fetch data

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British Columbia Estuary Mapping System

Table of contents

Appendix A: Wave Exposure Calculation

Wave processes are the dominant controlling process for shore morphology and sediment

redistribution and are probably the dominant control of biota that use the shore zone.

Consequently, it is important to have an index of wave exposure for each shoreunit.

Ideally wave exposure estimates would be based on the consideration of wave energy units;

however, the calculation of wave energy for a particular shore unit would involve the use of

complex wave climate models that use wave fetch characteristics, historical wind climate

measurements from shore stations with over-the-water corrections for the area under

consideration, wave generation routines, and wave refraction and shoaling routines. Theapplication of these routines would be required for each shore unit.

This method for estimating wave exposure is based on some standard engineering practices

for estimating wave heights for a particular wind speed and direction. It was developed for

the British Columbia Physical Shore-zone Classification (Howes et al. 1994). The method

involves the consideration of the wave fetch window; that is, the open-water area offshore

from the shoreunit over which waves can be generated by winds - the larger the fetch

window, the greater the wave exposure.

Estimation of wave exposure involves the consideration of two fetch indices: effective fetch

and maximum fetch. The wave exposure estimates provided by this technique represent afirst approximation of wave exposure. Important controls such as the associated local wind

climate and wave refraction are ignored for the sake of simplifying the estimate. As such, the

Wave Exposure estimates provide a first-order estimate of wave energy expended within the

shoreunit.

Intertidal biotic assemblages have been used as an index of wave exposure categories and

have been found to agree reasonably well with the Wave Exposure estimates defined from the

"fetch model". Analysis of detailed ground survey stations of intertidal biota showed about

75% agreement with the fetch model and about 85% agreement with video-imagery revisions

of the "fetch model". In other words, the Wave Exposure categories defined as part of the

fetch model agree with community assemblages observed in the field.

Effective Fetch

Effective fetch calculation involves the measurement of the fetch distance along several

directions from a given point from the shore and is a standard engineering measurement for

shore protection studies (CERC 1977).

Wave fetch measurement values and exposure calculations

Unit Shore Shore Left Right Max. Max. Effective Exposure
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Normal

Azimuth

(o)

Normal

Fetch

(km)

45o

(km) 45o

(km) Fetch

Azimuth

(o)

Fetch

(km)

Fetch

(km)

Category

A 135 15.7 8.2 19.5 131 29 14.6 SP

B 066 19.0 13.0 11.0 073 40 14.9 SP

C 035 13.5 11.5 50 082 75 23.6 SE

To simplify the large number of measurements required for a mapping area (for example

there are over 1,800 shore units mapped in the Southern Strait of Georgia), a "modified

effective fetch" measurement was developed. The "modified effective fetch" technique

involves the measurement of three fetch distances: the shore-normal or perpendicular to the

general trend of the shore unit, 45o to the left of the shore-normal and 45o to the right of the

shore normal.

These three measurements are used to compute a modified effective fetch for the shoreunit

based on the fetch equations:

Maximum Fetch

The wave climate of a particular point cannot be characterized by effective fetch alone

because waves may be generated in an area remote from the shore unit and propagate into the

area of the shore unit. These waves are commonly refered to as swell. A good BC example is

that of the Juan de Fuca Strait where waves are generated locally (indexed by effective fetch)

and are relatively small, but large swell, generated in the open Pacific, can penetrate into the

Strait. The maximum fetch of a shoreunit is intended to provide an index of the swell waves

and, to a lesser extent, refraction effects.

The Maximum Fetch is the maximum fetch distance in kilometres that can be measured from

a centre point of the estuary.

Wave Climate Fields for Calculation of Estuary Wave Exposure


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There are several wave climate data fields that need to be calculated to determine the wave

exposure of the estuary. These are defined below:

Maximum Fetch Direction - the azimuth (in degrees from true north) of the direction

of the maximum fetch.

Maximum Fetch Distance - the distance in kilometres of the maximum fetch as

measured along the Maximum Fetch Direction.

Shore Normal Direction - the azimuth (in degrees from true north) of the normal to

the general orientation of the shore unit. That is, if the general trend of the shoreline is

from northwest to southeast with open water to the east), then the Shore Normal

Direction would be 45o.

Fetch Distances - the distances in kilometres as measured along a line 45 o to the left

of the Shore Normal, along the Shore Normal and along a line 45o to the right of the

Shore Normal.

