?

Picture 3:Poor health conditions

Picture 2: Urban poverty


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Picture 4:Environmental problems

1. What social issueisdepicted in Pic-

ture 4?

2. How do you feel

about it?

3. W hy do es th is

problem continue

to exist?

4. Do these social is-

sues exist in your

country? What do

you think caused

these problems?

Do they manifest

human develop-

ment?

4


The illustrations depicted labor unrest,urban poverty and homelessness,

poor health conditions and environmental

problems. Most people do not feel good

about the existence of these problems in

their country. They often worry about it. Did

you feel the same way?

Social problems exist in all countries.

They exist in varying degrees even among

the most modern and economically pow-

erful societies. These problems generallybecome worse in developing countries.

There are many reasons why these

problems exist. Most of them relate to hu-

man development. Do you know what hu-

man development is? In the context of a

society, human development means ex-

panding and extending a wide range of

opportunities to people to ensure a better

quality of life. In a way, problems exist in a

society as manifestations of a failure of orless than desirable human development.

In what way do social problems reflecta failure of human development? For ex-

ample, labor strikes occur because of

problems between labor and manage-

ment. In this situation, production is af-

fected and businesses may fail. Workers,

in both labor and management, may lose

their jobs. This deprives them of the op-

portunity to earn and maintain a good

quality of life. Health problems also limit

the peoples capacity to be productive. Inthese situations, and in many others, hu-

man development is not maximized.

It would be ideal if these social prob-

lems do not exist but they often do. Hu-

man development is not easily achieved.

It requires a lot of effort from various sec-

tors of a society. If these efforts are suc-

cessful, then people are provided the op-

portunities for development and for

achieving the quality of life they rightfullydeserve.


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More For You To DoMore For You To DoMore For You To DoMore For You To DoMore For You To Do

What is your dream society/community/

country that you would like your childrens

children to inherit? How does it look like?

What do you see? What do you hear in

this desired society? Draw the images you

have in your mind using art materials and

a sheet of paper. After the activity answer

the following questions:

1. What are some conditions that

exist in your desired society?

2. What are the elements in your de-

sired future?

3. Would other people have the same

dream society as yours? Why?

Ana and Carlo made these drawings

of their ideal society.

Ana envisions a society where people

are healthy and educated. There are ad-

equate food and work for everyone. Thereis equal distribution of goods and services

among people. In her ideal society, people

live in peace and harmony. There are no

wars and everyone is happy.

Carlos ideal society is a place where

people live in harmony with their environ-

ment. Nature is respected and protected.

He envisions a society where people

properly use the benefits given by nature

to ensure that quality life is maintainedfor many generations to come.

After studying Ana and Carlos work, an-

swer the following questions in your journal.

1. What are the similarities of your

own drawing with theirs?

2. What are the differences?

3. Would the ways to achieve their

ideal society be the same as yours?

Anas Drawing

Carlos Drawing

ANA AND CARLO MADE THESE DRAWINGS OF

THEIR IDEAL SOCIETY.


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SomethingSomethingSomethingSomethingSomethingTo Reflect OnTo Reflect OnTo Reflect OnTo Reflect OnTo Reflect On

Carlos drawing showed a concern for

long-term development. It placed empha-

sis on providing for the needs not only of

the present generation but also the next.

This is also known as sustainability, a fac-

tor in human development. Sustainability

refers to the need to make sure that the

developmental opportunities achieved inthis generation are also carried over to the

next. Why is sustainability important?

What would happen if human development

were not sustained? Reflect on these

questions before proceeding.

Sustainable human development is

the ultimate goal of societies and states.

Social structures and institutions all aim

to provide opportunities for human devel-

opment for its members and help themmaintain a good quality of life. Sustainable

human development provides for the con-

tinuous enjoyment of benefits from this

generation to the next.

Something To ReadSomething To ReadSomething To ReadSomething To ReadSomething To Readand Analyzeand Analyzeand Analyzeand Analyzeand Analyze

Sustainable human development isdefined by UNDP as the process by which

the range of opportunities and choices for

people can increase and be expanded, while pro-

tecting those same opportunities and choices

for future generations as well as the natural sys-

tems upon which life depends. This definition

was derived from a number of sources,

including international declarations ema-

nating from conferences such as the 1992

Earth Summit and the 1987 BrundtlandCommission.

Anas ideal society reflects the core

principle of human development that is

people-centered development. It is aplace where the needs of the people are

met and a good quality of life is main-

tained. People-centered development fo-

cuses on addressing the needs of the

members of a society in a participatory

manner. Her ideal society also reflects

the principle of equitable distribution of

goods and benefits that lead to peace

and harmony within the society.

