ge0-3112 sedimentary processes and products
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Lecture 1. Depositional controls. GE0-3112 Sedimentary processes and products. Geoff Corner Department of Geology University of Tromsø 2006. Literature: - Reading, 1996, Ch.2. Controls on the sedimentary rock record. - Leeder, 1999, ch. 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28. Depositional controls. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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GE0-3112GE0-3112 Sedimentary processes and products Sedimentary processes and products
Lecture 1. Depositional controlsLecture 1. Depositional controls
Geoff CornerGeoff CornerDepartment of GeologyDepartment of GeologyUniversity of TromsøUniversity of Tromsø20062006
Literature:Literature:- Reading, 1996, Ch.2. Controls on the - Reading, 1996, Ch.2. Controls on the
sedimentary rock record.sedimentary rock record.- Leeder, 1999, ch. 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28- Leeder, 1999, ch. 1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 27, 28
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Depositional controlsDepositional controls►Sediment supplySediment supply►Accomodation spaceAccomodation space
Corner, in press
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Sediment supplySediment supply
A) Terrigenous systemsA) Terrigenous systems
(allogenic, extrabasinal sediment (allogenic, extrabasinal sediment source) –clastic sediments transported source) –clastic sediments transported into the basin.into the basin.
B) Biochemical/chemical systemsB) Biochemical/chemical systems
(autogenic, intrabasinal sediment (autogenic, intrabasinal sediment source) – carbonate and other source) – carbonate and other sediments produced in the basin.sediments produced in the basin.
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Sediment supplySediment supply► Variations in:Variations in:
Volume and rate of deliveryVolume and rate of delivery Grain size (calibre), etc.Grain size (calibre), etc. Petrographic composition (siliciclastic, carbonate)Petrographic composition (siliciclastic, carbonate) Mechanism of delivery (process)Mechanism of delivery (process)
► Determined by:Determined by: Bedrock geologyBedrock geology Tectonics/reliefTectonics/relief ClimateClimate Basinal water chemistry (for carbinates, etc.)Basinal water chemistry (for carbinates, etc.)
► (Denudation processes (weathering and erosion) and their (Denudation processes (weathering and erosion) and their intensity– dependent upon:intensity– dependent upon: reliefrelief Climate)Climate)
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Sediment source (clastics)Sediment source (clastics)
►WeatheringWeathering
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Sediment source (clastics)Sediment source (clastics)
►WeatheringWeathering►Mass-wastingMass-wasting
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Sediment source (clastics)Sediment source (clastics)
►WeatheringWeathering►Mass-wastingMass-wasting►ErosionErosion
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Sediment source (clastics)Sediment source (clastics)
►WeatheringWeathering►Mass-wastingMass-wasting►ErosionErosion►AttritionAttrition
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Source areaSource area
►ReliefRelief High reliefHigh relief Low reliefLow relief
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Source areaSource area
►ReliefRelief►BedrockBedrock
Hard crystallineHard crystalline Soft sedimentarySoft sedimentary
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Sediment delivery systemSediment delivery system
►GlaciersGlaciers►Mass-movementMass-movement►RiversRivers►WindWind►WavesWaves►Tidal and ocean currentsTidal and ocean currents
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Accomodation spaceAccomodation space
►Basin morphologyBasin morphology►Base-levelBase-level
Corner, in press
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Basin morphologyBasin morphology
► Fjord exampleFjord example
Corner, in press
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Basin morphologyBasin morphology
► Tectonic basin Tectonic basin exampleexample
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Basin morphologyBasin morphology
► Shelf exampleShelf example
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Base levelBase level
►ConceptConcept►Sea-levelSea-level
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Sea levelSea level
► Eustatic (global) sea Eustatic (global) sea level (eustasy)level (eustasy)
► Uplift/subsidence Uplift/subsidence (isostasy)(isostasy)
► Relative sea-levelRelative sea-level► Water depth Water depth
Coe & Church, in Coe (ed.) 2003
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Transgression and regressionTransgression and regression
Galloway & Hobday 1996
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Controls on deposition IIControls on deposition II
► Independent variablesIndependent variables►Extrinsic and intrinsic factorsExtrinsic and intrinsic factors
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Controls on deposition IIControls on deposition II
► Independent Independent variables:variables: ClimateClimate TectonicsTectonics
Church & Coe, in Coe (ed.) 2003
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ClimateClimate
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MilankovitchMilankovitch
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Controls on deposition IIControls on deposition II
► Independent variablesIndependent variables►Extrinsic and intrinsic factorsExtrinsic and intrinsic factors
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Depositional geometryDepositional geometry
► ProgradationProgradation
► RetrogradationRetrogradation
► AggradationAggradation
Prothero & Schwab 1996
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Facies models and depositonal Facies models and depositonal systemssystems
► FaciesFacies► Facies succession (vertical Facies succession (vertical
succession; fining-upward, succession; fining-upward, thickening-upward trends, thickening-upward trends, etc.)etc.)
► Architectural element - Architectural element - medium-scale three-medium-scale three-dimensional depositional dimensional depositional body characterised by a body characterised by a distinctive assemblage of distinctive assemblage of facies and geometry. facies and geometry.
