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APUSH UNIT2 MOD2 HAMER THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA 1607-1733

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REASONS FOR EUROPEAN EMIGRATION Economic Social / Cultural Religious Political Primogeniture Enclosure System Wool Depression late 1500s Growing Population Golden Age of Literature Renaissance of Sorts Strong leader in Elizabeth (1558-1603) Protestant Reformation MUCH LATER (1840s) Cath/Prot struggles along with economic issues drive Irish to US LATER Failure of Puritan Revolution (1649-1653) Beating of Spanish Armada in 1588 (Philip II) est. English Naval Supremacy Spain overextended and began to lose holdings: naval supremacy, Netherlands, Caribbean Creation of economic entity of Join Stock Co. English soldiers used to controlling Native population in Ireland

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ORIGINAL PLANTATION COLONIES

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VIRGINIA - JAMESTOWN 1606 - The Virginia Company founded Goal was profit from gold or exploration May 24, 1607 - settled Death and disorganization John Smith Starving Time of 1609-1610 15% survival rate in first years

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VIRGINIA AND THE NATIVE AMERICANS First Anglo-Powhatan War - 1614 ended with Pocahontas marriage to John Rolfe Peace ended in 1622 Second Anglo-Powhatan War - 1644 ended in 1646 with formal separation By 1669 only 2000 Indians remained, 10% of those found in 1607 Chief Opechancanough - leader during the attack of 1622 and 2nd War Lord de la Warr arrived in 1610 and led the fight against the Powhatans

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VIRGINIA AND TOBACCO John Rolfe had perfected methods of raising and curing tobacco to eliminate bitterness by 1612 Tobacco became the cash crop of Virginia, BUT: hurt the soil forced a single crop system the broad-acre system led to indentured servitude and slavery

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VIRGINIAS EFFECTS ON AMERICA Idea of Frontiersman; Tough, Stick it Out mentality Smith is a hero - he made stuff happen Protestant Ethic - hard work wins Virginia is the heart of America Tradition of fighting with the Indians and separating from them Even though it was temporary, self-rule under the House of Burgesses was a first taste of freedom Initial charter gave full English rights to colonists, which became the standard Large acre cash-cropping led to slavery

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MARYLAND - CATHOLIC HAVEN Founded in 1634 by Lord Baltimore Baltimore wanted heavy religious toleration, but ended up with the Act of Toleration (1649) - tolerant of all Christians Grew Tobacco

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MARYLANDS EFFECTS ON AMERICA America is a land of religious freedom for Christians More cash cropping and slavery

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THE WEST INDIES AND JAMAICA - SUGAR CANE Provided a market for American growers Grew sugar and therefore rum Required HUGE acreage, which led to many slaves Led to restrictive slave codes

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WEST INDIES EFFECTS ON AMERICA Started the slave plantation system Established restrictive slave codes Both of these were duplicated throughout the American South

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FOUNDING NEW ENGLAND

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UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SEPARATISTS AND PURITANS

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CALVINISM AND PURITANISM Predestination. Good works could not save those predestined for hell. No one could be certain of their spiritual status. Gnawing doubts led to constantly seeking signs of conversion. Puritans: Calvinists who wanted to totally reform (purify) the Church of England. Grew impatient with the slow process of Protestant Reformation back in England. All Separatists were Puritan, but not all Puritans were Separatists

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SEPARATIST BELIEFS Puritans who believed only visible saints (those who could demonstrate in front of their fellow Puritans their elect status) should be admitted to church membership. Because the Church of England enrolled all the kings subjects, Separatists felt they had to share churches with the damned. Therefore, they believed in a total break from the Church of England. Went to Holland for 12 years in 1608, but worried that their children were being Dutchified

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SOURCES OF PURITAN MIGRATION Wool workers of southern England

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PLYMOUTH COLONY NEW ENGLAND

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THE MAYFLOWER 1620 a group of 102 people (half Separatists) Negotiated with the Virginia Company to settle in its jurisdiction. Non-Separatists included Captain Myles Standish Plymouth Bay way outside the domain of the Virginia Company. Became squatters without legal right to land & specific authority to establish a government

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THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT NOVEMBER 11, 1620 Written and signed before the Pilgrims disembarked from the ship. Not a constitution, but an agreement to form a crude govt. and submit to majority rule. Signed by 41 adult males. Led to adult male settlers meeting in assemblies to make laws in town meetings.

