germanic kingdoms unite under...

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under Charlemagne

PresenterPresentation NotesA map of the Frankish kingdom in 768. The ultimate collapse of the Western Roman Empire was precipitated by the Germanic invasions of the 5th, 6th, and 7th centuries. Between 481 and 511, King Clovis led the Franks to victory over the Gallo-Romans and other tribes, creating a kingdom very close in size to modern France. He was helped by Church support when he and all the Franks were baptized. However, political unity was difficult to maintain, since according to Frankish custom a ruler’s land was divided equally among his sons. By 768, even though there was no strong central authority, the Kingdom of the Franks had sufficient unity to survive into the Middle ages. England was the only other country which did not fragment after its Roman rule ended.

Warmup

Which group of people followed a “code of chivalry”?

If you don’t know, ask your neighbor

Medieval Europe

Middle Ages (also called The Dark Ages)

500-1500 AD Fall of Roman

Empire=Western Europe enters into a period of chaos and disorder

Barbaric (Germanic) Invasions Results

1. Decline in trade and industry

2. Decline in learning and culture


3. Population shifts – Urban rural

4. Loss of a common language – In the 800’s AD

French & Spanish emerged as independent languages

PresenterPresentation NotesFarmlands just outside Vezelay, France. The division of land into irregular strips for cultivation was widespread practice in the Middle Ages. It is still practices in some parts of France


5.Decline in strong central government – lacked:

manpower, bridges, roads, armies, money

PresenterPresentation NotesA street in Pompeii with sidewalks for pedestrian traffic. In the center is a raised stepping stone which pedestrians could use to traverse the street in rainy weather

Merovingian Kingdom

The Merovingians ruled the Franks (the French) for 300 years – They set up a series of dynasties

The most famous Merovingian was King Clovis who united all of Gaul (modern day France)

King Clovis

http://www.history.com/topics/charlemagne/videos/the-reign-of-charlemagne

Frankish Kingdom

Created by King Clovis, 481-511 AD

Converted to Christianity after winning a battle

Had his men baptized Supported by the Pope

Significant because it spread Christianity throughout the Germanic empire

PresenterPresentation NotesClovis, King of the Franks. Clover (ca. 466-511) who became king in 481, was the Greatest ruler of the Merovingian dynasty in Gaul. He united and expanded the Frankish kingdom through alliances, coercion and warfare until it encompassed most of the present northern France. He conquered two of the rival barbarian nations; he absorbed the Alemanni by 505 and drove the Visigoths into Spain by 507. Clovis converted to Christianity in 496, and displayed his political acumen by choosing Catholicism over Arianism. This placed him in opposition to the Arian Goths, but secured for him the support of both the established Church and the fading Roman government.

After Clovis

Series of civil wars Ruled by weak

kings for 2 centuries Clovis’ relatives

- incompetent

PresenterPresentation NotesA Merovingian manor house. Built during the 457-75` Merovingian dynasty in Gaul (modern France), the house includes a great court at lower center, surrounded by dwelling-rooms and a portico. A palisade encloses the whole, a wooden tower for defense stands in the center, and farm buildings are the background at right

Charles “the Hammer” Martel

Charles Martel – Mayor of the Palace (rules for King)

