FATS AND OILS

FATS AND OILS

FATS AND OILSYOU ENCOUNTER THEM EVERYDAY IN FOODS AND FOOD PRODUCTSMILKBUTTERMARGARINECOCONUT OILOTHER VEGETABLE OILS

At room temperature, fats and oils are liquids.

Fats and oilsCHEMICALLY, FATS AND OILS ARE TRIESTERS OF GLYCEROL (1,2,3-PROPANETRIOL) CALLED TRIGLYCERIDES(IN OLDER LITERATURE) OR TRIACYLGLYCEROLS.

TRIGLYCERIDESARE THE MOST ABUNDANT NATURALLY OCCURRING LIPIDS.LIPIDSARE NATURALLY OCCURRING SUBSTANCES THAT ARE SOLUBLE IN NONPOLAR SOLVENTS.ARE WIDELY DISTRIBUTED IN THE BIOLOGICAL WORLD.PLAY A VARIETY OF ROLES IN BOTH PLANT AND ANIMAL TISSUE.

FATS AND OILSFUNCTION OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS IN ANIMALS:AS ENERGY RESERVEHOW?WHEN TRIACYLGLYCEROLS ARE METABOLIZED TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER, THEY DELIVER OVER TWICE AS MANY KILOCALORES PER GRAM AS DO CARBOHYDRATES OR PROTEINS

FATS AND OILSSPECIALIZED CELLS CALLED ADIPOCYTES SYNTHESIZE AND STORE TRIACYLGLYCEROLS.ADIPOSE TISSUE WHICH CONTAINS THESE FAT CELLS IS MOST ABUNDANT IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY AND SUBCUTANEOUS LAYER.

FATS AND OILSMEN HAVE A FAT CONTENT OF 21%WOMEN HAVE A FAT CONTENT OF 26%

NOW YOU SEE WHY IT IS DIFFICULT FOR WOMEN TO BATTLE BULGES IN ABDOMINAL AREA!

TRIACYLGLYCEROLSSIMPLE TRIACYLGLYCEROLSRARE IN NATURETHREE ACYL GROUPS ARE ALL THE SAMEEXAMPLE: TRISTEARIN

TRIACYLGLYCEROLSMIXED TRIACYL GLYCEROLSCOMMON IN NATUREACYL GROUPS ARE DIFFERENTEXAMPLE:

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSCOMPLETE HYDROLYSIS OF TRIGLYCERIDE (FATS AND OILS) YIELDS:ONE MOLECULE OF GLYCEROL AND THREE MOLECULES OF FATTY ACID

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSSOME IMPORTANT NATURALLY OCCURING FATTY ACIDS

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSNEARLY ALL FATTY ACIDS HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER OF CARBON ATOMS.USUALLY BETWEEN 14 AND 22 CARBONS IN AN UNBRANCHED CHAIN.THE MOST ABUNDANT IN NATURE ARE THOSE HAVING 16 AND 18 CARBON ATOMS.UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS HAVE LOWER MELTING POINTS THAN THEIR SATURATED COUNTERPARTS.THERE IS A DOUBLE BOND BETWEEN CARBON ATOMS 9 AND 10 IN MOST OF THE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS OF HIGHER ORGANISMS.cis- CONFIGURATION PREDOMINATES IN THE DOUBLE BOND; trans- CONFIGURATION IS VERY RARE.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF TRIACYLGLYCEROL DEPENDS ON ITS FATTY ACIDS:MELTING POINT OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLDECREASES AS THE DEGREE OF UNSATURATION INCREASESINCREASES AS THE NUMBER OF CARBONS IN THE HYDROCARBON CHAIN INCREASES

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSTRIACYLGLYCEROLS RICH IN OLEIC ACID, LINOLEIC ACID AND OTHER UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ARE GENERALLY LIQUID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.TRIACYLGLYCEROLS RICH IN PALMITIC, STEARIC AND OTHER SATURATED FATTY ACIDS ARE GENERALLY SEMI-SOLID OR SOLID AT ROOM TEMPERATURE.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSSTRUCTURE OF A SATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROL

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSSTRUCTURE OF AN UNSATURATED TRIACYLGLYCEROLDOUBLE BONDS OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS HAVE THE cis- CONFIGURATION.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSWHY DO ANIMALS PRODUCE MAINLY SATURATED FATTY ACIDS, WHILE PLANTS PRODUCE FATTY ACIDS THT ARE MAINLY UNSATURATED?ANSWER:IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS FATS AND OILS FUNCTION PRIMARILY AS FOOD STORAGE.

