Geotechnical Design ManualM 46-03.06November 2011Environmental and Engineering ProgramsGeotechnical ServicesAmericans with Disabilities Act (ADA) InformationMaterials can be provided in alternative formats by calling the ADA Compliance Manager at 360-705-7097. Persons who are deaf or hard of hearing may contact that number via the Washington Relay Service at 7-1-1.Title VI Notice to the PublicIt is Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) policy to ensure no person shall, on the grounds of race, color, national origin, or sex, as provided by Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefts of, or be otherwise discriminated against under any of its federally funded programs and activities. Any person who believes his/her Title VI protection has been violated may fle a complaint with WSDOTs Offce of Equal Opportunity (OEO). For Title VI complaint forms and advice, please contact OEOs Title VI Coordinator at 360-705-7082 or 509-324-6018.To get the latest information on WSDOT publications, sign up for individual email updates at www.wsdot.wa.gov/publications/manuals.Washington State Department of Transportation Environmental and Engineering Programs Geotechnical Services 1655 S 2nd Avenue Tumwater, WA 98512-6951 www.wsdot.wa.gov/business/materialslab/geotechnicalservices.htmWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 Page i July 2010 ContentsChapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and Administration1.1 Scope of Geotechnical Design, Construction, and Maintenance Support 1-11.1.1 GeotechnicalDesignObjectivesforProjectDefnitionPhase 1-21.1.2 Geotechnical Design Objectives for Project Design Phase 1-21.1.3 Geotechnical Design Objectives for PS&E Development Phase 1-31.2 RoleofOffcesProvidingIn-HouseGeotechnicalDesign,Construction,andMaintenance Support 1-31.2.1 Lead Role for WSDOT Regarding Geotechnical Policy and Design 1-31.2.2 Geotechnical Functions Delegated to the Regions 1-51.2.3 CoordinationbetweenHQsandRegionRegardingEmergencyResponse 1-81.3 Geotechnical Support within the WSDOT Project Management Process (PMP) 1-101.3.1 InitiateandAlign 1-101.3.2 Plan the Work 1-111.3.3 Endorse the Plan 1-111.3.4 Work the Plan 1-121.3.5 Transition and Closure 1-121.3.6 ApplicationofthePMPtoConstruction 1-121.3.7 Master Deliverables to be Considered 1-131.4 GeotechnicalReportReviewProcess,CertifcationandApprovalRequirements 1-151.4.1 ReportCertifcation 1-161.4.2 ApprovalofReportsProducedbytheHQGeotechnicalDivision 1-171.5 ReportsProducedbyConsultantsorotherAgenciesforWSDOT,andReportsProduced by Design-Builders 1-171.6 GeotechnicalConsultantAdministration 1-181.7 GeotechnicalInformationProvidedtoBidders 1-211.7.1 Final Geotechnical Project Documentation 1-211.7.2 Final Geotechnical Documentation Publication 1-211.7.3 GeotechnicalInformationtobeIncludedasPartoftheContract 1-221.8 Sample Retention and Chain of Custody 1-221.9 Geotechnical Design Policies and their Basis 1-231.10 Geotechnical Construction Support Policies 1-241.10.1 Division of Responsibilities for Construction Support of Design- Bid-Build Projects 1-241.10.2 Division of Responsibilities for Construction Support of Design- Build Projects 1-251.10.3 Geotechnical Division Roles and Communication Protocols for Construction Support 1-26ContentsPage ii WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 July 20101.11 Geotechnical Construction Submittal Review Policies 1-271.11.1 Proprietary Retaining Walls 1-271.11.2 Other Construction Submittals (Non-Proprietary walls, Excavation andShoring,SoldierPiles,GroundAnchors,Shafts,Piles,GroundImprovement,etc.) 1-27Appendix1-A Preliminary Geotechnical Engineering Services Scope of Work 1-29Appendix1-B Geotechnical Engineering Services Scope of Work for PS&E Level Design 1-33Chapter 2 Project Geotechnical Planning2.1 Overview 2-12.2 Preliminary Project Planning 2-12.2.1 Overview 2-12.2.2 OffceReview 2-22.2.2.10 Site Geology and Seismicity 2-32.2.2.20 Previous Site Exploration Data 2-52.2.2.3 Previous Site Use 2-62.2.2.4 Construction Records 2-72.2.3 Site Reconnaissance 2-72.2.3.1 General 2-72.3 Development of the Subsurface Exploration Plan 2-92.3.1 General Considerations for Preparation of the Exploration Plan 2-92.3.2 Criteria for Development 2-92.3.3 Preparing the Exploration Plan 2-152.4 References 2-17Appendix2-A FieldExplorationRequestForm 2-19Chapter 3 Field Investigation3.1 Overview 3-13.2 ActivitiesandPoliciesBeforeExploration 3-13.3 ActivitiesandPoliciesDuringExploration 3-33.4 ActivitiesandPoliciesAfterExploration 3-73.5 Standard Penetration Test (SPT) Calibration 3-73.6 References 3-7Appendix3-A DailyDrillReportForm 3-9Appendix3-B FieldInvestigationBestManagementPracticesforErosionand Spill Prevention 3-11Appendix3-C PortablePenetrometerTestProcedures 3-15 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 Page iii July 2010Chapter 4 Soil and Rock Classifcation and Logging4.1 Overview 4-34.2 SoilClassifcation 4-34.2.1 Coarse Grained Soils 4-44.2.2 Fine-GrainedInorganicSoils 4-74.2.3 Organic Fine Grained Soils 4-74.2.4 Angularity 4-10Chapter 5 Engineering Properties of Soil and Rock5.1 Overview 5-15.2 InfuenceofExistingandFutureConditionsonSoilandRockProperties 5-25.3 Methods of Determining Soil and Rock Properties 5-25.4 In-SituFieldTesting 5-35.4.1 Well Pumping Tests 5-55.4.2 Packer Permeability Tests 5-55.4.3 Seepage Tests 5-55.4.4 Slug Tests 5-65.4.5 Piezocone Tests 5-65.4.6 Flood Tests 5-75.5 Laboratory Testing of Soil and Rock 5-75.5.1 QualityControlforLaboratoryTesting 5-75.5.2 Developing the Testing Plan 5-95.6 Engineering Properties of Soil 5-105.6.1 LaboratoryIndexPropertyTesting 5-105.6.2 Laboratory Performance Testing 5-105.6.3 Correlations to Estimate Engineering Properties of Soil 5-125.7 Engineering Properties of Rock 5-145.8 Final Selection of Design Values 5-155.8.1 Overview 5-155.8.2 Data Reliability and Variability 5-165.8.3 Final Property Selection 5-175.8.4 DevelopmentoftheSubsurfaceProfle 5-185.8.5 Selection of Design Properties for Engineered Materials 5-195.9 Properties of Predominant Geologic Units in Washington 5-235.9.1 Loess 5-235.9.2 Peat/Organic Soils 5-245.9.3 GlacialTillandGlacialAdvanceOutwash 5-255.9.4 Colluvium/Talus 5-265.9.5 Columbia River Sand 5-275.9.6 Columbia Basin Basalts 5-275.9.7 Latah Formation 5-285.9.8 Seattle Clay 5-29ContentsPage iv WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 July 20105.9.9 Bellingham Glaciomarine Drift 5-315.9.10 Coastal Range Siltstone/Claystone 5-325.9.11 Troutdale Formation 5-325.9.12 Marine Basalts - Crescent Formation 5-335.9.13 Mlange Rocks on Olympic Peninsula 5-335.10 References 5-34Chapter 6 Seismic Design6.1 Seismic Design Responsibility and Policy 6-16.1.1 Responsibility of the Geotechnical Designer 6-16.1.2 Geotechnical Seismic Design Policies 6-16.1.2.1 Seismic Performance Objectives 6-16.1.2.2 LiquefactionMitigationforBridgeWidenings 6-36.1.2.3 MaximumConsideredDepthforLiquefaction 6-46.1.3 GoverningDesignSpecifcationsandAdditionalResources 6-56.2 Geotechnical Seismic Design Considerations 6-76.2.1 Overview 6-76.2.2 Site Characterization and Development of Seismic Design Parameters 6-86.2.3 InformationforStructuralDesign 6-206.3 SeismicHazardandSiteGroundMotionResponseRequirements 6-206.3.1 DeterminationofSeismicHazardLevel 6-226.3.2 SiteGroundMotionResponseAnalysis 6-286.3.3 2006IBCforSiteResponse 6-286.3.4 AdjustingGroundSurfaceAccelerationtoOtherSiteClasses 6-296.3.5 EarthquakeMagnitude 6-306.4 SeismicGeologicHazards 6-306.4.1 Fault Rupture 6-306.4.2 Liquefaction 6-336.4.2.1 Methods to Evaluate Potential Susceptibility of Soil to Liquefaction 6-356.4.2.2 AssessmentofLiquefactionPotential 6-376.4.2.3 MinimumFactorofSafetyAgainstLiquefaction 6-416.4.2.4 LiquefactionInducedSettlement 6-426.4.2.5 Residual Strength Parameters 6-456.4.2.6 AssessmentofLiquefactionPotentialandEffectsUsingLaboratory Test Data 6-456.4.2.7 WeakeningInstabilityDuetoLiquefaction 6-476.4.2.8 CombiningSeismicInertialLoadingwithAnalysesUsingLiquefedSoilStrength 6-506.4.3 SlopeInstabilityDuetoInertialEffects 6-536.4.3.1 Pseudo-StaticAnalysis 6-536.4.3.2 Deformations 6-546.4.4 Settlement of Dry Sand 6-57 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 Page v July 20106.5 InputforStructuralDesign 6-576.5.1 Foundation Springs 6-576.5.1.1 Shallow Foundations 6-586.5.1.2 Deep Foundations 6-596.5.2 EarthquakeInducedEarthPressuresonRetainingStructures 6-636.5.3 Downdrag Loads on Structures 6-636.5.4 Lateral Spread / Slope Failure Loads on Structures 6-646.5.4.1 DisplacementBasedApproach 6-646.5.4.2 ForceBasedApproaches 6-666.5.4.3 MitigationAlternatives 6-676.6 References 6-70Appendix6-A SiteSpecifcSeismicHazardandSiteResponse 6-756-A.1 BackgroundInformationforPerformingSiteSpecifcAnalysis 6-756-A.1.1 RegionalTectonics 6-756-A.1.2 SeismicSourceZones 6-766-A.2 DesignEarthquakeMagnitude 6-786-A.3 ProbabilisticandDeterministicSeismicHazardAnalyses 6-796-A.4 SelectionofAttenuationRelationships 6-816-A.5 SiteSpecifcGroundResponseAnalysis 6-816-A.5.1 Design/ComputerModels 6-816-A.5.2 InputParametersforSiteSpecifcResponseAnalysis6-836-A.6 AnalysisUsingAcceleration-TimeHistories 6-84Chapter 7 Slope Stability Analysis7.1 Overview 7-17.2 DevelopmentofDesignParametersandOtherInputDataforSlopeStabilityAnalysis 7-17.3 DesignRequirements 7-27.4 ResistanceFactorsandSafetyFactorsforSlopeStabilityAnalysis 7-47.5 References 7-5Chapter 8 Foundation Design8.1 Overview 8-18.2 Overall Design Process for Structure Foundations 8-18.3 Data Needed for Foundation Design 8-58.3.1 FieldExplorationRequirementsforFoundations 8-78.3.2 LaboratoryandFieldTestingRequirementsforFoundations 8-108.4 Foundation Selection Considerations 8-108.5 Overview of LRFD for Foundations 8-128.6 LRFD Loads, Load Groups and Limit States to be Considered 8-138.6.1 FoundationAnalysistoEstablishLoadDistributionforStructure 8-138.6.2 Downdrag Loads 8-15ContentsPage vi WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 July 20108.6.3 Uplift Loads due to Expansive Soils 8-168.6.4 Soil Loads on Buried Structures 8-168.6.5 Service Limit States 8-168.6.5.1 Tolerable Movements 8-178.6.5.2 Overall Stability 8-198.6.5.3 AbutmentTransitions 8-208.6.6 Strength Limit States 8-218.6.7 Extreme Event Limit States 8-218.7 ResistanceFactorsforFoundationDesignDesignParameters 8-218.8 ResistanceFactorsforFoundationDesignServiceLimitStates 8-228.9 ResistanceFactorsforFoundationDesignStrengthLimitStates 8-228.10 ResistanceFactorsforFoundationDesignExtremeEventLimitStates 8-238.10.1 Scour 8-238.10.2 Other Extreme Event Limit States 8-238.11 Spread Footing Design 8-238.11.1 LoadsandLoadFactorApplicationtoFootingDesign 8-248.11.2 Footing Foundation Design 8-278.11.2.1 Footing Bearing Depth 8-288.11.2.2 Nearby Structures 8-288.11.2.3 Service Limit State Design of Footings 8-288.11.2.3.1 Settlement of Footings on Cohesionless Soils 8-288.11.2.3.2 Settlement of Footings on Rock 8-298.11.2.3.3 Bearing Resistance at the Service Limit State Using Presumptive Values 8-298.11.2.4 Strength Limit State Design of Footings 8-298.11.2.4.1 Theoretical Estimation of Bearing Resistance 8-298.11.2.4.2 