FONER

CHAPTER 2 and 3Settling the Colonies 1607-1750(Beginnings of English America

and Creating Anglo America

Europe on the eve of Conquest

• Portugal

• Spain

• France

• Dutch

• English

• Russia

COMING OF THE ENGLISH• England on the eve of exploration• Uniting the kingdoms

– wars– breaking away– mobile population– motives for migration

• Renaissance• nation states• Protestantism creates conflict

– 1534 Act of Supremacy• Early Explorations until 1607

– Spanish Armada (1588)– British privateers damaged Spanish trade and

helped establish early British colonies– Ireland– Roanoke

• Settling the Chesapeake• New England• Middle colonies• The Carolinas

Tudor monarchs in the 1500s

Stuart monarchs in the 1600s

Seventeenth-Century English rulersChronology

• 1603-James 1• 1607-Jamestown• 1620-Plymouth• 1642-English Civil War• 1649-Charles I beheaded

• Cromwell-protectorate, expansion• 1660-Charels II restored• 1688-Glorious Revolution

Protestantism versus Catholicism dominated the political times in England during the 1600s.

Chesapeake and Jamestown

• Hakluyt-trade would be basis of England’s empire– surplus pop., poverty– enclosure movement– Utopia– young single men

• 1607-Jamestown settled away from Spanish warships

• Virginia-free New World from Spanish tyranny– stinking weed– headright system– House of Burgess

• Maryland– Toleration Act of 1649– Plundering times

Why did it take England 100+ years to colonize North America?

New England Colonies

• Puritans or Pilgrims?• Great migration • Mayflower Compact• “City on a hill”• Puritan family• Rhode Island• Connecticut• Anne Hutchison

– Antinomianism

• economy– family farms, trade, fishing

For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken... we shall be made a story and a by-word throughout the world. We shall open the mouths of enemies to speak evil of the ways of God... We shall shame the faces of many of God's worthy servants, and cause their prayers to be turned into curses upon us til we be consumed out of the good land whither we are a-going

Middle colonies

• 1664-Anglo-Dutch rivalry

• New York• New Jersey• Pennsylvania

– William Penn– Quakers

• Delaware

The Carolinas and Georgia• Founding of Carolinas

– 1663-barrier to Spanish

– Barbados– Labor

• Georgia– convicts– buffer

POPULATION % OF WEALTH

Top 10% 50

Middle 65% 48

Lowest 25% 2

Thirteen Colonies

• By 1700, diverse population and religions

• urban vs rural (9/10)• economy-

agricultural– South-plantations– New England -

small towns and family farms

• consumer society– books, ceramic

plates, cutlery, silk, cotton, tea

• shipping and trade• Great differences in

economics, political, and social structure

Growth of Colonial America• Expansion of the Empire

– immigrants– ethnic cultures– Scotch-Irish– Germans– convicts– Native Americans

• Social classes

• Triangular trade

ALL COLONIES FACED EARLY STRUGGLES TO SURVIVE

• English Civil War • Restoration• Glorious Revolution• Changes in New England• Witches-1692• Indian Wars

– 1622 Indian uprisings in Va.

– 1637 Pequot War– 1675 King Phillip’s War– Ohio Valley-Pontiac

• Bacon’s Rebellion– Virginia

Battle for the Continent• 154-157

• Middle Ground– Great lakes area

• Seven Year’s War

• Albany Union of 1754

• Proclamation Line of 1763

Spanish Borderlands of the Eighteenth Century

• Spain occupied a large part of America north of Mexico since sixteenth century

• Range from Florida Peninsula to California• Indian resistance, lack of interest limited Spanish

presence• Never a secure political or military hold on

borderlands

Conquering the Spanish Northern Frontier

• 1692—final establishment of Spanish rule in New Mexico after Popé’s revolt (1680)

• 18th-century St. Augustine a Spanish military outpost unattractive to settlers

• 1769—belated Spanish mission settlements in California to prevent Russian claims

Peoples of the Spanish Borderlands

• Slow growth of Spanish population in borderlands

• Spanish influence architecture, language• Spanish influence over Native Americans

– Spanish exploit native labor– Indians live in proximity to Spanish as

despised lower class– Indians resist conversion to Catholicism

The Spanish Borderlands, ca. 1770

French Empire•Ohio Valley•Mississippi Valley•New Orleans•Indian alliances

BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT• Middle Ground• Seven Year’s War• Albany Union of 1754

– delegates, taxes, Indians, defense• Peace of Paris 1763• Proclamation Line of 1763