Grammar BookAlejandro Bentle

Table of Contents

SerEstarVerbs like GustarHacer ExpressionsPreterito Trigger wordsCar, Gar, ZarSpock VerbsCucuracha Verbs

DOPAffirmative

CommandsIrregular CommandsIOPSnakesSnakeysSe Impersonal

Table of Contents (Cont’d)

Past Particples as Adjectives

Irregular Past participles as Adjectives

Irregular FuturoEl FuturoIr + a + InfinitiveAdjectivos

Demonstrativos

Mandatos FormalesLos Mandatos

InformalesModal VerbsReflexivesSaber vs. Conocer

SER!

Description-¿Que es? (Ex: Un papel, un libro)Origin-¿De Donde Es? (Ex: Nicaragua)Characteristics-¿Como Es? (Ex: Alto)Time- ¿Que Hora Es? (Ex: Son las dos)Occupation- ¿Que Hace (Ex: Es Doctor)Relationships- ¿Quien Es? (Ex: Es mi mama)

Possession- ¿De Quien Es? Events- ¿Cuando/Donde Es? (Ex: La Clase)Dates- ¿Que Dia es Hoy? (Ex: Lunes)

ESTAR!

Health- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Bien)Emotions- ¿Como Estas? (Ex: Triste)Location- ¿Donde Estas? (Ex:La Casa)Present condition- ¿Como Esta? (Ex:

Nublado)“ING”- ar: ando/ er-ir: endo

VERBS LIKE GUSTAR

Gustar: To like Verbs Like “gustar” operate and are used in

the same ways as “gustar”.Examples:

◦Encantar- To love◦Fascinar- To Fascinate◦Molestar- To bother◦Doler- To Hurt◦Faltar- To miss◦ Importar- To matter◦Disgustar- To dislike

Examples:•Io pronouns:

o Meo Teo Leso Noso Oso Les

-Me gustan carros-Les gustan zanahorias

HACER EXPRESSIONS

Use hacer expressions to express time using hace and a conjugated verb

Present Tense: Since/For

Past Tense: Ago

Hacer Expression

+ Hace

+ Time Que

+ Verb

Example:•Hace cinco dias que como una hamburguesa

PRETERITO

AR

e

Aste

O

Amos

aron

ER/IR

í

Íste

Ió

ieron

imos

Esto es el preterito!

Trigger words for preterite:•Ayer•Antayer•A las (any time)•El (insert day)

A definite time in the past with a beginning and/or Ending

PRETERITO (continued)

HablarHablé

Hablaste

Habló

Hablamos

Hablaron

ComerComí

Comiste

Comió

Comimos

comieron

Escribirescribí

Escribiste

Escribió

Escribimos

escribieron

YO

TúÉl, ella, Ud

Nosotros

Ellos, Ustedes

TRIGGER WORDS

Ayer: YesterdayAntayer: Day before yesterdayA las ___(a time)El _____(insert a day)

CAR, GAR, ZAR

Car•qué•C to q

Gar•gué•G to gu

Zar•cé•Z to c

In order to preserve the sound of the infinitive, a number of verbs change spelling in the preterite tense. The following changes occur in the "yo" form only

SPOCK VERBS

Ir/Ser◦Fui◦Fuiste◦Fue◦Fuimos◦Fueron

Hacer◦Hice◦Hiceste◦Hizo◦Hiceimos◦Hicieron

Dar◦Di◦Diste◦Dio◦Dimos◦Dieron

Ver◦Vi◦Viste◦Vio◦Vimos◦Vieron

Hac

er

Ir

Ser

DarVer

•The “Spock” verbs are irregular verb forms of the preterite. They have different conjugations.

CUCARACHA VERBS

Andar- aduvEstar- estuvPoder- pudPoner- pusQuerer- quisSaber- supTener- tuvVenir- vinConducir- condujProducir- produjTraducir- tradujDecir- dijTraer- traj

•e• Iste•o• Imos• Isteis• ieron

DOPs

DOPs receives the direct action of the verb.◦Lo◦La◦Los◦Las

I ate a steak◦Comí un bistec.

She ate the steak◦ Ella comió lo bistec.