Carlos society, on the other hand, fo-cuses on addressing environmental con-

cerns. A society that carefully utilizes the

benefits provided by nature makes sure

that their children and their childrens

children also enjoy these benefits. This

reflects the principle of long-term devel-

opment, where the needs of the future

generation are provided for.

Ana and Carlos drawings reflect the

common themes often seen in mosteveryones ideal societies. To summa-

rize, these themes are:

1. People-centered development

2. Long-term development

3. Equitable distribution of goods

and benefits

4. Environmental concerns

Does your ideal society also reflect

these important themes?


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The expansion of choices and opportu-

nities today and for the future implies that

people feel secure, that they are empow-ered, and that there is equity in the range

of opportunities available to them. The pro-

tection of those opportunities and the natu-

ral environment that support them suggests

that sustainability is a critical factor.

Sustainable human development re-

quires that people feel secure in a given

society. Security is seen to be much more

than the concept of national security

founded on military power. It includes se-curity for human development based on

such considerations as adequate food

supplies, sufficient employment opportu-

nities, and freedom from threats such as

disease and repression and from sudden

harmful disruptions to peoples lives.

The expansion of peoples choices is

empowering when it increases their abili-

ties to participate in political, social and

economic functions of society free fromhunger, want and deprivation. This view

of participation also infers that there is co-

operation that people work and interact

to collaborate for development. The expan-

sion of peoples choices and opportunities

can also promote equity, including equity

of access to services, goods, employment,

income and technology. Sustainability is

seen to be more than environmental ortechnological. The needs of this genera-

tion must be met without compromising the

right of the future generations to realize

their potential and enhance their capabili-

ties free from poverty and deprivation.

To recap, sustainable human develop-

ment requires the following factors to

exist: empowerment, cooperation,

equity, sustainability and security.

Only when people are secure, empoweredand work together can human develop-

ment truly exist. Goods and benefits must

also be equally distributed. If human de-

velopment has been adequately achieved,

the provisions for sustainability make sure

that the benefits will be enjoyed for many

generations to come.

More To Reflect OnMore To Reflect OnMore To Reflect OnMore To Reflect OnMore To Reflect OnIs sustainable human development

practiced in your country? Can you de-scribe the ways in which sustainable hu-man development is assured by the so-cial institutions, specially the government?Are they successful in doing so? You maywrite your reflections in your journal. Readyour reflection before proceeding.

Social institutions help achieve sus-

tainable development in many ways. Forexample, the family, the basic unity of asociety, has a system of instruction inwhich the desired values and way of lifeare transferred from one generation to thenext. The government has a major role toplay in achieving sustainable human de-velopment. It does so in many ways. Pro-tecting the rights of the people, maintain-ing natural environments and making the

country economically sound are just someof them.



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EvaluateYour Learning

To check what you learned fromthis lesson, answer the followingquestions in your journal.

1. Define sustainable human develop-

ment in your own words.

2. What does people-centered human

development mean?

3. Name the five aspects of sustainable

human development.

Have you written your answers in your

journal? If so, compare them with those in

the Answer Key on page 27. If you an-swered all questions correctly, congratu-

lations! You learned this lesson well. If you

got two answers correct, thats good. Re-

view the parts that you missed. Make sure

that you answered all questions correctly

before proceeding to the next lesson.

Bear This In Mind Sustainable human development is the

end goal of all development and gov-

ernance efforts.


people-centered and, therefore, partici-

patory in nature. Focus on people is

the core of sustainable human devel-

opment.

There are five aspects of sustainable

human development, all affecting the

lives of the poor and vulnerable.

These are:

1. Empowerment

2. Cooperation

3. Equity

4. Sustainability, and

5. Security.


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Lesson 2

What Is Governance?

Now that you already know what sustainable human de-

velopment is, how do we attain sustainable human de-

velopment? What sectors of society are actively involved in

ensuring that this is achieved?

Most of your answers would refer either directly or indirectly to

the concept of governance and the sectors that practice is. The qual-

ity of governance will get a society towards its desired visionwhich

is sustainable human development.

In Lesson 1, you learned this conceptsustainable develop-

ment. In this lesson, you will study the most important way in which

this is achieved, that is through good governance. At the end of this

lesson, you should be able to answer the following questions:

1. What is governance?

2. What are the similarities between government and gover-

nance?

3. What are the differences between government and gover-

nance?

Something To Think AboutSomething To Think AboutSomething To Think AboutSomething To Think AboutSomething To Think About

As a member of a particular social institution such as a school,

business or government agency, can you describe how you and your

colleagues are governed? Who are the people who have the re-

sponsibility of governing? What power structures exist in your spe-

cific organization? How important is good governance in assuringyour organizations success?



