fuel efficiency of new european hd vehicles - … · fuel efficiency of new european hd vehicles...

FUEL EFFICIENCY OF NEW EUROPEAN HD VEHICLES

Kimmo Erkkilä VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland

Nils-Olof Nylund TEC TransEnergy Consulting Ltd

OUTLINE

• Background – Euro 4 • Test methods • Test vehicles • Truck & bus results • Conclusions

DEER 2007 Conference, August 12-16, Detroit, Michigan 2

BACKGROUND – EURO 4/5

• The Euro 4 requirements definitely entered into force in October 2006, Euro 5 will be introduced in 2009

• the Euro 5 requirements roughly correspond to US 2007 requirements

• The new emission limits are forcing manufacturers to use high volume EGR or/and exhaust after-treatment systems

• SCR (Selective urea catalyst system) is the preferred emission reduction technology in Europe

• however, some manufacturers have opted for EGR technology


EQUIVALENCE OF EMISSION REGULATONS

Oikawa et al 2005

DEER 2007 Conference, August 12-16, Detroit, Michigan4


• Engine manufacturers’ choices to meet Euro 4 emission regulations

• SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) • Volvo • Mercedes-Benz • Iveco • and others..

• EGR (Exhaust Gas Recirculation) • Scania • MAN (+ partial particulate filter PM-KAT)


Euro 3 (2001)

Euro 2 (1996)

Euro 4 (2006)Euro 5 (2009)

Euro

6 (2

012?

)

NOx [g/kWh]


• How do new Euro 4 trucks and buses perform under real-world driving?

• What happens to fuel economy, is there an automatic fuel penalty for low emissions?

• Will more stringent emission regulations actually provide reduced real-life emissions?

0

0.02

0.04

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0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14PM

(Par

ticul

ate

Mat

ter)

[g/k

Wh]

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14PM

(Par

ticul

ate

Mat

ter)

[g/k

Wh]

Euro 3 (2001)

Euro 2 (1996)

Euro 4 (2006)Euro 5 (2009)

Euro

6 (2

012?

)

NOx [g/kWh]

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.50 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5Volvo Bus Corporation, Danielsson 2006

6 DEER 2007 Conference, August 12-16, Detroit, Michigan

TEST METHODS

• Real world transient driving cycles on a HD chassis dynamometer

• City bus cycles • Braunschweig – city center driving • Helsinki 2 – city center driving • Helsinki 3 – suburban driving

• Heavy duty truck cycles • Delivery – max 26t (metric tons) • Highway – max 60t • Freeway – max 60t (using cruise control)


1000 1200 1400 1600 1800

( s)

2.00

TEST METHODS

B rau nschw e ig B u s C yc le

0

10

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70

0 200 400 600 800

Tim e

Spee

d (k

m/h

)

Freeway cycle, original onroad data , 420 hp / 50 t

-50

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0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Time s

Engi

ne p

ower

kW

Dri

ving

spe

ed k

m/h

-2.50

-2.00

-1.50

-1.00

-0.50

0.00

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1.50

Roa

d gr

adie

nt %

Engine power Driving speed Road gradient


TEST METHODS

• Significant work has been devoted to the development of realistic and accurate fuel consumption measurements

• Realistic duty cycles, including road gradient simulation for HD trucks

• Standardization of test conditions and elimination of variations

• standardized test fuel (ultra low sulfur) • special sets of conditioned measurement tires • fixed test procedures, including warm-ups and

conditioning of the vehicle • elimination of influence from, e.g., air compressor

and cooling fan • etc..


TEST METHODS - FACILITY

Accuracy:• fuel consumption +1 % • exhaust emissions +15 %


TEST VEHICLES – CITY BUSES

Volvo – Brand A4x2 Euro 3 MY 20054x2 Euro 4 SCR MY 20066x2 Euro 5 SCR MY 2006

Mercedes-Benz – Brand B4x2 Euro 4 SCR MY 2006

Scania – Brand C4x2 Euro 3 MY 20054x2 Euro 4 EGR MY 20066x2 Euro 4 EGR MY 2006


TEST VEHICLES - TRUCKS

Euro 4 trucks, all model year 2006 • Scania R470, EGR • MAN TGA.430, EGR + PM-KAT • MB Actros 1844, SCR • Volvo FH480, SCR • Iveco Stralis 420, SCR