AFFIRMATIVE COMMANDS

Formal:◦Affirmative:

• Ud./Uds.- put in the ‘yo’ form and change the opposite

Examples:◦Bebela

◦Negative: Same

Informal:◦ Affirmative

Tu- simply drop the ‘s’

DOP and IOP can attach to the affirmative command

◦ Negative: Tu- Put it in ‘yo’

form and change opposite vowel, add an ‘s’

IRREGULAR COMMANDS

Tener Ten

Ver Ven

Dar Di

Ir Ve

Ser Sé

Hacer Haz

Poner Pon

Salir Sal

Tener Tenga

Ver Venga

Dar Dé

Ir Voya

Ser Seya

Hacer Haga

Estar Esté

Salir Sepa

Affirmative Negative

IOPs

Answers the question:◦To Whom◦For Whom

Has no feminine factors

Examples:◦I gave it to her -----› Se lo di◦Give it to him -----› déselo

SNAKES

Yo

Domí

Pedi

Tú

Dormiste

Pediste

Usted,Ella/El

Dormío

pidié

Nosotros

dormimos

Pedimos

Vosotros

Dormistes

Pedisteis

Ustedes

Durmreron

Pidieron

Snakes stem change in 3rd person

SNAKEYS

Yo Tu Usted,Ella/

El

Nosotros

Vosotros Ustudes

Leí leáste leyó leímos líesteis leyeron

Creí creíste

creyó

creímos

creísteis

creyeron

Oí oiste Oyó oímos oísteis oyeron

Snakeys are verbs like leer, creer, and oir.

Change the I to the y in the 3rd person

SE IMPERSONAL

Use se to avoid specifying a person who is doing the action of the verb.◦ Se vende fruta en la frutería.

When using se, the verb is always in the 3rd person.◦ Aquí se habla español.

Se can be used in all tenses.◦ Se hizo mucho.◦ Se hará mucho.◦ Se había hecho.

Past Participles as Adjectives

-ar -ado

-er -ido

-ir -ido

Past participles as adjectives are conjugated as follows: Take off the ending and attach “ado” or “ido” depending on if it is an ar, ir, or er verb.

Irregular Past Particples as Adjectives

Abrir (to open) - abiertoCubrir (to cover) - cubiertoDecir (to say) - dichoEscribir (to write) - escitoFreir (to fry) - fritoHacer (to do) - hechoMorir (to die) - muertoPoner (to put) - puestoResolver (to resolve) - resueltoRomper (to break) - rotoVer (to see) - vistoVolver (to return) -vuelto

Irregular Futuro

Decir…dirHacer…harPoder…podrPoner…pondrQuerer…querrSaber…sabrSalir…saldrTener…tendrValer…valdrVenir…vendr

El Futuro

Infinitive + ending◦Most endings are the same for ar, er, and ir

é

ás

á

emos

áis

án

Ir + a + Infinitives

Going to go somewhere, do something, etc.

Included in el futuroExample:

◦Yo voy a viajar extremadura en España. English: I am going to travel to extremadura in

Spain

Adjectivos Demonstrativos

Singular

• Este/Esta (this)• Ese/Esa (that)• Aquel/Aquella

• (That over there)

Plural

• Estos/Estas (these)

• Esos/Esas (those)• Aquellos/Aquellas

• (those over there)

•Gender must always agree with the noun it is modifying

•Put in front of noun being modified

Los Mandatos Formales

ar Cojugate to yo

Drop ‘o’ and add

‘e’

er Conjugate to yo

Drop o and add

‘a’

ir Conjugate to yo

Drop ‘o’ and add

‘a’

Los Mandatos Informales Con’t

Affirmatives Negatives

Di (decir) Tengas (tener)

Haz (hacer) Vengas (venir)

Ve (ir) Dés, digas (dar, decir)

Pon (Poner) Vayas (ir)

Sal (Salir) Seas (ser)

Sé (ser) Hagas (hacer)

Ten (tener) Estés (estar)

Ven (venir) Sepas (saber

Modal Verbs

Ir + a + infinitive (going to do something)

Poder + infinitive (are able to do something)

Querer + infinitive (want to do something)

Deber + infinitive (should do something)

Tener que + infinitive (to have to do something)

Reflexives

Relfexive pronouns can be:◦In front of the conjugated verb◦Attached to the infinitive◦Attached to the present participle

When it is attached, the reflexive pronoun changes the number of syllables in the word. This makes it necessary to add an accent to the proper syllable.

Other verbs come with ‘se’ attached to the end. These verbs are reflexive and are conjugated along with changing the pronoun to agree.

Reflexives: Cont’d

Me (used in yo form)

Te (used in tú form)

Se (used in él/ella form or ellos)

Nos (used in nosotros form)

Os (used in vosotros form)

Saber vs. Conocer

Saber:To Know

Facts/InformationConocer:To know

People, place, thing or published works