Plate Load Tests for Determination of Bearing Resistance in Soil 8-308.11.2.4.3 Bearing Resistance of Footings on Rock 8-308.11.2.5 Extreme Event Limit State Design of Footings 8-308.12 Driven Pile Foundation Design 8-318.12.1 LoadsandLoadFactorApplicationtoDrivenPileDesign 8-338.12.2 Driven for Pile Foundation Geotechnical Design 8-358.12.2.1 Driven Pile Sizes and Maximum Resistances 8-358.12.2.2 Minimum Pile Spacing 8-368.12.2.3 Determination of Pile Lateral Resistance 8-368.12.2.4 Batter Piles 8-378.12.2.5 Service Limit State Design of Pile Foundations 8-378.12.2.5.1 Overall Stability 8-378.12.2.5.2 HorizontalPileFoundationMovement 8-378.12.2.6 Strength Limit State Geotechnical Design of Pile Foundations 8-378.12.2.6.1 NominalAxialResistanceChangeafterPileDriving 8-378.12.2.6.2 Scour 8-37 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 Page vii July 20108.12.2.6.3 Downdrag 8-398.12.2.6.4 DeterminationofNominalAxialPileResistancein Compression 8-418.12.2.6.5 NominalHorizontalResistanceofPileFoundations 8-438.12.2.7 Extreme Event Limit State Design of Pile Foundations 8-448.13 Drilled Shaft Foundation Design 8-468.13.1 LoadsandLoadFactorApplicationtoDrilledShaftDesign 8-488.13.2 Drilled Shaft Geotechnical Design 8-488.13.2.1 General Considerations 8-488.13.2.2 Nearby Structures 8-488.13.2.3 Service Limit State Design of Drilled Shafts 8-498.13.2.3.1 HorizontalMovementofShaftsandShaftGroups 8-498.13.2.3.2 Overall Stability 8-508.13.2.4 Strength Limit State Geotechnical Design of Drilled Shafts 8-508.13.2.4.1 Scour 8-508.13.2.4.2 Downdrag 8-518.13.2.4.3 NominalHorizontalResistanceofShaftandShaft Group Foundations 8-518.13.2.5 Extreme Event Limit State Design of Drilled Shafts 8-528.14 Micropiles 8-528.15 Proprietary Foundation Systems 8-528.16 Detention Vaults 8-538.16.1 Overview 8-538.16.2 FieldInvestigationRequirements 8-538.16.3 DesignRequirements 8-548.17 References 8-54Chapter 9 Embankments 9.1 Overview and Data Needed 9-19.1.1 Site Reconnaissance 9-19.1.2 FieldExplorationandLaboratoryTestingRequirements 9-29.1.3 Soil Sampling and Stratigraphy 9-39.1.4 Groundwater 9-59.2 Design Considerations 9-69.2.1 Typical Embankment Materials and Compaction 9-69.2.1.1 Rock Embankments 9-69.2.1.2 EarthEmbankmentsandBridgeApproachEmbankments 9-79.2.1.3 Fill Placement Below Water 9-89.2.2 Embankments for Detention/Retention Facilities 9-89.2.3 StabilityAssessment 9-99.2.3.1 Safety Factors 9-99.2.3.2 Strength Parameters 9-10ContentsPage viii WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 July 20109.2.4 EmbankmentSettlementAssessment 9-119.2.4.1 SettlementImpacts 9-119.2.4.2 SettlementAnalysis 9-129.2.4.2.1 Primary Consolidation 9-129.2.4.2.2 Secondary Compression 9-139.2.4.3 Stress Distribution 9-139.2.4.3.1 Simple2V:1HMethod 9-139.2.4.3.2 Theory of Elasticity 9-149.2.4.3.3 Empirical Charts 9-159.2.4.3.4 Rate of Settlement 9-169.2.4.4 AnalyticalTools 9-179.3 Stability Mitigation 9-179.3.1 Staged Construction 9-179.3.1.1 Design Parameters 9-199.3.1.2 In-SituShearStrengthandDeterminationofStabilityAssumingUndrained Loading 9-209.3.1.3 TotalStressAnalysis 9-229.3.1.4 EffectiveStressAnalysis 9-269.3.2 Base reinforcement 9-289.3.3 GroundImprovement 9-299.3.4 Lightweight Fills 9-309.3.4.1 Geofoam 9-309.3.4.2 LightweightAggregates 9-319.3.4.3 Wood Fiber 9-319.3.4.4 Scrap (Rubber) Tires 9-319.3.4.5 Light Weight Cellular Concrete 9-319.3.4.6 Toe Berms and Shear keys 9-329.4 Settlement Mitigation 9-329.4.1 AccelerationUsingWickDrains 9-329.4.2 AccelerationUsingSurcharges 9-339.4.3 Lightweight Fills 9-349.4.4 Over-excavation 9-349.5 Construction Considerations and PS&E Development 9-359.5.1 Settlement and Pore Pressure Monitoring 9-369.5.2 Instrumentation 9-379.5.2.1 Piezometers 9-379.5.2.2 InstrumentationforSettlement 9-389.5.2.2.1 Settlement Plates 9-389.5.2.2.2 Pneumatic Settlement Cells 9-389.5.2.2.3 Sondex System 9-389.5.2.2.4 HorizontalInclinometer 9-389.5.3 PS&E Considerations 9-399.5.4 PS&E Checklist 9-399.6 References 9-40 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.02 Page ix July 2010Appendix9-A ExamplesIllustratingStagedFillConstructionDesign 9-439-A.1 ProblemSetup 9-439-A.2 DeterminationofMaximumStableFirstStageFillHeight 9-449-A.3 TotalStressAnalysisProcedureExample 9-459-A.4 EffectiveStressAnalysisProcedureExample 9-51Chapter 10 Soil Cut Design 10.1 OverviewandDataAcquisition 10-310.1.1 Overview 10-310.1.2 Site Reconnaissance 10-310.1.3 Field Exploration 10-410.1.3.1 Test Borings 10-410.1.3.2 Sampling 10-410.1.3.3 Groundwater Measurement 10-510.1.4 Laboratory Testing 10-510.2 Overall Design Considerations 10-610.2.1 Overview 10-610.2.2 Design Parameters 10-710.3 Soil Cut Design 10-710.3.1 DesignApproachandMethodology 10-710.3.2 SeepageAnalysisandImpactonDesign 10-910.3.3 Drainage Considerations and Design 10-910.3.4 StabilityImprovementTechniques 10-1010.3.5 Erosion and Piping Considerations 10-1110.4 Use of Excavated Materials 10-1210.5 Special Considerations for Loess 10-1310.6 PS&E Considerations 10-2010.7 References 10-20Appendix10-A WashingtonStateDepartmentofTransportationLoess Slope Design Checklist 10-23Chapter 11 Ground Improvement 11.1 Overview 11-311.2 DevelopmentofDesignParametersandOtherInputDataforGroundImprovementAnalysis 11-311.3 DesignRequirements 11-411.4 References 11-5ContentsPage x WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.05 August 2011Chapter 12 Rock Cut Design 12.1 Overview 12-312.2 DevelopmentofDesignParametersandOtherInputDataforRockCut StabilityAnalysis 12-312.3 DesignRequirements 12-312.4 References 12-3Chapter 13 Landslide Analysis and Mitigation 13.1 Overview 13-313.2 DevelopmentofDesignParametersandOtherInputDataforLandslideAnalysis 13-313.3 DesignRequirements 13-313.4 References 13-3Chapter 14 Unstable Rockslope Analysis and Mitigation 14.1 Overview 14-314.2 DevelopmentofDesignParametersandOtherInputDataforUnstableRockslopeAnalysis 14-314.3 DesignRequirements 14-314.4 References 14-3Chapter 15 Abutments, Retaining Walls, and Reinforced Slopes15.1 IntroductionandDesignStandards 15-115.2 OverviewofWallClassifcationsandDesignProcessforWalls 15-215.3 RequiredInformation 15-415.3.1 Site Data and Permits 15-415.3.2 Geotechnical Data Needed for Retaining Wall and Reinforced Slope Design 15-415.3.3 Site Reconnaissance 15-615.3.4 FieldExplorationRequirements 15-615.3.4.1 Exploration Type, Depth, and Spacing 15-815.3.4.2 WallsandSlopesRequiringAdditionalExploration 15-915.3.4.2.1 Soil Nail Walls 15-915.3.4.2.2 WallsWithGroundAnchorsorDeadmenAnchors 15-915.3.4.2.3 Wall or Slopes With Steep Back Slopes or Steep Toe Slopes 15-1015.3.5 Field,Laboratory,andGeophysicalTestingforAbutments, Retaining Walls, and Reinforced Slopes 15-1015.3.6 Groundwater 15-1115.3.7 WallBackfllTestingandDesignProperties 15-12 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.05 Page xi August 201115.4 GeneralDesignRequirements 15-1215.4.1 Design Methods 15-1215.4.2 Tiered Walls 15-1415.4.3 Back-to-Back Walls 15-1415.4.4 Walls on Slopes 15-1515.4.5 Minimum Embedment 15-1615.4.6 WallHeightLimitations 15-1615.4.7 ServiceabilityRequirements 15-1715.4.8 Active,Passive,At-RestEarthPressures 15-1815.4.9 Surcharge Loads 15-1915.4.10 Seismic Earth Pressures 15-1915.4.11 Liquefaction 15-2315.4.12 Overall Stability 15-2315.4.13 Wall Drainage 15-2315.4.14 Utilities 15-2415.4.15 Guardrail and Barrier 15-2415.5 WallTypeSpecifcDesignRequirements 15-2615.5.1 Abutments 15-2615.5.2 NongravityCantileverandAnchoredWalls 15-2615.5.2.1 Nongravity Cantilever Walls 15-2615.5.2.2 Anchored/BracedWalls 15-2715.5.2.3 PermanentGroundAnchors 15-2815.5.2.4 Deadmen 15-3215.5.3 Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls 15-3215.5.3.1 Live Load Considerations for MSE Walls 15-3215.5.3.2 BackfllConsiderationsforMSEWalls 15-3415.5.3.3 CompoundStabilityAssessmentforMSEWalls 15-3515.5.3.4 Design of MSE Walls Placed in Front of Existing Permanent Walls or Rock 15-3615.5.3.5 MSEWallSupportedAbutments 15-3815.5.3.6 FullHeightProppedPrecastConcretePanelMSEWalls 15-4015.5.3.7 Flexible Faced MSE Walls With Vegetation 15-4115.5.3.8 Dry Cast Concrete Block Faced MSE Walls 15-4115.5.3.9 InternalStabilityUsingK-StiffnessMethod 15-4315.5.3.9.1 K-StiffnessMethodLoadsandLoadFactors 15-4315.5.3.9.2 K-StiffnessMethodLoadFactors 15-5115.5.3.9.3 K-StiffnessMethodResistanceFactors 15-5315.5.3.9.4 SafetyAgainstStructuralFailure(InternalStability)15-5415.5.3.9.5 StrengthLimitStateDesignforInternalStability UsingtheK-StiffnessMethodGeosyntheticWalls15-5615.5.3.9.6 StrengthLimitStateDesignforInternal StabilityUsingtheK-StiffnessMethodSteel Reinforced Walls 15-6015.5.3.9.7 CombiningOtherLoadsWiththeK-StiffnessMethod Estimate of Tmax forInternalStabilityDesign 15-6415.5.3.9.8 DesignSequenceConsiderationsforthe K-StiffnessMethod 15-64ContentsPage xii WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.05 August 201115.5.4 Prefabricated Modular Walls 15-6515.5.5 Rock Walls 15-6515.5.6 Reinforced Slopes 15-6615.5.7 Soil Nail Walls 15-6715.6 Standard Plan Walls 15-6815.7 Temporary Cut Slopes and Shoring 15-6915.7.1 Overview 15-6915.7.2 Geotechnical Data Needed for Design 15-7115.7.3 GeneralDesignRequirements 15-7115.7.3.1 Design Procedures 15-7215.7.3.2 Safety Factors/Resistance Factors 15-7215.7.3.3 Design Loads 15-7315.7.3.4 Design Property Selection 15-7415.7.4 SpecialRequirementsforTemporaryCutSlopes 15-7415.7.5 PerformanceRequirementsforTemporaryShoringandCutSlopes 15-7615.7.6 SpecialDesignRequirementsforTemporaryRetainingSystems 15-7715.7.6.1 FillApplications 15-7715.7.6.1.1 MSE Walls 15-7715.7.6.1.2 Prefabricated Modular Block Walls 15-7815.7.6.2 CutApplications 15-7815.7.6.2.1 Trench Boxes 15-7915.7.6.2.2 SheetPiling,withorwithoutGroundAnchors 15-7915.7.6.2.3 SoldierPilesWithorWithoutGroundAnchors 15-8015.7.6.2.4 Prefabricated Modular Block Walls 15-8015.7.6.2.5 Braced Cuts 15-8015.7.6.2.6 Soil Nail Walls 15-8015.7.6.3 UncommonShoringSystemsforCutApplications 15-8115.7.7 Shoring and Excavation Design Submittal Review Guidelines 15-8115.8 References 15-83Appendices 15-86PreapprovedWallAppendices 15-87Appendix15-A PreapprovedProprietaryWallandReinforcedSlopeGeneralDesignRequirementsandResponsibilities 15-A-1Appendix15-B PreapprovedProprietaryWall/ReinforcedSlopeDesignandConstruction Review Checklist 15-B-1Appendix15-C HITECEarthRetainingSystemsEvaluationforMSEWallandReinforcedSlopeSystems,asModifedforWSDOTUse:SubmittalRequirements 15-C-1Appendix15-D PreapprovedProprietaryWallSystems 15-D-1Appendix15-E DescriptionofTypicalTemporaryShoringSystemsandSelectionConsiderations 15-E-1 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.05 Page xiii August 2011PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforLBFoster Retained Earth Concrete Panel Walls 1PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforEureka Reinforced Soil Concrete Panel Walls 11PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforHilfker Welded Wire Faced Walls 15PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforKeySystemIWalls 21PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforTensarMESAWalls 31PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforT-WALL(The Neel Company) 51PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforReinforcedEarth (RECO) Concrete Panel Walls 67PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforSSL Concrete Panel Walls 117PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforTensarARESWalls 125PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforNelsonWalls 145PreapprovedWallAppendix:SpecifcRequirementsandDetailsforTensarWeldedWireForm Walls 146Chapter 16 Geosynthetic Design 16.1 Overview 16-316.2 DevelopmentofDesignParametersforGeosyntheticApplication 16-316.3 DesignRequirements 16-416.4 References 16-4Chapter 17 Foundation Design for Signals, Signs, Noise Barriers, Culverts, and Buildings17.1 General 17-317.1.1 Overview 17-317.1.2 Site Reconnaissance 17-317.1.3 FieldInvestigation 17-317.2 FoundationDesignRequirementsforCantileverSignals,StrainPoles, Cantilever Signs, Sign Bridges, and Luminaires - General 17-617.2.1 Design by Correlation for Cantilever Signals, Strain Poles, Cantilever Signs, Sign Bridges, and Luminaires 17-617.2.2 Special Design for Cantilever Signals, Strain Poles, Cantilever Signs, Sign Bridges, and Luminaires 17-917.2.3 Cantilever Signals and Strain Pole Standards 17-917.2.3.1 Overview 17-917.2.3.2 Standard Foundation Designs 17-1017.2.3.3 Construction Considerations 17-10ContentsPage xiv WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.05 August 201117.2.4 Cantilever and Sign Bridges 17-1117.2.4.1 Overview 17-1117.2.4.2 Standard Foundation Designs 17-1117.2.4.3 Construction Considerations 17-1117.2.5 Luminaires (Light Standards) 17-1217.2.5.1 Overview 17-1217.2.5.2 Standard Foundation Design 17-1217.2.5.3 Construction Considerations 17-1317.3 Noise Barriers 17-1317.3.1 Overview 17-1317.3.4 FoundationDesignRequirementsforNoiseBarriers 17-1417.3.4.1 Spread Footings 17-1417.3.4.2 Shaft Foundations 17-1517.3.4.3 Non-Standard Foundation Design 17-1717.3.3 Construction Considerations 17-1817.4 Culverts 17-1817.4.1 Overview 17-1817.4.2 Culvert Design and Construction Considerations 17-1817.5 Buildings 17-1917.5.1 Overview 17-1917.5.2 DesignRequirementforBuildings 17-1917.6 References 17-22Chapter 18 Geotechnical Design for Marine Structure Foundations18.1 Overview 18-318.2 Design Philosophy 18-318.3 LoadandResistanceFactorsforMarineStructuresSubjecttoShipImpact 18-318.4 References 18-3Chapter 19 Infltration Facility Design19.1 Overview 19-319.2 GeotechnicalInvestigationandDesignforInfltrationFacilities 19-319.3 References 19-3Chapter 20 Unstable Slope Management20.1 Overview 20-320.2 References 20-3 ContentsWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.06 Page xv November 2011Chapter 21 Materials Source Investigation and Report21.1 Overview 21-321.2 MaterialSourceGeotechnicalInvestigation 21-321.3 Materials Source Report 21-6Chapter 22 Geotechnical Project Development, Reports, and Support for Design-Build Projects 22-122.1 Overview 22-122.2 Defnitions 22-122.3 FieldInvestigationRequirementsfortheGDRandGBR 22-222.4 PurposeandContentoftheGeotechnicalReportsIncluded in the Contract Documents 22-522.5 Geotechnical Memoranda and Other Reference Documents 22-822.6 Geotechnical RFP Development 22-1022.7 GeotechnicalInvestigationDuringRFPAdvertisement 22-1122.8 Geotechnical Support for Design-Build Projects 22-12Appendix22-A ExampleSupplementalGeotechnicalBoringProgramITPLanguage 22-15Chapter 23 Geotechnical Reporting and Documentation 23.1 OverviewandGeneralRequirements 23-123.2 ReportCertifcationandGeneralFormat 23-223.2 GeotechnicalDivisionReportContentRequirements 23-723.2.1 Conceptual or Preliminary Level Geotechnical Reports 23-723.2.2 Final Geotechnical Design Reports 23-923.2.3 SpecialReportingRequirementsforLRFDFoundationandWallDesigns 23-1323.2.3.1 Footings 23-1323.2.3.2 Drilled Shafts 23-1523.2.3.3 Piles 23-1723.2.3.4 Retaining Walls 23-1923.3 InformationtoBeProvidedintheGeotechnicalDesignFile 23-2423.3.1 Documentation for Conceptual Level Geotechnical Design 23-2423.3.2 Documentation for Final Geotechnical Design 23-2523.3.3 Geotechnical File Contents 23-2623.4 Consultant Geotechnical Reports and Documentation Produced on Behalf of WSDOT 23-2723.5 Summary of Geotechnical Conditions 23-28Appendix23-A PS&EReviewChecklist 23-31Appendix23-B Typical Design Cross-Section for a Deep Foundation 23-37ContentsPage xvi WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.05 August 2011Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and Administration Contents1.1 ScopeofGeotechnicalDesign,Construction,andMaintenanceSupport 1-11.1.1 GeotechnicalDesignObjectivesforProjectDefnitionPhase 1-21.1.2 GeotechnicalDesignObjectivesforProjectDesignPhase 1-21.1.3 GeotechnicalDesignObjectivesforPS&EDevelopmentPhase 1-31.2 RoleofOffcesProvidingIn-HouseGeotechnicalDesign,Construction,andMaintenanceSupport 1-31.2.1 LeadRoleforWSDOTRegardingGeotechnicalPolicyandDesign 1-31.2.2 GeotechnicalFunctionsDelegatedtotheRegions 1-51.2.3 CoordinationbetweenHQsandRegionRegardingEmergencyResponse 1-81.3 GeotechnicalSupportwithintheWSDOTProjectManagementProcess(PMP) 1-101.3.1 InitiateandAlign 1-101.3.2 PlantheWork 1-111.3.3 EndorsethePlan 1-111.3.4 WorkthePlan 1-121.3.5 TransitionandClosure 1-121.3.6 ApplicationofthePMPtoConstruction 1-121.3.7 MasterDeliverablestobeConsidered 1-131.4 GeotechnicalReportReviewProcess,CertifcationandApprovalRequirements 1-151.4.1 ReportCertifcation 1-161.4.2 ApprovalofReportsProducedbytheHQGeotechnicalDivision 1-171.5 ReportsProducedbyConsultantsorotherAgenciesforWSDOT,andReportsProducedbyDesign-Builders 1-171.6 GeotechnicalConsultantAdministration 1-181.7 GeotechnicalInformationProvidedtoBidders 1-211.7.1 FinalGeotechnicalProjectDocumentation 1-211.7.2 FinalGeotechnicalDocumentationPublication 1-211.7.3 GeotechnicalInformationtobeIncludedasPartoftheContract 1-221.8 SampleRetentionandChainofCustody 1-221.9 GeotechnicalDesignPoliciesandtheirBasis 1-231.10 GeotechnicalConstructionSupportPolicies 1-241.10.1 DivisionofResponsibilitiesforConstructionSupportofDesign- Bid-BuildProjects 1-241.10.2 DivisionofResponsibilitiesforConstructionSupportofDesign- BuildProjects 1-251.10.3 GeotechnicalDivisionRolesandCommunicationProtocolsfor ConstructionSupport 1-26WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-i January 20101.11 GeotechnicalConstructionSubmittalReviewPolicies 1-271.11.1 ProprietaryRetainingWalls 1-271.11.2 OtherConstructionSubmittals(Non-Proprietarywalls,ExcavationandShoring,SoldierPiles,GroundAnchors,Shafts,Piles,GroundImprovement,etc.) 1-27Appendix1-A PreliminaryGeotechnicalEngineeringServicesScopeofWork 1-29Appendix1-B GeotechnicalEngineeringServicesScopeofWorkforPS&ELevel Design 1-33Contents Chapter 1Page 1-ii WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010 Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and Administration1.1 Scope of Geotechnical Design, Construction, and Maintenance SupportThefocusofgeotechnicaldesign,construction,andmaintenancesupportwithinthecontextofWSDOTistoinsurethatthesoilorrockbeneaththegroundsurfacecansupporttheloadsandconditionsplacedonitbytransportationfacilities.Typicalgeotechnicalactivitiesincludethefollowing: subsurfacefeldinvestigations, geologicsitecharacterization,laboratorytestingofsoilandrock, structurefoundationandretainingwalldesign, soilcutandfllstabilitydesign, subsurfacegroundimprovement, seismicsitecharacterizationanddesign, rockslopedesign, unstableslopemanagement, unstableslope(e.g.,rockfall,landslides,debrisfow,etc.)mitigation, infltration,subsurfacedrainageandrelatedhydrogeologicdesign, materialsource(pitsandquarries)evaluation, long-termsitemonitoringforgeotechnicalengineeringpurposes, supporttoRegionalconstructionstaffregardinggeotechnicalissuesandcontractorclaims,and supporttoRegionalmaintenancestaffasgeotechnicalproblems(e.g.,landslides,rockfall,earthquakeorfooddamage,etc.)ariseontransportationfacilitiesthroughoutthestate.A geotechnical investigation isconductedonallprojectsthatinvolvesignifcantgradingquantities(includingstateownedmaterialssourcedevelopment),unstableground,foundationsforstructures,andgroundwaterimpacts(includinginfltration).Thegoalofthegeotechnicalinvestigationistopreservethesafetyofthepublicwhousethefacility,aswellastopreservetheeconomicinvestmentbytheStateofWashington.Asdefnedinthismanual,geotechnicalengineeringisinclusiveofalltheaspectsofdesignandconstructionsupportasdescribedabove,andincludesthedisciplinesoffoundationengineeringandengineeringgeology.Geotechnicalengineeringshallbeconductedbyengineersorengineeringgeologistswhopossessadequategeotechnicaltrainingandexperience.WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-1 January 2010Geotechnicalengineeringshallbeconductedinaccordancewithregionallyornationallyacceptedgeotechnicalpractice,andthegeotechnicalengineeringpracticeasdefnedbythismanual.Geotechnicalengineeringshall be performedby,orunderthedirectsupervisionof,apersonlicensedtoperformsuchworkinthestateofWashington,whoisqualifedbyeducationorexperienceinthistechnicalspecialtyofengineeringperWAC196-27A-020.Forworkthatdoesordoesnotrequirecertifcationbyaprofessionalengineer,butdoesrequirecertifcationbyalicensedengineeringgeologist(LEG),suchworkalsoshallbeperformedby,orunderthedirectsupervisionof,apersonlicensedtoperformsuchworkinthestateofWashington,whoisqualifedbyeducationorexperienceinthistechnicalspecialtyperWAC308-15-090.1.1.1 GeotechnicalDesignObjectivesforProjectDefnitionPhaseFortheprojectdefnitionphase,thegeotechnicalrecommendationsprovidedwillbeattheconceptual/feasibilitylevel,forthepurposeofdevelopingaprojectestimatetoestablishthetransportationconstructionprogramtobeapprovedbythelegislature.Theinvestigationforthisphaseusuallyconsistsofafeldreconnaissancebythegeotechnicaldesignerandareviewoftheexistingrecords,geologicmaps,andsoforth.Forprojectsthatlacksignifcantgeotechnicalinformationorarecomplex,somesoilboringsmaybedrilledatcriticallocationsfordevelopmentoftheprojectdefnitionwithapprovaloftheStateGeotechnicalEngineer.Akeyroleofthegeotechnicaldesignerinthisstageofaprojectistoidentifypotentialfatalfawswiththeproject,potentialconstructabilityissues,andgeotechnicalhazardssuchasearthquakesourcesandfaults,liquefaction,landslides,rockfall,andsoftground,forexample.Thegeotechnicaldesignershallprovideconceptualhazardavoidanceormitigationplanstoaddressalltheidentifedgeotechnicalissues.Anassessmentoftheeffectgeotechnicalissueshaveonconstructionstagingandprojectconstructabilitymustbemadeatthistime.Futuregeotechnicaldesignservicesneededintermsoftime,cost,and the need for special permits to perform the geotechnical investigation (criticalareasordinances),aredeterminedatthistime.1.1.2 Geotechnical Design Objectives for Project Design PhaseItisinthisphasethattheRegionoffce,orcivilconsultant,refnesanddefnestheprojectsalignment,setsproflesandgrade,andidentifesspecifcprojectelementstobeaddressedbyspecialtygroupswithinWSDOT,orotherconsultants.Oncethepreliminaryprojectelementsandalignmentsfortheprojectareestablished,thegeotechnicaldesignerwillassessfeasiblecutandfllslopestoenabletheRegionorcivilconsultanttoestablishtheright-of-wayneedsfortheproject.Wherewallsmaybeneeded,usingapproximatewalllocationsandheightsidentifedbytheRegion,anassessmentoffeasiblewalltypesisperformedbythegeotechnicaldesigner,primarilytoestablishright-of-wayandeasementneeds(asistrueforslopes).Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-2 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010TheRegionwillidentifypotentiallocationsforinfltration/detentionfacilities,and the geotechnical designer shall begin investigating and assessing if the selectedsitesaresuitableforinfltration.Thegeotechnicaldataandanalysisneededtoassessinfltration/detentionfacilitysizeandfeasibility,includingtheseasonalgroundwatermeasurementsnecessarytomeettherequirementsintheHighwayRunoffManual(HRM)arealsoobtained.Sizingoftheinfltration/detentionfacilitiesisconductedatthistimetomakesureenoughright-of-wayisavailabletoaddresstheprojectstormwaterrequirements.Conceptualand/ormoredetailedpreliminarybridgefoundationdesign,forexample,Type,Size,&Location(TS&L),ifrequired,maybeconductedduringthisphase,ifitwasnotconductedduringprojectdefnition,toevaluatebridgealternativesanddevelopamoreaccurateestimateofcost.Beforetheendofthisphase,thegeotechnicaldatanecessarytoallowfuturecompletionofthePS&Eleveldesignworkisgathered(fnalgeometricdata,testholedata,andsoforth.)1.1.3 Geotechnical Design Objectives for PS&E Development PhaseItisinthisphasethatfnaldesignofallgeotechnicalprojectfeaturesisaccomplished.Recommendationsforthesedesigns,aswellasspecialprovisions and plan details to incorporate the geotechnical design recommendationsinthePS&E,areprovidedinthegeotechnicalreportsandmemorandumspreparedbythegeotechnicaldesigner.Thismanual,AASHTOSpecifcations,andWSDOTsvariousengineeringpublicationsprovidespecifcdesignrequirementsforthisphaseofdesign.Detailedrecommendationsforthestagingandconstructabilityoftheprojectgeotechnicalfeaturesarealsoprovided.1.2 Role of Offces Providing In-House Geotechnical Design, Construction, and Maintenance Support1.2.1 Lead Role for WSDOT Regarding Geotechnical Policy and DesignBasedonanexecutivelevelpolicydecisioninitiatedin1980,formallyimplementedin1983,andlaterformallydocumentedintheWSDOTStateDesignManual(M22-01),geotechnicaldesign,constructionsupport,andmaintenancesupportfunctionsarecentralizedasaHeadquartersfunction.Asaresultofthisexecutivedecision,theHQMaterialsLaboratorywasdirectedtobeginobtainingstaffwithspecializedgeotechnicalexpertiseandtomaintainthatspecializedexpertise.TheregionsweredirectedtoretaintheRegionMaterialsEngineerposition,andthatRegionMaterialsstaffbetrainedintheareaofsoilstothedegreepossibletobeabletofunctionasaneffectiveliaisonwiththeHQMaterialsLaboratorygeotechnicalpersonnel.However,themajorgeotechnicalwork(seeWSDOTGDMSection1.2.2)istobeconductedbytheHQsstaff,basedonthisexecutivepolicy.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-3 January 2010Therefore,theHeadquarters(HQ)GeotechnicalDivisionprovidestheleadregarding the development and implementation of geotechnical design policy forWSDOT.TheStateGeotechnicalEngineeristhefnalapprovalauthorityforgeotechnicalpolicy,andforgeotechnicalinvestigationsanddesignsconductedstatewideforWSDOTprojects.GeotechnicalpoliciesarecontainedintheWSDOTStateDesignManual(e.g.,Chapters510,530,and1130),theStandardPlans,theStandard Specifcations,andinGeneralSpecialProvisionsinadditiontothisGeotechnicalDesignManual.TheStateGeotechnicalEngineerisalsothefnalapprovalauthorityregardinggeotechnicaldesignsconductedbyothers(e.g.,localagencies,developers,etc.)thatresultinmodifcationtotransportationfacilitiesthatareunderthejurisdictionofWSDOTorotherwiseimpactWSDOTfacilities.ThefunctionalstructureoftheHQGeotechnicalDivisionisprovidedinFigure1-1.State Geotechnical EngineerFoundation Engineering SectionEngineering Geology SectionEngineeringGeology Design UnitUnstableSlope Pitand Quarry- GIS UnitEngineeringGeologyDesign UnitFieldExplorationUnitFoundationDesign UnitGeotechnicalDivisionTechnicianand ClericalSupportGeotechnicalConsultant Liaison,InnovativeContracting, andProjectDevelopmentFoundationDesign UnitGeotechnicalDivisionLaboratory andInstrumentationSupportGeotechnicalConstructionSupportFoundationDesign UnitFunctional organization of the WSDOT HQ Geotechnical Division.Figure 1-1Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-4 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 20101.2.2 Geotechnical Functions Delegated to the RegionsSomegeotechnicalfunctionshavebeendelegatedtotheRegionMaterialsEngineers(RME),asdescribedintheWSDOTStateDesignManual,Chapter510.Ingeneral,theRMEfunctionsastheinitialpointofcontactforallgeotechnicalwork,withtheexceptionofBridgeOffce,WashingtonStateFerries(WSF),andUrbanCorridorsOffce(UCO)projects.Ifthegeotechnicalworkrequiredisrelativelystraightforward(inthatthegroundisstableandrelativelyfrm,bedrockisnotinvolved,thedesignisnotcomplicatedbyhighgroundwaterorseepage,andthedesignoftheprojectgeotechnicalelementsdoesnotrequirespecializedgeotechnicaldesignexpertise),theRMEtakestheleadinconductingthegeotechnicalwork.Ifthisisnotthecase,theRMEasksfortheinvolvementandservicesoftheHQGeotechnicalDivision.TheHQGeotechnicalDivisionrespondstoandprovidesrecommendationsdirectlytotheWSDOTOffceresponsiblefortheproject,butalwayskeepstheRMEinformed.Forstructuralprojects(bridgesandtunnels,forexample),theBridgeandStructuresOffceworksdirectlywiththeHQGeotechnicalDivision.ForWSFprojects,theTerminalEngineeringOffceworksdirectlywiththeRMEortheHQGeotechnicalDivision,dependingonthenatureoftheproject.ForUCOprojects,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionhandlesallgeotechnicalwork.GeneralguidelinesandrequirementsregardingcoordinationofgeotechnicalworkareprovidedintheWSDOTStateDesignManual,Section510.04.Figure1-2illustratesthedivisionofgeotechnicaldesignresponsibilitybetweentheregionmaterialsoffcesandtheHQGeotechnicalDivisionandisconsistentwiththeWSDOTStateDesignManual.TheRegionMaterialsEngineers(RME)andtheirstaff,andtheHQGeotechnicalDivisionpersonnelshouldcommunicateonaregularbasisasgeotechnicalprojectsdevelop.TheRMEshouldbeviewedastheHQGeotechnicalDivisionsrepresentativeintheregion.TheRMEsfunctionastheinitialpointofcontactforgeotechnicalworkintheirrespectiveregionsinthattheRMEwillbeevaluatingtheprojectsincludedintheconstructionprogramwithintheirrespectiveregionsatthebeginningofthedesignphaseforthoseprojects,anddecidingifthenatureoftheworkincludedinthoseprojectswillrequireHQGeotechnicalDivisioninvolvementanddesignsupport.Similarly,duringtheprojectdefnitionphase,theRMEfunctionsastheinitialpointofcontactregardinggeotechnicalissues.IfitappearsthenatureofthegeotechnicalissuesthatneedtobeaddressedtodevelopanaccurateprojectdefnitionwillrequireHQGeotechnicalDivisionassistance,theRMEisresponsibletocontacttheHQGeotechnicalDivisiontoobtaingeotechnicalinputfortheproject.Figure1-2shouldbeusedasaguideforthispurposeforprojectdefnition,design,andPS&Edevelopment,butsomejudgmentwillberequired,asspecifcprojectsand/orconditionsmaynotcompletelyfttheprojectcategorieslistedinFigure1-2.TheRMEoffceandtheHQGeotechnicalDivisionmustviewthemselvesasateamtogetthegeotechnicalworkaccomplishedfromprojectChapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-5 January 2010inceptiontocompletionoftheconstruction.IftheRMEisnotsureifHQGeotechnicalDivisioninvolvementisneeded,theRMEandHQGeotechnicalDivisionshoulddiscusstheprojectneedstogether.ForgeotechnicalworkthatisclearlytheresponsibilityoftheRMEtocompletebasedonFigure1-2,theRMEshouldcompletethegeotechnicalsubsurfacesiteinvestigationplan,performthedesign,andcompletetheregionsoilsreport.Forthoseregionsthatdonothavetheresources(i.e.,drillcrews)tocarryoutthegeotechnicalsubsurfacesiteinvestigation,theRMEsubmitstheplantotheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,ortheindividualdelegatedtoactonbehalfoftheStateGeotechnicalEngineer.Inthiscase,thesubsurfacesiteinvestigationiscarriedoutbytheHQGeotechnicalDivisionFieldInvestigationUnit.IftheresultsofthesiteinvestigationdemonstratethattheprojectgeotechnicaldesignisstillaRMEresponsibility,thedatafromthesiteinvestigationwillbeprovidedtotheRMEandtheRMEwillcompletethegeotechnicaldesignandreport.IfthesubsurfaceconditionsaresuchthatHQinvolvementisrequired,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionwilldiscussthedesignresponsibilitywiththeRME.If,duetothenatureoftheprojectorthepotentialsubsurfaceconditions,itisnotclearifthedesignwillbeaHQorregionresponsibility,theRMEshouldcontacttheHQGeotechnicalDivisionforassistanceinplanning,andifnecessarytocarryout,thegeotechnicalinvestigationanddesign.WithregardtodivisionofworkbetweentheHQGeotechnicalDivisionandtheRME,Figure1-2indicatesthatHQinvolvementisrequiredifthesoilsappeartobesoftorunstable.Asageneralguide,granularsoilsclassifedaslooseorveryloose(i.e.,N10blows/ft)andclaysclassifedasverysofttostiff(N15blows/ft)shouldbeconsideredpotentiallyunstable,especiallyiftheyarewetorareexhibitingsignsofinstabilitysuchascrackingorslumping.WhensuchsoilsareencounteredbytheRME,whetherornottheworkshouldberetainedbytheRMEshouldbediscussedwiththeHQGeotechnicalDivisiontodetermineofmoredetailedinputfromHQregardingthestabilityofthesoilsencounteredisneeded.Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-6 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010Project Development and/or MaintenanceThrough RME to HQ Geotech. DivisionJoint Field Investigation by Region and Geotech. DivisionField Investigationby RegionField Investigation by Geotech. DivisionTypical Projects:Bridge StructuresMajor Bldg. Found.Ferry TerminalsLandslidesAll Rock CutsMinor Cuts/Fills 10 ft, with Unstable Soil (includes all wetlands)Major Cuts/Fills > 10 ft (most soils)Walls >10 ft, Rockeries >5 ft, and all Geosynthetic and Special Design WallsWalls on Steep Slopes, with Heavy Surcharges, or on Soft SoilCulverts >3 ft dia. Infiltration ponds with slopes > 10 ft high, or any pond in soft soil, or where seepage could cause instabilityTypical Projects:Minor Cuts/Fills 10 ft, with Potentially Unstable SoilWalls 10 ft and rockeries 5 ft on Potentially Unstable or Soft SoilMaint. Bldgs, Rest Areas, & Park & Ride Lots, with Potentially unstable SoilPits & Quarries (field investigation only)Signs, Signals, & Luminaires which Need Special FoundationSliver cuts/fills > 10 ft or culverts/arches > 3 ft in dense to very dense soilsInfiltration ponds with potentially unstable soil, or located on sloping groundTypical Projects:ResurfacingMinor Cuts/Fills 10 ft, with no Unstable SoilWalls 10 ft and Rockeries 5 ft, Except Wall on Steep Slope or on Soft SoilMaint. Bldgs, Rest Areas, & Park & Ride Lots, with no unstable Soil Culverts 3 ft dia.Signs, Signals, & Luminaires with standard foundation Pits & QuarriesPavement and Structure Coring, pHInfiltration ponds with slopes 10 ft high, in gently sloping areas not in soft or unstable soilsRegion soil report or memo by RMEHQ Review and concurrenceHQ Geotechnical Report or MemoCC to RMETo AppropriateDesign/Construction OfficeGeotechnical design workfow and division of responsibility.Figure 1-2Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-7 January 20101.2.3 Coordination between HQs and Region Regarding Emergency