Labor Strife in the Post WWI Era Seattle General Strike

Seattle General Strike of 1919 25,500 shipyard workers began a strike in

Seattle. Metal Trades Council was seeking to

maintain $1 an hour for its skilled workers. Feb. 6, 1919, most union men and women

walked off their jobs. Seattle mayor Ole Hanson used troops to

crush the strike and became a national hero except among union workers.

Labor Unrest after WWI Other major strikes occurred in the

Steel and Coal industries. Boston Police Strike caused upheaval in

Massachusetts until Governor Calvin Coolidge called in the National Guard; fame gained him Vice-Presidential nomination in 1920.

Boston Police Strike September 1919 Boston Police wanted

higher pay. The Commissioner fired 19 men for trying to organize a union.

When strike began riots broke out, citizens were afraid because they had no protection.

Governor Coolidge said the strike was a threat to public safety and broke it up by sending in the National Guard.

Governor Calvin Coolidge of Massachusetts

Red Scare The Russian government was overthrown in

1917 by Lenin and the Bolsheviks or Reds. Americans feared the spread of communist

ideas to America by immigrants. terrorists incidents increased their anxiety;

these attacks included bombings.

Red Scare

One bomb exploded in New York City and killed 38 people and injured 100.

Attorney General Palmer seized more than 6000 people and deported about 550.

None of these investigations uncovered a plot to overthrow the government.

Literary Digest, 7/5/19. political cartoon on Red Scare

http://newman.baruch.cuny.edu/digital/redscare/HTMLCODE/CHRON/RS017.HTM

Attorney General Palmer

Immigration Restriction

Immigration Act of 1921 3% quota for each nationality 1910 census used as the base

National Origins Act of 1924 2% quota created tighter limits 1890 census used as the base to limit

numbers of “new” immigrants from southern and eastern Europe.

Immigrant family at Ellis Island

National Origin Acts, 1924, 1929

Acts established by Congress that put severe limits on new immigration.

Limited # of immigrants to 150,000 per year by 1929.

Favored immigrants from Great Britain; attempt to preserved demographic “status quo” by limiting “undesirable” groups.

Foreign born % went from 13% to 4.7% in 50 years.

Margaret Sanger

http://www.ms.edu/course/mc/112/1920s/Sanger/index.html

Margaret Sanger

Younger generation of the 1920s was more open about sex.

Contraception question for poor married women. (few had knowledge of or access to birth control).

Concerned about impoverished women and number of children they had.

Margaret Sanger

Published pamphlets about birth control to inform women.

By distributing these she disobeyed the Comstock Act of 1873.

Constantly in trouble with the law. 1921- founded American Birth

Control League.

Margaret Sanger

1923- founded a research center. By 1930’s her works were no longer

considered as radical. Not until the 1960’s did the Supreme

Court issue a ruling citing the right to privacy as a Constitutional foundation for allowing the use of contraceptives.

The League of Women Voters

http://pppl.tblc.lib.fl.us/league/ABOUT.HTML

League of Women Voters

founded in 1920 at Chicago convention of the National American Women Suffrage Association at the time of the ratification of the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote.

“Winning the vote is only an opening wedge...but to learn to use it is a bigger task.” Carrie Chapman Catt, Founder of the League of Women Voters.

League of Women Voters

League members began attending and observing city council, county commission, and school board meetings on a regular basis.

League eventually established local chapters in all 50 states with tens of thousands of members

http://www.lwv.org/feats.html

Alice Paul, Women’s Rights Leader

http://lonestar.texas.net/~efdietz/stamps/apaul.htm

Alice Paul

Ph.D. from U Penn in social work One of the first American leaders of the

equal rights movement for women. dynamic, fanatical, and militant person. 1913 founded National Women’s Party.

Alice Paul

campaigned for equal rights amendment

the Party’s goals:disarmament, an end to child labor, and liberalized birth control laws.

supported protective legislation governing the hours and working conditions of women.

Alice Paul

Main goal: full social equality. 1938 Alice submitted first version of

Equal Rights Amendment to Congress.

“mother” of the amendment. 1938 founded World Women’s Party.

World Book Encyclopedia and Academic American Encyclopedia

“Roaring 20s,” Jazz Age Power Point Project by Mr. Houston’s

American History Students to be used for test preparation at Harwich High School.

Sources include websites, Grolier’s Multimedia Encyclopaedia, University of Virginia election maps, and other sources cited in the slides.

http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/ pp/20s/index.htm

D.W Griffith D.W Griffith is considered the most

important innovator in motion picture history.