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COVENANT THEOLOGY AFFECTED PURITAN SOCIETY Covenant of Grace: between Puritan communities and God. Social Covenant: Between members of Puritan communities with each other. Required mutual watchfulness. No toleration of deviance or disorder. No privacy.

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PLYMOUTHS FIRST YEAR Winter of 1620-1621 Only 44 out of the original 102 survived. None chose to leave in 1621 when the Mayflower sailed back. Fall of 1621 First Thanksgiving. Colony survived with fur (especially beaver), fish, and lumber. Plymouth stayed small and economically unimportant. 1691 only 7,000 people Merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony.

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PLYMOUTHS EFFECTS ON AMERICA Protestant Ethic Even thought it was a TINY colony, this somehow became the symbolic beginning of America - religious freedom Hardcore American Spirit

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COLONIZING NEW ENGLAND

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THE MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

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MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY 1629 non-Separatists got a royal charter to form the MA Bay Co. Wanted to escape attacks by conservatives in the Church of England. They didnt want to leave the Church, just its impurities. Acted like they were a Joint Stock Co. so people wouldnt think they were separatists 1630 1,000 people set off in 11 well-stocked ships Established a colony with Boston as its hub. Great Migration of the 1630s Turmoil in England (leading to the English Civil War) sent about 70,000 Puritans to America. 11,000 of which went to Mass Bay

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LIFE IN MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY Economy based on: Furs Fishing Ship Building All male property holders could participate in town meetings All people (even non-believers) were subject to the law and had to pay to maintain the church Even though it was a theocracy (government with church in charge), ministers and clergy could not hold public office

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We shall be as a city on a hill.. JOHN WINTHROP Well-off attorney and manor lord in England. Became 1 st governor of Massachusetts. Believed that he had a calling from God to lead there. Served as governor or deputy-governor for 19 years.

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LAND DIVISION IN SUDBURY, MA: 1639-1656

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PURITAN REBELS

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ROGER WILLIAMS Young, popular minister in Salem. Argued for a full break with the Anglican Church. Condemned MA Bay Charter. Did not give fair compensation to Indians. Denied authority of civil government to regulate religious behavior. 1635 found guilty of preaching newe & dangerous opinions and was exiled.

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RHODE ISLAND 1636 Roger Williams fled there. MA Bay Puritans had wanted to exile him to England to prevent him from founding a competing colony. Remarkable political freedom in Providence, RI Universal manhood suffrage later restricted by a property qualification. Opposed to special privilege of any kind freedom of opportunity for all. Religious freedom for all RI becomes known as the Sewer because it is seen by the Puritans as a dumping ground for unbelievers and religious dissenters More liberal than any other colony!

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ANNE HUTCHINSON Intelligent, strong-willed, well- spoken woman. Threatened patriarchal control. Antinomianism Means against the law. Carried to logical extremes Puritan doctrine of predestination: Holy life was no sure sign of salvation. Truly saved didnt need to obey the law of either God or man.

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TRIAL OF ANNE HUTCHINSON 1638 she confounded the Puritan leaders for days. Eventually bragged that she had received her beliefs DIRECTLY from God. Direct revelation was even more serious than the heresy of antinomianism. WHY?? Puritan leaders banished her she & her family traveled to RI and later to NY. She and all but one member of her family were killed in an Indian attack in Westchester County. John Winthrop saw Gods hand in this!

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SALEM WITCH TRIALS Read The Crucible 1692 - 19 people put to death on accusations of witchcraft by adolescent girls in Salem, MA Stopped in 1693 when the governors wife was accused Poor (accusers) vs. Wealthy (accused)

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MORE COLONIES IN NEW ENGLAND

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HARTFORD (CONNECTICUT) - 1635 Boston Puritans, led by Reverend Thomas Hooker, moved to Hartford 1639 drafted the Fundamental Orders Modern constitution with democracy led by substantial citizens

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NEW HAVEN (CONNECTICUT) - 1638 Wanted a tighter church government alliance than Massachusetts Fell out of favor with Charles II and was made part of Connecticut

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MAINE European colonists had been fishing there for a while Purchased from the Gorges in 1677 and merged into Massachusetts

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NEW HAMPSHIRE Became part of Massachusetts in 1641 King separated it in 1679 and made NH its own colony