Modified Effective Fetch - the distance in kilometres as calculated from the Fetch

Distance Measurements.

Exposure Category - the exposure category provides a summary indicator of wave

exposure for the unit.

The following classes of wave exposure have been utilized and are derived from knowledge

of Maximum Fetch and Modified Effective Fetch. These are accompanied with the

appropriate code for entry in the wave exposure attribute of the project and overview

database, and definition.

VP Very Protected : Maximum wave fetch less than one kilometre; usually the location

of all-weather anchorages, marinas and harbours.

P Protected: Maximum wave fetch less than 10 km; usually areas of provisional

anchorages and low wave exposure except in extreme winds.

SP Semi-protected: Maximum wave fetch distances in the range of 10 to 50 km.

Waves are low most of the time except during high winds.

SE Semi-exposed : Maximum wave fetch distances between 50 and 500 km. Swells,generated in areas distant from the shore unit create relatively high

wave conditions. During storms, extremely large waves create

high wave exposures

E Exposed: Maximum wave fetch distances greater than 500 km. High

ambient wave conditions usually prevail within this exposure

category, which is typical of open-Pacific type conditions.

Effective and maximum fetch wave exposure Matrix

Modified effective fetch (km)


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Maximum fetch

(km)

500

500 N/a N/a Semi-exposed Exposed Exposed

This procedure, although preliminary and subject to refinement, offers anobjective, repeatable basis for estimating wave exposure. Wave exposure, in turn,

is of critical importance in determining species distribution, sediment mobility and

a variety of other shore processes.

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ravity Of General Materials Tabledata information resource for the specific gravity of many common general materials. While the data is extremely useful for desig

ples will probably differ. Temperature and purity will often have a definite effect. As 1000kg of pure water @ 4C = 1 cubic meter,

er 1000kg per cubic meter will float; more dense materials will obviously sink. Those materials have a specific gravity more than 1.

he maximum density) was chosen as the accepted standard for specific gravity and given the value of 1. Some other standards se

as sg = 1 so it is more correct to state the base used. The specific gravity of all other materials are compared to water as a fraction

ter density, no matter how small or large the fraction is. For example, ammonium nitrate has a specific gravity (sg) of 0.73 while

lphate has a sg of 1.13 (1130 kilograms/cubic meter). As specific gravity is just a comparison, it can be applied across any units. Th

is also 62.4 lbs/cu.ft (pounds per cubic foot) and if we know that a sample of ammonium nitrate has a sg of 0.73 then we can calc

73 x 62.4 = 45.552 lbs/cu.ft. As general information, kg/cu.m divided by 16.01846 = lbs/cu.ft.

he table, unit converters are included at the top of the chart. Enter values in either side of the equation.

be interested in theSpecific Gravity And Viscosity Of Liquids Table

ty Of Liquids Table

ty Of Wood Table

ty Of Metals Table

Unit Conversions

Grams1

=.001

Kilograms

Pounds per Cubic Foot1

=16.01846

Kilograms per Cubic Meter

Specific Gravity Table

Material - powder, ore, solids, etc. kg/cu.m

Alfalfa, ground 256

Alum, lumpy 881

Alum, pulverized 753
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Alumina 961