Defeated the Spanish Moors (Burgundian) 732 AD at the Battle

of Tours

PresenterPresentation NotesThe Battle of Tours (often called the Battle of Poitiers, but not to be confused with the Battle of Poitiers , 1356 ) was fought on October 25 , 732 732 is also an area code in the state of New Jersey.��EventsOctober 10 - Battle of Tours: Near Poitiers, France, leader of the Franks Charles Martel and his men, defeat a large army of Moors, stopping the Muslims from spreading into Western Europe.�..... Click the link for more information. (October 10, old-style calendar) between forces under the Frank ish leader Charles Martel and an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman. During the battle, the Franks defeated the Islamic army and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The result of this battle stopped the northward advance of Islam from the Iberian peninsula . This battle is considered by most historians to be of macrohistorical importance, in that it may have halted the invasion of Europe by Muslims, and preserved Christianity as the controlling faith, during a period in which Islam was overrunning the remains of the old Roman and Persian Empires. CombatantsFranks, led by Charles Martel. Estimates of his forces vary, but by most accounts were between 15-75,000. Losses according to St. Denis were about 1,500. Muslims, 60-400,000 cavalry , (most likely closer to the lower number) under Abd er Rahman. PreludeThe Muslims in northern Spain had easily overrun Septimania , had set up a capital at Narbonne which they called Arbuna, giving its largely Arian inhabitants honorable terms, and quickly pacified the south and for some years threatened Frankish territories. Duke Eudes of Aquitaine had decisively defeated a major invasion force in 721 at the Battle of Toulouse , but Arab raids continued, in 725 reaching as far as the city of Autun in Burgundy. Threatened by both the Arabs in the south and by the Franks in the north, in 730 Eudes allied himself with Uthman ibn Naissa, called "Munuza" by the Franks, the Berber emir in what would later become Catalonia. As a gage, Uthman was given Eudes's daughter Lampade in marriage to seal the alliance, and Arab raids across the Pyrenees, Eudes' southern border, ceased [1]. ��However, the next year, Uthman rebelled against the governor of al-Andalus, Abd er Rahman. Abd er Rahman quickly crushed the revolt, and next directed his attention against the traitor's former ally, Eudes. According to one unidentified Arab, "That army went through all places like a desolating storm." Duke Eudes (called King by some), collected his army at Bordeaux, but was defeated, and Bordeaux was plundered. The slaughter of christians at the River Garonne was evidently horrific, western chronicles saying "God alone knows the number of the slain." The Muslim horsemen then utterly devasted that portion of Gaul, their own histories saying the "faithful pierced through the mountains, tramples over rough and level ground, plunders far into the country of the Franks, and smites all with the sword, insomuch that when Eudo came to battle with them at the River Garonne, and fled." Eudes appealed to the Franks for assistance, which Charles Martel only granted after Eudes agreed to submit to Frankish authority. In 732, the Arab raiding force was proceeding north toward the River Loire. A possible motive was the riches of the Abbey of Saint Martin of Tours, the most prestigious and holiest shrine in western Europe at the time. Upon hearing this, Austrasian Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel collected his army of an estimated 15,000 - 75,000 veterans, and marched south. LocationDespite the supposedly great importance of this battle, its exact location remains unknown. Most historians assume that the two armies met each other where the rivers Clain and Vienne join between Tours and Poitiers. The battleCharles positioned his army at a place where he expected the Muslim army to pass, at a defensive position. It is possible that his tightly packed infantry, armed with swords, spears and shield formed a phalanx-like formation. According to the Arabian sources they drew up in a large square. Certainly, given the disparity between the armies, in that the Franks were mostly infantry, against mounted, (and in the case of the Arabs) heavily armoured horsemen, Charles Martel fought a brilliant defensive battle. In a place and time of his choosing, he met a far superior force, and defeated it. ��For six days the two armies watched each other, with just minor skirmishes. Neither of them wanted to attack. The Franks were well dressed for the cold, and had the terrain advantage. The Arabs were not as prepared for the intense cold, but did not want to attack what they thought was a numerically superior Frankish army. The fight commenced on the seventh day, as Abd er Rahman did not want to postpone the battle indefinitely. ��Abd er Rahman trusted the numerical superiority of his cavalry, and had them charge repeatedly. This time the faith the Muslims had in their cavalry, armed with their long lances, long swords and spears, which had brought them victory in previous battles, was not justified. ��In one of the rare instances where medieval infantry stood up against cavalry charges, the disciplined Frankish soldiers withstood the assaults, though according to Arab sources, the Arab cavalry several times broke into the interior of the Frankish square. ��For the Frankish soldiers the heavy Saracen cavalry looked invincible: heavily armoured, with even their horses wearing protective armour. It is probable that the numerous Berber cavalry were just lightly armoured. The Franks thus fared much better against the Berber cavalry than against the Saracens. ��According to a Frankish source the battle lasted one day; according to Arab sources two days. When the rumour went through the Arab army that Frankish cavalry threatened the booty they had taken from Bordeaux, many returned to their camp. This, to the majority of the Muslim army, appeared to be a full-scale retreat, and soon it was one. While attempting to stop the retreat, Abd er Rahman became surrounded, which lead to his death, and the Muslims returned to their camp. ��The next day, when the Muslims did not renew the battle, the Franks feared an ambush. Only after extensive reconnaissance by Frankish soldiers of the Muslim camp did it turn out that the Muslims had retreated during the night. AftermathThe Arab army retreated south over the Pyrenees. Charles earned his nickname Martel, meaning hammer, in this battle. He continued to drive the Muslims from France in subsequent years. He would defeat the Moors in battle near the River Berre and the Narbonne. Importance of the battleChristian contemporaries, from Bede to Theophanes carefully recorded the battle and were keen to spell out what they saw as its implications. Later scholars, such as Edward Gibbon, would contend that had Martel fallen, the Moors would have easily conquered an internecine Europe. Gibbon wrote that "A victorious line of march had been prolonged above a thousand miles from the rock of Gibraltar to the banks of the Loire; the repetition of an equal space would have carried the Saracens to the confines of Poland and the Highlands of Scotland; the Rhine is not more impassable than the Nile or Euphrates, and the Arabian fleet might have sailed without a naval combat into the mouth of the Thames. Perhaps the interpretation of the Qur'an would now be taught in the schools of Oxford, and her pulpits might demonstrate to a circumcised people the sanctity and truth of the revelation of Muhammed." Though this is disputed by contemporary historians, it is supported by the references in Islamic histories of the times which refer more to the Franks than any other Christian people save the Byzantines. ��Contemporary Arab historians and chroniclers are much more interested in the Arab defeat at Constantinople in 718. Some contemporary historians argue that had the Arabs actually wished to conquer Europe they could easily have done so. Essentially these historians argue that the Arabs were not interested enough to mount a major invasion, because Northern Europe at that time was considered to be a socially, culturally and economically backward area with little to interest any invaders. But this is disputed by the records of the Islamic raids into India and other non-Muslim states for loot and converts. Given the great wealth in Christian shrines such as the one at Tours, Islamic expansion into that area would have been likely had it not been sharply defeated in 732 by Martel. Further evidence of the importance of this battle lies in Islamic expansion into all other regions of the old Roman Empire. It is not likely Gaul would have been spared save by the strength of Martel's legendary right arm and the loyalty of his veteran Frankish Army. ��Moreover, given the fact that the Arabs own histories of that period make more references to the Franks than any other people save the Byzantines, and the importance they placed on the death of Rahman and the defeat in Gaul, and the subsequent defeat and destruction of Muslim bases in what is now France, it is likely that this battle did have macrohistorical importance in stopping westward Islamic expansion. Gibbons and his generation of historians are probably more correct than the contemporary view that this battle lacked major historical impact. Arab histories written during that period and for the next several centuries make clear that Rahman's defeat and death was regarded, and rightly so, as a catastrophe of major proportions. Their own words record it best: (translated from Arabic) "This deadly defeat of the Moslems, and the loss of the great leader and good cavalier, Abderrahman, took place in the hundred and fifteenth year." This rather plainly puts the lie to those who would lowkey the macrohistorical importance of the Battle of Tours! Had Martel fallen at Tours the long term implications for European Christianity would likely have been devastating.

