gustav holst!s savitri elucidated scott alan landvatter
TRANSCRIPT
GUSTAV H O L S T !S SAVITRI ELUCIDATED
EY HINDU THOUGHT
Scott Alan Landvatter
A thesis submitted to the faculty of The University of Utah
partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Music
Department of Music
The University of Utah
December 1984
C o p y r i g h t © 1984. Scott Alan Landvatter
All Rights Reserved
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Chairman: ^ M arga re t Rorke
f r a y > 7
(j Bruce R e ich
A / / / / W --------------------Jay Welch
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style are consistent and acceptable; (2) its illustrative materials including figures,
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Supervisory Committee and is ready for submission to the Graduate School.
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^ f Edgar ThompsonChairperson
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ABSTRACT
Gustav Holst, throughout his life manifesting a rather mystic
penchant, was, in his early career, quite taken with Hindu writings?
it was as a result of his studies in Sanskrit that his chamber opera
Savitri, Opus 25, emerged in 1908. Based on a story in the Mahabha-
rata, the one act opera tells of a devoted wife (Savitri) who, through
unusual fortitude and pointed acumen, releases her husband (Satyavan)
from the supposedly irrevocable call of Death.
While a detailed analysis of the work is fascinating in and of
itselff disclosing important attributes of Holst*s compositional ap
proach at a turning point in his creative life, such an analysis be
comes much more valid when it sheds light on the aesthetic, artistic,
and, in this instance, spiritual meaning of the piece. This is the
purpose of the analysis undertaken for this study. Here, musical
sounds become symbols for ideas and broad philosophical concepts.
Motifs, themes, key and pitch areas, specific vertical harmonies,
the use of choral parts and instrumental writing— all these serve
to vitalize Savitri, Satyavan, and Death, revealing the three char
acters, not as isolated physical entities, but rather as symbols
themselves, paradigmatic representations of otherwise ineffable con
ceptions.
As H o l s t 1s opera successfully renders each character real and
a c c e s s i b l e to the listener, it thoroughly identifies them, distin
guishing them musically from one another. Yet, just as Hindu scrip-
ture itself, the opera functions simultaneously on numerous levels.
For as the music stylistically demarcates the dramatic personalities,
it also unites them, a close theoretical scrutiny showing that, for
all their differences, Savitri, Satyavan, Death, and even Maya, the
goddess of illusion, are one and the same. Certainly, one of the
most important aspects of Hindu thought is the notion of unity, of
all divergencies being mere extensions of one omnipresence. And in
Hindu belief it is m a n fs eventual ability to recognize the mislead
ing sway of seeming opposition and polarity that admits him at last
into eternity and truth.
Such is the message of Holst's opera, a message that, for all
its transcendence, is completely demonstratable in theoretical anal
ysis, an approach which could be no more tangible and concrete. And
by the concreteness of just such a cerebral approach, one validates
not only H o l s t !s ideas concerning his opera, but also his overall
notions as regards the arts in general: Art is at once physical and
incorporeal, for in actuality any presumed division between the spir
itual and the earthly is unreal, all is and must be one.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
General Background ...........
The Tale of Savitri from the Mahabharata ....Holst's Libretto ............ .Hindu Background for H o l s t fs Opera ...........
Maya ...................... .
Unity ......................Summary ....................... .Notes ....................... .
THE ANALYSIS ....................... .
Satyavan the VictimThe Mirror and the Nameless Unknown ..........Maya— The Veil of Illusion .,The Circle of Death ......Death Becomes F l e s h ........ .Savitrifs L u l l a b y ........... .Death and Love— Holiness andDeath the Blessed God ...... ,Savitri1s Song for Life .
CONCLUSION ..........................,
The Character Complex ...... .
Illusion or Reality ........ .
The Pathway ....................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
General Background
The collection of books found in Holst's London studio after
his death in 1934- reveals an interest in several subjects outside
music. It was a small assortment, though, and suggests also that
he was not inclined toward building any sort of personal library.
As his daughter wrote of him, "He had read a good deal during his
life, but he had never owned a library, for books were things that
1were either borrowed or given away . 11 Any volumes which he did
choose to keep, then, must have been important to him and, as such,
would offer some insights into his personal tastes and beliefs.
One particular text, stacked among the novels of Hardy, translations
of Greek plays, editions of English poetry and the like, was a copy
of the Upanishads, one of the important bodies of Hindu sacred
writing.
Holst's interest in Hinduism began in 1899, when he was first
exposed to English translations of Sanskrit literature. He was twenty-
five at the time. These writings, perhaps above all others, were to
play an important role in his artistic and philosophical development,
and in time became the fundamental material for a number of his com
positions, Those writings which most attracted him in those early
years were the poetic hymns from the Rig V e d a , the oldest of Hindu
scripture, and the Bhagavad Gi t a , the epic tale of Krishna and Ar-
juna, the warrior.
The collective philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita, especially
as understood by Holst and thusly manifest in his temperament, is
aptly capsualized in the words of his daughter: "The wise man, ac
cording to the ‘Bhagavad Gi t a 1, is fearless, and free from vanity,
egoism, impatience, and the dread of failure. He is indifferent
to worldly ambition: he is just, pure, impartial, and ready to do
whatever work is given him, without complaint and without any hope
of reward. He never finds fault with others, he is not jealous, and
he is unmoved by good or evil fortune. He is the same in friendship
as in hatred, and in pleasure as in pain. He cares nothing for prop
erty, and he has no particular home. Praise and blame are alike to
him, and he never speaks unnecessarily. And he has reached under-
2standing by long study and contemplation.M
Holst never did claim attachment to any specific religion.
But, he absorbed the precepts of Eastern thought with the honest
enthusiasm and conviction for which he was well known. To him this
was no mere esoteric, metaphysical fancy. It was a way of life, an
approach to existence which was ever expanding in his thought and
3which was forever apparent in the way he chose to live.
Within time Holst became dissatisfied with the available trans
lations of the great Hindu works. He had desired to set some of the
writings to music but found English renditions awkward and ill-suited
for the task. Thus began his studies of Sanskrit, an endeavor that
placed him as a student in the School of Oriental Languages in L on
don. He never became fluent, but firmly acknowledged that reading
2
in the original, even if laboriously done, afforded him a more thor
ough understanding of the works. In addition, his labors did bear
fruit musically; he wrote four sets of choral hymns and an early
group of solo hymns using his own translations from the Rig Veda.
He also wrote his own libretto to his early opera, Sita, a roman
tic drama based on the wondrous tale of Prince Rama and his remark
able wife, Sita, a story taken from the Indian epic, The Ramayana.
Sita was begun in 1900 and completed seven years later after
innumerable hours of painstaking work and consideration. His close
friend, Ralph Vaughan-Williams, had faithfully given musical sugges
tions, and other friends had helped with the notation and copying.
Thus, when he entered the piece in 1908 in the Ricordi Opera Compe
tition and failed to win the prize, he was devastated. In later
years he was to recognize the style of Sita as overly Wagnerian,
lavish and quite uncharacteristic of his own musical voice. Still,
at the time, the opera’s defeat was humiliating. He put the manu
script away, never to be published or performed.^
Holst's next attempt at opera was in 1908, when he composed
Savitri, his opus 25. Savitri, too, was based on a story taken from
Sanskrit and, like Sita, its libretto was written by the composer.
The musical approach, however, was entirely different. While the
three-act Sita was opera on a grand scale, Savitri was composed
of one continuous act lasting only about thirty minutes. Holst
himself referred to the work as 1 opera di camera*, and its short
length as well as its minimal resources support the appropriateness
of such a designation. There are only three soloists. The w o m e n’s
chorus, which has no real dramatic significance and remains hidden
3
k
throughout, is only used for its timbral effect. The orchestra,
also hidden, is not a true orchestra at all, but rather a small en
semble consisting of a double string quartet, a contra-bass, two
flutes, and an English horn. As Holst states that the work can be
performed with or without a curtain and may even be played out-of-
doors, it would follow that staging and costuming will most likely
be unelaborate. The set, if the work is done outside, requires only
one prop, a pathway running through a wood.
The composer based his libretto for Savitri on a story found
in the Aranyakaparvan, or The Book of the Forest, the third major
section in the large Indian epic, The Mahabharata. It is interest
ing that each particular body of Hindu scripture displays a singular
quality or religious tone which characterizes it from other Hindu
scriptures. And that quality peculiar to The Mahabharata as a whole
seems to be one of greater accessibility and practicality, in con
trast to, say, the Upanishads, where concepts can be highly abstract
and often incomprehensible to an inexperienced reader. Thus it is
that broad principles of truth and being are frequently personified
in The Mahabharata. Here, they assume the outlines of a concrete
mythology wherein one encounters distinct gods and goddesses, priests
and holy men, royalty and nobility, and other mortals and even ani
mals representing varying levels of purification and awareness.
And as The Mahabharata is constructed as a magnificent epic, the
lessons it teaches take on the form of tales and parables. The
story of Savitri is one such tale, and though Holst altered some
of its details in his rendering, it will be useful here to recount
the original
The Tale of Savltri frorr. The Mahabharata
There was once a great and noble ruler, a devout and mighty
observer of the sacred Law. He was wise and benevolent, and known
by all who loved him as Asvapati, King of the Madras, one who had
been blessed with much understanding and upon whom the gods had
looked kindly. Yet, there was a misfortune which cast a shadow
over his household; he was without progeny. Realizing that he could
not fulfill the Law without heirs, he took upon himself special vows
including the recitation of the savitri formula^ and the performing
of oblations daily to appease the gods— all that he may be blessed
with a child.
This Asvapati did for eighteen years, at which time the god
dess Savitri, daughter of the Sun, visited the King and granted his
wish. Time passed and Asvapati1s first Queen gave birth to a comely
daughter, justly named Savitri after the goddess who had given her.
As Savitri grew her unexcelled beauty increased, as did the unusual
depth of her wisdom and her devotion to the sacred Law. In fact,
so exceptional was she that no man would dare take her in marriage,
feeling unworthy of such a woman.
As Savitri was Asvapatifs only hope for posterity, this un
fortunate situation troubled him, so much so that he determined that
his daughter should leave the kingdom and seek a husband herself.
Whereupon Savitri, in obeisance to her father's desires, left and
entered the grand Forest of Austerities. Here she met the famed
King Dyumatsena and his wife Saibya. Dyumatsena had once governed
a vast kingdom, but with his advancing age he had lost his eyesight,
and his enemies, recognizing an advantage, took possession of his
5
lands. The King escaped with his wife and his young son to the
forest, where they lived in peace and in strict compliance with the
Law. It was the princely son, Satyavan, now grown, that Savitri
chose as her husband.
When Savitri returned home, she found her father in company
with the exalted seer, Narada, and thus before them both made known
her choice. Narada, upon hearing Satyavanrs name, shrieked in dis
may, for as a holy man he knew the fate that was ordained for the
young man. For, though Satyavan was full of virtue and beloved of
the gods, it was destined that in one year*s time he should pass
from the earth and enter the realm of the dead.
Shocked by N a r a d a 1s words, King Asvapati pressed upon his
daughter to find another for her husband. But Savitri, being full
of integrity and a complete understanding of the Law, knew she could
not alter her decision. The choice had been made. And as with all
choice, there must be loss as well as gain. So, seeing that the
princess could in no way be turned from absolute accordance with
the Law, the King set out with his daughter and the wedding party
to meet King Dyumatsena in the forest, to join the woodland prince
with the beautiful Savitri.
The days, the weeks, and the months passed, and Savitri grew
to know much joy. The bond between herself and Satyavan became ever
stronger, and her life with his family in the forest brought great
peace and contentment. But forever in her mind, like the darkest
of shadows incongruously cast at noonday, were the words of the
seer, Narada, the foretelling of her husbandfs death. So it was,
that a year of happiness passed quickly, and almost suddenly Satya-
6
v a n ls time had come. Three days before her husband was to die, Sa-
vitri took upon herself an oath to stand erect, resolute and waking
until the moment foretold. She ate no food and drank no liquid and
remained as stone in one spot until the prescribed day had arrived.
At last the sun rose on that dreaded morning. The vigilant woman
performed her libations to the fire and the sunrise, and when Sat-
yavan raised his axe to enter the forest for the d a y !s labor, she
followed him, knowing what lay ahead.
As the hours advanced the inevitable drew nearer and nearer,
and finally Satyavan, grown sickly and fatigued from the cutting of
wood, collapsed, his body motionless on the ground. Savitri ran to
her husband*s prostrate form, and, as she laid his head in her lap,
she looked up and noticed a tall and powerful figure standing in a
saffron robe and holding a noosed rope in his hand. He was a beau
tiful man who shone like the sun, yet still a man with an awesome
countenance. And it was by this countenance that Savitri knew him
to be a god and thus humbled herself before him as he began to speak.
"I am Yama. Prince Satyavan!s time has passed. But since he is a
just and a good man and filled with the holy Law, I have come myself,
7the Lord of all Dead. I myself shall take him away . 11 With this
pronouncement Death then extracted Satyavan’s soul from the life
less body that lay on the ground. And the soul was small, like
the size of Yama's thumb, and it was tied up in the noose as Death
turned to leave.
Nonetheless, Savitri, being purified by her recent vow of
fasting and vigilance and empowered by her love of the Law, fol
lowed Death as he travelled the path to his own kingdom. And as
7
she walked along with Death, she spoke great things, revealing her
goodness and her uncommon wisdom and perception. Death, exceeding
ly impressed by her extraordinary insights, chose to reward her
and was thereby moved to offer her the desires of her heart— all,
save the life of Satyavan. So it was, that she requested sight for
her father-in-law and the restoration of his kingdom, and also that
her own father may be given one hundred sons to assure the survival
of his line. So, Death granted all these things, bidding Savitri
take her leave and return home.
Yet the woman would not go. She persisted with Death, con
tinuing her espousals on truth and the Law, expounding upon the
virtues of the ’strict 1 and the ’austere1, who were those who lived
by the Law. At length, Yarca became so moved by her words that, in
love and in deference to her astounding acumen, he bid her choose
the ultimate boon, one without qualification, without restriction.