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quality of life. Examples of issues per-

taining to economic governance are

globalization, economic liberalization,labor laws and banking policies,

among others. You may already be fa-

miliar with these terms. If not, you may

consult the glossary found at the end

of this module.

Governance in the politicalGovernance in the politicalGovernance in the politicalGovernance in the politicalGovernance in the politicalsettingsettingsettingsettingsetting is the process of decision-making to formulate policy and laws,

which in turn has ramifications or ef-fects on security, equity, participation

and cooperation. Among the con-

cerns related to political governance

are decentralization and participa-

tory governance. Decentralization

means that governance authority

and responsibility are transferred

from the national to local government

agencies. Participatory governance

refers to the democratic and collec-

tive decision-making process in mak-

ing policies and laws.

Administrative governanceAdministrative governanceAdministrative governanceAdministrative governanceAdministrative governance,carried through an independent and

accountable public sector, is the sys-

tem of policy implementation and has

What Do You Think?What Do You Think?What Do You Think?What Do You Think?What Do You Think?

What does governance mean to you?

Using your own words, write your ideas of

governance in your journal.

Something to ReadSomething to ReadSomething to ReadSomething to ReadSomething to Readand Studyand Studyand Studyand Studyand Study

The United Nations DevelopmentProgramme (UNDP) has defined gover-

nance as

Governance is the exercise of

economic, political, and administra-

tive authority to manage a countrys

affairs at all levels. It comprises the

mechanisms, processes and insti-

tutions through which citizens and

groups articulate their interests, ex-

ercise their legal rights, and meet

their obligations and mediate their

differences.

Is the definition of governance that you

wrote in your journal similar to this UNDP

definition?

Generally, governance is the means by

which states promote social cohesion and

integration, and ensure the well being of

their populations through the exercise ofauthority.

There are several settings in which

governments practice governance. Study

these settings described below.

Governance in the economicGovernance in the economicGovernance in the economicGovernance in the economicGovernance in the economicsettingsettingsettingsettingsettingincludes the processes thataffect a countrys economic activities

and the relationships with the econo-

mies of other states. It clearly has ma-jor implications for equity, poverty and


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resulting consequences in the social

setting. Re-engineering government

and curbing graft and corruption are

among the issues related to this aspect

of governance.

Encompassing all three, systemicsystemicsystemicsystemicsystemicgovernancegovernancegovernancegovernancegovernance refers to the processesand structures that guide political andsocio-economic relationships. Governance

embraces all methods used to distributepower and manage public resources, andthe organizations that shape governmentand the execution of policy.

More To Think AboutMore To Think AboutMore To Think AboutMore To Think AboutMore To Think About

Can you give examples for each dimen-

sion of governance in your own country?

For example, what is the political system

of governance in your country? How arepolitical and economic decisions made?


Extend YourExtend YourExtend YourExtend YourExtend YourLearningLearningLearningLearningLearning

To make you understand the concept

of governance more, read UNDPs Policy

Document: Governance for Sustainable

Human Development, January 1997. Jot

down your important learning from this

document in your journal.

More To ReadMore To ReadMore To ReadMore To ReadMore To Readand Analyzeand Analyzeand Analyzeand Analyzeand Analyze

Is there a relationship between sus-

tainable human development and gov-

ernance? Of course! Sustainable human

development is achieved only when

there is an effective system of gover-nance in place. In order for people to be


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allowed to realize their full potential and

enlarge the scope of their choices, the

social, economic and political environ-ments must reflect the aspects of sus-

tainable human development.

Do you remember the five aspects of

sustainable human development? These

are Empowerment, Cooperation, Eq-

uity, Sustainability, and Security. To

make sure that these are achieved, a sys-

tem of governance is needed. Security can

only be achieved when peace is main-

tained and economic stability exists. Agovernment is needed to mobilize re-

sources for its people. There must be a

body that oversees economic and po-

litical activities. An authority must be able

to formulate and implement policies di-

rected towards total human development

and make sure that it is sustainable.

Governance and human development

are inseparable. To achieve sustainable

human development, good governanceis necessary. Good governance depends

on public participation to ensure that po-

litical, social and economic priorities are

based on broad societal consensus.

Governance

and Government

When you think of governance, the

national government or state first comes

to mind. This is expected because usu-

ally, the government has the most author-

ity and resources to assure human de-

velopment. However, governance is not

the sole monopoly of national govern-

ments.

Can you name some similarities and

differences between governance andgovernment?

The government (or the state) is gen-erally defined governance as including

all political and public sector institutions.The state has particular responsibilities

for the delivery of public services, thecontrol and exertion of authority, and the

establishment of an enabling environ-

ment for development at international,

national, and local levels.

