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Folds, descriptive Goals : 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape.

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Page 1: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Folds, descriptive

Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape.

Page 2: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Outline

1. The basics: Synforms and

antiforms

2. Geometric elements of folds

3. Classification schemes

Page 3: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Synforms and Antiforms

• Monocline

• Synform — Includes synclines and synformal anticlines

• Antiform — Includes anticlines and anticlinal synclines

Page 4: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Geometric elements of folds-I

• Fold profile plane

• Fold hinge

• Hinge zone

• Fold limb

Page 5: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Geometric elements of folds-II

• Inflection point

• Axial plane• Axial trace

Page 6: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Simple and complex fold elements

Page 7: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Wavelength and amplitude

Page 8: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classification: Orientation of

hinge/axial surface

Page 9: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape
Page 10: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 11: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 12: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape
Page 13: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 14: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classification: Interlimb angle

• Gentle 180–170°

• Open 170–90°

• Tight 90–10°

• Isoclinal 10–0°

Page 15: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 16: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 17: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 18: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classification based on shape

• Cylindrical folds

• Chevron or kink folds

• Cuspate folds

• Symmetrical vs. Asymmetrical folds

Page 19: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 20: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 21: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Symmetrical ??

Page 22: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Fold Vergence

Page 23: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Vergence ??

Page 24: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classification: Layer thickness

• Parallel or concentric folds

• Similar folds

Page 25: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 26: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 27: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Classify Me

Page 28: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Dip-isogon classification

• Class-1A

• Class-1B (parallel)

• Class-1C

• Class-2 (similar)

• Class-3

Page 29: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Parasitic folds

Page 30: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

What happens in non-similar folds?

Page 31: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Disharmonic Folds

Page 32: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Disharmonic Folds

Page 33: Folds, descriptive Goals: 1) To understand the basic geometric elements of folds and 2) to classify folds based on their shape

Map symbols used for folds

• Anticlines and synclines

• Overturned anticlines and synclines

• Plunging folds


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