Instantly realizing the extent of Death’s offer, Savitri asked for
the only gift that could have meaning to her. She appealed for her
husb a n d’s life, declaring that without him she herself would be as
the dead. She could have no existence without him whom she loved.
Fully acknowledging her plea, Yama untied the spirit of Sat
yavan and gave it to Savitri, saying, "Oh most wondrous of women,
your wish has been met. Take the man which you have won and the
heavens shall bless you and your husband with great posterity and
all the world shall speak of you, as you will forever be an example
unto all those who seek the sacred Law."
With this, Death departed as Savitri took hold of her husband’s
soul, returning to where his body lay. When he revived, he remembered
6
only that he had slept and in his dreams had beheld a powerful p e r
sonage, both marvelous and terrifying. But Savitri knew. And the
gods knew that an uncommon woman, though mortal, had averted what
had been decreed by the heavens, what had been foretold as an in
exorable fact. By and through the Law, she had made Law and had
saved her husband from death.
This is how the account unfolds in The Mahabharata, certain
ly with a number of details that could only prove superfluous in
a one-act chamber opera. Holst1s libretto, therefore, provides a
nice paring away of both characters and events. Only Savitri, Sat-
yavan, and Death appear in the opera, and all the scenes involving
other characters are omitted. But the composer's libretto is more
than a condensation of the original story, for several changes and
even additions have clearly been made for reasons other than sim
plification. It is true that a libretto must meet the dramatic
and musical intentions of the composer; surely certain alterations
Holst has made fulfill such practical ends. Nonetheless, a close
look at the whole work makes it apparent that the composer had some
thing very specific to say, something surpassing mere dramatic and
musical content*
Holst had been studying Hindu writings for nearly ten years
by the time he began work on Savitri. Thus he had a broad back
ground from which to address the tale. He knew the full implica
tions of the story, even those not outwardly expressed, whereas a
reader not familiar with Hindu philosophy would not. Therefore,
desirous that Savitri become a potent vehicle, not only for the
ideas inherent in the story, but for a wider range of Hindu thought,
Holst constructed his own parable, so to speak, a rendition more
able to communicate what he wanted to voice.
Holst's Libretto
Holst's opera begins on an empty stage. Death, from a d is
tance and unseen by the audience, makes known his presence. It is
an ominous presence, one which has tormented Savitri for quite some
time. Shortly, she comes on stage, holding her hands over her ears
to shut out the forbidding summons, the call for her husband, the
omen of his imminent death. But it is useless, for she cannot
escape that dark voice. She hears it at night, at midday. She
hears it in the temple during oblations. For her, none else exists
except that dread summons.
At this point, Satyavan joins his wife on stage, Death still
hidden from view. Thoroughly unaware of what plagues Savitri, the
carefree woodsman, with axe over his shoulder, sings of his day in
the forest and of his joy in returning home to his beloved mate.
It is not long, though, before he notices her troubled mein. Con
cerned, he inquires, "But thou art pale and trembling, What ails
Qthee?" Savitri answers, speaking vaguely of the fears that be
set her. Satyavan, still ignorant that it is the threat of his
own demise which terrifies his wife, begins to sing of Maya, the
sorceress of illusion, the creator of dreams and phantoms, the d e
ceptive goddess responsible for Savitri's present state of agita
tion. But Savitri discounts her husband's conclusions, for she
believes that she sees beyond Maya. She sees the awaiting doom
that the blinding veils of illusion have kept from Satyavan.
10
-Seeing that his wife is not satisfied with his explanation,
Satyavan continues to question her. When she replies, "He doth
come," still not specifically implicating Death, Satyavan lifts
his axe in a fury, preparing himself to meet the, as yet, unknown
enemy. In the midst of Satyavan1s courageous yet foolish outburst,
Death at last appears on stage, advancing slowly as the victim
drops his axe and staggers, eventually sinking inanimate to the
ground. Savitri rushes to Satyavan and, taking him in her arms,
sings a lullaby of devotion, a song of love and unity between hus-
9band and wife. But as Death draws nearer, her song becomes one
of guardianship, as if she had power to forestall what is predes
tined. Her protective declarations are not allowed to continue,
however, for Death silences her, proclaiming himself and his
mission.
Now that the woman is actually in the presence of him whom
she has so feared, her panic gives way to a mood of respect; see
ing that he is a god, Savitri greets Death with honor and reverence.
Indeed, the reception is such that the baneful visitor is caused to
take note of Savitri*s unexpected attitude of veneration, her wis
dom and integrity, and the purity of her love. Moved by this ex
ceptional mortal, he chooses to vouchsave her a boon, a gift that
may include all except the life of Satyavan.
Savitri takes Death at his word and thus begins a most extra
ordinary petition. With a passion and intensity that stands in no
table contrast to the gravely austere tone set so far in the opera,
she asks of Death a rather unwonted favor. She seeks of him the
fullness of Life. Yet it is not simply the continuation of mortal
11
ity she longs for. It is an endless Life of love and service, of
hope and triumph. And it is a Life of communion and unity, an ex
istence wherein conflicts and opposing forces are resolved and r e
conciled. A state where "time and space are forgot, And joy and
sorrow are one.”
Greatly affected by Savitri and her suit, Death proffers the
gift of Life, Eternal Life in all its completeness. And by bestow
ing such a gift, he grants that which Savitri truly wishes for most,
the life of Satyavan. For what has been given cannot be realized
if husband and wife are separated. Savitri cannot fulfill the Life
awarded her without Satyavan. Emboldened by her victory over what
the universe had foreordained, Savitri commands Death to return
alone to his kingdom. And as the dark spectre slowly withdraws
and disappears from the stage, Savitri approaches the body of her
husband. Kneeling by his side, she sings softly as he gradually
recovers.
Awakening, Satyavan is bewildered. Was there a threatening
stranger near? Or was it all a delusion, a wicked wile of Maya.
Convinced that he has been enslaved by an illusory dream, he looks
upon his wife and concedes that she alone is free from Maya, she
alone is real. Yet Savitri, knowing what she does, insures Satya
van that the nature of her reality, her very substance and exis
tence, is possible only through him. She helps Satyavan to his
feet, and, supporting him, they both exit.
The opera is not complete just yet, however. Death reenters,
passing nearly unnoticed in the background, reappearing to deliver
some startling lines. Acknowledging that he has been conquered,
12
that he has been met by one knowing true Life, by one free from
Maya, Death proceeds to deny himself. He attests that Maya's power
is extensive, that illusion reigns not only in the mortal world
"where men dream they are living," but also in that other world
"where men dream they are dead." Thus Death himself is an illu
sion, one of the most deceitful ploys of Maya. The phantom exits
for the last time, and again, as at the beginning, the stage is
empty, the final sounds being the distant unaccompanied strains
of Savitri*s lullaby, her song of devotion to her beloved Satyavan.
Hindu Background for Holst's Opera
Before attempting any in depth appraisal of Savitri, there
are some fundamental aspects of Hindu theology and philosophy which
must first be considered. And to determine which elements of In
dian thought are most significant in the opera, one may begin by
noting how the story line in H o l s t’s libretto differs from the orig
inal. As seen from the preceding synopsis, Holst has not only ab
breviated the story, but has also made some significant adjustments
and additions. And one of the most obvious is the inclusion, so
to speak, of another character, one which, although not appearing
in the original episode, is found consistently throughout many
Hindu writings. This supplementary being is the force of illusion,
the obscuring veil which separates men from their own source of
truth, the power which, among other things, attempts to make the
material world appear as the ultimate reality. Indeed, it is this
force which creates the physical, phenomenal sphere, making mani
fest the corporeal strictures from which the soul seeks to free
13
uitself. This power, this concealing force is M a y a , ^ the mother
1 1of this earth, the entity the composer chooses to add to his
personae. She is not an actual physical character in Holstfs
opera, nor is she strictly personified in Hindu writings. Still,
her presense in this composition, even as a concept, is highly con
sequential and merits some discussion.
Maya
It is Satyavan's words, taken from H o l s t’s libretto, which
reveal how the composer sees Maya and how illusion shall function
in the course of the opera.
12It is Maya: Dost thou not know her? Illusions, dreams, phantoms. But to the wise, Maya is more, Look around— All that thou see*st, Trees and shrubs, The grass at thy feet,All that walks or creeps, All that flies from tree to tree,All is unreal, All is Maya. Our bodies, our limbs, our very thoughts, we ourselves are slaves to Maya. What remaineth?Who can say?
Surely Satyavan has made clear the role of Maya as well as
the enormous reach of her influence. For not only does she rule
the world of dreams and phantoms, where the effects of illusion
seem more apparent, but also the waking world, the tangible world
which surrounds us daily. Our bodies, even our very minds and
thoughts are enslaved by illusion. All is Maya. All is unreal.
This is quite a statement, and rather unsettling. But more
must be said. For what exactly is illusion as it is being consi
dered here? What precisely does it mean when all man's physical
environment is said to be unreal? First, according to Hindu thought,
1unrealnessf does not necessarily infer utter nonexistence. Claim
ing that the earthly sphere is an illusion is not saying that it is
total hallucination, that it is not there at all. Rather, it
becomes illusory when thought to be more than it is, when seen as
the ultimate reality.
To avoid counting the tangible world for more than it truly
is, what, then, is it? The material world can be defined in many
ways, this fact of 'definability 1 being testament to its most sa
lient feature— its capacity to be labeled, explained, and described
by means of man's mental aptitudes. ^ Humanity exists in a state
dominated by rationality and logic. Things are researched, assessed,
and categorized. Such is an endless process, which, of course, does
not only take place on a scientific level. This is simply how man
deals with his world and his experience of it. To aid in this cer
ebral and deductive process all men have a most serviceable tool—
15 1the intellect, and one of its most important extensions— language.
For what is verbal speech but a method of labeling, of classifying,
a way of distinguishing certain things from other things and put
ting them in their appropriate boxes. True, language and intel
lect deal with abstract ideas, concepts not fully explicable in a
rational sense and therefore difficult to denominate. But still,
these ideas are distinguished as such, thereby labeled and placed
in their proper niches.
Thus, through the assistance of intellect and language, man
explains his world. It would appear that all matter is within his
logical powers of observation and comprehension. This is valid as
far as it goes. Nonetheless, if this type of reasoning and the
world in which it functions is thought to extend further than it
actually does, the entire system becomes fraudulent. As said
1 3
earlier, when not recognized for what it is, no more and no less,
the physical condition becomes an illusion. In short, the process
1 7of postulation by means of what may be called the empirical method
is only one stance from which to view reality. Haplessly, it is a
stance which, particularly if presumed to be more inclusive than
it is, allows Maya one of her greatest holds on men. By defining,
labeling, categorizing, looking at things !one at a ti m e 1, sepa
rating one thing from another, even dividing one thing into its
component parts— all this is how we afford Maya license to effect
perhaps the most dangerous of all deceptions: the illusion of sep
arateness, the breakdown of oneness, the denial of unity.
IT • + 1 8Unity
The Hindu conception of unity is a weighty idea, one with
far reaching implications, a concept especially significant here
because it is unity that is the central theme of Holstrs opera.
Unity is the idea which actively possessed his mind for many years
and found its way, under various guises, into a number of his works;
it is unity and his consistent preoccupation with the idea of one
ness which so often brought Holst the designation of a *mystic*
composer. Moreover, unity is the dominant idea in his very impor
tant published article of 1920, The Mystic, the Philistine and the
Artist , 1 9 an essay which helps reveal his particular understanding
of the concept and its relationship to what he defines as the ‘mys
tic experience*. The article, which also discloses the author!s
notion of the ‘philistine spirit* in order to make clear his main
ideas, is essentially an exposition on the mystical moment of one-
17
ness and its connection to art and the artist. The following quo
tations should demonstrate Holst*s beliefs.
I suggest that all mystical experiences (like all artistic ones) are either illusions or direct and intimate realizations.
All mystic experiences seem to be forms of union. It is worth noting that all these experiences, whether sublime or ridiculous, have one thing in common. They are hard to d e scribe (because they have so little in common with ordinary life), and yet in themselves they are so convincing.
The highest Mystic is, I suppose, one who experiences union with God. Is he alone a Mystic? Or is Whitman a Mystic in his intense feeling of unity with all men, all life? What of the wonderful feeling of unity with one*s pupils when teaching, a feeling of contact with their minds other than the contact occasioned by speech? Of the similar feeling of unity between musical performer and audience?
Art is likewise a matter of union, although not so obviously as Mysticism. Tolstoy says: *Art is a means of communication . 1 Some writers have said that a great painter seems to see a house apart from its human relationship— as a ’reality1, as a !thing in itself*. This is obviously bordering on Mysticism. We are beyond the ordinary world of relationship and comparison; there is *vision*, a *direct* and intimate realization*.
I have already referred to the feeling of unity established between performer and audience: how much greater is it between one performer and another! . . . It is this experience that enables one to realize, even if faintly, what is meant by a state where 'the ocean receives the drop of water, but the drop of water receives the consciousness of the ocean*. . . Your self is merged in the whole; true, but the whole is likewise merged in you. You have trained your instrument to obey your will. Whose will is it obeying now? Your playing is transcended (this is true physically and literally),
yet it is yours, and in you the playing of the others is transcended. And like all true mystical experiences, while it is so transcendent it is yet so sane and inevitable.
This mystic union is even more true of creative Artists. Mozart declared he 'heard 1 the notes of a new work as a whole simultaneously in his mind before putting them down on paper.
Here we find time and space annihilated— the true mystic state.
From the foregoing can be seen the importance of unity in the com
poser's overall philosophy of life and art, and, although he deli
vers his ideas by means of a discussion on mysticism and aesthet
ics, the notion of oneness is salient nonetheless.