Is governance solely the responsibil-

ity of government? Of course not! Gov-

ernance can be exercised in so many

levels and settings. The government is

just a figurehead or manifests most ob-

viously in this effort.

Governance

Defined

What then is governance?

Governance is a basic precondition

for sustainable human development.

Governance is viewed by the UNDP as

the exercise of economic, political and ad-

ministrative authority to manage a countrys

affairs, at all levels, whether in government

or not. It includes the means by which

states and social institutions promote so-

cial cohesion, integration, and ensure

the well-being of their populations. It em-

braces all methods used to distribute

power and manage public resources,

and the organizations that shape gov-ernment, and the execution of policy. It

encompasses the mechanisms, pro-

cesses, and institutions, through which

citizens and groups articulate their in-

terests, exercise their legal rights, meet

their obligations, and resolve their dif-

ferences.

This definition reflects the essence

of what governance is. It is a system of

authority in making sure that sustainablehuman development is achieved.


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The diagram shows that good gover-

nance is not the sole responsibility of the

government. The private sector and civilsociety are also important partners in this

effort.

The private sectorcovers private en-

terprises active in the marketplace such

as manufacturing, trade, banking, and co-

operative, and includes activities of the

informal sector. The private sector has a

crucial role to play in sustainable human

development since it is the primary source

of opportunities for productivity, employ-ment, income generation, public invest-

ment, enterprise development and eco-

nomic growth.

Civil society lies between the state

and the individual, comprising both indi-

viduals and groups interacting socially, po-

litically, and economically. Civil society or-

ganizations facilitate public participation

through social mobilization.

For example, non-government organi-


What Do You Think?What Do You Think?What Do You Think?What Do You Think?What Do You Think?

All countries have a system of govern-

ment but it seems that not all perform well

in terms of achieving sustainable human

development. Why is this so? Is gover-

nance practiced well in your country? What

makes you say so?

Good Governance

It is not enough that a system of gover-nance exists for sustainable human de-

velopment to be achieved. This system of

governance must be efficient and effective.

This is called sound governance or good

governance. How is this achieved?

There are many actors individual, or-

ganizations, institutions and social groups-

essential for sound governance. Gover-

nance encompasses the state, but it

clearly transcends it by including both theprivate sector and civil society.

Study the diagram below.


20/31


zations are involved in helping the gov-

ernment address various concerns such

as conservation of natural resources, hu-man rights advocacy and health concerns

such as AIDS. The efforts of these organi-

zations, mainly achieved through educa-

tion and public involvement are very im-

portant. The capacity of governments to

engage in or coordinate with civil soci-

ety is critical to a nations capability to

sustain political and economic opportu-

nities and social cohesion.

All three stakeholdersthe state, pri-vate sector, and civil societyare criti-

cal to sustaining human development. The

improvement of the quality of life cannot and

should not be the responsibility of govern-

ments alone. How is it then achieved?

Achieving sustainable human develop-

ment must be a joint effort of all stakehold-

ers. The state creates a conducive politi-

cal and legal environment; the private sec-

tor generates jobs and incomes, and civil

society facilitates political and social in-

teraction. Sustainable human develop-

ment is impossible without the participa-

tion of these actors.

Among the stakeholders, governments

have a special role to play. Their respon-

sibility is not only to steer the efforts of

other stakeholders, but also to ensure that

the efforts are inclusive, i.e. that the poor

and marginalized share in the benefits

(Mizuta, 2000).These are the entities that have a stake

in shaping our national development. They

participate in and are responsible for shap-

ing national progress. Government alone

cannot effect good governance. Partner-

ships with various sectors are needed.

Governance is needed as it serves as

an anchor for sustainable human devel-

opment. Ultimately, governance is essen-

tial to achieving sustainable human devel-opment. The challenge facing all societ-

ies is to create a system of governance

that promotes, supports and sustains

human development.Governance for sustainable human de-

velopment is people-oriented, pro-liveli-

hood, pro-nature, non-discriminatory and

pro-gender equity (supporting improve-

ment in the status of women), protective

of and promoting human rights.

Think and ReflectThink and ReflectThink and ReflectThink and ReflectThink and Reflect

on Thison Thison Thison Thison ThisIf you are not a government worker, do

you still have a role to play in achieving

sustainable human development through

good governance? What makes you say

so? Name some ways in which you can

contribute towards this effort. Write your

answers in your journal.


best achieved through a concerted effort

by the government, private sector and civilsociety. Each individual is important. The

degree and nature of the contributions of

these sectors depend on the social issue

being addressed.

In the Philippines, for example, the na-

tional government is addressing the AIDS

health issue through creation of govern-

ment agencies tasked to monitor and pro-

vide direct assistance to patients. NGOs

belonging to civil society such as theRemedios AIDS Foundation carry out edu-

cation campaigns to increase public

awareness about this alarming health

problem. The public sector also helps out.