Study for the Finnish Public Transport Association

Fuel consumption in different cycles

20

25

30

35

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55

60

Braunchweig Helsinki2 Helsinki3

Fuel

con

sum

ptio

n l/1

00km

Brand A Euro 3 Brand A Euro 4 SCR Brand C Euro 3 Brand C Euro 4 EGR Brand B Euro 4 SCR Brand A Euro 5 SCR 3-axle Brand C Euro 4 EGR 3-axle

FUEL CONSUMPTION – CITY BUSES


Fuel and urea costs per 100 km, when diesel 74 c/l, urea 55 c/l

20

25

30

35

40

45

Expe

nses

€/1

00km

Brand A Euro 3 Brand A Euro 4 SCR Brand C Euro 3 Brand C Euro 4 EGR Brand B Euro 4 SCR Brand A Euro 5 SCR 3-axle Brand C Euro 4 EGR 3-axle Urea

Braunschwei Helsinki2 Helsinki3 g

FUEL AND UREA COSTS – CITY BUSES

Study for the Finnish Public Transport Association


NO

x g/

km

Diesel Euro 1 20

15

10

5

0 Euro 3

Euro 4

Euro 5 / EEV

Euro 2

Diesel Euro 2 Diesel Euro 3 Diesel Euro 4 Diesel Euro 5 Diesel + CRT Euro 2 & 3 CNG Euro2 CNG Euro3 CNG EEV Euro limits (by factor 1.8)

Euro 1

EMISSION RESULTS - CITY BUSESNOx and PM emissions over the Braunschweig city bus -cycle

0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7

PM g/km

Summary of all VTT’s measurements conducted at VTT between 2002 and 2006


First report disclosing vehicle brands and models

Available on the Internet:http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/ tiedotteet/2007/T2373.pdf


http://www.vtt.fi/inf/pdf/

FUEL CONSUMTION – HD TRUCKS

Fuel consumption on highway and freeway cycles. Full trailers (max. 60t)

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45

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55

60

65

0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load 0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load

Fuel

con

sum

ptio

n l/1

00 k

m

Euro3 Average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo FH480 Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4

Highway Freeway


FUEL AND UREA COSTS – HD TRUCKS

Costs (Fuel 0.74 €/litre, Urea 0.55 €/litre) on highway and freeway cycles. Full trailers (max. 60t)

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Cos

ts €

/100

km

Euro 3 average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo FH 480 Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4

Highway Freeway

0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load 0-Load 1/2-Load 2/2-Load

Average results for tested truck models: E3 Æ E4 SCR => costs - 7%

E3 Æ E4 EGR

=> costs -1%


EMISSION RESULTS – HD TRUCKS

Full trailers (max. 60t) PM- and NOx-emissions on highway and motorway cycles

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2

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0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16

PM-emission (g/kWh at driven wheel)

NO

x-em

issi

on (g

/kW

h at

driv

en w

heel

)

Euro3 Average Scania R 470 Euro4 MAN TGA 26.430 Euro4 Iveco Stralis 420 Euro4 Volvo FH480 Euro4 MB Actros 1844 Euro4 Freeway Highway

DEER 2007 Conference, August 12-16, Detroit, Michigan19

The Euro 4 truck results are included in the Annual Report for 2006 of VTT’s “RASTU” project on HD vehicles.

Available on the Internet: http://www.motiva.fi/rastu/


http://www.motiva.fi/rastu/

CONCLUSIONS

• European engine manufacturers have taken two different approaches to meet the Euro 4/5 emission regulations, the EGR and the SCR route (SCR being the more common solution)

• On an average, the introduction of Euro 4 emission regulations has not increased fuel consumption

• City buses: • most of the measured Euro 4/5 city buses produced Euro 3

equivalent emissions • one SCR bus demonstrated low emission levels in real world

driving cycles • no clear winner (EGR vs. SCR) for fuel consumption or

emissions


CONCLUSIONS

• HD trucks • SCR technology provided significantly better fuel economy

than EGR technology • both EGR and SCR technology performed well regarding

exhaust emissions as the real-world emissions corresponded to the anticipated Euro 4 level

• along with the differences in exhaust control strategies, the differences in engine sophistication also affect the fuel consumption results

• the results depict the performance of the first new Euro 4 vehicles

• further improvements in exhaust performance and fuel efficiency is expected for both EGR and SCR vehicles


FUTURE WORK

• Some vehicles will be subjected to follow-up to define the emission stability of new emission control technologies in the long run

• Some measurements will be done to evaluate the emission performance in cold climate conditions

• One truck did not work properly (high PM emissions) -> measurements need to be redone

• VTT’s emission database will be updated with data on new bus and truck types


Thanks for your attention!


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