Perhaps the most consequential aspect of unity found in Holstfs
opera is its neutralization of separateness, its voidance of the
world of distinctions, the domain where Maya reigns supreme. Most
directly, this means that all those things which, on an obvious
level, appear to be independent of one another are actually one
and the same* Going one step further, this means that there can
be no differentiation between persons, places, or things. The
ramifications of this are extreme. They tell us unequivocably that
Savitri is Satyavan, Satyavan is Savitri, and both are Death. None
of the three characters exists as a separate entity. They are all
extensions of the same idea, the same essence, the same overall
reality. If seen as distinct from one another, they are merely
contrivances of Maya.
Without a doubt, this may seem a problematic situation. Sure
ly, it would be an involved idea to portray in opera, an art form
which by tradition has sought strong characterization of indivi
dual roles. Notwithstanding the possible difficulties, Holst’s
approach to unity holds firm throughout the piece and even goes
further than the fusing of characters. For Holst seeks also to
bring together fundamental ideas of greatest opposition, to recon
cile the most distant polarities, the contrary forces which seem
. _ _ 20 to keep the universe m balance.
It is in such an atmosphere of utter oneness that Death is
not only Savitri and Satyavan, but is also Life, and Life is Death.
Joy is sorrow. Love is hate. Warmth is chill, -lime is immersed
18
in timelessness. Space is immersed in spacelessness. And in a
state wherein ordinary time and space are no longer the fundamen
tal reality, the past and the future merge and become the ever
present, the end is the beginning, up becomes down, and there be
comes here. And what remains is 'All 1 and 'One1. The existence
wherein fA l l f has been dissected into 1 things 1 which are then care
fully named and categorized, this existence, especially when viewed
in a limited context as the complete reality, has been seen as an
illusion and has been replaced by that which is truly complete.
•All 1 obliterates ’othe r 1. And it cannot be labeled and it cannot
be known in the manner by which men know 1 things 1 with their intel
lects. And so it is, that •All 1 is Unity and both are nameless and
unknown. To name is to deceive. To know in the deductive sense is
to empower Maya, the queen of illusion.
Since the infinite principle of oneness eludes the tradition
al processes of ’naming* and ’knowing1, the experience of unity is
21often said to be ineffable. Holst himself implies that this is
his belief when he says that mystic experiences of union are hard
to describe because they have so little in common with ordinary
oolife. ' ' Because absolute unity is so ouch larger than any p os
sible lingual definition, those who discuss its essence speak in
what seem to be cryptic riddles, making paradoxical statements
which, logically appraised, seem impossibly absurd. Often a meth
od of 'negative 1 explanation is employed, where the mystic moment
of union with all things is elucidated more by a deliberation of
. . 23what it is not, rather than by what it is.
With this in mind, it is no small wonder that the intell©ct,
19
which is verbally oriented to be sure, has difficulty grasping the
concept of unity as it is being presented here. First, the very
nature of such a oneness escapes the mind's comprehensive capa
cities, while, secondly, the only way the issue can be rationally
dealt with at all is through a type of verbal twisting to which
conventional thought is poorly suited.
Perhaps the greatest problem in mentally apprehending the
transcendent arises when infinite principles are viewed from a
finite stance. This may be the case when the mind first encoun
ters the Hindu conception of utter unity. It has been said that
Satyavan, Savitri, and Death are all one and the same character.
This is true, but not in the literal way the finite mind sees one
ness. For Savitri, Satyavan, and Death, while being one, are also
unique extensions of the 'One'; they are varying reflections of the
21same overall reality. In short, reality is not without variety.
Just as the human body, though one organized unit, is not without
various parts, oneness is not without particular and diversified
aspects. Yet again, these aspects, though various, only have mean
ing as part of the whole. If regarded as mutually exclusive or un
related, they appear as independent realities, complete in and of
themselves. They pass for what they are not and thus become false
and misleading, mere illusions.
Seeing unity as possessing multiple properties certainly makes
more comprehensible the unifying of supposed extremes, such as Life
and Death, joy and sorrow, good and evil. For, though all these
things are essential parts of the whole, they are unique and play
singular roles within that whole. All this is particularly well
20
symbolized in Hindu writings, where Brahman, the complete and
divine essence, is manifest in three forms: the source of light,
or the sun; the beams emanating from this source; and the second
ary evidence of this light and its beams— the reflection of the
sun in a pool, all unique, yet all Brahman. The Bhagavad Gita
also stresses individuality within unity, emphasizing that all
seekers, though truly one, assume their own path to truth, ulti
mately accomplishing loving union with Krishna in their own per-
, 25 sonal way.
This view of reality, multiform and diversified oneness,
though evident in much Indian scripture, is not held with any
great consistency throughout the entirety of Hindu writing. In
fact, the very idea of unity itself is dealt with from a number
of differing vantages. On the one end is the absolute oneness ad-
26>vocated by Sankara, whose teachings on the Upanishads date from
the eighth century A.D. Here, Brahman is 'All1. It is both cre
ator and created. It pervades everything and is everything. The
human soul, Atman, is also Brahman as well as being infused with
Brahman. To attain bliss one eschews the contingent and tangible
world where events take place in time and space and are the result
of a delusory cause and effect cycle. Then, once the meretricious
lures of earthly existence are disregarded, one discerns that he
need not seek truth. He is truth. He is God.
27 28At the other end are the views held by Ramanuja and Madhva
of the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, respectively. In this in
stance the concept of unity, the principle of Brahman, is broken
down into constituent portions, each of which possess distinct
21
characteristics. In addition, although everything emanates from
the same 'One1, the degree to which the diverse parts of the 'One 1
can be joined in total unity is highly qualified. For example,
man can never actually be or become God. This point is made es
pecially clear in the Bhagavad-Purana, where it is held that God
or Krishna and the lovers of Krishna can never attain absolute
29unity* Thus, though God and man are the same, deity always re
mains unique in some way. Otherwise, it is believed there could
be no independent functioning of love and grace flowing from cre
ator to created.
These valuations on the nature of unity and oneness and all
the gradations in between attest to the spirit of Hindu philosophy
in general* For it is a broad system of thought which is so open
and all-inclusive that seemingly opposing beliefs exist side by
30side without invalidating each other or disrupting the whole.
As might be expected, such contrastive views can be found from one
text bo another. This is evident when comparing, for instance,
the almost unfathomable, virtually unqualified unity found in much
of the Upanishads with the more diversified and thus more compre
hensible unity of the Mahabharata. But these outwardly contrary
perspectives can also co-exist within one work, such as is superb
ly seen in the Bhagavad Gita, one of Hinduism's most influential
texts, and one Holst had studied at length by the time he composed
Savitri.
It is here, within a philosophical network where conflicts
are simply not ackowledged as significant, that a vital tenet is
made manifest. And it is a tenet which not only clarifies much of
22
Hindu thought, but which also reveals what Holst is attempting to
achieve in his opera. Simply stated, reality may be experienced in
infinite ways, all of which are thoroughly credible and pertinent.
The only requirement is that each experience is permitted to be
what it actually is, nothing more. For instance, if one perceives
a portion of reality from the earthly position of mortality, the
discovery, as has been stressed, is fully valid. But it remains
so only if recognized for what it is: just one possible place from
31which certain features of reality can be seen.
Knowing that the reality of unity may be realized from many
positions offers a clue as to how one might look at Holst’s opera.
F°r Savitri can be seen from various angles, take on different
meanings, be interpreted on several levels. All these levels are
relevant and justifiable. And, as in Hindu scripture, they need
not be in discord; each view contributes positively to the whole.
Still, appraising the opera from different stands may ini
tially prove bewildering. With several ways to consider each pas
sage, all characters, events, and situations seem hopelessly incon
sistent. They are never solely what they appear to be at first
glance, so that one is forever asking himself, 'who is who and
what is what'. Feeling exasperated, there may be a temptation to
believe that one interpretation voids another, or that the open
acknowledgement of dissimilar attitudes has a way of cancelling
itself out, resulting in the uneasy feeling that nothing has been
resolved at all. And to further this understandably perplexing
predicament, the pervading spirit of Maya is continually qualify
ing the manner in which Holst's characters are to interact in a
23
mixed atmosphere of both reality and illusion.
Speaking from a Hindu standpoint, a goodly amount of all this
confusion is attributable to Maya herself, she who uses our ration
al minds to conclude that such a motley plethora of ideas could not
possibly stand together, let alone be complementary. Yet they do
stand together and are interrelated in the most intimate fashion.
Such is the nature of Hindu thought. And such is the nature of
Holst's opera. One must simply be prepared to look at the work
in this manner, freely admitting all plausible explanations and
interpretations.
Summary
In summary, Savitri is an opera which speaks of unity; this
is the composer's pivotal theme. Unity in its completeness ac
counts for all that is and is therefore the superlative reality.
And it is a reality which may be perceived and experienced from
innumerable perspectives and thus evaluated in innumerable ways.
One of these ways is to see the reality of oneness as diverse,
possessing countless varying attributes, each being unique while
concurrently being part of the whole. This perception of unity is,
by and large, that which dominates Holst's opera, though there are
others which are apparent also.
The purpose of the ensuing study, therefore, is to determine
how this view of unity is portrayed both in music and libretto, re
membering that Holst is author of both. Examination of the music
itself will be analytical; yet, an analytical investigation with
a different end than the determination of harmonic, rhythmic, or
24
melodic procedure— this is not a deliberation on compositional
style. Rather, it is an evaluation of artistic and aesthetic con
tent, a potentially subjective assessment which is, nonetheless,
based on concrete evidence found in the music and text. In brief,
the following analysis shall render some insight into what the com
poser is trying to say and how he is attempting to communicate it.
As a study of this nature cannot help but bear, at least in
part, a personal stamp of the author, the reader may find themselves
at variance with certain stands taken, certain conclusions drawn.
Still, such disagreement shall merely reiterate one of the most
fundamental premises stressed in the preceding discussion. As
mentioned, within a context of total unity, there is no actua]
conflict between differing viewpoints. Reality can be experienced
and understood on many levels. Such is the essence of Hindu thought.
Such is the essence of Holst's opera. If accepted for what it is,
no more and no less, most any interpretation is tenable. The fol
lowing is one such interpretation.
25
26
Notes
1Imogen Holst, Gustav Holst (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 16a .
2Ibid., p. 2 1 .
3As regards H o l s t’s Hindu leanings, it is interesting to
note that his stepmother was a theosophist, and that as a young boy he was exposed to lofty conversations on reincarnation and the like at home. Annie Besant's theosophical movement, which had actually been initiated by Madame Blavatsky, was indicative of an overall Hindu 'renaissance' which literally possessed England for several decades before and after the turn of the century. Thus Holst's personal studies of Sanskrit literature and the ideas he gleaned from them must certainly have been influenced to some d e gree by the general Eastern trends which were so prominent at the time in his country, trends which were marked to some extent by the coming together of both Eastern and Western philosophical ideas. This marriage of East and West should be born in mind when considering how Holst reveals his particular understanding of Hindu concepts in Savitri.
^Holst, while still in his youth, was greatly affected by W a g n e r’s music. His daughter tells us in her biography of her father, Gustav Holst, p. 11, that "after standing in the gallery for a performance of 'Tristan' he would walk all night through the silent streets and watch the dawn over the river, his mind in a whirl , ' 1 This influence Holst himself would one day refer to as "good old Wagnerian bawling," but vestiges of late nineteenth- century chromaticism would continue to appear, though in lesser degree, in several compositions which succeed Sita. Some of these
romantic inklings are evident in Savitri, not the least of which is the usage of leitmotif-like phrases and themes to represent ideas and personalities. Other romantic Wagnerian aspects will be noted
later.
The Mahabharata, trans. and ed. J. A. B. van Buitenen
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975)
^The savitri formula is a hymn from the Rig Veda addressed specifically to the Sun, the Sun being named Savitar in Vedic writings. It is set to a particular meter known as 'gayatri', containing twenty-four Sanskrit syllables. Being brief, more like a verse than an entire hymn, it may be translated as follows: "We meditate on that excellent light of the divine Sun; may he illuminate our
minds."
^Quotes represent my own paraphrasing of the dialogue which
takes place in the original.
^Quotes are taken verbatim from Holst's libretto.
27
The union of man and wife, particularly in many of the d e votional sects of Hinduism, is seen as emblematic of the devotee's
'marriage', as it were, with God, a conjoing which symbolizes one of the principal themes of Hindu thought— the unity of all things. This concept is vital and should be noted when appraising the relationship between Savitri and Satyavan throughout Holst's opera,
^ A l t h o u g h there are several shades of meaning applied to the notion of Maya in Hindu thought, the concept, in the broadest sense, applies in one way or another to illusion. In Paul Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads. trans. Rev. A. S. Geden (New York: Dover Publications, Inc,, 1966), p. 227, the author states, . .
the Upanishads teach that this universe is not the atman, the proper 'self' of things, but a mere maya, a deception, an illusion, and that the empirical knowledge of it yields no vidya, no true knowledge, but remains entangled in avidya, in ignorance. On p. 42 of the same work, Deussen says, "The objects which lie around us on every side in infinite space, and to which by virtue of our corporeal nature we ourselves belong, are, according to Xant, not 'things in themselves,' but only apparitions. According to Plato, they are not the true realities, but only apparitions. And according to the doctrine of the Upanishads, they are not the atman, the real 'self' of things, but mere maya,— that is to say, a sheer deceit, illusion," In Floyd Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1953), p. 35, it is stated that "Maya is inscrutable; it comes into being and it passes away. It is the world of appearances rather than the world of reality; or, to state it in a slightly different way, the world as seen from a finite point of view,"
Another slightly varied conception of Maya is also apparent in Hindu writing. Here, since illusion is tied so closely to the physical sphere, and since this sphere, in a sense, is simply an incarnation of Brahman (the ultimate, divine principle of the universe), Maya can be interpreted as being the tangible embodiment of Brahman itself, rather than merely the illusion caused by such.In Sarasvati Chennakesavan, A Critical Study of Hinduisr. (Delhi:South Asia Books, 1980), pp. 51-52, p, 90, the author explains that Brahman, which is formless, can take on material form and become reified as a god for the benefit of man, as was the case with Krishna, This is made possible by a special power that Brahman possesses, the power to become material at some level— the power of Maya. This same notion of Maya is expressed in Troy Wilson Organ, The Hindu Quest for the Perfection of Man (Athens, Ohio: 1970), p, 41, where he speaks of Indra going about in many forms by his magical powers, or Maya. He also mentions the magician who conjures up the phenomenal world by the magical powers of Maya. Wilson has taken both
these references from the Upanishads.