Some companies and businesses now re-

quire their employees to undergo health

seminars and regular health check-ups.

All these efforts contribute towards ad-

dressing a health problem that threatens

to limit peoples opportunities for a betterquality of life.


21/31

The state (government) is only one of

the domains of governance. Gover-

nance has three domains: the state,private sectorand civil society. Each

of the domains has strengths and

weaknesses.

The pursuit ofgood governance re-

quires greater interaction among the

three to define the right balance among

them for sustainable people-centered

development.

Each sector has a unique role in pro-

moting sustainable human develop-

ment and must continuously interact

and adjust to ensure long term

sustainability.


Evaluate Yourself

Write the answer to these ques-tions in your journal.

1. Define governance in your own words.

2. Differentiate governance from govern-

ment.

3. Name the sectors necessary in achiev-

ing sustainable human development.

4. What would happen if the three sec-

tors needed for sustainable human de-

velopment fail to work together in co-

operation?

Have you completed answering these

questions? Compare your answers with

those in the Answer Key on page 27.

If you got all answers correct, thats

great! You now know very well the con-cept of good governance. If you were not

able to get all answers correct, review

the parts that you missed and make the

necessary corrections. Read the an-

swers your wrote in your journal. Make

the needed corrections before proceed-

ing to the next lesson.

Bear This In Mind Governance is a basic precondition for

sustainable human development.

Governance is viewed by the UNDP

as the exercise of economic, political

and administrative authority to manage

a countrys affairs, at all levels.

Governance is broader than govern-ment.


22/31


Lesson 3

Linking Good GoLinking Good GoLinking Good GoLinking Good GoLinking Good Govvvvvererererernance withnance withnance withnance withnance with

SustainaSustainaSustainaSustainaSustainabbbbble Human Dele Human Dele Human Dele Human Dele Human Devvvvvelopmentelopmentelopmentelopmentelopment

In Lesson 2, you learned about governance as practiced by government, privatesector and civil society. You also had an introduction to good governance and its

role in achieving sustainable human development. This lesson will help you under-

stand good governance more and appreciate its relationship with sustainable human

development.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to be able to:

1. define good governance;

2. enumerate the characteristics of good governance; and

3. describe the relationship between good governance and sustainable human

development.

Something To Read and AnalyzeSomething To Read and AnalyzeSomething To Read and AnalyzeSomething To Read and AnalyzeSomething To Read and Analyze

Defining Good Governance

Good governance refers to proper and efficient governance. It is an effective exer-cise of economic, political and administrative authority to manage a countrysaffairs at all levels, whether in government or not. It results in the promotion of social

cohesion and integration and ensures the well being of people. Through good gover-

nance, the methods used to distribute power and manage public resources, the organi-

zations that shape government, and the execution of policy achieve what they weretasked to do. The mechanisms, processes, and institutions, through which citizens and


23/31


Characteristics of

Good Governance

What are the characteristics of good

governance? Read on to find out.

The characteristics of good gover-

nance are:

Equitable and responsive dis-tribution of benefits of devel-

opment. Equity means that all menand women have equal opportunities

to improve or maintain their well be-

ing. Good governance requires re-

sponsivenesswhich means that in-

stitutions and processes must serve all

stakeholders.

Cooperation between govern-ment and civil society. This per-tains to the availability of structures and

processes in government that encour-

age and facilitate the participation of

civil society in governance.

Freedom of expression/infor-mation. Transparency is built on thefree flow of information. Processes,

institutions and information are directly

accessible to those concerned with

them, and enough information is pro-

vided to understand and monitor them.

Active participation and rep-resentation of diverse interestgroups. All men and women shouldhave a voice in decision-making, either

directly or indirectly, or through legiti-

mate intermediate institutions that rep-

resent their interests. Such broad par-

ticipation is built on freedom of asso-

ciation and speech, as well as capaci-ties to participate constructively. A con-

groups articulate their interests, exercise

their legal rights, meet their obligations, and

resolve their differences work efficiently andeffectively.

Good governance depends on public

participation to ensure that political, so-

cial and economic priorities are based on

a broad societal consensus or agreement.

Good governance assures that even the

poorest and most vulnerable populations

can directly influence political decision

making, particularly in respect to the allo-

cation of development resources.In short, good governance is people-

based and people-oriented. Policies are

based on the needs of the majority and

are oriented towards achieving the high-

est levels of sustainable human develop-

ment. Good governance is effective and

equitable and promotes the rule of law, and

the transparency or accountability of in-

stitutions, officials and transactions.