ResponseTheneedforemergencygeotechnicalresponseisprimarilytheresultofslopefailure,rockfallevents,fooding,orearthquakes.Forthecaseofslopefailure(includingretainingwalls)androckfallevents,andslopefailurecausedbyfoodingorearthquakes,thefollowingprocessshouldbeused:1. Oncethefailureoccurs,RegionMaintenanceconductsaninitialevaluationofthesite.2. Ifthereisanyquestionastothestabilityoftheaffectedslopeandthepotentialforfutureslopemovementorrockfall,theRegionMaintenanceOffceshouldcontacttheRegionalMaterialsEngineer(RME).3. TheRMEperformsasitereviewassoonaspossibletoassessthemagnitudeoftheproblem,andtodetermineifHQGeotechnicalDivisionassistanceisneeded.Tosavetime,theRMEmay,attheRMEsdiscretion,skiptheRMEfeldreviewandtransferthefeldreviewandalldesignresponsibilitiesfullytotheHQGeotechnicalDivision,ifitisobviousthatHQinvolvementwillbeneeded.IfitisdeterminedthatadetailedgeotechnicalevaluationbytheHQGeotechnicalDivisionisnotneeded(e.g.,conditionsarenotgeologicallycomplex,thefailureislimitedinextent,andtheriskofcontinuedslopemovementorinstabilityislow,andslopestabilizationmethodsarenotrequired),theRMEprovidesrecommendationstocompletethecleanupandfacilityrepair.4. Ifitisdeterminedthatthereisarealthreatofcontinuedslopemovement,instability,orrockfall,therearegeologicalcomplexitiesatthesitethatwillrequireamoredetailedgeotechnicalanalysistoassessthepotentialthreat,orifanengineeredslopestabilitymitigationmayberequired,theRMEimmediatelycontactstheHQGeotechnicalDivisiontocompletetheinitialevaluation.Thiscontactmayinitiallytaketheformofaphonecalland/ore-mailwithphotos,andassoonaspossibleajointsitereview,iftheHQGeotechnicalDivisionfeelsitiswarranted.5. TheHQGeotechnicalDivisionspecialist(s)respondsassoonaspossibleandcomestositetomakeaninitialassessment.ThespecialistprovidestheRegion(onsite)withthatassessmentandtherisk(s)associatedwiththatassessment.Theassessmentincludesevaluationofthecause(s)oftheinstability,thepotentialforfutureinstability,whetherornotthethreatoffutureinstabilityisimmediate,thepotentialthreattopublicandworkersafety,andtheneedforslopestabilizationmeasures.6. TheRegion(typicallyaprojectoffce)shouldusethefeldrecommendationsprovidedbytheHQGeotechnicalDivisionspecialisttobegindevelopingascopeofworkandcostestimatetocompletetheemergencyworkconcurrentlywithHQGeotechnicalDivisionmanagementreviewofthefeldrecommendations,andwillimmediatelycontact the region if any changes in the recommendations are needed as a resultofthetechnicalreviewoftherecommendations.Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-8 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 20107. Basedontheassessmentandrecommendations,theRegionevaluatesrisk(s)andcosttomitigatetheproblem.TheRegionthenmakesadecisiontoeitherimmediatelyrepairtheslopeandfacility,openingupthefacilitytothepublic,ortoclose,maintainclosure,orotherwiselimitfacilitypublicaccess.Iftheriskistoohightoimmediatelyrepairthefacilityand/oropenituptofullpublicaccess,theRegionrequeststheHQGeotechnicalDivisionforamorecompleteevaluationandstabilizationrecommendation.8. Oncestabilizationrecommendationsaredeveloped,theslopeisstabilized,andthefacilityisreopened.Duringthestabilizationconstructionactivities,thepointofcontacttoaddressanyproblemsthatoccurandtoreviewtheacceptabilityofthefnishedstabilizationmeasuresistheoffcewhodevelopedthestabilizationrecommendations.9. Sincemultipleactivitiesconductedbyseveraloffcesmustoccursimultaneouslytoaddressanemergencyslopeproblem,frequentstakeholdermeetingsorconferencecallsshouldbeconductedthroughoutthedurationoftheemergencyproject(designandconstruction)tokeepallstakeholdersinformedandtomakeintermediatedecisionsasneeded.Thesestakeholdermeetingsorconferencecallsshouldoccuratkeyjuncturesinthedevelopmentoftheproject,orasneededbasedonthespecifcneedsanddurationoftheproject.Floodorseismiceventscanalsoresultinemergencyconditionsthatneedgeotechnicalevaluation.Otherthantheslopestabilityissuesaddressedabove,sucheventscanaffecttheintegrityofbridgesandotherstructures.Inthesesituations,otherthankeepingtheRMEinformedofthesituation,theprocessforgeotechnicalevaluationprimarilyinvolvestheBridgeOffce.IfthestructureisunderthejurisdictionofWSF,thenWSFwouldberesponsibletoinitiatethegeotechnicalinvestigationinsteadoftheBridgeOffce.Inthesecases,theprocessisgenerallyasfollows:1. Oncethefailureorstructuredistressoccursandbecomesknown,theBridgeOffce(orWSFformarineandterminalwork)conductsaninitialevaluationofthestructure.2. Ifthereisdamageorpotentialdamagetothestructurefoundation,theBridgeoffceorWSFcontactstheHQGeotechnicalDivisiontoconductaninitialevaluationtoassesstheproblem,identifypotentialriskstothestructureandthepublic,anddeveloppreliminarysolutions.TheHQGeotechnicalDivisionshouldnotifytheRMEregardingtheproblematthispoint,anddiscusswiththeRMEanyinvolvementtheRegionMaterialsOffcemayneedtohave.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-9 January 20103. Basedonthisinitialevaluation,theBridgeOffce,inconcertwiththeRegion,orWSFinthecaseofmarineorterminalfacilities,determineswhetherornottorestrictpublicaccess,ortoclosethefacility,andwhetheror not to proceed with a more complete geotechnical investigation to developarepairorreplacementforthestructurefoundation.4. Ifitisdeterminedthatamorecompletegeotechnicalinvestigationisneeded,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionproceedswiththeinvestigationanddevelopsdesignrecommendations.1.3 Geotechnical Support within the WSDOT Project Management Process (PMP)ByExecutiveOrderE1032.00,allphasesofWSDOTcapitaltransportationprojectsaretobedeliveredaccordingtotheprinciplesandpracticesoftheProjectManagementProcess(PMP).Ingeneral,thePMPincludesfvemainsteps.ThesestepsareInitiateandAlign,PlantheWork,EndorsethePlan,WorkthePlan,andTransitionandClosure.Priortoorduringtheinitiateandalignstep,theprojectmanagershouldcontacttheRMEtodetermineifthenatureoftheprojectcouldrequireHQGeotechnicalDivisioninvolvement.IfitappearsthatHQGeotechnicalDivisioninvolvementmayberequired,theRMEshouldmakearrangementstohaveaHQGeotechnicalDivisionrepresentativeincludedinPMPactivities.Notethatatthispoint,detailedprojectsitedatawilllikelynotbeavailable.Therefore,thisdeterminationbytheRMEwilllikelyneedtobemadebasedonconceptualprojectdata,andpossiblyaprojectsitereview.Thisdeterminationmustbemadeearlyintheprojectdevelopmentprocess.Forexample,iftheprojectisdefnedforPMPtoincludethedevelopmentoftheprojectdefnition(seeWSDOTGDMSection1.1.1),thisdeterminationmustbemadeatthebeginningoftheprojectdefnitionphase.IftheprojectisdefnedinsteadtoincludeonlytheprojectdesignandPS&Edevelopmentphases(seeWSDOTGDMSections1.1.2and1.1.3),thisdeterminationmustbemadeatthebeginningoftheprojectdesignphase,astheoffceresponsibleforthegeotechnicaldesignworkshouldbeincludedintheplanningfortheproject.1.3.1 Initiate and AlignAssuminggeotechnicaldesignserviceswillbeneededtocompletetheproject,duringtheinitiateandalignstep,theindividual/offceresponsibletoprovidegeotechnicalsupport(i.e.,eithertheHQGeotechnicalDivision,theRMEOffce,orboth)shouldbeincludedintheprojectteambytheprojectmanager.Onceincludedintheteam,thegeotechnicalPMPteammember(ingeneral,thisindividualisalsothegeotechnicaldesignerfortheproject)should,asaminimum,participateintheInitiateandAligneffortstoprovideinputregardingrolesandresponsibilities,boundaries,andmeasuresofsuccess.Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-10 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 20101.3.2 Plan the WorkDuringthePlantheWorkstep,thegeotechnicalPMPteammembershouldprovideinputtotheteamregardingtheprojectspecifcWorkBreakdownStructure(WBS)developedfromtheMasterDeliverablesList(MDL),andtheinputnecessarytodeveloptheprojectbudgetandschedule.Thiswouldincludeadetailedanalysisofhowlongitwilltaketoperformthegeotechnicaltasksneededtocompletetheproject,anyindividualtaskdependenciesthataffecttasksequencingandtheinterrelationshipbetweenthegeotechnicaltasksandtaskstobecompletedbyotherteammembers,andhowmuchitwillcosttocompletethosetasks.ItistheresponsibilityofthegeotechnicalPMPteammembertocoordinatetheresourceneedsforthesubjectprojectwiththeresourceneedsofotherprojectsthatrequiregeotechnicalinput,sothattheproposedprojectdeliveryschedulecanbeachieved.ThegeotechnicalPMPteammemberwillalsocoordinatewiththeprojectteamandwiththeHQGeotechnicalDivisionmanagementregardingthedecisiontousegeotechnicalconsultants,ifrequiredtoachievethedesiredprojectschedulemilestones.ThegeotechnicalPMPteammemberalsoprovidestechnicaloversightofandcoordinationwithanygeotechnicalconsultantsbeingusedfortheproject.ThegeotechnicalPMPteammembershouldalsoprovideinputtotheteamregardingpotentialrisksorchangesinthegeotechnicalareathatcouldaffectprojectschedule,budget,orscope,andprovideastrategytodealwiththoserisksorchanges.Examplesofgeotechnicalriskincludepotentialdiffcultiesingettingdrillingpermitsorright-of-entry,uncertaintiesinthescopeofthegeotechnicalinvestigationrequiredduetounknownsubsurfaceconditions,mitigationofunstableground,liquefactionorotherseismichazards,etc.ThegeotechnicalPMPteammembershouldalsoprovidetheteamwithaplanregardinghowgeotechnicalinvestigationanddesignquality,aswellashowtheaccuracyofgeotechnicaldesignscheduleandbudget,willbeassured.1.3.3 Endorse the PlanOncetheworkhasbeenplanned,thenextstepistoEndorsethePlan.Inthisstep,thegeotechnicalaspectsoftheProjectManagementPlanshouldbeendorsedbythemanagementoftheoffceresponsibletocarryoutthegeotechnicalwork(e.g.,iftheHQGeotechnicalDivisionisresponsibleforcompletinggeotechnicalworkfortheproject,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionmanagementshouldendorsetheplan).Note:TheProjectManagementPlanmustbereviewedandendorsedbyRegionManagement.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-11 January 20101.3.4 Work the PlanIntheWorkthePlanstep,thegeotechnicalPMPteammemberwilltrackthescheduleandbudgetforthegeotechnicalworkasitprogresses,keepingtheprojectteaminformedregardingtheprogressofthegeotechnicalworkasidentifedintheprojectCommunicationPlan.Ifchangesinthegeotechnicalscheduleand/orbudgetarelikelyduetounanticipatedproblems,scopechanges,orotherinaccuraciesinthegeotechnicalscheduleorbudget,thegeotechnicalPMPteammemberisresponsibletoinformtheprojectteamasfarinadvanceaspossiblesothatadjustmentscanbemade.ThefrequencyofreportingtotheteamontheprogressoftheworkisidentifedintheCommunicationPlanandshouldbedecidedbasedontheneedsoftheproject,recognizingthatexcessiveprogressreportingcan,initself,impactthescheduleandbudgetfortheworkduetothetimeittakestodeveloptheinterimreports.Asproblemsorchangesoccurintheproject,thegeotechnicalPMPteammemberassiststheprojectteamtoaddressthoseproblemsorchanges.Ingeneralforthisstep,thegeotechnicalPMPteammembercompletes,orarrangesforthecompletion,ofthegeotechnicalreportfortheproject,andassiststheteaminthedevelopmentofcontractdocumentsneededtoconstructtheproject.Inthecaseofdesign-buildprojects,seeWSDOTGDMChapter22regardingthedeliverablesneeded.1.3.5 Transition and ClosureThegeotechnicalPMPteammembershouldcoordinatewiththeprojectteamregardingthetransitionandclosureactivitiesthatrequiregeotechnicalinputandassistance.Thismayincludedocumentingthegeotechnicaldesigndecisionsmade,andidentifyingconstructioncontractspecifcationsthatneedtobereevaluatedatalatertime,shouldtheprojectPS&Ebeputontheshelfuntiladequatefundingisavailable.ThegeotechnicalPMPteammembershouldalsomakethegeotechnicalprojectflereadyforlong-termstorage,makingsurethatifanothergeotechnicaldesignermustworkontheproject,thatthecalculationsandlogicforthedecisionsmadeareeasytofollow.1.3.6 Application of the PMP to ConstructionIfpossible,thegeotechnicalPMPteammembershouldcontinuetoprovidegeotechnicalsupporttotheprojectthroughconstruction,functioningastheGeotechnicalAdvisorfortheconstructionproject,tominimizeanytransitionissuesbetweenthedesignandconstructionphases.TheGeotechnicalAdvisorwouldbecomepartoftheconstructionprojectteamintheinitiateandalignstep,andwouldparticipatewiththeteamtodefnerolesandresponsibilities,boundaries,andMeasuresofSuccess,assistinplanningforriskand/orchange,assistinthequalityassuranceandcontroloftheprojectgeotechnicalfeatures,andhelptheprojectteamtomanagerisksandchangeastheyoccur.Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-12 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 20101.3.7 Master Deliverables to be ConsideredThegeotechnicalPMPteammemberwillneedtoprovideinformationregardingthegeotechnicaldeliverablesandtasksintheMDL(seeTable1-1)totheprojectteamforconsiderationindevelopingtheprojectschedule.Formanydeliverables,theregionProjectOffcewillneedtoprovideinformationbeforethegeotechnicalworkcanbegin.ThemasterdeliverablesprovidedinTable1-1arecurrentasofAugust2006.Notethatscoping(termed"ProjectDefnition"inWSDOTGDMSection1.1.1),Design,andPS&Earecombinedintoonephase,"Preconstruction",intheMDL.AlltasksandsubtasksunderWBSCodePC-21inTable1-1areusedtoaccomplishthegeotechnicalworkneededtocompletetheprojectdefnition(seeWSDOTGDMSection1.1.1).RegardingPreliminarySiteData(WBSCodePC-21.01),thisinformationshouldbeprovidedbytheProjectOffcetotheRMEtobeconsistentwiththeprocessdescribedinWSDOTGDMSections1.2.2and1.3.RefertotheWSDOTDesignManual(M22-01),Section510.04forspecifcsregardingwhatinformationistobesubmitted.Notethatforthebigger,morecomplexprojectswheresomelimitedtestholedrillingmaybeneeded,thistaskwouldalsorequiretheprojectoffcetoobtain,ortomakearrangementstoobtain,drillingpermitsandright-of-entry.SupplyingthenecessarysitedataandpermitsshouldbeconsideredapredecessortasktoMDLtaskPC-21.03.IfitappearsthatHQGeotechnicalDivisioninvolvementmayberequired,theRMEshouldmakearrangementstohaveaHQGeotechnicalDivisionrepresentativeincludedinthegeotechnicalworktocompletetheprojectdefnitionasdiscussedpreviously.Eachoffcethatisinvolvedprovidesinputdataforthesedeliverablesintermsoftimeandcosttocompletethetask,andthedeliverablesthemselves.Ifbothoffcesareinvolved,theregionProjectOffcewillneedtoaddthecostrequiredtoaccomplishtheworkfrombothoffcestoobtainthetotalcostforeachtask.RegardingthescheduletocompletePC-21.03,theRMEandHQGeotechnicalDivisioneffortscan,ingeneral,beconductedconcurrently.RegardingtheConceptualGeotechnicalReport,uptotworeportsmayneedtobeproduced,onefortheRMEworkandonefortheHQGeotechnicalDivisionwork,ifbothoffcesneedtobeinvolvedinthisprojectphaseforthegivenproject.Thisdeliverableshouldcontainthecostestimate,schedule,andscopeofworktocompletethefnalprojectdesignthroughPS&E,andshoulddiscussthepotentialgeotechnicalriskissuesthatneedtobeaddressedtoconstructtheproject,toestablishthescopeandbudgettoconstructtheoverallproject.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-13 January 2010WBS CodeTask Name Task DescriptionWork OpPC-18.03 Discipline Reports - Earth (Geology & Soils)Environmental Procedures Manual Section 420 Earth (Geology & Soils)0136PC-20.03 Materials Source ReportA report on a specifc WSDOT material source that verifes the quality and quantity of the material requested0156PC-21 Geotechnical EvaluationsDevelopment of Geotechnical reports for project.PC-21.01 Preliminary Site DataProject design offce is to provide a project description and location of work to be performed to Region Materials Engineer. See Design Manual Chapter 510.0140PC-21.02 Environmental Permit for Field ExplorationField exploration may require permits to complete. Permits need to be provided by the Project Offce to HQ Geotechnical Offce/Region Materials Offce to enable required feld work to be started.0138PC-21.03 Conceptual Geotechnical ReportRME/HQ Geotechnical will provide recommendations at the conceptual / feasibility level. Some soil borings may be drilled at this time depending upon project scope and available information.0140PC-21.04 Project Site Data Site information provided to RME by the project design offce (specifc to the type of project) to initiate geotechnical work on a project during the design and PS&E phases. See Design Manual Chapter 510.0140PC-21.05 RME Geotech Report(s)Region Geotechnical Report containing geotechnical recommendations and information applicable to the project. There is a possibility of multiple reports, depending upon the scope and complexity of the project.0140PC-21.06 HQ Geotechnical Report(s)HQ Geotechnical Report containing geotechnical recommendations and information applicable to the project. There is a possibility of multiple reports, depending upon the scope and complexity of the project.0140PC-37.02 Summary of Geotechnical ConditionsHQ Geotechnical and/or Region Materials prepares summary of geotechnical conditions for inclusion into the PS&E as Appendix B.0140PC-43.03 Project Geotechnical Documentation PackagePrinting of pertinent geotechnical reports for sale to prospective bidders. Prepared by HQ Geotechnical and/or Region Materials and printed by HQ Printing Services.0140Geotechnical Items in Master Deliverables List (MDL).Table 1-1Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-14 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010WBScodesPC-21.04,PC-21.05,PC-21.06andWBScodesPC-37.02andPC-43.03)inTable1-1areusedtoaccomplishthegeotechnicalworktocompletetheprojectdesignandfnalPS&E(seeWSDOTGDMSections1.1.2and1.1.3).RegardingProjectSiteData(WSBcodePC-21.04),theProjectOffceprovidesthesitedatatotheoffcedesignatedtotakethelead(i.e.,theHQGeotechnicalDivision,theRME,orboth)regardingthegeotechnicalwork,asdeterminedduringtheInitiateandAlignstepfortheproject.RefertotheWSDOTDesign Manual(M22-01)Section510.04forspecifcsregardingtheinformationtobesubmitted.Thistaskwouldalsorequiretheprojectoffcetoobtain,ortomakearrangementstoobtain,drillingpermitsandright-of-entry,ifthenecessarypermitswerenotobtainedinWBScodePC-21.02oriftheyneedtobeamended.SupplyingthenecessarysitedataandpermitsshouldbeconsideredapredecessortasktoMDLtasksPC-21.05andPC-21.06.TheRMEandHQGeotechnicalDivisioneffortscan,ingeneral,beconductedconcurrently.NotethatWBSCodesPC-21.05andPC-21.06mustbecompletedbeforeWBSCodesPC-37.02andPC-43.03.1.4 Geotechnical Report Review Process, Certifcation and Approval RequirementsForgeotechnicalworkconductedbytheRMEs,thereviewprocessisillustratedinFigure1-2.Inthatcase,theRMEcompletesandcertifesthereport(inthiscase,aRegionalSoilsReport),andsendsthereporttotheHQGeotechnicalDivisionforreviewandconcurrence.IftheHQGeotechnicalDivisiondisagreeswithsomeaspectofthereportrecommendations,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionwillworkwiththeRMEtoproduceanamendmenttotheRegionSoilsReportifnecessary.ForgeotechnicalreportsproducedbytheHQGeotechnicalDivision,seniorlevelreviewisrequiredatthefollowingkeyprojectjunctures: Theletter/memotransmittingtheestimateofthescopeofworkandestimatedcostsforthegeotechnicalservicesneeded, Thesubsurfaceinvestigationplan,and Thedraft/fnalgeotechnicalreport.Typically,threelevelsofreviewareconductedateachoftheseprojectjunctures:adetailedreviewbytheimmediatesupervisor(whoislicensed)andatotherintermediatetimesasneededtoguidethedesign,adetailedreviewbytheChiefFoundationEngineerorChiefEngineeringGeologist,andaspotcheckreviewandreviewforconsistencywithdesignpolicyandstandardsofpracticebytheStateGeotechnicalEngineer.TheStateGeotechnicalEngineermaydelegatefnalreviewauthoritytothechieforseniorlevel.Forthesubsurfaceinvestigationplan,formalreviewbytheStateGeotechnicalEngineerisgenerallynotrequired.Aminimumofonelevel of review by a licensed professional with the necessary geotechnical orengineeringgeologyexperiencemustbeconductedinallcases,however.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-15 January 2010LicensedprofessionalsperformingdesignshallseekpeerreviewandshallobtaintheStateGeotechnicalEngineersapproval,orthereviewandapprovaloftheindividualtowhomfnalreviewauthorityhasbeendelegatedbytheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,priortoissuingdesignrecommendations.Designrecommendationsincludethosethatareconsideredfnal,andthose that are considered preliminary if the preliminary recommendations willresultinsignifcantdesigneffortbeingexpendedbythosewhousetherecommendationstoperformtheirdesigns,oriftheycouldotherwiseendupbeingtreatedasfnalrecommendations.Forthosedesignrecommendationsthatareclearlyidentifedasbeingpreliminaryandsubjecttochange,andforwhichallpartiesreceivingthoserecommendationsfullyunderstandthattherecommendationsaresubjecttochangeandareonlytobeusedforpreliminaryalternativeandscopedevelopmentpurposes(withtheexceptionofEISdisciplinereports,criticalareaordinancereports,orsimilardocuments),fnalreviewauthorityisdelegatedtotheChiefFoundationEngineerandChiefEngineeringGeologistlevel.Someprojectsrequiresignifcantinputbybothengineeringgeologistsandfoundationengineers(e.g.,landslidescontainedwithinabiggerinterchangeorlineproject,bridgesorwallsfoundedonsoilsorrockinwhichthesitegeologyisverycomplex,retainingwallsusedtostabilizelandslides,drainageorinfltrationdesignswherethegroundwaterregimeiscomplex,etc.).Insuchcases,afoundationengineer/engineeringgeologistteam(i.e.,oneindividualfromeachSectionoftheHQGeotechnicalDivision)shouldperformthedesign,andasaminimum,seniorlevelreviewbytheChiefFoundationEngineerandtheChiefEngineeringGeologist,inadditiontoaspotcheckreview and review for consistency with design policy and standards of practicebytheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,shallbeconductedateachofthekeyprojectjuncturesidentifedabove.1.4.1 ReportCertifcationIngeneral,theindividualwhodidthedesign,ifhe/shepossessesaPEorLEG,andthefrstlinereviewerwhoislicensed,willstampthereport,asrequiredbytheapplicableRCWsandWACs.Ifthesecondlinesupervisor/manager,orabove(e.g.,theStateGeotechnicalEngineer,ChiefFoundationEngineer,orChiefEngineeringGeologist),throughthereviewprocess,requiresthatchanges be made in the design and/or recommendations provided in the report,otherwiseprovidessignifcantinputintothedesign,oristheprimaryreviewerofthereport,consistentwiththedefnitionofdirectsupervisioninWAC196-23-030andWAC308-15-070,thesecondlinesupervisor/manager,orabove,willalsostampthereport/memorandum.ForreportsproducedbytheEngineeringGeologySectionthatrequireaProfessionalEngineersstamp,andwhichhavebeenproducedandreviewedbyindividualsthatdonotpossessaProfessionalEngineerslicense,theStateGeotechnicalEngineer,orthelicensedprofessionalengineerdelegatedtoactonbehalfoftheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,willprovideadetailedreviewofthedesignandreport,Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-16 