Under his direction the camera was no longer operated from a fixed position, but was moved freely and was used from varying angles, and different distances from the action.

Compton’s Encyclopaedia

D.W Griffith He was the first to use film editing, and

cross-cutting between separate scenes. Griffith is also famous for his close-up

shot, and his long, panning, and sweeping shots; led technical and artistic movement in film.

Griffith’s greatest film is “The Birth of a Nation” (1915)

The Birth of a Nation

Produced in 1915, The Birth of a Nation was Griffith’s most famous film.

Based on Thomas Dixon Jr.’s anti-black play, The Clansman.

It was a controversial, explicitly racist, landmark American film.

The play is still used today as a recruitment piece for Klan membership.

The Birth of a Nation

http://www.filmsite.org/birt.html

D.W Griffith

In his early years he was actually ashamed of being a movie producer because he wanted to be a playwright.

He angered black and white liberals with his controversial theme in “Birth of a Nation.”

Along with Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin he founded United Artists, but sold his share in 1933.

The end of Griffith’s career

In the end Griffith didn’t have enough money to run large motion pictures. His business then became unsuccessful.

Griffith gave our motion picture industry a whole new perspective.

Without his expertise we would not have films and movies like we do today.

Charlie Chaplin

British born (1889-1977). Silent Film Star, Comic Genius, Producer. Elevated Silent Film to Art Form in 1920’s. Poked fun at High Society, yet films had a

universal appeal to both rich and poor. Lived in poverty in England; developed

Tramp character in pictures.

Colliers Encyclopedia America in 20th cent.

Charlie Chaplin

http://us.imdb.com/Title?Modern+Times+(1936)

Charlie Chaplin

http://us.imdb.com/Title?Great+Dictator,+The+(1940)

Charlie Chaplin

http://www.silent-movies.com/Gents/ChaplinCChaplin07.jpg

The Jazz Singer

Warner Bros. Production of 1927 Stared Al Jolson based on Sampson Raphaelson's

1922 short story, "The Day of Atonement.”

Link to video clip:

http://www.jolson.org/

The Jazz Singer

The film, a tale of popular music and of intergenerational conflict among Jewish immigrants, was one of the earliest to use synchronous sound (via the Vitaphone system).

www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~nick/e309/texts/jazzsinger/jazzsinger/html

The Jazz Singer only a few scenes

with recorded dialogue.

musical score including sources such as Tchaikovsky, traditional Hebrew music and popular ballads.

www.filmsite.org/jazz.html

Babe Ruth and the Rise of Professional Sports in the 1920shttp://www.baberuth.com/

Babe Ruth The greatest player of all-time and

an American legend; Ruth was one of the first five players inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1936.

Symbol of the Rise of Professional Sports and Mass Entertainment

http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/amex/lindbergh/

Charles Lindbergh

CHARLES LINDBERGH

Made the first solo nonstop flight over Atlantic May 20-21, 1927.

this gained him immediate international fame ; “Lucky Lindy” and “Lone Eagle” were his nicknames.

25,000 dollars was offered to whoever did it first.

Henry Ford’s Model T leads the US into the Age of the Automobile

Henry Ford

Ford Motor Corp. incorporated in 1903; Model T introduced in 1908.

1913, introduction of moving assembly line.

1918, half the cars in America were Model T’s.

The assembly line reduced the time of production per vehicle; also reduced the cost.

http://www.hfmgv.org/histories/hf/henry.html

Henry Ford

Ford Motor Company became the largest manufacturer in the world.

By 1927 more than 15 million Model T’s had been sold.

GM Corporation eventually took the lead in auto sales.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

1856-1915 Born in Germantown,

Pennsylvania. American engineer and

efficiency expert. Laborer at Midvale

Steel Works.

Frederick Winslow Taylor

He organized and systemized factory work.

Best known part of his system is the “time and motion” study.

Published scientific management in 1911 and the entire efficiency movement was often called Taylorism.

Armory Show of Modern Art in New York, 1913, sample of work by Robert Henri, an organizer

Armory Show, 1913

Photo of Main Gallery http://etext.virginia.edu/railton/enam312/decades

/190508.jpg

1600 works in 69th Regiment Armory, NY Controversy over “Nude Descending a

Staircase” by Marcel Duchamps Promoted Fauvism, Cubism, Dadaism, Abstract

Art, and Ash Can School

Scopes Trial

1925; Dayton, Tennessee. John T. Scopes- high school

biology teacher. taught Darwinian evolution;

accused of violating Butler Act.