As the saying goes, A man is judged

by his actions, so does governance. If it

was able to deliver the quality of life (in its

various aspects) that the people deserve

and maintains it for future generations,

then it is good governance. Without good

governance, or a system that efficiently ad-

dresses the needs of populations in a so-

ciety, sustainable human development will

not be possible.

What Do YouWhat Do YouWhat Do YouWhat Do YouWhat Do YouThink?Think?Think?Think?Think?

How can you tell that the social institu-

tions and sectors in your country are gov-

erned well? Is there a way of gauging

whether governance efforts are effective

or not? Think about the answers to these

questions and relate them to the way yourorganization or country is being run.


24/31

sensus orientation is essential. Good

governance mediates differing inter-

ests to reach a broad consensus onwhat is in the best interest of the group

and where possible, what is consistent

with its policies and procedures.

Rule of law and independentjudiciary.Legal frameworks shouldbe fair and should impartially enforce

the laws pertaining to human rights,

e.g. varying needs and recognition of

the rights of women and men.

Effectiveness and efficiency.Processes and institutions produce re-

sults that meet needs while making the

best use of resources.

Accountability. Decision makersin government, the private sector and

civil society organizations are account-

able to the public, as well as to institu-

tional stakeholders, depending on the

organization and whether the decision

is internal or external to the organiza-

tion. They should be responsible for

their actions to maintain the publics

trust.

Strategic vision. Leaders and thepublic have a broad and long-term per-

spective on good governance and hu-

man development, along with a senseof what is needed for such a develop-

ment. There is also an understanding

of the historical, cultural, and social

complexities in which that perspective

is grounded.

In summary, good governance is char-

acterized by:

1. equitable and responsible distribution of

the benefits of development;

2. cooperation between government andcivil society;


3. freedom of expression and information;

4. active participation and representation;

5. rule of law and independent judiciary;6. effectiveness and efficiency;

7. accountability; and

8. strategic vision

These core characteristics ensure that

all actors (government, private sector and

civil society) are working towards sustain-

able human development. Good gover-

nance ensures that the voices of the poor-

est and the most vulnerable are heard indecision-making over the allocation of

development resources and that political,

social and economic priorities are based

on broad consensus among the three

stakeholders: the state, private sector,

andcivil society. Good governance re-

quires that governments provide adequate

opportunities for all to participate in deci-

sion-making and that the interests of all are

taken into account. Because of their vul-

nerability, governments should be particu-

larly concerned about the interests and

opinions of the poor and other disadvan-

taged groups. Good governance also takes

into account the interests of future genera-

tions, thus the continuing concern for sus-

tainable policies, actions and programs.

Finally, good governance is based on

people-centered development, and

works towards addressing the needs of all

citizens, regardless of ethnicity, socio-eco-nomic status, and gender.


25/31


Heres SomethingHeres SomethingHeres SomethingHeres SomethingHeres Something

For You To DoFor You To DoFor You To DoFor You To DoFor You To DoUnder each characteristic of good gov-

ernance, write down what will happen to

society if that characteristic fails to exist.

You may use your journal if you need more

space for your answers.

1. Equitable and responsible distribution

of the benefits of development

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

2. Cooperation between government and

civil society ___________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

__________________________________________________________

3. Freedom of expression and infor-

mation ______________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

4. Active participation and representation_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

5. Rule of law and independent judiciary

_____________________________

_____________________________

__________________________________________________________

6. Effectiveness and efficiency

_____________________________

__________________________________________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

7. Accountability _________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

8. Strategic vision ________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

_____________________________

Review your answers. Do these prob-

lems related to good governance exist in

your own country? How are they mani-

fested?


26/31

Good Governance and

Sustainable Human Development

Examine your answers to the above

activity. What do you notice?

For example, if the goods and benefits

in a society are unequally distributed, with

only a very few benefiting from them, what

will happen? Will the people have the

necessary opportunities and choices to

maintain a good quality of life. The an-

swer is no. Equity is a hallmark of sus-

tainable human development. If goods and

benefits are not equally distributed, many

people would suffer poverty and eventu-

ally, this could lead to social unrest.

If populations do not actively partici-

pate in decision-making, through elec-

tions, for example, their needs may not be

adequately addressed. Human needs re-

main as individual-dependent. A good

government must keep in touch with the

opinions and needs of the people in orderto help them attain well being. Only then

can it truly claim that human development

is achieved. Also, governance with stra-

tegic vision guarantees sustainability. If

the needs of future generations are to be

addressed, it is important to plan ahead.


The non-existence of the other char-

acteristics of good governance would

eventually lead to failure in achieving sus-tainable human development in societies.

This emphasizes that good governance is

a pre-requisite for sustainable human de-

velopment.