Charles Martel Battle of Tours-

Stopped Muslim expansion into Christian Europe

Preserved Christianity as the religion of Europe

Pepin the Short or Pepin III

741 = son of Charles Martel becomes Mayor of the Palace when Charles died

751 = Pepin removed the last of the incompetent kings

Set up Papal States which lasted 100 years – The Papal States were territories in

Italy ruled specifically by the Pope

Charlemagne (ruled 768-814)

King of the Franks, son of Pepin Conquered: N Italy, S

Spain, NW Germany, & Czech Republic Expanded Frankish

empire Charlemagne

PresenterPresentation NotesCharlemagne(742-814) Charles the Great King of the Franks from 768-814, was a brillant general, a shrewd statesman, a patron of scholars, and the most dynamic monarch of the Carolingian dynasty. Charlemagne’s armies annexed Saxon territories, crushed the Lombard power in Italy, and championed papal interests. He was crowned emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 and was succeeded by his son Louis in 814. This reliquary sculpture ( a receptacle for preserving sacred relics) was from Charlemagne’s capital at Aachen and was cast after 1349 in gold and silver

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2mWDEL90Iy4

Charlemagne

Crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 as the Holy Roman Emperor

Dangerous precedent: future kings must be accepted by the Catholic Church

Political impact of Charlemagne’s coronation = it signified that Western Europe was now independent from the Byzantine Empire

PresenterPresentation NotesA map of Charlemagne’s empire in 800. The ultimate collapse of the Western Roman Empire was precipitated by the Germanic invasions of the 5th , 6th, and 7th centuries. During that period the Franks under Clovis created a kingdom out of Roman Gaul, 250 years later, Charlemagne inherited the kingdom and immediately proceeded to extend its borders into the southwest and to the east. In recognition of his success and for his own purposes, in 800 Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor, symbolically marking the end of the Roman Empire in the west. This also affirms the existence at that time of a European civilization “the first Europe”

Charlemagne’s Government

Divided the empire into provinces

Nobles administered, but they answered to the king

Missi Dominci- King’s messengers who spied on nobles

PresenterPresentation NotesAlthough limited Charlemagne’s patronage of education produced a Renaissance in Frankish scholarship which helped to preserve documents that would spark a very profound Renaissance 5 centuries later. However, his administrative innovations were only effective when applied by a strong ruler and they failed to take hold.