Butler Act Did not allow teaching the theory of

evolution in public schools. Evolution did not correspond with

the teachings of the Bible and therefore was forbidden.

William Jennings Bryan supported the prosecutors.

Monkey Trial

Scopes trial referred to as “Monkey Trial.”

Called Monkey Trial because common descriptions said evolution “proved” humans descended from apes.

http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/scopes/scopes.htm

Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan

Clarence Darrow criminal lawyer; was on the defense. said scientifically the theory of evolution

was valid. felt Butler Act was unconstitutional. did not deny that Scopes violated the

Act; grilling of Bryan on the stand raised questions about the prosecution.

Scopes Trial Scopes found guilty. fined $100. In 1967 Butler Act was eliminated. Evolution now taught in most high

school biology classes. Supreme Court placed limits on teaching of “creationism.”

Destroying bootleg alcohol during Prohibition

Al Capone, dominant gangster during Prohibition

Ku Klux Klan revived in the 1920s

Ku Klux Klan

Original goal of ending Radical Republican Reconstruction in 1860s.

Whites formed secret terror organizations; faded out in late 1800s.

Revived KKK in 1920s targeted immigrants, Catholics, and Jews as well as African-Americans; 1923 Klan had 4 million members.

Ku Klux Klan

KKK became political force in Texas, Oregon, Georgia, Oklahoma, Alabama, and Indiana.

Race Riots and Lynchings expanded in the 1920s as well.

KKK decline began in late 1920s because of financial scandals.

Sacco and Vanzetti

Sacco and Vanzetti

Accused of murder in S. Braintree. Tried and found guilty, sentenced to

execution. Many protesters for them and against

them. Questions raised about fairness of trial because of their radical beliefs.

Finally executed in 1927. Later their names were cleared by Governor Michael Dukakis.

Sacco&Vanzetti Protest

The Lost Generation

Literary Movement of 1920s; term coined by Gertrude Stein

referred to American literary expatriates and the disillusioned, alienated literature of 1920s

http://www.columbia.edu/acis/bartleby/stein/

Ernest Hemmingway

Born July 21, 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois

Famous novelist He was wounded in

Europe during WWI “The Sun Also Rises,”

“Farewell to Arms,” “Old Man and the Sea”

http://www.lostgeneration.com/hembio.html

William Faulkner William Faulkner was

a famous American writer of the 1920s and 1930s; won Pulitzer and Nobel Prizes

Born in Albany, Mississippi in 1897 and most of his novels focus on realistic portrayal of rural South. “The Sound and the Fury,” “As I Lay Dying”

http://www.mcsr.olemiss.edu/~egjbp/faulkner/faulkner.html

Sinclair Lewis

http://www.ilstu.edu/~separry/lewisbio.html

Sinclair Lewis

American Novelist born in 1885 His work in the 1920’s contributed to a

new honesty in the treatment of American life.

In 1930 won the Nobel Prize for literature. Elmer Gantry (1927), Main Street (1920),

Babbit (1922) All portrayed realistic scenes of everyday

American life

F. Scott Fitzgerald, author of “The Great Gatsby”, symbol of the age.

http://www.ci.rockville.md.us/fitzgerald/fsfmain.htm

Harlem Renaissance

1920-Black Literature began to flourish in Harlem, NYC.

Movement became known as Harlem Renaissance.

Major writers: Sterling A. Brown, Countee Cullen, Jessie Redmon Fauset, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston, James Weldon Johnson, Alain Locke, Claude McKay, and Jean Toomer.

Harlem Renaissance

Black writer’s flourished in Harlem. Short stories, sketches, poetry, and plays. Satirists, Realist Fiction, and Drama. Residential overcrowding increased in

Harlem. Caused a vicious circle of unemployment

and residential mobility.

Langston HughesLangston Hughes, a primary voice of the Harlem Renaissancein the 1920's, was knownas "The Poet Laureate of Harlem"

http://www.sdcoe.k12.ca.us/score/langhu/langhutg.html

Harlem

Renaissance Poet, Langston Hughes

Zora Neale Hurston

African-AmericanNovelist.Most Famous Book:“Their Eyes Were Watching God.”

Marcus Garvey

http://www.jamweb.com/marcus.htm

Marcus Garvey

Born in Jamaica, 1887 Black leader who started a “Back to Africa”

movement in the US in 1916. Believed blacks would never get justice in

countries with mostly whites. Preached that blacks should consider

Africa their homeland.

Marcus Garvey

http://www.boomshaka.com/garvey.html

Marcus Garvey

Supporters sent him thousands of dollars, with this money he used to set up all black businesses.