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NEW ENGLAND COLONIES 1650

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BACONS REBELLION

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PROBLEMS IN THE CHESAPEAKE Poor single men On the frontier - issues with the Native Americans Bacons Rebellion Frontiersmen (Bacons group) vs. haughty landowners (Tidewater gentry) Former servants vs. those with land and money Made landowners concerned about indentured servants = slavery Indentured Servitude Certificate

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AFTER THE PURITAN REVOLUTION / ENGLISH CIVIL WAR AND THE KING (CHARLES II) WAS RESTORED TO THE CROWN THE RESTORATION COLONIES

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THE CAROLINAS - 1670 New and weird political system designed by John Locke Tied to the West Indies Carolinas sent them Indian slaves and food Massacred Savannah Indians in 1710 Rice as an export crop Brought in African slaves to raise rice Centered on Charleston

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SOUTH CAROLINAS EFFECT ON AMERICA African slaves become the main plantation workers in SC and later the South because of their ability to handle the weather and the disease (malaria)

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NORTH CAROLINA - MISFIT MIDDLE CHILD Broke off from Carolina in 1712 Settled by poorer outcasts from VA who couldnt compete with the tobacco barons seen as poor, irreligious, and immoral by the aristocratic colonies to the North and South Were the final defeat for the coastal Indians NC Traded with Pirates!

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NORTH CAROLINAS EFFECT ON AMERICA Expansion means beating up the Native Americans Colonies begin to have different personalities

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PENNSYLVANIA

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THE QUAKERS Called Quakers because they quaked during intense religious practices. Refused to pay taxes to support the Church of England. Important Differences: They met without paid clergy in simple meeting houses Believed all were children of God - refused to treat the upper classes with deference. Kept hats on. Addressed everyone as commoners - thees/thous. Wouldnt take oaths. Pacifists.

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WILLIAM PENN Aristocratic Englishman. 1660 attracted to the Quaker faith. 1681 - he received a grant from king to establish a colony. This settled a debt the king owed his father. Named Pennsylvania (Penns Woodland) He sent out paid agents and advertised for settlers - best advertised colony. Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants. Religious Freedom in PA

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ROYAL LAND GRANT TO PENN

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PENN AND NATIVE AMERICANS Bought (instead of just taking) land from Indians. Quakers went among the Indians unarmed. BUT non-Quaker Europeans flooded PA Treated native peoples poorly. This undermined the actions of the Quakers

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PENNS TREATY WITH NATIVE AMERICANS

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GOVERNMENT OF PENNSYLVANIA Representative assembly elected by landowners. No tax-supported church. Freedom of worship guaranteed to all. Forced to deny right to vote & hold office to Catholics & Jews by English government Death penalty only for treason & murder. Compared to 200 capital crimes in England!

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PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY Attracted many different people Religious misfits from other colonies. Many different ethnic groups. No provision for military defense. No restrictions on immigration. No slavery! (in the beginning) There were still Blue Laws (sumptuary laws) - against stage plays, cards, dice, excessive hilarity, etc.

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NEW JERSEY

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1664: aristocratic proprietors (who were Quakers) received the area from the Duke of York. Many New Englanders (because of bad soil) moved to NJ. 1674:West NJ sold to Quakers. 1702: E & W NJ combined into NJ and created one colony.

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DELAWARE

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Named after Lord De La Warr (military governor of VA in 1610). Closely associated with Penns colony. 1703 - granted its own assembly. Remained under the control of PA until the American Revolution.

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NEW NETHERLANDS AND NEW SWEDEN

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DUTCH EXPLORATION INTO THE AMERICAS 1600s: Golden Age of Dutch history. Major commercial and naval power. Challenging England on the seas. 3 major Anglo-Dutch Wars Major colonial power (mainly in the East Indies) Hudson was financed by Dutch West India Co.

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NEW NETHERLAND Founded in the Hudson River area (1623- 1624) Established by Dutch West India Company for quick-profit fur trade. Company wouldnt pay much attention to the colony. Manhattan (New Amsterdam) Purchased by Company for pennies per (22,000) acre.