SomethingSomethingSomethingSomethingSomethingTo Reflect OnTo Reflect OnTo Reflect OnTo Reflect OnTo Reflect On

Can you name some examples of poor

governance in your country? For example,

how do graft and corruption, violations of

the accountability characteristic, lead to

social problems and failure of human de-

velopment? What can be done to address

these problems?

There are many ways by which poor

governance is manifested in governments.

Graft and corruption, ineffective economic

policies, and lawlessness are just some

examples. The solutions to these problemsdo not come easily. In fact, they may not

even come at all. If they do, they would take

a concerted effort from the state, private

sectorand civil society. Only when all the

stakeholders do their part can sustainable

human development be achieved.


27/31


Evaluate Yourself

Answer the following questions:

1. Define good governance in your own

words.

2. Match Column A (characteristics of

good governance) with Column B

(manifestations). Items in Column B

refer to ways by which the characteris-

tics of good governance are shown.

Write the letter on the blank spaces

provided before each item.

Column A Column B

1) Equity A. Good economic planning

2) Cooperation between B. Responsible censorship

government and civil society

3) Freedom of expression C. Efficient bureaucracy

4) Active participation D. Honesty in government

5) Rule of law E. Speedy court trials

6) Effectiveness and efficiency F. Poverty alleviation

7) Accountability G. Successful elections

8) Strategic vision H. NGOs coordinating

with government

Compare the answers with those in the

Answer Key on page 27. If you got all an-

swers correctly, very good! Correct the

items you missed before proceeding.

Bear This In Mind

Good governance is based on people-

centered development, and works to-

wards addressing the needs of all citi-

zens, regardless of ethnicity, socio-

economic status, and gender.

Good governance is characterized by:

a. equitable and responsible distribution

of the benefits of development

b. cooperation between government and

civil society

c. freedom of expression and information

d. active participation and representation

e. rule of law and independent judiciary

f. effectiveness and efficiencyg. accountability, and

h. strategic vision

Good governance is essential to attain-

ing sustainable human development.

Without it, sustainable human devel-

opment will not be possible.

This Modulein a Nutshellin a Nutshellin a Nutshellin a Nutshellin a Nutshell

You have just finished covering the

three lessons in this module, the first of a

series of modules on Making Governance

Gender Responsive.

In Lesson 1, you learned the concept

of sustainable human development and its

importance.In Lesson 2, you learned about gov-

ernance and how it is similar to and

different from government.

In Lesson 3, you studied the charac-

teristics of good governance and how it re-

lated to sustainable human development.

I hope you learned a lot from this mod-

ule. Continue your learning by proceed-

ing to the next module after you have an-

swered the post-test below.

Good luck!


28/31

2. Draw a diagram showing the relationship among the three sectors of society and

governance.

3. Explain why sustainable human development cannot be achieved without gover-

nance.

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 27. If you got allanswers correct, congratulations! You studied this module well. Write the correct an-

swers to the items you missed before proceeding to the next module. You may need to

review parts of the module to get the correct answers to the questions you missed.


EvaluateWhat Have You LearnedWhat Have You LearnedWhat Have You LearnedWhat Have You LearnedWhat Have You Learned

From This Module

To find out what you learned from this module, answer the ques-tions that follow. Write your answers in your journal.

1. What is the difference between government and governance?

Column B

A. Good economic planning

B. Responsible censorship

C. Efficient bureaucracy

D. Honesty in government

E. Speedy court trials

F. Poverty alleviation

G. Successful electionsH. NGOs coordinating with government

Column A

___ 1. Equity

____ 2. Cooperation between

government and civil society

____ 3. Freedom of expression

____ 4. Active participation

____ 5. Rule of law

____ 6. Effectiveness and efficiency____ 7. Accountability

____ 8. Strategic vision


29/31


Evaluate Your Learning (page 13)

1. Define sustainable human develop-

ment. In your own words

This is UNDPs definition. You may

state the definition in your own words:


the process by which the range of oppor-

tunities and choices for people can in-

crease and be expanded, while protect-

ing those same opportunities and choices

for future generations as well as the natu-ral systems upon which life depends.

2. What does people-centered human

development mean?

People-centered human develop-

ment refers to the participatory nature of

development where people actively in-

volve themselves in making decisions that

affect their lives. People-centered devel-

opment may also be interpreted as be-

ing focused on the needs of people.

3. Name the five aspects of sustainable

human development.

a. Empowerment

b. Cooperation

c. Equity

d. Sustainability

e. Security

Evaluate Yourself (page 20)

1. Define governance in your own words.This is UNDPs definition. You

may state the definition in your own

words.

Governance is the exercise of

economic, political and administrative

authority to manage a countrys af-

fairs, at all levels.