1 1 Since Maya can be seen not only as the illusion spawned by the material world, but also as the concept of 'physicality' itself, it is not difficult to see why Maya may be referred to as the 'mother of this earth'. A quote to this effect by Ramakrishna, the great nineteenth-century yogi, may be found in K. P. S. Choudhary, Moder^
9
28
Indian Mysticism (Delhi: Montilal Banarsidass, 1981), pp. 106-107:
Brahman in its essential nature or immutable being is indeterminate and impersonal, while in its sportive creative activity it is personal God or the Divine Mother; and *it is the Divine Mother who has become all th i s 1 . ’1
12H o l s t 1s use of ’dre a m * here and elsewhere in the opera is
to be viewed in the more Western sense of being less real than the waking state, and is therefore not to be confused with a common Hindu idea that the ’drea m’ state is closer to reality, or the true self, than the ’waking’ state.
13As all things are Brahman, including the physical world
which Brahman has made manifest through Maya, then nothing is actually unreal or without value. The ’reality’ of the physical sphere, in this sense, is recognized throughout Hindu thought and can be epitomized by the philosophies of Ramakrishna, again found in Choudhary, Modern Indian Mysticism, p. 105: ’’All this is Brahman. Nothing is undivine. All things and beings of the universe are Brahman in different forms and degrees of perfection. . . . God, maya, living beings, and the universe form one whole.”
1 LM a n’s ability to use his mind is important, but it is evi
dence of his necessity to deal with a world of Maya, a world of separate illusionary objects. That m a n’s cognition is not his highest and truest self is made clear in the five-level description of the ’self* found in the Katha Ugan1 shad. Here, the outermost or most superficial level is the body itself. The next level is represented by the physical senses which, in turn, feed into the third level— the mind. But the mind is not the 'true self*. What comes to it through the first and second levels is simply data. And these data mean nothing until they are properly evaluated by the fourth level, or reason. Reason is superior to the mind, but even it is not
the ’true self*. The fifth level, then, is the apex. It is Atman, or the manifestation of Brahman in man. This five-level concept of the 'self’ which developed into the ’sheath’ theory of the Taittiriva Upanishad and later into the ’waking, dreaming, silence* theory of the Handukya Upanishad is lucidly outlined in Chapter 2 of A. L. Herman, The Bhagavad Gita: A Translation and Critical Commentary
(Springfield, 111.: Charles C. Thomas, 1973), pp. 12-19.
1 5Much of what was mentioned in the preceding note as con
cerns man's cognitive capacities also applies to the 'intellect'.But it must further be made clear that the intellect, in general, is simply incapable of grasping the higher levels of truth, levels which can only be known intuitively. In Deussen, The Philosophy of the Upanishads, p. 4 6, the writer states that " . . . there is room for another, a higher order of things, which is not subject to the laws of space, time, and causality. And it is precisely this higher order of things set over-against the reality of experience, from the knowledge of which we are excluded by our intellectual constitution, which religion comprehends in faith by her teaching concerning God, immortality, and freedom." On pp. 48-49 of Deussen's book,
29
he says, ". . # the Upanishads taught before Kant, that this entire
universe, with its relations in space, its consequent manifoldness and dependence upon the mind that apprehends, rests solely upon an illusion, natural indeed to us owing to the limitations of our intellect # " The Katha Upanishad states, as paraphrased in Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism, p. 35, that "The way to Self-knowledge is as narrow as the sharp edge of a razor, hard to tread and difficult to cross. The desired insight cannot be gained through knowledge of the physical world nor through intellectual analysis. Beyond a certain stage in the search, the analytical mind must be stopped completely." Also see Choudhary, Modern Indian Mysticism, p p # 22-23, where mysticism and intuition are discussed.
1 6Language is, among other things, the evidence that the in
tellect is 'discursive1, in other words, that it thinks deductively and categorically rather than in terms of concord and unity. Human intellect and language are hardly conceivable without each other, and it is a debate for the field of linguistics to determine which of the two has more power over the other. Deussen, in The Philosophy of the Upanishads, p. 229, discusses a relevant section from the Vedas, saying, "When it is said in Rigv. I. 164.46: 'the poets give many names to that which is only on e , ' it is implied therein that plurity depends solely upon words ( 'a mere matter of w o rds,' as it is said later), and that unity alone is real," Deussen also states on pp. 43-4-4» paraphrasing both the Chandogya Upanishad and the Greek, Parmenides, "Here the manifold change of the one substance is explained as mere wordplay, mere name, exactly as P armenides asserts that all which men regard as real is mere name."
17When speaking of the breakdown of 'oneness 1 by means of
words, Deussen, in The Philosophy cf the Upanishads, p. 77, says that "What is here described as empty word, mere name, darkness, unreality, i.e. the entire empirical knowledge of things, is further denoted by 'ignorance'," As can be discerned from this and from numerous other passages in the Upanishads themselves, the empirical method is the typical discursive manner in which the intellect assesses the information which comes to it, most of this information being of the physical world of Maya.
1 8The concept of unity is so integral to Hindu thought that
discussions on its nature and the ideal of the "One* are to be found in nearly every study of Hinduism as well as the scriptural sources themselves. A quote from Troy Wilson Organ, The Hindu Quest for the
Perfection of M a n , p. 107, serves as an apt and representative ex- ample: "Brahman^is One, but not a numerical one, nor a unity of a collection, nor the collection as a whole. Brahman is One as oneness, unification, the principle of integration. Brahman is One only in the sense that there is no other; there is nothing that is n o t * Brahman. Brahman is the non-divisible All from which all things
come in a non-divisible way and exist in a non-divisible manner."
30
19Originally published in The Quest (1920), Holst*s article,
The Mystic, the Philistine and the Artist, is presently printed as
Appendix II in Imogen Holst, Gustav Holst, pp. 194-204.
20As no ’opposites* or conflicts can exist within total uni
ty, much Hindu writing dealing with oneness mentions the reconciliation of differences. In Choudhary, Modern Indian Mysticism, p. 6, we find some representative comments: **In mystical consciousness the distinctions between *1 * and *You* which are the main causes of conflict, hatred and selfishness are overcome. He who achieves the mystic unifying vision sees that his self is the self of all men, he is in them and they in him.** On p. 14 of the same book, Choudhary, in great succinctness, simply attests, "The Mystical state is a state of distinctionless unity.**
21Many are the Hindu passages that propose that the highest
reality is beyond empirical conception. It cannot be thought of in the cognitive sense, thus it cannot be externalized verbally— hence, it is ineffable. Choudhary writes in Modern Indian Mysticism, p. 24: **Mystical experience is ’ineffable*. It should be borne in mind, that the central point of mysticism is unintelligibility somewhere, i.e., incommunicability through any intelligible medium. This is the most fundamental point of agreement among the mystics of the East as well as of the West.** In the Mandukya Upanishad is detailed the meditative chanting of the sacred sound AUM. The final stage of the chanting sequence results in complete silence, for Atman has been reached, Atman which is the revelation of Brahman in the individual and, being Brahman, is beyond word or sound.
22See quotation from H o l s t’s article, ’The Mystic, the Phil
istine and the Artist*, p. 17 of this paper.
23' Because the ultimate reality is held to be ineffable, those
who experience it resort either to silence, speaking in lofty superlatives, speaking in paradoxes, or describing their experience by a method of negation (i.e., stating what it is not, because ineffabil- ity precludes stating what it is). See Choudhary, Modern Indian Mysticism, pp. 27-32. The following phrases from Organ, The Hindu Quest for the Perfection of M a n , p. 108, should give an example of the distortions language often takes on to describe what is essentially beyond words: **Brahman can only be known by a ’knowing* which transcends subject and object, which is not knowing at all. So Brahman can be ’known* only by ’not knowing’: ’It is conceived of by him by whom It is not conceived of. He by whom It is conceived of, knows
It not. It is not understood by those who say they understand It.It is understood by those who say they understand It n o t’.** Organ is basically paraphrasing passages from the Kena Upanishad.
2 LThe idea of reality or oneness possessing variety or mani
festing itself in numerous ways is a doctrine espoused by a particular school of thought in Hinduism known as ‘Concrete Monism*. One
of the major teachings of this group is that, though man ultimately
31
nay become one with reality or God, he still maintains some aspect
of individuality or distinctness* One of the most well-known recent advocators of such a view is Rabindranath Tagore.
25In Herman, The Bhagavad Gita: A Translation and Critical
Commentary, p. 25, it is said that the salvation doctrines espoused in the Gita "can be called truly universal for the simple reason
that they offer a plethora of alternative paths to liberation and happiness based upon all the possible combinations of human nature."A similar reference can be found in Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism, p. 75, where the author, in his chapter on the teachings of the Gita, says, "There is diversity of pathways, however, since each person is unique by virtue of heredity and environment. Each must find and follow his own path. Though the pathways vary indefinitely in detail, all of them lead to a common summit."
26Sankara (c.700-C.750), Indian scholar and theologian whose
teachings many consider to constitute the root of modern Hindu philosophy. His most important writings are those on the Brahma Sutra and the Upanishads, where he develops his ideas of Brahman being the unchanging, eternal ’O n e’, all plurality and differentiation being illusion.
27Ramanuja (c.1017-1137), first important Indian theolo
gian to qualify and reject some of Sankara’s ideas on absolute oneness. He developed a powerful movement in ’devotional* Hinduism, where the devotee worships a more concrete manifestation of Brahman, in this instance, the god Visnu and goddess Sri.
28Madhva (c .1199-C.1278), Indian philosopher whose followers
organized the religious group bearing his name. He unequivocably espoused that, while God and man are one in kind, they remain eternally individual. He also disagreed with Sankara’s belief that all material distinctions refute the true oneness of Brahman and are thus illusory. In this way, Madhva also rejected the traditional Hindu view of Maya, a view which held the world to be utter hallucination.It is also interesting to note that, of all Hindu sects, M a dhva’s is
that one which most parallels Christianity.
29' The Bhagavata-Purana, written probably in the tenth-century,
during the time that Ramanuja’s teachings were being disseminated, beautifully expresses the qualities of ’devotional’ Hinduism. The tenth book of the Purana deals with Krishna’s childhood and early manhood, some of the passages dealing with the intimate connections between himself and the gopis (the local cowgirls), a symbolic love relationship which allegorizes the mystic coming together of God
and his loving disciples. Here is depicted a union which is not seen as absolute in the sense so evident in the Upanishads.
^°The broad philosophical and theological scope of Hinduism
is one of its most characteristic hallmarks. In the preface of Chennakesavan, A Critical Study of Hinduism, p. xii, the author
32
tells the reader that "Hinduism is a rational religion, not requir
ing its adherents to accept any one idea, but to examine impartial
ly all ideas and accept that which is rationally most inviting."In the forward of this same book, N. A. Nikam sums up the eclectic nature of Hinduism in his first paragraph, a nature which indeed accepts views that seem utterly opposing: "Hinduism does not say theists are on the point, and that atheists are beside it. Hinduism is the comprehension of a Truth which excludes nothing and n o body; its conception of Truth includes theists as well as atheists.
To the atheist who denies God, or the materialist who denies the reality of Spirit, Hinduism asks, 'Find out first who or what it is that denies God or the reality of Spirit. ' Therefore rlinduism is based on the fundamental proposition, 'know thyself'. This proposition cuts across theism and atheism, materialism and agnosticism. Hinduism is that dialectic of thought and experience which affirms what it denies. In its conception of vastness of Truth, Hinduism recognises that there is no one road by which the human mind can
reach it . .
31That all levels of awareness of reality are acceptible,
even the most mundane, those most influenced by Maya, is expressed by Coomaraswamy, rephrased in Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism, p. 35: "the doctrine of maya does not assert the insignificance of the world but stresses that as we see the world, 'extended in the order of space, time and causality', it has no static existence as a thing in itself: our partial vision is false in so far, and only in so far, as it is partial. The world has as much significance as the degree of a man's enlightenment allows him
to discover in it."
CHAPTER 2
THE ANALYSIS
Death Summons
The opera begins on an empty stage, the setting grimly aus
tere, scenery minimal, if present at all. Emanating from this state
of vacancy, of rich 1 nothingness1, Death's call is heard, a summons
incisive and piercing, made frighteningly arresting by the fact that
he remains unseen. Though hidden, his presence is real and power
ful, one that needs no physical proof of his existence. Death's
opening lines, the first in the opera, carry great weight, for they
immediately deliver those musical motifs that shall represent him
throughout the piece, motifs heard over and over again. And in their
unadorned, almost chantlike directness and their nearly relentless
repetition, Death's constancy appears to be set. He is timeless and
insuperable. And his formidable grasp reaches out for all that lives.
With the soberness of an instrumentally unaccompanied, monophonic
line, Death makes clear his sovereignty.
Example 1 (mm. 1-25)
And&nte B e^ en to .
I im hr who lead-eth men on-w »rd, I nr. the road th it each mutt tra-vel,
MotifC Motif S '
34
Example 1 (cont.)
T)ea4hi ^tcerJi’noT a r f e e t f i f t h
I bjii the gate that o • pens for all,
Mftff C' '
i f f - . h * I f t f f
I, the Sum-mon-er,
Koi'.f D
Whom all o «- bey, Whose word mty not be mow - e'd, Wfeoaei (_------------- -----------------------•-------- >
Jf—path may not be tum-e'd
* tAoilf £ (reftsimJ)wo* 14 ikut out ik* touni.)
MrfV-f g-
(MnUr U7ITMI «i# /tmmi i#r km*ds to U r Amd ss i f t i t
I draw nigh to fu)>fil my work,
Hrtif £'
I SAVITRI. J» ptrUnU
V-dim. e rail.