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NEW AMSTERDAM HARBOR 1639 Company town run in interest of the stockholders. No interest in religious toleration, free speech, or democracy. Governors appointed by the Company were autocratic. Religious dissenters against Dutch Reformed Church (including Quakers) were persecuted. Local assembly with limited power to make laws established after repeated protests by colonists

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NEW AMSTERDAM 1660 Characteristics of New Amsterdam: Aristocratic patroonships (feudal estates granted to promoters who would settle 50 people on them). Cosmopolitan: diverse population with many different languages.

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NEW YORK MANORS AND LAND GRANTS (PATROONSHIPS)

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NEW NETHERLANDS AND NEW SWEDEN

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NEW SWEDEN Mid-1600s; Sweden in Golden Age settled small, under-funded colony (called New Sweden) near New Netherland. 1655: Dutch under director-general Peter Stuyvesant attack New Sweden. Main fort fell after bloodless siege. New Sweden absorbed into New Netherland.

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NEW YORK Charles II granted New Netherlands land to his brother, the Duke of York, (before the British controlled the area!) 1664: English soldiers arrived. Dutch had little ammunition and poor defenses. Stuyvesant forced to surrender without firing a shot. Renamed New York England gained strategic harbor between her northern & southern colonies. England now controlled from Maine to Carolinas

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NEW AMSTERDAM 1664

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Early 20 c Dutch Revival Building in NYC New York City seal DUTCH INFLUENCE ON AMERICA Names: Harlem, Brooklyn Architecture: gambrel roof Customs: Easter eggs, Santa Claus, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, kolf [golf], sauerkraut - yum :)

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THE LAST COLONY!

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GEORGIA - DEBTORS COLONY Last of the original 13 - founded in 1733 Both a buffer colony from Spanish Florida and a debtors colony created by Oglethorpe Founding place of Methodism Slowest growing of the original colonies

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COLONY COMPARISONS

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ColonyDateOrig TypeReligionStatus 1775Economic Activity Carolina1663ProprietaryAnglicanRoyal NC1691Farming; Naval Stores SC1691Rice, Indigo New Jersey1664ProprietaryAnglicanRoyalWheat New York1664ProprietaryAnglicanRoyalWheat Penn1681ProprietaryQuakerProprietaryWheat Georgia1732TrusteesAnglicanRoyalRice New Hampshire (sep from Mass) 1741RoyalCongreg ationalist RoyalLumber, Naval Stores, Mixed Farming ENGLISH COLONIES ESTABLISHED 1660-1750

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SIMILARITIES IN THE PLANTATION COLONIES Connected not by chronology, but by economics and society Exported agriculture All based on slavery (GA would be soon after founding) Large land tracts caused fewer cities Expansionary because tobacco (and later cotton) stripped the soil and farmers needed new land

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POPULATION OF NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

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LIFE EXPECTANCY COMPARISONS: NEW ENGLAND VS. THE CHESAPEAKE

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PHILADELPHIA AND BOSTON COMPARED

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URBAN POPULATION GROWTH

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ETHNIC GROUPS

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CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MIDDLE COLONIES Better land than New England Known as the Bread Colonies Rivers allowed for shipping, but not water wheels - still some industry, though, in lumber and ships Smaller land tracts than the south - larger than NE Larger governments than NEs town mtgs, but more representative than Southern county governments More ethnically diverse More religious toleration and democratic control

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SEEDS OF COLONIAL UNITY AND INDEPENDENCE

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NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION (1643) Made of 2 Mass colonies and 2 Conn colonies (only Puritans) Homegrown attempt at mutual defense and government Dealt with Inter-state problems First taste of running own colony/state

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CHARLES II THE CROWN IS BACK! Wanted more control Massachusetts was especially defiant Charles II punished Mass by chartering Conn and RI and revoking the Bay Colony Charter - harsh

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DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND (1686) Under James II Was an English version of a unified America New England, NY, and the Jersies Created by London to enforce mercantilism Led by Sir Edmond Andros Limited town meetings, courts, press, schoolsleading to taxation without representation

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WILLIAM AND MARY REPLACE JAMES II Called the Glorious Revolution (when W + M take over England peacefully) Led to more of a constitutional monarchy (more power to Parliament, less to the crown) During this time a Boston mob went after Andros and sent him back to England

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EFFECTS OF GLORIOUS REVOLUTION Salutary Neglect Navigation Laws not enforced More English officials Judges, clerks, customs officials Americans grew increasingly resentful against England because of waffling between freedom and repression