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010consistentwiththedefnitionofdirectsupervisioninWAC196-23-030,andstampthereport.Forplansheetsinconstructioncontracts,thefrstlinemanager/supervisor,orabove,whohasfunctionedastheprimaryreviewerofthegeotechnicalworkasdefnedabovewillstamptheplans,butonlyiftheplansheetsfullyandaccuratelyrefecttherecommendationsprovidedinthegeotechnicalreportuponwhichtheplansheetsarebased.1.4.2 Approval of Reports Produced by the HQ Geotechnical DivisionTheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,ortheindividualdelegatedtoactonbehalfoftheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,mustsignthegeotechnicalreportormemorandum,asthedesignatedapprovalauthorityforWSDOTregardinggeotechnicaldesign(thisincludesengineeringgeologyreports).ThesignatureoftheapprovalauthorityindicatesthatthereportormemorandumisincompliancewithWSDOTgeotechnicalstandardsandpolicies.Thispolicyalsoappliestodesignrecommendationsthataresentoutinformallytootheroffces(e.g.,theWSDOTBridgeandStructuresOffce,WashingtonStateFerriesOffces,RegionProjectEngineerOffces,etc.)fortheiruseindesignandPS&Edevelopmentpriortoissuanceofthefnalgeotechnicalreportfortheprojectorprojectelement.1.5 Reports Produced by Consultants or other Agencies for WSDOT, and Reports Produced by Design-BuildersTheHQGeotechnicalDivisionreviewsandapprovesallgeotechnicalreportsanddesignletters/memorandumsproducedforWSDOTprojectsconsistentwiththedivisionofgeotechnicalworkasdescribedinWSDOTGDMSection1.2.2.Forreportsordesignletters/memorandumsthatcoveronlythelevelofgeotechnicalworkthatisclearlyregionresponsibilityperWSDOTGDMSection1.2.2,theRMEreviewsandapprovesthereportordesignletter/memorandum,butstillforwardsacopyoftheconsultantreporttotheHQGeotechnicalDivisionforconcurrence,consistentwithWSDOTGDMSection1.2.2forregionalsoilsreports.Approvalofthereportordesignletter/memorandumproducedbyconsultantsorotheragenciesshallnotbeconsideredtoconstituteacceptanceofprofessionalresponsibilityonthepartofWSDOT,aswellasthereviewer,forthecontentsandrecommendationscontainedtherein,consistentwithprofessionalresponsibilityasprescribedbylaw.Approvalonlyindicatesthatthecontractualobligationsunderwhichthereportordesignletter/memorandumhavebeenmetandthatthecontentsandrecommendationsmeettheapplicableWSDOT,regional,andnationalstandardsofpractice.GeotechnicalreportsproducedbyconsultantsshallbecertifedinaccordancewiththeprinciplesdescribedaboveinWSDOTGDMSection1.4.1,andasrequiredbytheapplicableRCWsandWACs.NotethatthisapprovalprocessandassociatedconsiderationsalsoapplytoreportsproducedbyconsultantsfordevelopersbuildingfacilitiesthatimpactWSDOTfacilities.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-17 January 20101.6 Geotechnical Consultant AdministrationThissectionaddressesgeotechnicalconsultantsworkingdirectlyfortheHQGeotechnicalDivision,andgeotechnicalconsultantsworkingforaprimeconsultantthrougharegion,orotherWSDOToffce,contract.Geotechnicalconsultantsareusedtohandlepeakloadwork,ortoobtainspecializedexpertisenotcontainedwithintheHQGeotechnicalDivision.Ifageotechnicalconsultantisneeded,thefrstchoiceistoutilizeaconsultantworkingdirectlyfortheHQGeotechnicalDivision,asthecommunicationlinesaremorestraight-forwardthanwouldbethecaseifthegeotechnicalconsultantisworkingforaprimeconsultant,whointurnisworkingforanotheroffceinWSDOT.ThisisillustratedinFigures1-3and1-4.Ingeneral,consultantsworkingdirectlyfortheHQGeotechnicalDivisionwilldosothroughanon-callmasteragreementinwhichtheconsultantisassignedprojectspecifctasks.Throughthesetasks,theconsultantistypicallyresponsibletodevelopthedetailedgeotechnicalinvestigationplan,performthetestinganddesign,andproduceageotechnicalreport.Fortheseassignments,theconsultantisviewedasanextensionoftheHQGeotechnicalDivisionstaffandisthereforesubjecttothesamestandardsofdesignandreviewasin-housedivisionstaff.Thereviewandcertifcationprocessforconsultantgeotechnicalworkmirrorsthatforin-housegeotechnicalwork,asdescribedinWSDOTGDMSection1.4,exceptthatthefnalcertifcationofthereportisdonebytheconsultantratherthanWSDOTstaff,withWSDOTfunctioninginareviewcapacity.FrequentcommunicationbetweentheHQGeotechnicalDivisionstaffandtheconsultantisessentialtoasuccessfulproject.Forthiscontractualscenario,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionisresponsibletooverseeandadministertheconsultantagreementandtaskassignments.IfitisdeterminedbytheRegionorotherWSDOToffcethatageneralcivilorstructuralconsultantisneededtohandlethedesignworknormallyhandledbythatWSDOToffce,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionandRegionMaterialsOffceshouldbecontactedpriortosub-consultingthegeotechnicalportionoftheproject.BoththeRegionMaterialsOffceandGeotechnicalDivisionmayhavestaffavailabletoperformthegeotechnicaldesignfortheproject.Ifitisdeterminedthatageotechnicalsubconsultantisneeded,theGeotechnicalDivision will need to assist in the development of the geotechnical scope and estimatefortheproject,sothattheconsultantcontractisappropriate.AtypicalconsultantscopeofworkforpreliminarydesignisprovidedinWSDOTGDMAppendix1-A,andatypicalconsultantscopeofworktocompletethegeotechnicalworkforaPS&EleveldesignisprovidedinWSDOTGDMAppendix1-B.Thesetypicalscopesofworkforgeotechnicalsubconsultantsmayneedadjustmentoraugmentationtoadaptthemtothespecifcproject.Ateammeetingbetweentheconsultantteam,theRegionorotherWSDOTOffce(dependingonwhoseprojectitis),andtheHQGeotechnicalDivisionisconductedearlyintheprojecttodeveloptechnicalcommunicationlinesandrelationships.Goodproactivecommunicationbetweenallmembersoftheprojectteamiscrucialtothesuccessoftheprojectduetothecomplexconsultant-clientrelationships(seeFigure1-4).Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-18 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010Geotech.ConsultantRegion PEOfficeRegionManagementWSDOTManagementLegislature and People of WAStructuralConsultantBridgeOfficeGeotech.DivisionConsultant-client relationship or employee-employer relationshipInformal relationshipWSDOT-consultant relationship for consultants working directly for the HQ Geotechnical Division.Figure 1.3Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-19 January 2010Geotech.SubconsultantStructural Subconsult.Geotech.DivisionA/E PrimeConsultantBridgeOfficeRegion PEOfficeRegionManagementWSDOTManagementLegislatureand Peopleof WAHQ ConsultantLiaison OfficeRegionConsultantLiaisonOfficeConsultant-client relationship or employee-employer relationshipInformal relationshipWSDOT-consultant relationship for consultants working for a prime consultant for other WSDOT Offces.Figure 1.4Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-20 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 20101.7 Geotechnical Information Provided to Bidders1.7.1 Final Geotechnical Project DocumentationTheFinalGeotechnicalProjectDocumentationforaprojectshallconsistofallgeotechnicalreportsandmemorandums,intheirentirety,producedbyWSDOTorconsultantsthatarepertinenttothefnalPS&Efortheproject.OutdatedorotherwisesupercededgeotechnicalreportsandmemorandumsshouldnotbeincludedintheFinalGeotechnicalProjectDocumentation.Insuchcaseswhereasmallportionofageotechnicalreporthasbeensuperceded,theentirereportshouldbeincludedwiththesupercededtextclearlyidentifedalongwiththesupercedingdocument.ReportsproducedbytheRMEaregenerallykeptunderseparatecover,butareincludedinthefnalpublicationpackageasdescribedbelow.1.7.2 Final Geotechnical Documentation PublicationOnceaprojectPS&Eisnearcompletion,theFinalGeotechnicalProjectDocumentationistobepublishedfortheuseofprospectivebidders.Materialssourcereportsshouldalsobeincludedaspartofthepackagepublishedforbidders.TheRegionProjectDevelopmentOffce(orTerminalEngineeringDepartmentforWashingtonStateFerries)isresponsibletonotifytheHQGeotechnicalDivisionatleast12to14weeksinadvanceoftheAdorShelfDatewhenthefnalprojectgeotechnicaldocumentationisdueintheRegion(orWashingtonStateFerries),andwhichprojectsrequirefnalprojectgeotechnicaldocumentation.Theregionprojectdevelopmentoffce(orTerminalEngineeringDepartmentfortheWashingtonStateFerries)willalsoidentify at that time who they have designated to receive the report to handle orcontinuethepublicationprocess.Ingeneral,itisdesirablethatthefnalgeotechnicaldocumentationbeavailableforprinting10weekspriortotheAdorShelfDate,butabsolutelymustbeavailablenolaterthantwoFridayspriortotheAdorShelfdate.ThiscompiledgeotechnicaldocumentationpackageistypicallysenttotheRegionProjectEngineerOffce(orTerminalEngineeringOffceforWashingtonStateFerriesprojects)bytheHQGeotechnicalDivision.Whentransmittingthefnalprojectgeotechnicaldocumentation,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionwillspecifcallyidentifythegeotechnicaldocumentationasfnalfortheprojectandascamera-ready.Likewise,theRegionMaterialsOffcewillconcurrentlysendacamera-readyfnalcopyofanyRegiongeneratedreports(e.g.,theregionsoilsreport),asapplicable,totheRegionProjectEngineerOffcetobeincludedaspartofthegeotechnicaldocumentationfortheproject.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-21 January 20101.7.3 Geotechnical Information to be Included as Part of the ContractGeotechnicalinformationincludedaspartofthecontract(asanappendix)fordesign-bid-buildprojectswillgenerallyconsistofthefnalprojectboringlogs,and,asappropriatefortheproject,aSummaryofGeotechnicalConditions.Bothoftheseitemsare,ingeneral,providedbytheHQGeotechnicalDivision.IfaRegionsoilsreporthasbeenproducedbytheRME,theRMEmustprovidethefnalboringlogsandmayberequiredtocompleteportionsoftheSummaryofGeotechnicalConditionstoincludetheinformationprovidedintheRegionSoilsReport.NotethatWSDOTGDMChapter22coverswhatgeotechnicalinformationistobeincludedintheRequestforProposalsforDesign-Buildprojects.Allboringlogsusedasthebasisforthegeotechnicaldesignfortheprojectshouldbeincludedinanappendixtothecontract.Alegendsheetthatdefnesthetermsandsymbolsusedintheboringlogsmustalwaysbeincludedwiththeboringlogs.TheGeotechnicalDivisionwillprovidealegendforlogstheyhaveproduced.Consultantsshallalsoprovidealegendalongwiththeirlogsintheirgeotechnicalreports.Thelocationsofallboringlogsincludedwiththecontractshouldbeshownonthecontractplansheets.Basedonspecifcprojectneeds,othertypesofgeotechnicaldatamayalsoneedtobeincludedinthecontractdocuments.Suchadditionaldatamayincludegeophysicaltestresults,andsubsurfaceproflesandcross-sectionsforspecifcgeotechnicalprojectfeatures.Thegoalofsuchdataistoprovidepotentialbiddersamorecompletepictureoftheconditionsasnecessaryforaccuratebidding,whenthatinformationcannotbeconveyedbytheboringlogsalone.ASummaryofGeotechnicalConditions,providedbytheGeotechnicalDivisionformostprojectsthatcontainsignifcantgeotechnicalfeatures,shouldalsobeincludedinthecontractwiththeboringlogs.ThisSummaryofGeotechnicalConditionsisgenerallya1to2pagedocument(seeWSDOTGDMChapter23)thatbriefysummarizesthesubsurfaceandgroundwaterconditionsforkeyareasoftheprojectwherefoundations,cuts,flls,etc.,aretobeconstructed.Thisdocumentalsodescribestheimpactofthesesubsurfaceconditionsontheconstructionofthesefoundations,cuts,flls,etc.,toprovideacommonbasisforinterpretationoftheconditionsandbidding.1.8 Sample