Charlemagne’s Government

Citizens had to tithe Tithe = to

give 10% of your income to the church or king as taxes

PresenterPresentation NotesThe interior of 8th century Carolingian chapel at Aix-la-Chapelle). This small octagon shaped chapel with it gallery and high altar contains a reputedly miraculous statue of the Virgin. The high altar is adored by an 11th century crucifix and Pala d’Oro, an altar frount embossed with scenes from Christ’s Passion.

Charlemagne’s Education Program

Most people were illiterate

Charlemagne became known as an educational reformer: Set up palace schools for

nobility Monasteries for

religious learning

PresenterPresentation NotesThe Palace Chapel

Breakup of the Carolingian Empire

Louis the Pious – Only surviving legitimate

son of Charlemagne – Weak emperor – Broke up the Carolingian

empire among his 3 sons with the Treaty of Verdun

Upon Louis’s death, his 3 sons fought over the Frankish kingdom

Frankish coronation throne

PresenterPresentation Notes“Charlemagne’s throne” 8th centry. Located in the Carolingian chapel at Aachen (ALC) this throne of plain marble slabs has survived undamaged. Although referred to as “Charlemagne’s throne” it was probably constructed in the 10th century for the coronationof Otto I, which was the first imperial coronation at Aachen. Charlemagne was himself crowned by Pope Leo III at St. Peter’s in Rome on Christmas Day 800. But from Otto’s time until the 16th century, each Holy Roman Emperor was crowned at Aachen.


TREATY OF VERDUN – Split the Empire

between Louis’ 3 sons

– Carolingian Empire ends

PresenterPresentation NotesLothairI (795-855) was the grandson of Charlemagne, the eldest son of Louis the Pious, and Holy Roman emperor from 840 to 855. With the death of Louis, all semblance of unity within the Carolingian empire ended; the realm was divided among the royal brothers. Lothair’s inheritance included the imperial title and a :middle kingdom” stretching from Aachen to Rome, but he soon tried to seiZe the entire kingdom for himself. His brothers defeated him but left Lothair his title. Following Frankish tradition, on his death in 855 his kingdom was divided among his 3 sons; This fine portrait of Lothair exemplifies the powerful and vivid art of the Carolingian renaissance.


Three sons of Louis the Pious divided up the empire

1. Louis – E. part of Germany

2. Charles the Bald – W. part of France

3. Lothair – middle – which included N. Italy

PresenterPresentation NotesA map of Charlemagne’s empire as divided by the 843 Treaty of Verdun. Charlemagne’s only son Louis inherited the empire. Louis had 3 sons who, according to tribal inheritance law, would each get an equal share. Louis tried to prevent the disintegration of the empire by selecting the oldest son , Lothair, to be the sole inheritor. A family war ensued, ending in the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire into 3 sections; the west for Charles the Baled, the center for Lothair, and east for Louis the German. The kingdom of Charles became the foundation of France, and that of Louis, Germany. Othair abdicated, and according to the Frankish inheritance laws his “middle kingdom” was divided among his own thre sons. In time it was further divided among his grandson and great-grandsons. (The”tributary peoples” shown on the map were slavs in the north and Avars in the South

Results of the Treaty of Verdun

Europe would never be united under a single kingdom or empire Development of

multiple nations

Chapter 13, Section 2 Feudalism in Europe

So Many Invasions!

After the Treaty of Verdun: Constant Fighting

– Invasions by Magyars, Muslims and Vikings While the Vikings launched

repeated assaults on W. Europe, causing fear and disruption, they also created trade routes and settlements

Feudalism *The political system that

developed in Europe, which provided the framework that allowed the people to survive the breakdown of central government and order.