► Depositional system - three-Depositional system - three-dimensional assemblage of dimensional assemblage of lithofacies genetically linked lithofacies genetically linked by active or inferred by active or inferred processes and environments.processes and environments.
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Hierarchy of depositional Hierarchy of depositional elementselements
StrataStrata Depositional unitDepositional unit Example ExampleAssemblagesAssemblages
LaminaLamina BedformBedform Ripple Ripple Facies Facies
BedBed Bed/arch. elementBed/arch. element Bar Bar Facies ass./ Facies ass./
MemberMember Architectural elementArchitectural element Channel Channel arch.elementarch.element
FormationFormation Depositional basinDepositional basin Valley-fill Valley-fill Facies Facies assoc.assoc.
GroupGroup Basin/settingBasin/setting Foreland Foreland
Miall, in Walker & James (eds.) 1992
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Hierarchy of depositional Hierarchy of depositional elementselements
Miall, in Walker & James (eds.) 1992
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Facies analysisFacies analysis
► Key to Key to analysinganalysing deposits: meaningful deposits: meaningful identification of bounding surfaces, facies identification of bounding surfaces, facies associations and/or architectural elements.associations and/or architectural elements.
► Key to Key to understandingunderstanding deposits: deposits: interpretation of depositional elements with interpretation of depositional elements with reference to depositional modelsreference to depositional models
Depositional model =Depositional model =
process + bedforms/geometry + preserved process + bedforms/geometry + preserved depositsdeposits
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FaciesFacies
Einsele 1992
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Facies and facies codesFacies and facies codes
► FaciesFacies
Miall, in Walker & James (eds.) 1992
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Facies successionsFacies successions
Miall, in Walker & James (eds.) 1992
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Architectural elementsArchitectural elements
Miall, in Walker & James (eds.) 1992
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Sequence stratigraphySequence stratigraphy
Reading 1996
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Practical tips on Practical tips on sedimentological analysissedimentological analysis
►1. Think process1. Think process►2. Think three-dimensional2. Think three-dimensional►3. Think ’big picture’3. Think ’big picture’
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Tip 1. Think ’process’Tip 1. Think ’process’
►Example 1 –climbing-ripple beddingExample 1 –climbing-ripple bedding
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Tip 1. Think ’process’Tip 1. Think ’process’
►Example 2 Example 2
– – Fjord-valley fill Fjord-valley fill stratigraphystratigraphy
Glaciomarine deposition
A
Outlet glacier
Fjord glacier
Meltwater
B
Valley glacier
Meltwater
Glaciofluvialdelta
Valley glacier
CMeltwater
Marine deposition
Fluvialdelta
RiverD
Fluvial terracing
ERiver
Post
gla
cial
Degla
cial
Corner, in press
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Deglacial-postglacial surface
I
IIIc
IVd
IIa
Df
Dv
PMaximum flooding surface
Regressive accretionary surface
Marine limit
I
I
IIIb
IIb
IIdIIc
IVc
Glacial trough
Cross section X - X’
X’X
A
BMarine limit
IVb
1
3 2
IIb
IIc
IIa
I
IVd
IId
Df
Dv
PIIIc
IVc
II
IIIIV
I
DTST (Df)
PRST (P)
DHST (Dv)
Time
Sea
leve
l
Regressive accretionary surface
PDvDf
Postglacial forced regressive (PRST)
Depositional episodes/sequence tracts
Deglacial (fjord glacier) transgressive (DTST)
Deglacial (valley glacier) highstand (DHST)
Bounding surfaces
Fluvial erosion surface
Deltaic erosion surface
Fluvial accretion surface
IV
III
Depositional elements
II
I
Fjord floor
Delta foreset
- Fluvial (P)IVd
Ice-contact (Df)
Glaciofluvial delta foreset (Df/Dv)
- Marine (P)IIc - Prodelta (P)IId
- Glaciomarine (Df/Dv)IIa/IIb
- Delta topset (P)IVc
IIIc - Delta foreset (P)
Terrace top
- Glaciofluvial delta topset (Df/Dv)IVa/IVb
IIIa/IIIb-
Transgressive systems tractTransgressive systems tract
Highstand systems tractHighstand systems tract
Forced-regressive systems tractForced-regressive systems tract
Corner, in press
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Tip 2. Think ’3D’Tip 2. Think ’3D’
►Example 1 – Trace fossils in sectionExample 1 – Trace fossils in section
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Tip 2. Think 3DTip 2. Think 3D
►Example 2 – primary sedimentary Example 2 – primary sedimentary structuresstructures
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Tip 2. Think 3DTip 2. Think 3D
► Example 3 – Vertical Example 3 – Vertical (2D) sections(2D) sections
Vorren & Mangerud, in press
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Tip 3. Think ’big picture’Tip 3. Think ’big picture’
►Spatial aspects of the systemSpatial aspects of the system►Time aspects and system controlsTime aspects and system controls
Glaciomarine deposition
A
Outlet glacier
Fjord glacier
Meltwater
B
Valley glacier
Meltwater
Glaciofluvialdelta
Valley glacier
CMeltwater
Marine deposition
Fluvialdelta
RiverD
Fluvial terracing
ERiver
Post
gla
cial
Degla
cial