Retention and Chain of CustodyIngeneral,therearethreetypesofsamplesobtainedbytheHQGeotechnicalDivisionandgeotechnicalconsultants:disturbedsoilsamples(includessacksamplesfromtestpits),undisturbedsoilsamples,androckcores.Disturbedsoilsamplesaretypicallyusedforsoilclassifcationpurposes,thoughonoccasiontheymaybeusedformoresophisticatedtesting.Undisturbedsoilsamplesareprimarilyusedformoresophisticatedtesting,thoughtheymayalsobeusedforevaluationofdetailedlayeringandsoilstructure.UndisturbedGeotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-22 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010samplestypicallydegradesignifcantlyandarenotusefulfortestingpurposesafterabout3to6months.DisturbedandundisturbedsoilsamplesthathavenotbeentestedbytheGeotechnicalDivisionorConsultantwillberetainedforaminimumof90daysafterthegeotechnicalreportiscompleted,afterwhichtimetheywillbedisposed.Priortodisposal,ConsultantshallcontacttheGeotechnicalDivisionsothattheymaytakepossessionofthesamples,iftheychoosetodoso.Rockcoreisgenerallyretaineduntilaftertheconstructionprojectiscompleteanditisclearthatclaimsrelatedtotherockarenotforthcoming.Afterconstruction,thecorewillbedisposed.RockcoreobtainedbyconsultantsshallbedeliveredtotheGeotechnicalDivisionaspartofthedeliverablesassociatedwiththeGeotechnicalReport.Rockcoremaybedisposedpriortoprojectconstructionifitisdeterminedthattheriskofclaimsrelatedtorockqualityissuesissuffcientlylow,iftherockcoreisdegradedandthereforenotusefulforvisualinspectionortesting,orpossiblyotherreasonsthatcausetheriskofearlycoredisposaltobelow,subjecttotheapprovaloftheWSDOTStateGeotechnicalEngineer.Inallcases,whetherornotearlydisposalofthecoreisconducted,allrockcoreshallbephotographedathighresolutionandincolorcorrectlight,toprovideapermanentrecordofthecore.AllsamplesofsoilorrockthatareobtainedonbehalfofWSDOTbyconsultantsandtransportedtotheStateMaterialsLaboratoryGeotechnicalDivisionshallbecomethepropertyofWSDOT.1.9 Geotechnical Design Policies and their BasisTechnicalpoliciesanddesignrequirementsprovidedinthismanualhavebeenderivedfromnationalstandardsanddesignguidelinessuchasthoseproducedbyAASHTOandtheFHWA.ThefollowingAASHTOmanuals,listedinorderofpriority,shallbetheprimarysourceofgeotechnicaldesignpolicyforWSDOT:1. AASHTOLRFDBridgeDesignSpecifcations,mostcurrenteditionplusinterims2. AASHTOManualonSubsurfaceInvestigations(1988)FHWAgeotechnicaldesignmanuals,orothernationallyrecognizeddesignmanuals,areconsideredsecondaryrelativetotheAASHTOmanualslistedaboveforestablishingWSDOTgeotechnicaldesignpolicy.FHWAgeotechnicaldesignmanualshavebeenusedtoaddressareasnotspecifcallycoveredbytheabovelistedAASHTOmanuals.Wherejustifedbyresearchorlocalexperience,thedesignpoliciesandrequirementsprovidedhereindeviatefromtheAASHTOandFHWAdesignspecifcationsandguidelines,asdescribedherein,andshallsupercedetherequirementsandguidelineswithintheAASHTOandFHWAmanuals.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-23 January 2010Forfoundationandwalldesign,theloadandresistancefactordesign(LRFD)approachshallbeused,tobeconsistentwithWSDOTBridgeOffcestructuraldesignpolicy.ForaspectsoffoundationandwalldesignthathavenotyetbeendevelopedintheLRFDformat,allowablestress(ASD)orloadfactordesign(LFD)willbeuseduntilsuchtimetheLRFDapproachhasbeendeveloped.Therefore,forthoseaspectsoffoundationandwalldesignforwhichtheLRFDapproachisavailable,alternativeASDorLFDdesignformatsarenotpresentedinthismanual.Inthechaptersthatfollow,aswellaswithinthischapter,theterms,andtheirdefnitions,providedinTable1-2areusedtoconveygeotechnicalpolicy.Term DefnitionShall The associated provisions must be used. There is no acceptable alternative.Should The associated provisions must be used unless strong justifcation is available and provided based on well established regional or national practice, and if backed up by well accepted research results.May The associated provisions are recommended, but alternative methods or approaches that are consistent with the intent of the provisions are acceptable.Evaluate, evaluated, address, or addressedThe associated issue must be evaluated or addressed through detailed analysis and the results documented.Consider, considered The associated recommended provisions must be evaluated, and the reasons and analyses used to decide whether or not to implement the recommended provisions must be documented.Geotechnical designer The geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist who has been given responsibility to coordinate and complete the geotechnical design activities for the projectTerms used to convey geotechnical policy.Table 1-21.10 Geotechnical Construction Support Policies1.10.1 Division of Responsibilities for Construction Support of Design-Bid-Build ProjectsThedivisionofresponsibilitiesbetweentheHQGeotechnicalDivisionandtheRegionMaterialsOffceforresponsetogeotechnicalconstructionproblemsfordesign-bid-buildprojectsareingeneralconsistentwithWSDOTGDMSection1.2,whichmeansthattheRME,atleasttheoretically,functionsastheclearinghousetoaddressgeotechnicalconstructionproblems.ThedivisionofworkshowninFigure1-2appliestoconstructionassistanceaswell.However,itmustalsoberecognizedthatmostgeotechnicalconstructionproblemsneedtobeaddressedquicklytopreventconstructioncontractimpacts.Tominimizedelaysingettinggeotechnicalconstructionproblemsaddressed,ifitisobviousthatHQinputwillberequiredanyway(e.g.,foundationconstructionissues,retainingwallgeotechnicalconstructionproblems,shoringwallstabilityGeotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-24 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 2010orexcessivedeformationproblems,rockslopeconstructionissues,etc.)theregionprojectoffceshouldcontacttheHQGeotechnicalDivisiondirectly.Inthatcase,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionshouldkeeptheRMEinformedastotherequestandthenatureoftheproblemassoonaspractical.Typically,aconstructionprojectgeotechnicaladvisorwillbeassignedtotheprojectandisthefrstpointofcontactforassistancefromtheHQGeotechnicalDivision.Forconstructionemergencies,suchasslopefailures,theprocessdescribedin WSDOTGDMSection1.2.3shouldbefollowed,exceptthattheregionprojectoffcefunctionsasthemaintenanceoffceinthatprocess.TherearesometypesofgeotechnicalconstructionissuesforwhichtheRMEshouldalwaysprovidethefrstresponse.Theseinclude,forexample: Evaluationoffllcompactionproblems; Evaluationofmaterialssourceandborrowproblems; Pavementsubgradeproblems;and Evaluationofthesoilatthebaseofspreadfootingexcavationstocheckforconsistencywithboringlogs.Forthespecifcissuesidentifedabove,theRMEwillenlistthehelpoftheHQGeotechnicalDivisionifcomplicationsarise.Forevaluationofdifferingsiteconditionsclaims,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionshouldalwaysprovidethegeotechnicalevaluationandwillworkdirectlywiththeHQConstructionOffcetoprovidethegeotechnicalsupporttheyneed.Notethatforconsultantdesignedprojects,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionmayrequestthatthedesignerofrecord(i.e.,theconsultant)getinvolvedtorecommendasolutiontoWSDOTregardingtheproblem.1.10.2 Division of Responsibilities for Construction Support of Design-Build ProjectsFordesign-buildprojects,thefrstresponderforgeotechnicalconstructionproblemsisthegeotechnicaldesignerofrecordforthedesign-builder.Thenextpointofcontact,ifactiononbehalfofthecontractingagency(i.e.,WSDOT)isrequiredinaccordancewiththecontractRFP,isthegeotechnicaladvisorassignedtotheprojectfromtheHQGeotechnicalDivision.IfitturnsoutthattheRMEshouldprovidearesponseoriftheRMEcouldprovideamorerapidresponse,consideringthenatureoftheproblem,thegeotechnicaladvisorwillcontacttheRMEtoenlisttheirassistance.Chapter 1 Geotechnical Operations and AdministrationWSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 Page 1-25 January 20101.10.3 Geotechnical Division Roles and Communication Protocols for Construction SupportGeotechnicalDivisionsupporttoHQConstruction,RegionConstruction,andRegionProjectoffcesmustalwaysbetechnicalinnature,leavingconstructionadministrationissuestotheconstructionoffcestheGeotechnicalDivisionissupporting.SincethetechnicalsupporttheGeotechnicalDivisionprovidescouldaffecttheconstructioncontract,itisextremelyimportanttocontactHQConstructionassoonaspossibletoletthemknowofthesituation,inadditiontothespecifcregionaloffcesbeingsupported.Directcommunicationanddirectionstothecontractorshouldbeavoided,unlesstheboundariesofsuchcommunicationhavebeenapprovedinadvancebytheregionprojectoffceandasappropriate,HQConstruction.Anycommunicationinwriting,includinge-mailcorrespondence,mustbewritteninawaythatcommunicatesonlytechnicalissuesanddoesnotcompromiseWSDOTsabilitytoeffectivelyadministerthecontract.Thisisespeciallyimportantifpotentialcontractorclaimsareinvolved.Ifpotentialcontractorclaimsareinvolvedintheconstructionproblem,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionroleistoprovideassistancetotheHQConstructionOffce.Forexample,withchangedconditionsclaims,theHQGeotechnicalDivisionsprofessionalevaluationofthesituationshouldfocusondetermininganddescribingthegeotechnicalconditionsobservedduringconstructionincomparisontowhatwasexpectedbasedonthedataavailableattimeofbidding.TheHQGeotechnicalDivisionisnottodetermineorevenimplythemeritsofthecontractorsclaim.HQConstructionwilldothat.Evaluationsofcontractorclaims,aswellasgeotechnicalrecommendationsfortheredesignofageotechnicalelementinacontract,mustbeputinaformalwrittenformatsuitableforsealingasdiscussedinWSDOTGDMSection1.4.1.E-mailshouldnotbeusedasacommunicationvehicleforthistypeofinformation.Furthermore,theStateGeotechnicalEngineer,ortheindividualdelegatedtoactonbehalfoftheStateGeotechnicalEngineer,mustreviewandapprovesuchdocumentsbeforetheyaredistributed.MemorandumsthatprovideanevaluationofacontractorclaimshouldbeaddressedtotheHQConstructionOffce,andacopyshouldnotbesenttotheRegionProjectEngineerinthiscase.TheHQConstructionOffcewillforwardtheGeotechnicalDivisionresponsetotheRegionProjectEngineerwiththeirfnaldeterminationofthevalidityoftheclaim.Ifaclaimevaluationisnotinvolvedandonlytechnicalrecommendationsinsupportofacontractredesignarebeingprovided,addressthelettertotheHQConstructionOffce,withacopytotheRegionProjectOffceandothersasnecessary(e.g.,theBridgeOffce).IftheresultingchangeorderwillbewithintheRegionauthoritytoapprove,thememorandumshouldbeaddressedtotheRegionProjectOffcewithacopytoHQConstructionandtheRegionOperationsorConstructionOffce.Geotechnical Operations and Administration Chapter 1Page 1-26 WSDOT Geotechnical Design Manual M 46-03.01 January 20101.11 Geotechnical Construction Submittal Review PoliciesMostconstructioncontractsubmittalsincludeinformationthatboththeBridgeandStructuresOffceandtheHQGeotechnicalDivisionmustreview.Blastingplanandrockslopesubmittals(e.g.,rockbolting)areanexceptiontothis,inthattheirtechnicalreviewarepurelyaGeotechnicalDivisionfunction.Forconstructionsubmittalsthatinvolvestructuresorsupportofstructuresorbridgeapproachflls,policiesoncoordinationofsubmittalreviewareasfollows:1.11.1 Proprietary Retaining Walls Allpre-approvedwallmanufacturersubmittalsrequiredbythecontractshallbereviewedbytheBridgeOffce.TheBridgeOffceshallsendacopyofthesubmittaltothe