Good Morning!!!

1. NVC

2. Wrap up Treaty of Versailles

3. Post-WWI Art and Culture

Essential Question: How did people view the world post-WWI?

Treaty of Versailles Major Provisions

• Punishment of Germany– required to admit total

blame for World War I– Required to pay the total

cost of World War I– Army limited in size, air

force and navy abolished– Colonial possessions

divided among the allies

Treaty of Versailles Major Provisions

• Other Territorial Changes– Austria-Hungary Empire

divided into four different nations (Austria, Hungary, Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia)

– Five other nations established along Germany’s borders

Treaty of Versailles Major Provisions

• League of Nations established– International

peacekeeping organization

– Created to mediate disputes between countries

– Member countries required to assist each other in stopping aggression

Issues NOT covered• Secret treaties NOT

eliminated• Rights of neutrals at sea

NOT addressed• Free trade NOT addressed• Colonies NOT given

independence• No country besides

Germany was required to reduce size of army/armaments

U.S. refuses to ratify• U.S. Congress refuses to

accept the Treaty of Versailles

• Problem: The League of Nations– Worried the League would

take away Congress’ power to DECLARE WAR

– Congress did not want U.S. getting dragged into wars

– Without U.S., League loses most of its power

German Reactions

“May the hand rot that signs this treaty”– German Chancellor Schiedemann, who resigned rather than sign the Treaty of Versailles

German Reactions “The demands go beyond the power of the German

Nation to deal with. We know the hate we are encountering here, and we have heard the passionate demand of the victors, who require us, the defeated, to pay the bill and plan to punish us as the guilty party. We are asked to confess as the sole culprits; in my view, such a confession would be a lie. We emphatically deny that the people of Germany, who were convinced that they were waging a war of defense, should be burdened with the sole guilt of that war.”– Count Brockorff-Rantzau

German Reactions

“Only childish and naïve minds can believe that they can correct the Versailles treaty by begging and pleading. No nation can remove this hand from its throat except by the sword. Only the concentrated might of a national passion, rearing up in its strength, can defy this attempt to enslave the German people”– Adolf Hitler

Aftermath of WWI

• The Cost of War– Over 16 million dead– Britain 4.4 Billion dollars

in debt to U.S.– France 8 Billion dollars in

debt to U.S.– Germany 38 Billion dollars

in debt to Europe• Would take nearly a

century to pay off

• The world “lost its innocence”

Burned into Cultural Memory

“A generation of innocent young men, their heads full of high ideals like Honor, Glory and England, went off to war to make the world safe for democracy. They were slaughtered in stupid battles planned by stupid generals. Those who survived were shocked, disillusioned and embittered by their war experiences, and saw that their real enemies were not the Germans, but the old men at home who had lied to them. They rejected the values of the society that had sent them to war, and in doing so separated their own generation from the past and from their cultural inheritance”

-- Samuel Hynes

A Changing Society1885 1919

A Changing Society

1873 1921

A Changing Society

1913 1927

A Changing Society

1890“Grow old along with me! The best is yet to be, The last of life, for which the first was made: Our times are in his hand Who saith, “A whole I planned, Youth shows but half: trust God: see all, nor be afraid!”—Robert Browning

1922“Life is so damned hard, so damned hard... It just hurts people and hurts people, until finally it hurts them so that they can't be hurt ever any more. That's the last and worst thing it does.”—F. Scott Fitzgerald

Artists Rebel

• Dadaism: bold colors and distorted images• Cubism: sharp angles and edges, images

appear broken– Pablo Picasso

• Surrealism: eerie, unrealistic, and dream-like– Salvador Dali

• Existentialism– “The Lost Generation”