~ ........ J SA-gain,
come for tfay bus - band, For him the gate doth o • pen.^ " ■ " 'V - . 1. t
Plotlf C ' ( r e p e a t e d )
Certainly D e a t h’s charge is here made patent. There would
seem to be no question as to his power and dominion. Still, one
recalls from Chapter 1 that all is not solely what it first appears
to be. There is more than one way to view any situation, and the
passage here is no exception. Already the music manifests a cer
tain ambivalence. As D e a t h’s assertively resolute line pushes
forth, symbolizing his strength and permanence, an inconstancy is
also revealed, something dubious and unsettled, exhibited in part
by a wavering tonal background.
From the beginning, the tonal center seems to be A. The G#
on the word, "Death,” provides a strong leading tone and the re-
suiting mode is A harmonic minor on both Motifs A and B. But when,
in irrevocable duty, Death is to lead men onward (Motif C), the to
nal center itself is altered, not heightened to A#, but 'enervated*
to At. This tonal ambiguity recurs in Motifs B* and C', where the
pitches A and At, respectively, are again sounded. The interchange
between A and Ab may also infer an entirely different tonal center—
that of F, resulting in a mixing of modes, the A^ suggesting major
and the Ab suggesting minor. This modal uncertainty with F as pos
sible pitch center, being most apparent in Motifs C and C !, also
causes one to reconsider the A^ and G# in Motifs A and B, further
complicating the issue of tonal center.
The perfect fifth leap from A to E on "I, the Summoner"
(Motif D) clearly seems to establish (or perhaps reestablish) A
minor. Yet, in the phrase immediately following, the D# and C#
suggest E as center. On the words, "Whose word may not be moved,
Whose path may not be turned" (Motif E), where the text alone should
imply an unannullable determinancy, the confused tonality is again
'underscored by implying G# phrygian. Death concludes his 'firm*
allocution by a return to the tonal and modal ambivalence created
by A and Ab in the final three statements of Motif C 1.
A wandering sense of pitch center and of fluctuating modal
ities is not all that undermines Death's 'immutable 1 strength.
The melodic line itself, which outwardly is so decided and as
sured, is found, upon closer scrutiny, to vitiate the very declar
ations of the powerful master. On the line, "I am he who leadeth
men onward," the melody descends, as if leading men downward or
backward could well be equated with leading them forward. The
35
alteration of A to Ab in the same phrase is equally important, this
lowering creating a tonal sag which causes one to speculate upon
Death's ability to actually lead man anywhere at all. When Death
declares that his word may not be moved, nor his path turned, it
is again sung to a descending line. And as he makes clear by these
words that he is changeless, that his call can be ignored by no
man, and that his path cannot be averted, his GH on "turned" does
indeed turn, becoming Ab one beat later.
Enharmonic relationships, such as that between G# and Ab
iabove, occur m significant areas throughout the piece. Still,
they cannot be said to be clearly evident to any listener who does
not possess a copy of the music. Furthermore, even upon examin
ing the score, it would seem apparent that numerous enharmonic
spellings are simply a notational expedient. Yet this will not
dismiss the effect such spellings will have on the performer, ef
fects which will be communicated in some form to the listener.
Surely, any sensitive singer will interpret the G#, which has been
arrived at from above, differently from the A b , which will descend
to the G below. And the Ab following the G#, regardless of nota
tional aptness, is required in this particular spot, representing
the same tonal drooping already mentioned within Motif C. Here
again, the melodic line seems to contradict Death's words. The
pitches, starting with the Ab (already a sagging adulteration of
the A), descend as Death announces his arrival, "I draw nigh to
fulfill my work."
As recalled from Chapter 1, Holst mentions in his essay, The
Mvstic, the Philistine, and the Artist, the visual artist's ability
36
to see beyond the tangible guise of earthly objects: "Writers have
said that a great painter sees a house apart from its human rela-
tionship, as a 'reality', as a thing in itself."2 Similarly, Holst
has seen beyond the most immediate traits of his characters, beyond
the most obvious ramifications of his story line. Death's words,
on the most ostensible level, depict him as thoroughly invincible.
And his music, with its plodding insistency and its innumerable re
petitions throughout the opera, would seem all the more to emphasize
this picture. Yet, though quite valid, this is only one way to look
at Death. The observations above show that there are other inter
pretations for these opening passages. And it is vital to comment
here that the reader may have arrived at still different conclu
sions. For example, the unsettled tonality, which has been said
to render questionable Death's power, may be thought to indicate
his infinite nature; he may be seen as too complex to be repre
sented by one definable tonal center. The enharmonic spellings
may further support such a view. Also, when the music is seen to
contradict the text, such as when Death seeks to lead mortals on
ward with a stepwise descending line, the reader may recall from
Chapter 1 that such contradictions do not truly exist. If up is
down, and here is there, then surely one can proceed onward by
going either downward or backward. These, too, are viable ex
planations .
Still, there are reasons why the writer has here chosen a
particular view of Death's lines, reasons which shall be verified
as the study continues. If nothing else, the reader at this point
should be wary of taking any passage solely on face value. The
37
most obvious interpretations are quite pertinent, but cannot stand
alone. That which seems plain becomes tenuous and equivocal. And,
as H o l s t 1s music functions on many levels, Death can at once be
both powerful and impotent, determined and unsteady, distinct and
anomolous, all such paradoxical traits portraying him as he truly
and fully is.
The Tormented Savitri
In response to D e a t h 1s dark beckonings, Savitri enters with
her hands over her ears, the first personage to be seen on stage
by the audience. Her lines are frantically anxious. And, though
Death's tonal axis is far from definite, the erratically wander
ing quasi-tonal nature of Savitri!s melody instantly distinguishes
her terrified frenzy from Death's seeming assurance. She is the
tortured woman who fears for her husband. Death is the spectre
who haunts her every thought. She and her husband are the help
less prey. Death is he who pursues and claims. Yet, this conven
ient demarcation of personality traits, so well underscored by the
two distinct melodic styles, is only a fraction of the picture.
Unity is the composer's main issue, and already the two characters,
which on one level appear to be in clear opposition, are beginning
to be identified as one.
The first musical device which brings Savitri and Death closer
together is the contrapuntal alignment of their melodic lines. For,
as Savitri's agitated wailing continues, Death, though still unseen
by the audience, begins anew his call. True, the listener can dis
tinguish between the two vocal parts by tone quality and musical
style, but the confused concurrence of two people singing at once
38
tends to obscure the details of each, merging the two into a single
mass of sound.
More telling, however, than the polyphonic combination of the
two parts, is the inclusion of Death*s melodic motifs in Savitri!s
otherwise dissimilar line. All the examples below are passages
from Savitri*s melodic material which have incorporated Death*s
identifying motifs.
39
Example 2 (mm. 26-28)
Example 3 (mm. 29-31)
Example 4 4-7-48)
S a v * ^ r<
' I
1---------------
~~w - 3 5
c o m e f o r U r j - b a n d ?
Derr/e -from C~'
Example 5 (mm. 54-55)
LO
Example 6 (mm. 58-6 1 )
Derived C /
Further mention should be made of Savitri*s phrase, nI come
for thy husband ? 11 (see Example 4). Savitri is clearly linked here
with Death by use of one of his melodic motifs. Yet the libretto
itself contributes to the interconnection of the two characters,
for here she is quoting Death’s very words, herself uttering that
which she so fears for Satyavan. A similar instance occurs ten
bars later as Savitri again appropriates both Death's music and
words (see Example 6),
Certainly one of the most remarkable ways in which Holst
identifies Savitri with Death is through the use of a single con
cise rhythmic motif, a basic long-short-long that is represented
by a variety of dotted rhythms. And in emphasis of its unique sig
nificance, this rhythmic motif, interestingly enough, sets the very
first three notes of the opera, those constituting Death's Motif A.
Here, without introduction or instrumental accompaniment, Death
forbiddingly enunciates Savitrirs name on a single pitch so as not
to detract from the importance of the rhythm, making his call plain
and direct.
Example 7 (mm. 1-2)
Death.(unseen)
Sa - Tl-tril Si - ▼i-tril__A
Although it is Death who first sings this motif and although
it has been designated as his own Motif A, this compact musical
cell, as will be further seen during the progression of the opera,
is more precisely associated with Savitri, for it is her name
which it so strongly proclaims. Though Motif A never occurs with
out the dotted rhythm, the rhythmic pattern itself often occurs
independently, and throughout this analysis will be referred to as
Savitri!s dotted rhythmic motif, whether it sets a recurring single
pitch as in Death's Motif A or not.
Just within Death's beginning lines alone, this rhythmic mo
tif serves to connect him three times to Savitri, for he uses that
which defines Savitri, so to speak, to define himself. Example 8
is most obvious, while Examples 9 and 10 are variations or exten
sions of the basic rhythm.
Example 8 (m. 6 )
Example 9 (mn. 10-11)
V t w l W
Example 10 (m. 13)
/ . f t
Even Satyavan is included in these first few bars, being
linked to both Savitri and Death where Savitri1s rhythmic motif
sets the words, !1him (referring to Satyavan) the gate."
Example 11 (mm. 23-25)
As can be seen, H o l s t !s central theme of unity already be
gins to be manifest within the first measures with the linking of
his characters through melodic and rhythmic motifs. But the open
ing chapter speaks of an even greater unity wherein apparent poles
are brought together. This richer union, too, is forecast briefly
in the beginning bars as Savitrifs dotted rhythmic motif sets the
opposing times of day and night. Thus far employed mainly in the
unification of Savitri and Death, this rhythmic motif accomplishes
much broader ends than merely this. As the work proceeds, it will
permeate nearly every passage, in time associating all characters
emotions, and ideas, fusing some of the most apparently diverse
elements into a complementary whole. This larger sense of unity,
just foreshadowed here, greatly influences the spirit of the work
as a whole and will be seen more fully as the opera develops.
'Rhytrk* Mrft.
For kim the gate doth o - pen.
Mptif C'
Example 12 (m. 27)
Satyavan the Victim
It has been said that unity is Holst*s ideal. The manner in
which he approaches the subject has been seen with the subtle asso
ciations thus far implied between Savitri and Death. Yet, as the
opera proceeds, there is no greater example of union than that be
tween Savitri and her husband.^ This marvelous affinity begins to
be shown as Satyavan prepares to come on stage to greet his wife.
As Savitri moves toward the close of her lines, the solo cello pre
sents Satyavan*s Theme L. The placement of the cello is notewor
thy, as it enters below Savitri*s phrase, "He in whom I live," and
again below the words, "Whose soul dwells in mine." The presence
of Satyavan*s musical theme set beside his w i f e’s words attests
to the oneness of which she speaks.
43
Example 13 (mm. 54-57)
Them* L Them* L
The oneness demonstrated in the example above is musically
punctuated nine bars later by the quick succession of both Savi
tri *s and Satyavan*s names on Savitri*s now familiar dotted rhyth
mic motif, where even the pitches are identical. And the fact
that it is Savitri who speaks Satyavan *s name and Satyavan who
speaks Savitri*s just further emphasizes the melding of their
personalities (Example 14).
u
Example 14 (mm, 64-68)
•AVITU.
The unity of husband and wife may yet be taken one step fur
ther, perhaps even breaking down, to an extent, the distinction of
sex. In the above example, Satyavan asks, "What wife in all the
world is like to Savitri," and almost before he finishes his in
quiry the answer is given by Savitri herself with identical pitch
es and the same rhythmic pattern. Who is like unto Savitri? Sat
yavan, of course. Before continuing it should also be noted that
Savitri's dotted rhythmic motif, which ties her in Example 14 to
her husband, has functioned previously to link her with Death.
This in turn, through Savitri1s rhythmic motif, serves to link
Satyavan likewise to Death, a curious connection that is highly
significant and will be discussed further as the analysis proceeds.
Satyavan1s musical depiction is at once set apart from the
tonally complex, rather nonlyrical counterpoint which has repre
sented Savitri and Death. His spirited melodic line is joyously
animated, bouyantly blithesome and contented. In contrast to the
plodding motivic nature of Death's phrases and Savitri's recitative
like declamation, Satyavan's melodies are unabashedly lyrical and
aria-like. Their human accessibility is underlined by a metrical
and rhythmic verve and the attendance of relatively clear modali-
Kb
ties and tonal centers. The bucolic nature of folksong is instant
ly apparent here, and all musical elements coalesce to present Sat-
yavan as one who is overtly guileless, unpretentious, and seeming
ly simple and uncomplicated.
How effectively Holst has separated Satyavan from the dark
world from which Death hails and of which Savitri has begun to ex
perience. Once again, however, one soon sees that all is not what
it appears to be on the surface. Indeed, upon closer examination,
Satyavan emerges as perhaps one of the more enigmatic entities of
the opera. His multi-level personality may first be recognized in
the composer’s particular use of modality and tonal center, musical
techniques already cited above as presenting Satyavan as simple
and direct. With Satyavanfs Theme L, though E sounds clearly to
be tonal center, the actual mode in use is somewhat vague. The
lower tetrachord would suggest one of the forms of E major (ionian,
lydian, mixolydian), while the upper tetrachord suggests a form of
E minor (aeolian or phrygian).
Example 15 (mm. 61-66)
SATYAVAN (m U » iu U m t* )
i —Greet - ing to thee, tnj lov - mg S i- r i- t r i
-------------------- »L
k ---------- j
What wife ic ail the world >■ like toH ---------T
Si - - tri__
T H e m e L
The amalgam of major and minor in the previous example does
produce a sense of modal ambiguity, yet in itself is not unique
from the modal duality evident in much folk music. And Holst had
been fascinated by English folksong for about five years by the
time he composed Savitri.^ Of more interest is the use of in
flected or alterable scale degrees, the two chromatic varieties of
a single scale member being considered equal members of the scale.
The inflected degree in Example 15 is the second, which occurs as
both T§ and F ^ .
In Satyavan's subsequent Theme M, the Ftt and F^ are again
seen to be two colors of one scale member, in this instance the
sixth degree, since the tonal center has shifted to A.