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSPLANTS:THEY SUFFER EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE AND REQUIRE THEIR FATS OR OILS TO BE SEMI-FLUID EVEN AT LOW OVERNIGHT OR WINTER TEMPERATURESANIMALS:THEY CAN MAINTAIN A HIGH TEMPERATURE THROUGH INTERNAL HEATING AND INSULATIONTHEY CAN REGULATE STRUCTURAL PART TO PLAY AND MUST NOT BE TOO FLUID

FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF FATS AND OILSKIDNEY FAT:IT IS SOLID SO AS TO PROVIDE MECHANICAL SUPPORT FOR THE ORGAN.FAT CIRCULATING IN CELLS:IT IS FLUID EVEN AT LOW TEMPERATURES; OTHERWISE YOU MIGHT GET A SOLID FAT CASING WHILE IN A COLD SHOWER OR WHEN YOU GO TO A COLD PLACE.

SOAPSPEOPLE KNEW HOW TO MAKE SOAP BEFORE ITS CHEMISTRY WAS UNDERSTOOD.IT HAS BEEN IN USE FOR MORE THAN 4,500 YEARS.

SOAPSLEGEND:CLEANSING PROPERTIES IN SOAP WERE DISCOVERED IN ROME IN ABOUT 1000 BC.MELTED FAT FROM ANIMALS SACRIFICED IN A FIRE FOR THE GODS RAN DOWN THE SIDES OF THE ALTAR AND MIXED WITH ASHES OF THE FIIRE.PRODUCT FOUND ITS WAY TO THE BANKS OF THE TIBER RIVER, WHERE WOMEN WERE DOING LAUNDRY BY POUNDING THE DIRT OUT OF THE ROCKS.THEY FOUND OUT THAT IT WAS EASIER TO REMOVE THE DIRT WITH THE CRUDE SOAP THAN WITHOUT.THUS THE FIRST MIRACLE CLEANSER WAS DISCOVERED.

SOAPSTHE PLACE WHERE ALL THIS HAPPEN WAS A HILL NAMED SAPO. THE GREAT ROMAN HISTORIAN, PLINY, GAVE THIS CRUDE PRODUCT THE SAME NAME AS THE HILL.SAPO BECAME OUR MODERN WORLD SOAP.

SOAPSSOAP MANUFACTURE TOOK PLACE IN:15TH CENTURY VENICE AND SAVONE17TH CENTURY MARSEILLES18TH CENTURY EUROPE & NORTH AMERICA19TH CENTURY MAKING OF SOAP HAD BECOME A MAJOR INDUSTRY

SOAPSPRODUCTION OF SOAPS IN THE PHILIPPINES:THERE ARE 42 ESTABLISHMENTS ENGAGED IN THE PRODUCTION OF SOAPS

3 BIG COMPANIES IN THE SOAP INDUSTRY IN PH:COLGATE PALMOLIVE PHILIPPINESPHILIPPINE REFINING COMPANYPROCTER AND GAMBLE PHILIPPINES MANUFACTURING COMPANY (P&G PMC)

THESE COMPANIES CONSUME HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF METRIC TONS OF COCONUT OIL ANNUALLY IN THE PRODUCTION OF SOAP.

SOAPSORDINARY SOAPSARE SODIUM SALTS OF LONG-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, THESE SALTS CAN BE PRODUCED BY THE REACTION OF LONG-CHAIN CARBOXYLIC ACIDS WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE.

SOAPSTHE CHEAPEST SOURCES OF FATTY ACIDS ARE ANIMAL FATS AND CERTAIN VEGETABLE OILS.

SAPONIFICATIONSOAPS ARE MADE BY BASIC HYDROLYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLSTHIS PRODUCES GLYCEROL AND THE SODIUM SALTS OF FATTY ACIDS

SOAPSSAPONIFICATION REACTION

SOAPSSODIUM LAURATESOAP FROM COCONUT OILTHE MAJOR FATTY ACID COMPONENT OF WHICH IS LAURIC ACID

SOAPSIF SODIUM ION OF ORDINARY SOAP IS REPLACED BBY OTHER METAL IONS, SOAPS WITH DIFFERENT PROPERTIES ARE PRODUCED.WHEN KOH IS USED INSTEAD OF NaOH IN THE MANUFACTURING PROCESS, SOFT SOAPS ARE FORMED.

SOFT SOAPSTHESE ARE SEMI-SOLID SOAPS ONCE USED IN SHAMPOOS, SHAVING FOAMS AND SPECIAL-PURPOSE SOAPS.HOWEVER, THEY ARE MORE EXPENSIVE THAN ORDINARY SOAPS.

SOAPSPOTASSIUM LAURATR (SOFT SOAP)

SOAP MANUFACTURESCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF SOAP MANUFACTURE BY PHILIPPINE REFINING COMPANY