Aluminum, oxide 1522

Ammonia gas 0.77

Ammonium Nitrate 730

Ammonium Sulphate - dry 1130

Ammonium Sulphate - wet 1290

Andesite, solid 2771

Antimony, cast 6696

Apples 641

Arsenic 5671

Asbestos - shredded 320- 400

Asbestos rock 1600

Ashes - wet 730- 890

Ashes - dry 570- 650

Asphalt, crushed 721

Babbitt 7272

Bagasse 120


7/26

Bakelite, solid 1362

Baking powder 721

Barium 3780

Bark, wood refuse 240

Barley 609

Barite, crushed 2883

Basalt, broken 1954

Basalt, solid 3011

Bauxite, crushed 1281

Beans, castor 577

Beans, cocoa 593

Beans, navy 801

Beans, soy 721

Beeswax 961

Beets 721

Bentonite 593

Bicarbonate of soda 689


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Bismuth 9787

Bones, pulverized 881

Borax, fine 849

Bran 256

Brewers grain 432

Brick, common red 1922

Brick, fire clay 2403

Brick, silica 2050

Brick, chrome 2803

Brick, magnesia 2563

Buckwheat 657

Butter 865

Cadmium 8650

Calcium carbide 1201

Caliche 1442

Carbon, solid 2146

Carbon, powdered 80


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Carbon dioxide 1.98

Carbon monoxide 1.25

Cardboard 689

Cement - clinker 1290-1540

Cement, Portland 1506

Cement, mortar 2162

Cement, slurry 1442

Chalk, solid 2499

Chalk, lumpy 1442

Chalk, fine 1121

Charcoal 208

Chloroform 1522

Chocolate, powder 641

Chromic acid, flake 1201

Chromium 6856

Chromium ore 2162

Cinders, furnace 913


10/26

Cinders, Coal, ash 641

Clay, dry excavated 1089

Clay, wet excavated 1826

Clay, dry lump 1073

Clay, fire 1362

Clay, wet lump 1602

Clay, compacted 1746

Clover seed 769

Coal, Anthracite, solid 1506

Coal, Anthracite, broken 1105

Coal, Bituminous, solid 1346

Coal, Bituminous, broken 833

Cobaltite ( cobolt ore ) 6295

Coconut, meal 513

Coconut, shredded 352

Coffee, fresh beans 561

Coffee, roast beans 432


11/26

Coke 570- 650

Concrete, Asphalt 2243

Concrete, Gravel 2403

Concrete, Limestone with Portland 2371

Copper ore 1940-2590

Copper sulfate, ground 3604

Copra, medium size 529

Copra, meal, ground 641

Copra, expeller cake ground 513

Copra, expeller cake chopped 465

Cork, solid 240

Cork, ground 160

Corn, on the cob 721

Corn, shelled 721

Corn, grits 673

Cottonseed, dry, de-linted 561

Cottonseed, dry, not de-linted 320


12/26

Cottonseed, cake, lumpy 673

Cottonseed, hulls 192

Cottonseed, meal 593

Cottonseed, meats 641

Cottonwood 416

Cryolite 1602

Cullet 1602

Culm 753

Dolomite, solid 2899

Dolomite, pulverized 737

Dolomite, lumpy 1522

Earth, loam, dry, excavated 1249

Earth, moist, excavated 1442

Earth, wet, excavated 1602

Earth, dense 2002

Earth, soft loose mud 1730

Earth, packed 1522


13/26

Earth, Fullers, raw 673

Emery 4005

Ether 737

Feldspar, solid 2563

Feldspar, pulverized 1233

Fertilizer, acid phosphate 961

Fish, scrap 721

Fish, meal 593

Flaxseed, whole 721

Flint - silica 1390

Flour, wheat 593

Flue dust 1450-2020

Fluorspar, solid 3204

Fluorspar, lumps 1602

Fluorspar, pulverized 1442

Fullers Earth - raw or burnt 570- 730

Galena ( lead ore ) 7400 - 7600


14/26

Garbage, household rubbish 481

Glass - broken or cullet 1290-1940

Glass, window 2579

Glue, animal, flaked 561

Glue, vegetable, powdered 641

Gluten, meal 625

Gneiss, bed in place 2867

Gneiss, broken 1858

Granite, solid 2691

Granite, broken 1650

Graphite, flake 641

Grain - Maize 760

Grain - Barley 600

Grain - Millet 760- 800

Grain - Wheat 780- 800

Gravel, loose, dry 1522

Gravel, with sand, natural 1922


15/26

Gravel, dry 1/4 to 2 inch 1682

Gravel, wet 1/4 to 2 inch 2002

Gummite ( uranium ore ) 3890 - 6400

Gypsum, solid 2787

Gypsum, broken 1290-1600

Gypsum, crushed 1602

Gypsum, pulverized 1121

Halite (salt), solid 2323

Halite (salt), broken 1506

Hematite ( iron ore ) 5095 - 5205

Hemimorphite ( zinc ore ) 3395 - 3490