46
Like a *pcc-tre o f the for - est, Nights gloom-y pall is draw-ing nigh,
------------------------------------>
Example 16 (mm. 72-77)
The inflected degrees in Examples 15 and 16 are especially effec
tive in bringing about an air of modal incertitude, not only by
obscuring the nature of the actual mode in use, but by causing
the tonal center to become vague and transcient. For instance,
in Example 16, while the first phrase of Theme M is plainly set
a
to A dorian, the F^ in the following phrase contradicts this modal
footing.
These alterable scale degrees bring about more than an obfus
cating effect on modality and tonal center* Perhaps even more con
sequential is the duality they symbolize. Though F# and F£ are no
tated in the same spot on the staff, though they arise as two ver
sions of one scale degree, though their notational names themselves
unite them, they are yet two entirely different pitches. Satyavan,
so to speak, is simultaneously Fft and , two extensions of one en
tity, both of which nonetheless must be recognized. Certainly Sat
yavan must be studied more closely to uncover a duality which is
at the core of his nature.
To discover this duality one must look back to the opening
scene. Savitri and Death, with the tight interplay of their mus-
*ical material, are immediately set in conflict. Still, it is not
Savitri who stands in imminent danger of this baneful visitation.
It is her husband for whom Death has come; Death— the assailant,
Satyavan— the subject of the inevitable. Yet here, between those
two characters which should, by principle at least, be most opposed,
there is a remarkable similitude. Satyavan, the victim of Death,
is himself a bearer of the same. For in his hands he wields an
axe, destroyer of all "the trees that stand so proudly," a weapon
which "With but one stroke could lay them low."
Example 17 (mm. 84-87)
£>AXfA
Example 17 (cont.)
^Ti* mixtc aae that, itcai-ing acax them. With but one stroke could lay them low.
In this same vein, what irony fills Satyavan1s ingenuously
naive words in Example 16, "Like a spectre of the forest, Night’s
gloomy pall is drawing nigh,1’ where the advance of Death’s funere
al cloak is plainly intimated. So Satyavan returns to his wife,
leaving behind the dark and velvety pall of Death as it covers the
forest in night. Yet he carries Death with him in his hand— his
axe, the dreadful claimant of tree and shrub. And as he leaves
Death yonder in the forest, while he carries Death in his hands,
he returns to Savitri where Death awaits him at home.
The strong tie between prey and enemy is further marked by
the music, where the last stage of merging identities is made sure
musically Satyavan becomes Death himself. First of all, it is sig
nificant that Satyavan’s Theme M (Examples 16 and 17), though out
wardly distinct from Death’s melodic motifs, is set upon the same
center, A. This is, of course, important in itself. Yet this com
mon modal placement also allows for the same perfect fifth, A-E,
which set Death’s declaration, ”1, the Summoner,” to recur in sev
eral notable spots within Satyavan’s own lines.
Example 18 (m. 13)
The rising interval in Example 18, which shall consistently be re
ferred to as Death's perfect fifth, appears in Satyavan's Theme M,
specifically on the pitches, A and E. Here he speaks to his axe,
the symbol of Death becoming animate, and bids farewell to it as
a friend. Yet no sooner does he discard his 'friend' than musi
cally he retrieves it, calling out to his wife on Death's rising
fifth, proclaiming almost jubilantly, "To a fairer love I go."
Ironically, through the use of this interval, Satyavan himself
foreshadows his encounter with the Summoner, unknowingly declaring
who actually awaits him at home.
Example 19 (mm. 88-89)
£9
D esritfs
r*M. sir m u)
Fftre*wcll,fri«nd, tke morn;
Satyavan's use of Death's perfect fifth does more than re
late the two characters and point toward the confrontation that
will arise between them. It serves also to connect Savitri with
Death, for it is she to whom Satyavan calls, "So to thee I am re
turning," and "To a fairer love I go." To whom is Satyavan return
ing? Who is this fairer love? The use of the perfect fifth here
strongly harks back to the phrase, "I, the Summoner," and in a
sense answers our question, marking Savitri herself, the adoring
wife, as an extension of Death (Example 20).
50
Example 20 (from Examples 16 and 19)
SATYAVArt
So to thee I
'beatK’b
re • turn -
£ * t y a y * h (•04t SAVITRI)
To « fair •
F w f t h
ex ,love I go.
Tne Mirror and The Nameless Unknown
Once Satyavan concludes his song and greets his wife, he no
tices the presentiment and fear which darkens her countenance#
Troubled, he inquires, "But thou art pale and trembling, What ails
thee?" Here the latter three words, "What ails thee?," are set
upon Death*s rising perfect fifth, A-E, clearly implying the an
swer to Satyavan*s question#
Example 21 (mm# 97-99)
5 >rr^AvAMj-£ ------------- ti— t,— t*— ------------1-------------------------h----- r ---------- ^------------ *--------------
But thou art pale and tremb-ling, W hat ails thee?
In response to her husband*s inquiry Savitri murmurs, "The
forest is to me a mirror," making use of Death's Motif C*, reiter
ating the association between Death and the forest, as night's
"gloomy pall" enshrouds the trees which stand as ultimate victims
of SatyavanTs axe#
Example 22 (mm. 100-101)
£*T/A\/ANJ c/
Th e for - e»t to i me. me m m»r
M . t
In Example 22 above, Savitri!s dotted rhythmic motif occurs
on the words, "me a mirrorf 11 bringing about an important effect.
For not only does the rhythm associate these words with all else
that is set to this pattern, but, being now familiar and recogniz
able, it causes the specific words set upon it to stand out of
textual context, to rise in relief from the surrounding words.^
Thus, in addition to identifying the forest as a mirror of Death,
an important analogy in itself, Savitri has thusly labeled her
self, "me a mirror," by use of her own rhythmic motif. In addi
tion, as she sings these words by way of Deathfs Motif C*, her role
as a reflection of Death is made plain and is further underscored
by the instrumental repeat of this same motif in the orchestra un
der the word, "mirror."
51
Example 23 (mm. 100-102)
Savitri and Death are not alone in the unifying reflection
of identity seen in the preceding example. Satyavan, too, is seen
in the glass. For as Death!s work is fraught in the world of mor
tals, Satyavan!s workshop is the forest where he fells trees as
Death claims men. Thus, the forest is a mirror of Death, of Sa
vitri, and of Satyavan, an exemplary interconnection symbolizing
the larger reflection of all things in all things, the highest
unity,
Savitri continues her lines, "The forest is to me a mirror
wherein I see another world." Considering the text alone, this
phrase is replete with weighty implications. How might one gaze
into a mirror and view another world? After all, mirrors are faith
ful pictures of that which they reflect. One looks into a mirror
and sees oneself, or the tangible surroundings of the space in which
one stands. The reproduction on the glass is as precise as the ori
ginal, so much so that, under certain circumstances, the distinction
between the reflector and the reflected may be less than clear.
Yet, regardless of the exactness of the image on the flat two-
dimensional surface, the mirror is not fully that which it so per
fectly depicts. This is a fundamental truth one forgets when look
ing into a mirror. We see ourselves, yet it is not really ourselves
that we see. Our visages, the paintings on the walls behind us, the
chairs to the left, the windows to the right— when viewed in the
glass they are no longer faces, walls, paintings, chairs, windows.
They are said to be seen Ti n T the mirror, but what elements of the
corporeal world can be perceived 'in1 a flat surface?
Yes, they are real, but they lie beyond our rational ken, in
some other dimension. And those things which lie beyond man 18 log-
cal understanding defy description and labeling, they are "nameless
and unknown." This is why Savitri gazes into a mirror and knows
that she sees another world, one somehow different from the world
so aptly pictured in the glass. There is no need for an actual
mirror in Holst's story, for the world itself, the forest, Savitri,
52
53
Death, Satyavan, these are all mirrors, images, reflections, or
perhaps symbols of something else. They are more than what they
appear to be on the surface. On one level, they may be labeled and
identified, just as Holst, in essence, labels and identifies his
characters, distinguishing them from one another by use of various
musical styles, motifs and themes. But such labeling, if not un
derstood for what it truly is, may be immensely misleading. For
below the surface all is one, and when •All* obliterates 'other
7everything in fact becomes nameless and unknown.
• •
Example 24 (mm. 100-107)
S a v i i r ’l
fo r -e s t is to me * mir - ror where-in 1 ace u • oth - er world,
M —- --He? -r~m\ - r - V W ^ ^
As Savitri describes what she sees, "a world where all is
nameless, unknown,” Holst makes use of the whole tone scale (the
only instance of this scale in the score) to effect a sense of
equality, a reiteration of all things being the same. Even the
F augmented triad outlined in the accompaniment derives from this
same scale. Such a realization of oneness is often less than com
fortable, however, not only as it nullifies traditional logic, but
also because it can annihilate the sense of self. Such perhaps is
the horror Savitri feels as she shudders, declaring that this other
world is "sick with fear." Here it is important to note that the
Ctj on the word, "fear , 11 is the first pitch to depart from the whole
tone setting. Apparently this other world of greater oneness and
its equalizing power is not yet understood by Savitri, appearing
absurd and even frightening. And the fear born of ignorance, set
here by the , is not part of that fuller dimension beyond mundane
nomenclatures, that dimension symbolized musically by the whole tone
scale.
It should be mentioned at this point that Savitri1s fear may
merely be attributed to her awareness of Death and his presence
everywhere she looks. After all, the forest has been set up as a
mirror of Death; it seems likely that Savitri would look upon it
with nameless and unspeakable fears. Such an interpretation is
certainly valid, but it is only a single view, and the most obvi
ous one at that. The former view, however, that being stressed
above, is one in which Death is strongly being associated with a
nameless, unknown world, a world in which he may be seen as the
'passing away 1 of the distinctions brought about by naming and
gknowing in the intellectual sense. So, if Savitri fears Death,
so too does she fear the death of the rational world. For a state
of complete oneness is permeated with the ever-present death of
material distinctions. When not fully comprehended, such a state,
of course, becomes quite terrifying.
The particular passage above (Example 24), in its astounding
brevity, makes clear through several musical devices the idea of
union. As already discussed, the greatest antithesis to unity is
the recognition of mutually exclusive 'things', an earthly concept
neutralized musically here by the whole tone scale. Another musical
54
technique employed to depict unity is the directional contour of
Savitri's melodic line. On the phrase, "wherein I see another
world," the melody rises stepwise. Whereas, immediately follow
ing, when Savitri reveals the characteristics of this other world,
the melody descends stepwise, as if to suggest, in T.S. Eliot's
words, "the way up is the way down . " 9 Such is the case, that there
can be no true polar direction in an atmosphere of utter unity.
Maya— The Veil of Illusion
It is here in the opera, after Savitri discloses a portion
of her dread premonitions to her husband, that Maya is introduced,
the superlative enchantress, the queen of illusion. Satyavan im
putes his wife's black disquietude to this veiling force, maintain
ing that it is she, Maya, who subverts the sensory perceptions of
humans, concealing as many aspects of the total reality as is pos
sible. At this spot in the score, the wordless chorus of female
voices enters and with the chamber orchestra sounds an F minor
triad, not establishing a key or tonic chord, but rather present
ing the harmonic sonority that will be identified specifically with
Maya.
Example 25 (m. 108)
SATr*v4>Jlit. M IM mtamrm
55
The problem of Maya, of illusion in general, is one which bears
heavily all through the opera, extensions of which will be detected
in endless ramifications and levels of thought* One's awareness of
her and of Holst's portrayal of her powers within the music will
first allow for the realization that, due in part to illusory in
fluences, all is not what it initially seems to be. This most ob
vious aspect of Maya has already been demonstrated musically in con
nection with all three of Holst’s characters. Yet Maya's sway ex
tends much further, blurring wisdom even when one has penetrated
beyond the external covering of earthly perception. For even within
those spiritually elevated realms which men on occasion roam, Maya
also treads. It is the failure to recognize her powers even there
10which becomes a barb in the side of many a mystic.
As Satyavan continues singing of Maya, the harmonies alternate
6between F minor and A^, both colored by chromatic oscillations which
tend to obscure harmonic clarity. As was the case with the rising
and falling melodic line cited in Example 24, the relationship of
these two chords involves both upward and downward movement, a dual
motion even more telling here because of the fact that both ascent
and descent occur simultaneously. The bass line moves downward,
while the upper voices, along with the implied root direction, pro
ceed upward. A further duality is brought about by a combination of
both mediant and half-step relationships, the progression from F minor
to A^ representing the former and the chromatic fingered tremolos re
presenting the latter. In support of the half-step relationship is
the relatively strong leading tone effect between E and F in bar 108
and between BH and Cjl in bar 109 (Example 26).
56
Example 26 (ram. 108-113)
S A T f A V A N
is more, Look •-round — A ll that thou
■eest Trees and shrubs. The gTasj st thy feet, A ll th it w tlk i or creeps,
58
Example 26 (cont.)
F m in. F m ln .
Examining “the foregoing example, it. can be seen that the
F minor triad underlays specifically the text which speaks of
Maya herself, while the A^ sets that text referring to those
aspects of the physical world which are affected by her per
nicious power. And, as Satyavan proposes, "Our bodies, our
limbs, our very thoughts, we ourselves are slaves to Maya."
In this vein, Holst!s notational choice on the last two state
ments of the name, Maya, is noteworthy, for the spelling itself
is deceiving. The harmony in the chorus, FG#C, is merely a
masking of the F minor triad, which to this point has been
spelled with an At. Again, such spelling may simply be fil
ling the needs of practical notation; the half-step descent
may be easier to sing if written A to G# rather than A to P.'p.
Yet, if such were the case, why has not the composer chosen to
1 1use the G# throughout?
By declaring that "All is Maya," Satyavan by necessity
includes himself. And as this declaration occurs upon Savi-
tri's dotted rhythmic motif, and as the phrase, "Maya is more,"
occurs upon a variation of Death's Motif C 1, it instantly at
tests that all three characters— Death, Savitri, and Satyavan—
are affected to some degree by Maya; certain features of their
personalities, especially those which cause them to appear as
distinct and differentiated entities, are mere extensions of
the world of illusion. This point is vastly significant and
should be borne in mind as the opera continues to unfold (Ex
ample 27).