In 1925 he was convicted of mail fraud in connection with his sale of stock.

In 1927 he was released from prison and returned to Jamaica.

The Battle Hymn of Africa, 1927

“Africa's sun is shining above the horizon clear, The day for us is rising, for black men far and near; Our God is in the front line, the heav'nly batallion leads, Onward, make your banners shine, ye men of noble deeds. There's a flag we love so well- The red, the black and green, Greatest emblem tongues can tell, The brightest ever seen….”

Marcus Garvey

http://www.boomshaka.com/garvey/battle.html

Early Jazz

Jazz signifies a tradition of African-American music that began as a folk music.

Sources: work chants, spirituals, and folk music of black Americans.

The earliest jazz musicians also drew upon marches, opera arias, popular songs, ragtime, and blues.

Buddy Bolden

First improvising jazz musician was Buddy Bolden

Played for dancers Marched in parades Three major jazz centers: New

Orleans, Chicago, and New York City

Buddy Bolden Band

http://www.redhotjazz.com/buddyinfo.html

Jazz Band Members

1 or 2 coronet players

clarinetist trombonist rhythm section piano, banjo, string

bass or tuba, and drums

horns

Famous Jazz Musicians

Johnny Dodds, clarinetist. Sidney Bechet, clarinetist-soprano

saxophonist, worked with Ellington. King Oliver, coronetist. Louis Armstrong, great horn/trumpet

player.

Jelly Roll Morton’s, Muddy Water Blues

http://www.redhotjazz.com/jellyroll.html

Johnny Dodds’ Blue Piano Stomp

http://www.redhotjazz.com/jdodds.html

King Oliver, coronetist

http://www.redhotjazz.com/kingo.html

http://www.enmu.edu/~daym/mus103/louis_a.htm

Louis Armstrong

http://www.redhotjazz.com/louie.html

Jazz Roots

The first jazz record was made in 1917 by the Original Dixieland Jass Band.

Big band jazz was first played in ballrooms and in theaters of New York.

Big band jazz was smoother, with lighter rhythms, but no less exciting than Dixieland.

Duke Ellington

http://topaz.kenyon.edu/projects/neh/music/duke/duke.htm

“The HellFighters”

After WWI, Victory Records signed black veterans of military band.

Came home from the War with their own songs.

Became popular in France.

President WarrenG. Harding, 1921-23

Return to “Normalcy”

WARREN G. HARDING "America's present need is not

heroics, but healing; not nostrums, but normalcy; not revolution, but restoration; not agitation, but adjustment; not surgery, but serenity; not the dramatic, but the dispassionate; not experiment, but equipoise; not submergence in internationality, but sustainment in triumphant nationality...."

Andrew Mellon, Secretary of the Treasury for Harding and Coolidge

http://www.mellon.org/awmf.html

Teapot Dome Scandal

Occurred during the Administration of President Warren G. Harding.

Secretary of the Interior Albert B. Fall persuaded Harding to the transfer control of three naval oil reserves from the Department of the Navy to the Department of the Interior in1921.

Teapot Dome Scandal

Fall leased the reserves at Elk Hills, CA and Teapot Dome, WY to private oil companies.

In 1927 the government sued to cancel the leases. In 1929 Fall was convicted of accepting a bribe, fined $100,000 and sentenced one year in prison.

“Roaring 20s,” Jazz Age Power Point Project by Mr. Houston’s

American History Students to be used for test preparation at Harwich High School

Sources include websites, Grolier’s Multimedia Encyclopaedia, University of Virginia election maps, and other sources cited in the slides

http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/ pp/20s/index.htm

Washington Naval Conference

http://history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-b/ca3.htm

Washington Naval Conference

November, 1921--Secretary of State, Charles Evans Hughes organized a conference in Washington, D.C. China, Japan and European powers all attended.

Expected to keep China open to all commerce.

February, 1922--three major treaties had been drawn up.

The Five-Power Treaty

US, Great Britain, Japan, France and Italy

agreed to cease battleship production for ten years.

Reduce fleet of capital ships to a fixed ratio(5:5:3:1.7:1.7)

expected to produce a balance of forces in the Pacific

The Four-Power Treaty

US, Great Britain, France and Japan. intended to respect interests of others

in Pacific Islands. notify in event that any other country

launches an attack in area. no promises were made to help or

restrain own freedom of action.