2. D i ffe ren t ia te governance f rom

government.

Governance is a way of doing or

achieving things. The Government is an

Answer Key

Lets See What You Already Know About

the Subject (page 4)

Encircle the correct answer.

1. b

2. c

3. c

4. a

5. d6. c

Enumerate the 8 characteristics of good

governance.

1. Equitable and responsible distribu-

tion of the benefits of development;

2. Cooperation between government

and civil society;

3. Freedom of expression and informa-

tion;4. Active participation and representa-

tion;

5. Rule of law and independent judi-

ciary;

6. Effectiveness and efficiency;

7. Accountability; and

8. Strategic vision

Define sustainable human development.

This is UNDPs definition. You maystate the definition in your own words.

Sustainable human development

is the process by which the range of

opportunities and choices for people

can increase and be expanded,

while protecting those same oppor-

tunities and choices for future gen-

erations as well as the natural sys-

tems upon which life depends.


30/31

ANSWER KEY . . .


institution. Governance is broader than

government. The state (government) is

only one of the domains of governance.

Governance is practiced in institutions and

structures other than the government.

3. Name the sectors necessary in

achieving sustainable human devel-

opment. (They are considered the

three domains of governance).

a. the stateb. private sector

c. civil society

4. What would happen if the three

sectors needed for sustainable hu-

man development fail to work to-

gether in cooperation?

Each sector has a unique role in pro-

moting sustainable human development

and must continuously interact and ad-just to ensure long term sustainability.

If these sectors fail to work together ef-

ficiently, sustainable human develop-

ment will not likely be achieved.

Evaluate Yourself (page 26)

1. Define good governance in your

own words.

Your definition may not be exactly

the same as this one:

Good governance is based on

people-centered development, and

works towards addressing the needs

of all citizens, regardless of ethnicity,

socio-economic status, and gender. It

is essential to attaining sustainable

human development. Without it, sus-

tainable human development will not

be possible.

2. Matching Type

1. F2. H

3. B

4. G

5. E

6. C

7. D

8. A

Evaluate What You Have Learned From

This Module (page 27)

1. What is the difference between gov-

ernment and governance?

Governance is a way of doing or

achieving things. Government is an insti-

tution. Governance is broader than gov-

ernment. The state (government) is only

one of the domains of governance. Gov-

ernance is practiced in institutions and

structures other than the government.

2. Diagram showing the relationship

among the three sectors of society

and governance.

3. Explain why sustainable human de-

velopment cannot be achieved with-

out governance.

Good governance is essential and a

pre-requisite to attaining sustainable hu-

man development. There is a need for a

body of authority to create, implement

and regulate policies towards long-term

human development. This may be on the

national level in the case of a govern-

ment or lower. Without good governance,sustainable human development will not

be possible.

____________

REFERENCES:

TUGI. Good Governance Report Card. (no date).

UNDP. Policy Document Governance for

Sustainable Development. January,

1997.

UNDP Reconceptualizing Governance. Discus-

sion Paper 2, 1997.


31/31


Glossary of TermsAccessible Can be easily reachedAllocation Share, assignment

Adequately Enough, correct amount

Advocacy Goal-oriented activity

Broader Wider in scope, more encompassing

Cohesion Working well, united, good relationships

Consensus Agreement

Corruption Unlawful acquisition of wealth

Crucial Important, essential

Degree Amount of

Depict To show

Discriminatory Biased, oppressiveEmpower To give authority and control

Entities Individuals or groups

Equitable Equal, fair, just

Equity Equality, fairness, justice

Essential Necessary, required

Execution Carrying out, implementation

Exploitative Oppressive, unjust, taking advantage of

Facilitate To make easy, to hasten

Gender Inherent characteristics of an individual related

to his/ her masculinity/femininity

Globalization Concerning the world, in cooperation with othernations, increasing coverage

Graft Unjust practices to achieve personal gain

Hallmark Benchmark, important characteristic

Harmony Agreement, good relationship

Inseparable Cannot be separated

Integration Coming together, inclusion into a group

Judiciary Justice system, law related institution

LiberalizationEasing of restrictions, giving more freedom

Mechanism System of doing things, process, procedures

Maximized Optimized, makes full use of

Monopoly Sole-domain, controlled by one

Participatory Based on majority opinion

Pertaining Related to, points toward

Potential Capability, gift

Poverty State of being poor or deprived

Responsive Sensitive to, responds effectively

Shaping Guiding, molding

Stakeholders Affected persons/groups

Steer To guide, to drive towards, to push

Strategic Related to formation of strategies or plans

Unrest Lawlessness, state of conflict or war

Urban City-based

Vision Plan, goalVulnerability Weakness

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