Hydrochloric acid 40% 1201

Ice, solid 919

Ice, crushed 593

Ilmenite 2307

Iridium 22154

Iron ore - crushed 2100-2900


16/26

Iron oxide pigment 400

Iron Pyrites 2400

Iron sulphate - pickling tank - dry 1200

Iron sulphate - pickling tank - wet 1290

Ivory 1842

Kaolin, green crushed 1025

Kaolin, pulverized 352

Lead, rolledtd> 11389

Lead, red 3684

Lead, white pigment 4085

Leather 945

Lignite, dry 801

Lime, quick, lump 849

Lime, quick, fine 1201

Lime, stone, large 2691

Lime, stone, lump 1538

Lime, hydrated 481


17/26

Lime, wet or mortar 1540

Limonite, solid 3796

Limonite, broken 2467

Limestone, solid 2611

Limestone, broken 1554

Limestone, pulverized 1394

Linseed, whole 753

Linseed, meal 513

Locust, dry 705

Magnesite, solid 3011

Magnesium oxide 1940

Magnesium sulphate, crystal 1121

Magnetite, solid ( iron ore ) 5046

Magnetite, broken 3284

Malachite ( copper ore ) 3750 - 3960

Malt 336

Manganese, solid 7609


18/26

Manganese oxide 1922

Manure 400

Marble, solid 2563

Marble, broken 1570

Marl, wet, excavated 2243

Mica, solid 2883

Mica, broken 1602

Mica - flake 520

Mica - powder 986

Milk, powdered 449

Molybdenum ore 1600

Mortar, wet 2403

Mud, packed 1906

Mud, fluid 1730

Nickel ore 1600

Nickel, rolled 8666

Nickel silver 8442


19/26

Nitric acid, 91% 1506

Nitrogen 1.26

Oak, red 705

Oats 432

Oats, rolled 304

Oil cake 785

Oil, linseed 942

Oil, petroleum 881

Oxygen 1.43

Oyster shells, ground 849

Paper, standard 1201

Peanuts, shelled 641

Peanuts, not shelled 272

Peat, dry 400

Peat, moist 801

Peat, wet 1121

Pecan wood 753


20/26

Phosphate rock, broken 1762

Phosphorus 2339

Pitch 1153

Plaster 849

Platinum ore 2600

Porcelain 2403

Porphyry, solid 2547

Porphyry, broken 1650

Potash 1281

Potassium chloride 2002

Potatoes, white 769

Pumice, stone 641

Pyrite (fool's gold) 2400 - 5015

Quartz, solid 2643

Quartz, lump 1554

Quartz sand 1201

Resin, synthetic, crushed 561


21/26

Rice, hulled 753

Rice, rough 577

Rice grits 689

Rip-Rap 1602

Rock - soft - excavated with shovel 1600-1780

Rosin 1073

Rubber, caoutchouc 945

Rubber, manufactured 1522

Rubber, ground scrap 481

Rye 705

Salt cake 1442

Salt, course 801

Salt, fine 1201

Saltpeter 1201

Sand, wet 1922

Sand, wet, packed 2082

Sand, dry 1602


22/26

Sand, loose 1442

Sand, rammed 1682

Sand, water filled 1922

Sand with Gravel, dry 1650

Sand with Gravel, wet 2020

Sandstone, solid 2323

Sandstone, broken 1370-1450

Sawdust 210

Sewage, sludge 721

Shale, solid 2675

Shale, broken 1586

Shells - oyster 800

Sinter 1600-2180

Slag, solid 2114

Slag, broken 1762

Slag, crushed, 1/4 inch 1185

Slag, furn. granulated 961


23/26

Slate, solid 2691

Slate, broken 1290-1450

Slate, pulverized 1362

Smithsonite ( zinc ore ) 4300

Snow, freshly fallen 160

Snow, compacted 481

Soap, solid 801

Soap, chips 160

Soap, flakes 160

Soap, powdered 368

Soapstone talc 2400

Soda Ash, heavy 1080

Soda Ash, light 432

Sodium 977

Sodium Aluminate, ground 1153

Sodium Nitrate, ground 1201

Soy beans, whole 753


24/26

Starch, powdered 561

Stone, crushed 1602

Stone (common, generic) 2515

Sugar, brown 721

Sugar, powdered 801

Sugar, granulated 849

Sugar, raw cane 961

Sugarbeet pulp, dry 208

Sugarbeet pulp, wet 561

Sugarcane 272

Sulphur, solid 2002

Sulphur, lump 1314

Sulphur, pulverized 961

Taconite 2803

Talc, solid 2691

Talc, broken 1746

Tanbark, ground 881


25/26

Tankage 961

Tar 1153

Tobacco 320

Trap rock, solid 2883

Trap rock, broken 1746

Turf 400

Turpentine 865

Walnut, black, dry 609

Water, pure 1000

Water, seatd> 1026

Wheat 769

Wheat, cracked 673

Wood chips - dry 240- 520

Wool 1314

Zinc oxide 400

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Updated: 8/12/11
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