59
60
Example 27 (id. 109 and mm. 110-111)
Though the mother of illusion has been revealed as one whose
powers prevent humanity from ascertaining truth from fantasy, Sat
yavan, in the next few lines, conjectures that there may yet exist
some vehicles of reality.
Example 28 (mm. 113-125)
S>j\tva>/an A**grio.
61
Example 28 (cont.)
"Love to the lover, The child to the mother, the song to the
singer, God to the worshipper. These wand-ring thro 1 the world
of Maya are perchance shadows of that which is.” The hope inher
ent in such words is superbly expressed in Holst's melodic writ
ing, which becomes warmly lyrical in sharp contrast to the reci-
tative-like line which precedes. This faith and yearning aspira
tion is wonderfully reflected in the continuous rising of the mel
odic line, a striving upward reach which attains its summit on the
word, "God."
It is amazing here how well Holst has carried the listener
along, as if, in the heat of impassioned hope, Maya has been de
bilitated. But such is not so. One may believe that he has un
masked fantasy and left it behind, moving forth to higher and more
rarefied levels of awareness, seeing truth in love, motherhood,
music, deity. But, as stated before, Maya's dominion is ample,
it extends in some degree to even the higher planes of understand
ing. Even holy divinity, as perceived by man, cannot escape, for
as Satyavan lights gloriously upon "God," the orchestra immediate-
6ly stops, only to come in one beat late on A^, the very sonority
which Holst has used previously to represent those elements of
currently suggests an F# minor-seventh chord, creating an air of
harmonic ambivalence* The lines of hopeful expectancy, so fervid
ly delivered just moments ago, have been somewhat qualified. For,
not only are these possible conveyors of truth mere shadows of re
ality, but reality or, as.Satyavan phrases it, "that which is,"
remains harmonically unclear because shadows are only distorted
likenesses, misshapen in symmetry and size, and, being flat like
a mirror, missing certain dimensions from the original.
Example 29 (mm. 125-127)
63
f\ Major
or
p # fl'mor 7 ik
Before continuing, one should consider the harmony occur
ring on the phrase, "These wand-ring thro' the world of Maya are
perchance shadows of that which is." The C§ in the melody, when
sounded against the minor third, F-Ab, in the orchestra, is seen
to obscure what is simply a major triad in first inversion (ex
ample 30).
64
Example 30 (mm. 122-124)
These wand-ring thro’ the world o f Mj . ya
XTf ------
--------
It is noteworthy that the Db major triad above was the first
vertical harmony to occur in the opera. It arose when Death1s
Motif A 9 set to Savitri*s rhythmic motif, appeared in the viola,
sounding an Ab joined three bars later by Db and F in the flutes.
This initial harmony is made even more salient by the fact that
it coincides with the first instrumental entry of the piece.
Before this spot the music had been solely vocal. Immediately,
this Db triad is associated with Death due to the presence of
his Motifs A and C T.
Example 31 (mm. 43-48)
The next time the Db major triad occurs is just eight bars later
when Savitri sings of the oneness between her husband and herself,
"He in whom I live," Thus, within the space of a few bars, this
65
triadic harmony has been associated with all three of Holst’s
characters,
Example 32 (mm, 54-57)
'ftT r
The composer has appropriately chosen the Db harmony to set
Satyavan*s phrase, "These wand-ring thro 1 the world of Maya," for,
through the text and the harmony with its confused enharmonic
spelling, he has equated Death, Savitri, and Satyavan with all
which must roam Maya’s domain. To further emphasize Maya’s hold
over those who wander her kingdom, it shall be remembered that
the sonority of F minor has specifically been connected with Maya.
If the CH in the vocal line is not considered as a chord tone, the
F and Ab in the orchestra clearly suggest the F minor triad.
Example 33 (mm. 122-124)
ftATTAVAJL dim
Satyavan, due to the fact that it is he who is singing in
Example 33, is especially linked to Maya, warning the listener that
what he says cannot be taken at face value alone. This, of course,
is not the first time the woodsman has been related to the bewil
dering sway of illusion. Already discussed are the uncertainties
revealed in his Themes L and M, melodies which on an outward level
appeared so candid and straightforward. These uncertainties are
in fact foreshadowed by his wife before Satyavan even comes on
stage. Savitri calls out her husband!s name, referring to his
strength and courage, "Satyavan, He the strong and fearless one."
Yet curiously enough, the sustained harmony in the strings and
winds is the F minor triad, the musical symbol of Maya, a pre
sence which instantly renders Savitri!s description of her hus
band suspect, a description which emphasizes Satyavanfs unique
ness and thus his distinction as a separate entity.
66
Example 34 (mm. 4-9-51)
In addition to the emasculating effect this harmony has on
Satyavan*s supposed strength and courage, its particular placement
within the piece is equally significant. Just four bars previous
is the Db major triad mentioned in Example 31 as the first harmony
to appear in the opera, one which links Holst's three main char
acters. Following this DJ> is an A minor triad, the root of which
serves as tonal center for Death's opening motifs. The A minor
triad is then succeeded by another Db triad, which in turn leads
directly into the F minor triad seen in Example 34 above. In
short, the first three harmonies of the opera, within five bars,
keenly link Savitri, Satyavan, and Death together, relinquishing
1 2all three to the all-enveloping powers of Maya.
Example 35 (mm. 44-51)
It may be felt that the writer has set too much importance
upon the placement of harmonies and their relationship to the li
bretto. Still# it should be noted that in an harmonic background
largely characterized by either ambivalent or nonexistent tonali
ties, with no great abundance of tertial structures, at least not
in this portion of the score, the triad forms referred to above
are somewhat unique. They have no bond with one another tonally
or functionally, so there must be some other reason for their use;
the composer1s choice cannot be considered arbitrary. Holst was
1 3an extraordinarily fastidious composer, ' and a random selection
of harmonies to casually underlay any part of the text is not in
keeping with his compositional approach. With this in mind, it
may safely be assumed that the harmonies discussed here and else
where are definitely significant. The writer}s interpretation of
this significance, though one among others, is consistent with the
overall spirit of the work and will be further justified as the
analysis proceeds.
The Circle of Death
Once Satyavan has charged that it is Maya who has ensnared
his wife, tormenting her with illusory phantoms, Savitri almost
regretfully declares that it is not so. Her terrors are not the
result of illusions. The horrors that beset her are apparently
those of a greater reality. She perceives that black truth which,
lying beneath the colorful but pacifying surface, permeates all
that is: "Once I knew Maya, Now she is forgot, Mine eyes are open,
would they were shut, I see the heart of ev-ry tree, pale with
terror, The elves that dance upon the grass blades crouching
earthward."
Example 36 (mm. 128-132)
Savitri
68
Once 1 knew M i - ji, Now the » for.
69
Example 36 (cont.)
paJe wrtb ter-ror, The d m that ikncc up-on the g n u bla<ie* CTOuclnng earth - wird
Savitri continues, and, not believing that her husband can
not sense the doom which to her is so evident, she asks, "Dost thou
not feel? Ah! Canst thou not see? 11 Still not knowing of what she
speaks, Satyavan responds, "I see nought. What ails thee?" Death!s
presence is more than clear musically as Motif B enters in its or
iginal key, yet Satyavan still senses nothing, while his wife seems
to see all.
Example 37 (mm. 133-135)
What, however, does Savitri really see? She believes her
vision carries her beyond the spurious world of Maya. She sees
the blackness that none else perceive. She sees Death, the in
evitable claimant of all that lives. But Death, through his re-
lationship with Savitri and her husband, and directly with Maya
as well, has already been connected with illusion. If Savitri
sees Death, viewed as the expropriator of souls, it is not the
highest reality she sees. Indeed, within the final bars of the
opera, Death is disclosed as perhaps the most subtly bewitching
artifice of Maya herself.
In answer to her husband*s ignorance, Savitri declares, "He
doth come." Whereupon Satyavan defiantly asks, 11 He? Whom dost
thou mean? A foe?" Still Satyavan does not realize the presence
of Death, even though his own line, by use of Death!s rising per
fect fifth, A-E, makes plain the nature of nis foe.
70
Example 38
The following bars proceed to merge Satyavan with Death in
a most remarkable manner. Instantly in defense, Satyavan lifts
his axe and seeks his foe, carrying Death in his hands to kill
Death in the forest— the forest which conceals Death from Sat
yavan and which is home to the trees for which Satyavan himself
is Death. The axe, as an emblem of Death, is again reiterated
when, upon Deathfs rising fifth, A-E, Satyavan cries out, "Mine
axe,n patently equating the weapon with the enemy it seeks. And
Satyavan, as the wielder of Death, is made clear just one bar later
as Savitri cries out, "Satyavan," again on a rising perfect fifth.
71
Example 39 (mm. 133-145)
72
Example 39 (cont.)
Studying the foregoing example, it can be seen that even
tonality fuses Death and Satyavan, Death’s Motif B having entered
in A minor at the beginning of the example and Satyavan !s Theme M
following in a derivative of the same mode, dorian, and on the
same tonal center, A. The grand paradox has been established with-
out question. Music and text both aver explicitly that Death ar.d
Satyavan are one, hunter and prey are the same.
Savitri too, however, is included in this fusion, for, just
as the tonal footing of A has linked Death and Satyavan, that of
E links Death to Savitri. As Satyavan explodes in a rage toward
his prospective opponent, who he has yet to see, he does so by use
of his own Theme M in its original tonality, A dorian. When Sat
yavan first sang Theme M, it concluded with an abrupt tonal shift
to E major/minor, in which tonality Theme L commenced as he joy
ously proclaimed, "Home unto thee, my loving Savitri." When
Theme M was repeated just moments later, it was again succeeded
by the same shift from A to E, this time setting the phrase,
"Greeting to thee my loving Savitri." Indeed, each time Theme L
has occurred thus far, it has been in connection with Satyavan's
warm salutations to his beloved wife.
73
Example 40
Greet - in g __ to thee itit lov - irg S i - r i - t r i :
' L ~ E r l i j / n i n
To this point in the opera, E major/minor has only been used
to set Satyavan*s Theme L, this tonal area therefore being associ
ated only with Savitri and the endearing sentiments her husband
has for her. In Example 41 below, as Satyavan seeks after his
enemy, using his Theme M, the identical shift from A dorian to
E major/minor takes place. But where he previously sang blithe-
fully of returning home to his beloved wife, he now cries out in
reference to his axe and to its attack on Death, "It thirsteth for
thy lifeblood." Now the adoring wife herself is entwined in the
confused tangle of Death pursuing Death.
Example 41 (mm. 142-145)
Savitn
Nty,
wr*th
74
M — A D o r ia n (^ ,'tk C*
Even without the music, the text alone in the previous ex
ample strongly portrays a unique circle of Death. Satyavan pro
claims that his axe hungers for Deathfs overthrow, it thirsteth
for Deathfs lifeblood. Irony is obvious enough as Satyavan's axe,
itself a symbol of Death, hungers to overthrow Death. But this
irony is taken even further when the text implies that Death is
a living creature, that he possesses "lifeblood," Even if this im
plication is seen as the result of Satyavan not knowing who his
enemy is, the suggestion is still unmistakable. Yet, is this
pushing the concept of unity too far? Surely it would seem that
Death and Life could not be related in this way. Still, the unity
of Holst’s mysticism and the unity of the Hindu writings from which
he draws this story is not selective, it cannot be qualified, it
encompasses all. Therefore, Life and Death must not be the poles
one assumes them to be. If seen as opposites, they are nothing
more than extensions of Maya. Certainly one of the great moments
in the opera is the final unmasking of the supposed antagonist, the
identification of Death as something much different than the irre
vocable annihilator.
Death Becomes Flesh
As regards Death and his perhaps tenuous connection with re
ality, it is vital to note that, though the weight and immensity
of his presence is strongly felt by all, he has not yet appeared
on stage. His opening lines, so well fixed in the listener's mind,
are uttered from a distance, the speaker himself not being seen b^
the audience. Even the orchestra which frequently repeats his in-
75
delible motifs is hidden from sight. Nonetheless, through the
music, Death has been made as tangible as the characters which
can clearly be seen. The time, however, has come for Death to
materialize, a sense of presence now becoming incarnate before
the viewer. He is now to become palpable, not a vague event or
indescribable occurrence which takes place at some point in a per
son s existence, but an actual being, an idea personified.
After Satyavan1s foolishly heroic outburst, Death slowly ap
pears. Drawing nigh, his victim staggers, dropping his axe. Here,
if nowhere previously, Death is made real. To see him, it would
seem, would make more certain his actuality. Yet the music does
not support such a tangibly visual fact, for as Death enters he
is accompanied in the orchestra by his own Motif B in F minor, the
tonal symbol of Maya. Also, Death becomes musically removed from
himself by the fact that it is not he who renders his motivic ma
terial when he appears before the audience. It is the orchestra
which delivers his themes while he remains silent. We see Death,
and, in seeing him, he becomes physically embodied. But perhaps
the most powerful illusions are not those which take on the na
ture of dreams and fantasies, but rather those which pass as cor
poreal forms in a material world which accepts such things as real.
Example 1*2 (mm. H 6 - H 9 )
76
fiU 4*4 f§JU fr*M kit JUmJ: I • tUfgwrt
As Satyavan falters, he calls painfully to his wife, "Savitri,
Savitri, my arm is powerless." It has been made clear that Savitri
and Satyavan are one, insomuch as that which threatens one threatens
both. Here again, the use of the characteristic interval of a fifth
unites husband and wife. Yet, in this instance, it also bespeaks
the peril that will effect them both, for the interval is disfig
ured, the perfect fifth constricted to a tritone. Furthermore,
the fatal arrival of Death has turned the fifth about, it descends
from D to Afc as Satyavan calls his wife's name. Savitri employs
the same two pitches, rising from D to Afc> as she runs to aid her
husband.
77
Example 4-3 (mm. 148-150)
The use of the same interval and the same pitches in such
close succession well reveals the danger that imperils both char
acters. Yet the significance of these two pitches and the special
qualities inherent in the tritone itself are just as important.