*Lasted for 600 to 800 years because the system clearly organized people’s rights and duties

Feudalism

Military and political system based on land ownership and loyalty

The growth of feudalism in Europe during the Middle Ages was primarily due to: – The collapse of strong central

governments – Aristocrats provided some law

and order in exchange for services

Feudalism

System based on mutual obligation – Relationships among groups of

people were clearly defined in social classes because weak national governments lacked the ability to provide law and order

Lord - Noble landowner Fief – a piece of land

granted by the lord

PresenterPresentation NotesThe hierarchy of medieval society: monk, knight, and peasant. Medieval society in its ideal form consisted of three orders; those who fought, those who prayed, and those who worked. Each contributed to the welfare of the other, and the medieval society depended upon all three. This hierarchy became less and less relevant after the expansion and trade and industry, for the new bourgeisie fitted into none of these traditional classes. This isa detail from an illumination in L’mimage du mondei, a late 13th Franco-Flemish work.

Feudalism

Lord – a noble who granted a fief to a vassal in exchange for military protection & other services

Vassal – a peasant or worker who received the fief

Knight – a vassal who defended the lord’s land

Feudalism Serfs – Peasants bound

to the land. *Despite being bound

to the land, their strong Christian faith kept them from leaving the harsh conditions

Could not be sold

Feudalism Serfs (peasants) paid high

taxes & had a harsh life Tithe =10% of income was

given to the church Fiefs were inherited by

the eldest son Effect: Younger sons lived with a relative

or became a clergy member & remained unmarried (undesirable because poor)

Daughters were married off or sent to monasteries to become nuns

Feudal Pyramid

• Society was based on social classes

• European feudal system relied on peasant labor to support other social classes in exchange for

• Protection from invaders

• Settlement of disputes

• Distribution of food

Manor Economy Manor = The lord's estate Agriculture was the major economic factor because of

the availability of arable land Self-sufficient = had to produce everything they

needed on the manor (food, clothes, tools, weapons, etc.)

Three Field System

Divided the field into 3 parts: – One field grew a soil

depleting crop (wheat) – One field grew soil

replenishing crop (beans)

– One field rested

Allowed them to produce more crops

Manor

Manorialism developed as the economic system because of: – The lack of trade – The rise of self-

sufficient communities

PresenterPresentation NotesA prosperous peasant house in a late medieval village, ca 14980. The multi-roomed house and the chimney which came into widespread use only after 1300 are both signs of wealth, as is the adjacent barn. Poor homstead would include a manger as a part of the rooms, since humans and animals lived togther in them. The windmill in the background is another meieval innovation the first windmills appeared about 1180.

Feudalism The lord gave land,

shelter, and protection to serfs in return for work.

Owning land gave power, wealth, and position

Created by J. Kinley The Age of Chivalry

Increased warfare in Europe

Feudal lords were forced to defend their manor. Knights were rewarded with fiefs

Warriors on Horseback

• Mounted knights called cavalry was the most important

part of the army. • Saddles & stirrups:

important technology for mounted warfare.

Knight’s Code of Chivalry

Chivalry= a religious, moral, and social code of conduct

Knight’s Code of Chivalry

1. Fight bravely 2. Devote yourself

to feudal lord, heavenly Lord, & your chosen lady.

3. Be loyal, brave, & courteous

Castles Stone castles were encircled

by massive walls and guard towers

A castle was the home of the lord and lady, their family, knights, and servants

It was a fortress designed for defense

*“The development, architecture and building of these great fortresses changed as time progresses, influenced by important historical events such as the Crusades and technology of siege warfare”

Role of Women

The Church viewed women as inferior to men, and were expected to be obedient to men.

Noble women could inherit land from their husbands

When the husband was off to war, the woman could run the castle But women could not receive land as a reward in

exchange for military service

Germanic Kingdoms Unite Under CharlemagneWarmupMedieval EuropeBarbaric (Germanic) Invasions ResultsBarbaric (Germanic) Invasions ResultsBarbaric (Germanic) Invasions ResultsMerovingian KingdomFrankish KingdomSlide Number 9After ClovisCharles “the Hammer” MartelCharles MartelPepin the Short or Pepin IIICharlemagne (ruled 768-814)CharlemagneCharlemagne’s GovernmentCharlemagne’s GovernmentCharlemagne’s �Education ProgramBreakup of the Carolingian EmpireBreakup of the Carolingian EmpireBreakup of the Carolingian EmpireSlide Number 22Results of the Treaty of VerdunChapter 13, Section 2�Feudalism in Europe�So Many Invasions!FeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudalismFeudal Pyramid Manor EconomyThree Field SystemManorFeudalismThe Age of ChivalryIncreased warfare in EuropeWarriors on HorsebackKnight’s Code of ChivalryKnight’s Code of ChivalryCastlesRole of Women

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