The Nine-Power Treaty

All conferees signed. China’s independence was

guaranteed. maintained an Open Door Policy

(trade in China). US regains moral influence lost by not

joining League of Nations. The American Nation; John A. Garraty

President Calvin Coolidge, 1923-29

Election of 1924

Calvin Coolidge took over in 1923 after Harding’s death.

He was elected in 1924 to a full 4 year term. Coolidge defeated Democrat John Davis and Progressive Robert LaFollette.

http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1924.gif

Coolidge-greenDavis-blueLaFollette-brown

Calvin Coolidge

“The business of America is business.” vetoes McNary-Haugen farm bill. Laissez-faire philosophy “Silent Cal.”

“Roaring 20s,” Jazz Age Power Point Project by Mr. Houston’s

American History Students to be used for test preparation at Harwich High School.

Sources include websites, Grolier’s Multimedia Encyclopaedia, University of Virginia election maps, and other sources cited in the slides.

http://www.harwich.edu/depts/history/ pp/20s/index.htm

Election of 1928

Herbert Hoover was nominated on the first ballot at the Republican convention in Kansas City.

Alfred Smith was nominated by the Democrats at their convention in Houston on the second ballot. Smith was the first Roman Catholic to run for the presidency.

The major issues in the campaign were religion and prohibition. Attacks were made against Smith, claiming that if elected he would make Catholicism the national religion

Hoover went on to an overwhelming victory.

“America and the fine election of 1928”

Republican Candidate

in 1928 Herbert Hoover

1928 Democratic Candidate Al Smith on the

left

Al Smith & campaign chairman

http://us.history.wisc.edu/hist102/photos/html/1091.html

http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1928.gif

http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1928.gif

Hoover-greenSmith-blue

Election of 1928 Coolidge decided not to run for reelection

Republicans nominated Secretary of

Commerce Herbert Hoover.

Democrats nominated NY Governor Al Smith.

Smith was Catholic, Hoover was a Quaker.

Smith was a “wet”, Hoover supported

prohibition, “dry.”

http://www.whitehouse.gov/WH/glimpse/presidents/html/hh31.html

Hoover defeats

Smith in 1928

election; Electoral

college 444-87;

Popular vote 21.4

million to 14

million.

PresidentHerbert Hooverhttp://www.whitehouse.gov/

Promoter of “Rugged Individualism”

Stock Market Crash of 1929

During the mid 1920s, the market went under massive expansion reaching a relatively high peak in August 1929.

October 24th “Black Thursday”- prices began to decline rapidly and a record of 12,894,650 shares were traded.

Causes: Land speculation, stock margins, many investors sold their stocks, and margin calls.

“Black Days of 1929”

October 28th “Black Monday”- Many major investment companies and banks all brought up large amounts of stock to stabilize the market but their idea failed.

October 29th “Black Tuesday” - All shares were traded and the prices on the market collapsed completely

http://www.britannica.com/frm_redir.jsp?query=stock+market+crash+of+1929&redir=http://www.arts.unimelb.edu.au/amu/ucr/student/1997/Yee/1929.htm

Reconstruction Finance Corp.

*Created in 1932 by the Herbert Hoover administration.*Its purpose was to lend money to the depression. It started out lending only to financial, industrial, and agricultural institutions.* It financed war plants, gave foreign governments loans and provided protection against war and disaster damages.

http://www.hooverassoc.org/

Herbert Hoover, creator of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation.

Reconstruction Finance Corp.

* In 1939 the RFC merged with other agencies to form the Federal Loan Agency and Jesse Jones, who ran the RFC was named the federal loan administrator.

Manchuria Crisis leads to Stimson Doctrine, 1931

Stimson Doctrine, 1931

Bonus March

Bonus March

Of the million men hoped by the March’s organizers would attend, barely 20,000 managed to scrape together depression-era bus and train fare…many arrived by horse and mule-drawn plywood shanties.

On July 28, 1932 two Bonus Marchers were shoot by police, and the entire mob became hostile and riotous.

Bonus March

http://hal.calc.k12.la.us/~hssstud/bonusarmy.htm

Bonus March

http://members.aol.com/vetsofamer/bonus2.htm

Bonus March, 1932 Unemployed

veterans demand Bonus money from WWI.

Hoover orders MacArthur to drive protestors out of DC.

Franklin Roosevelt defeats Hoover in 1932 election

Public turned against Hoover despite the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and relief efforts by the President.

Bonus Army fallout also hurt Hoover’s image; shacks of homeless nicknamed “Hoovervilles.”

Roosevelt calls for “New Deal” and bold action.

Roosevelt-blueHoover-green

http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/elections/maps/1928.gif