First, it will be noticed that Satyavan's tritone descends while
Savitri's rises, the pitches D to At being identical in each.
This reaffirms the notion of downward and upward motion being syn
onymous. But the particular interval involved thoroughly proves
this to be the case. For the tritone, whether rising or falling,
does not change upon inversion: up or down, two apparently unre-
concilable extremes are indeed the same. What better method to
unify Satyavan and his wife than to do so within an equalization
of polarities. Upon recognition of such musical unification, it
is almost needless to add that both descending and ascending tri
tones are set to Savitri*s dotted rhythmic pattern.
It should be mentioned here that, on one level, the tritone
can be seen as representing evil or danger, as it has done through
out centuries of tone painting. Deathfs presence does support
such an interpretation. Yet, considering the analysis so far, the
tritone and its particular usage here must also be recognized as a
reflection of the unity between Satyavan and his wife.
Within the next nine bars, Holst succeeds remarkably in mu
sically bringing together the three characters in a mass of con
trapuntal interplay. The orchestra delivers all of Death’s main
motifs, not in horizontal order, but stacked upon each other in
stretto fashion. As Motif B repeats in the lower strings in F minor,
Motifs A and C* occur above in the English horn in D minor, followed
by Motif E in Ab phrygian. Savitri*s and Satyavan!s lines when
taken alone randomly suggest several harmonies or tonalities.
For example, Satyavanfs line, ’’Savitri, where art thou?," outlines
F minor, while Savitri !s phrase, 111 am with thee, my arms are
round thee," implies Bb or possibly Eb major. The only tertian
sonority that recurs with any consistency is the D diminished tri
ad. This chord is rather crucial, for it unifies the three main
tonalities within which Death's motifs occur: D, F, and Ab« It
thus reconciles the tonal diversity of Death’s melodic material
within one harmonic unit (Example 44)*
78
79
Example 44 (mm. 146-158)
Si - ri-tri, mine «xini» pov’r-lev.
f f n l h /rvwt Ail Und: k* it*ggrr$.
S*t - yi * T in .____
n S a v ' r t r i f K h ^ «■* i « » J
w — - - - - ^ - - p - ■ ■■ « = , Sfct-ym - van
-f~------ - » ,---- i ------------------------ —5---------- *--------
-4 ^ . . . . .
■* d 8 £ M *> * ;£ >—------------------------- : -J ■■— -------------L ~ - * 2 M i n . ^
_ V ' * - ; . 4 . 4 - 4 4 — ^ _ Q _
80
Example 44 (cont.)
The D diminished triad, which consolidates the tonalities of
Death’s motivic material in the preceding example, serves also to
unite him with Savitri and Satyavan. For husband and wife, and
the mutual jeopardy that awaits their, both, have been closely linked
by the descending and ascending tritone noted above in Example 43 >
specifically employing the pitches D and Ab. And it is just this
interval and the D diminished triad which it encompasses which dom
inates the harmony throughout this passage.
So it is, that through melody, rhythm, and harmony, Holst
has brought order to an area of contrapuntal complexity, unifying
musical and dramatic divergencies. And, once again, the composer
manifests his ability to create a passage that functions success
fully on more than one level. Here, the most obvious aspects of
the polyphonic independence of lines and ideas stun and intrigue
the ear, dramatically distinguishing each character, setting them
apart while at the same time pitting them against one another.
Yet, from another vantage point and upon a different plane, this
seeming autonomy of individual lines and the conflict developed
between them is recognized rather as a multiplex extension of one
central musical and dramatic idea.
Savitri's Lullabv
At the close of the vividly graphic scene described above,
Satyavan at last sinks to the ground, his final debilitated mel
odic rise from A't> to BVV superbly depicting the enervating effect
of Death's arrival. In answer to Satyavan's expiring wail, "Savi
tri where art thou?," his wife commences an endearing lullaby, a
sublime song of vigilance and devotion. The line is simple and
naturally lyrical, but not passionately so; Savitri here displays
no intemperate sorrow or inordinate alarm. In contrast to the an
xiety she has thus far exhibited, her mood is calm, almost as if
she has not yet accepted the full meaning of Death's coming.
81
Example 45 (mm. 159-175)
82
Example 45 (cont.)
In the preceding example, the melodic nature of Savitri!s
lullaby of devotion is tranquil and reassuring, presenting a re
latively clear and simple formal structure of repeated motifs and
phrases. In fact, this staid arietta represents Savitrirs only
lines which are not essentially through-composed. Its beauty is,
indeed, direct and accessible.
The text of Savitrifs lullaby is of interest as well. The
first lines, "I am with thee, my arms are round thee, Thy thoughts
are mine, My spirit dwells with thee," reaffirms the affinity of
Savitri and her husband. It is with the next phrases, however, that
the ideal of union is made most telling, complete oneness being seen
as the bringing together of presumed opposites: "When thou art weary
I am watching, When thou sleepest I am waking, When in sorrow I am
near making it a thing of joy." With these words, it would seem
as if Satyavan represents one pole and Savitri its counterpart.
But* as husband and wife are one, these poles become complementary
rather than opposed, fused in cooperative accord.
Of especial note here in Savitri’s lullaby and later on, is
Holst!s use of pedal tones, their singular aural effect of equal
izing all other musical elements, or perhaps even neutralizing or
’absorbing* them, being highly suggestive of unity. In addition,
any lengthy sustained tone becomes a ’presence’, one which influ
ences all that takes place about it, one which is constant even
though it may be recognized only on a subconscious level after it
has persisted for quite some time. Thus, Savitri1s melodic line
and the words which she sings, though both clearly distinct and
intelligible, are perhaps not exclusively significant in and of
themselves. Perhaps they are not only to stand out individually
in relief, but also to be recognized as part of a larger whole,
extensions of an essence which is reflected in the ever-present
pedal tone. The composer’s use of pedals as the opera progresses
shall render more clear this observation.
As has already been seen, Holst’s opera unfolds simultane
ously on more than one level, that which is readily discernible
accompanied by wbat is more subtle and penetrating. The former
is often rpade rnanifest in the most ostensive musical differentia-
83
tion of characters, another example of which occurs at the close
of Savitrifs lullaby. Here, as Savitri continues in D dorian,
Death’s Motif B enters in FH minor, the eliding of the contrast
ing tonal areas serving well to set the two characters apart.
Example 4-6 (mm. 172-175)
84
S a v i t r i
Once Death’s proximity has again been made clear by the in
strumental recurrence of his melodic material and by the fact that
he continues to draw ever nearer Savitri and her prostrate husband,
the woman turns from her idyllic song of nurturing affection to
darker lines, solemnly murmuring the following:
Example 47 (mm. 176-183)
85
Example 47 (eont.)
Again stressing the most obvious interpretation of the above
passage, these statements can be made. First, Death's approach is
powerfully reflected in the orchestral writing, which is dominated
entirely by the occurrence of his motivic material. The libretto,
too, demonstrates the frightful lord's overwhelming presence: "Through
the forest creeps the darkness— All is dark and cold and still."
Earlier in the opera this encroaching darkness was identified by
Satyavan as "Night's gloomy pall," Death's loathesome cloak draw
ing over the forest. And the forest itself has been equated with
the death which stalks its confines, not only that which lies con-
cealed and waiting for Satyavan, but also that which Satyavan in
flicts upon the trees. And now Satyavan himself lies lifeless in
his wife's lap. No small wonder that Savitri declares that the
world has become a grave and that she alone remains living. For
without Satyavan, virtually all else would seem dead. Yet this is
only one explanation of this scene, thoroughly justifiable, but
perhaps not complete. Another appraisal of Savitri's words will
reveal quite a different picture.
Thus far, Death has been presented as a fearful and odious
creature. Both music and text have made this explicit. Surely
this is how Death is viewed by most mortals, and on one level,
this is the view held in Holst's opera. But considered as defini
tive, this judgement is misleading. Death, when only understood
in this way, is an illusion. Savitri has said that all is cold and
dark and still, that all the world is a grave. Yet this can assume
quite a different meaning if the worldwide tomb is seen not only
as the demise of material existence, but also as the end of all dis
tinctions, the dissolution of all things which deny the divine unity.
The connection between Death and the passing of all that exists in
the realm of unresolved differences is an important one which fig
ures frequently in the Hindu writings. As one discovers that all
discrimination is in some ways delusive, including the belief that
the individual 'self is a distinct entity, he gradually pushes
such notions aside, proceeding to broader planes of awareness.
The conceptions of 'self* set in a world of other 'selves1 and
other 'things', the acceptance of differentiations which can sure
ly persist after 'mortal' death and make necessary the endless chain
1 Lof reincarnation or 'samsara* — all these beliefs loose their pow
erful grasp and 'pass away'. One experiences the 'death' of his
existence as he formerly perceived it. His desires, his will, his
86
longings as a ’self’ all die. The individual is given up to death,
15darkness, and blissful extinction. Visions into higher realms
of reality testify to an all-pervading oneness, a unity which pre
cludes the multiplexities of a diversified material state where
the 1 self1 reigns supreme. The exclusiveness and separateness of
distinctions are broken and individual entities fail. What is ex-
16perienced is the darkness* felt by St. John of the Cross, Novak's
17'nothingness1, the cold prehistory of Sibelius1 Scandinavian for-
18ests, the stillness of simply knowing intuitively. Indeed, all
the world becomes a grave. All is death, not the black ghoul who
frequents horror stories, but a blessed, rapturous surcease which
initiates one into truth.
Certainly death, when seen in this manner, is not the antithe
sis to life, but the introduction to a more complete life. Thus, when
Savitri utters the seemingly incongruous statement, "I alone am liv
ing," after stating that all is death, she is not actually contra
dicting herself, but reaffirming that Life and Death in one sense
are the same, a fact made musically and dramatically convincing
toward the end of the opera.
It may be argued that Savitri*s assertion that she alone
lives amidst a mass universal grave does not counter her previous
statement anyway, because she, in her own mind, does not actually
include herself amongst that which is dead, she is simply devas
tated by her husband's death. Yet musically she is part of all
that is dark and cold and still, this being manifest by means of
her own dotted rhythmic motif repeating upon itself, the rhythm
87
which first introduced her name. And thus, as part of the all-
inclusive darkness, Savitri lives.
Example 48 (mm. 179-180)
88
is dark and cold and ttil)
'R e y e i » « n o f tA*t-
It can be said that the most immediate explanation for the
dotted rhythm above is that of an apt metrical setting for the
text. And speaking the sentence aloud indicates that such a set
ting is most natural. Such practical correspondence between text
and music can be seen throughout the opera, a natural agreement
which can also be detected in the most obvious levels of tone paint
ing. In fact, it has been noted by several critics that Holst was
particularly adept at setting the language. Yet, all this need not
detract from the type of dramatic interpretation discussed above.
Both views go hand in hand and merely reiterate the many vantages
from which the opera may successfully be viewed.
As has been suggested before, the occurrence of the dotted
rhythmic motif does more than relate those things which are set to
its pattern. It also causes words to rise up, becoming isolated
somewhat from the surrounding text. This phenomenon takes place
here on the phrases "I alone am living and over me the gloom is
pressing," where the words "I alone" and "me the gloom," stand
rhythmically out of context. The latter set, "me (Savitri) the
gloom," functions to identify Savitri with the very blackness she
dreads, a reaffirmation that she is one with Death, one with all
that is dark and cold and still. The former set, "I alone," em
phasizes two words which, like the entire phrase, "I alone am liv
ing,” seem, in one sense, to contradict the unity being conveyed
by the passage as a whole.
Example 49 (mm. 181-183)
89
In connection with "I alone," the word ’I 1, by syntactical
necessity separates itself from 'him1 or ’her1 or 'then1. And
falone! implies a separateness from others, a state very differ
ent from being among others, or being with 1 All1, if we are think
ing on a high level of oneness. Both words, "I alone," logically
speaking, detract from an ideal union. But logic is not always
based on the broadest truths. When one sees himself, not as a dis
tinct ego, but as a particle of the whole, 'I1 comes to represent
TA11 in me and me in All*. And the word, falone!, stands not for
separation or remove, but for an immersion in all that is. Being
alone is recognizing that nothing is 1 there1 as opposed from ’here1,
in other words, nothing that is not you. Thus, upon closer scrutiny,
the words, "I alone," underscore greatly the concept of oneness,
and the dotted rhythm which has caused these two words to stand
out is also the rhythm which ties them to nearly all else in the
opera.
Death and Love— Holiness and Evil
Following Savitri1s acknowledgement of Death's approach, she
continues her lullaby:
Example 50 (mm. 183$-188)
90
The text in this example is extremely important, prompting a re-
evaluation of the common views of birth and death, as well as the
true power of love. The line which stands out most immediately
is that in which Savitri states that Satyavan is enshrouded in
her love. The word 'enshrouded1 is instantly striking, suggest
ing that Savitri's love is like a death cloth for her own hus
band. The obvious allusion to death and the preparation of one's
mortal self for the tomb invites a closer look at the preceding
lines where Savitri sings, ’’Like to a babe in his mother s robe.
In this context, the mother's robe may be seen as analogous to
the womb, the only covering for the infant which is complete and
protective. Thus, within one sentence, the robe of conception
is paralleled with the wrappings of death. That life and death
do not necessarily lie in opposition has already been ir.entioned;
these phrases simply reiterate this fact. Here, the two most
significant phases of mortality— birth and death, entrance and
departure— are equated. The swathing cerements of mortal pas
sing are likened to the encircling folds of the life-bearing
womb. Even if Savitri's use of the word 'robe' were not to sig
nify the womb, representing merely a literal cloth wrapping the
newborn child, the connection between birth and infancy/death and
burial is yet patent.
Another aspect of these lines should be weighed: the fact
that Satyavan is being enshrouded, not by an actual grave cloth, but
by his wife’s love. That death, in one sense, is a boon in Hin
du thought has already been discussed, the most fitting decease
being not simply a cessation of mortal existence, but a release
from all in the physical sphere which is spurious and illusory.
Pure love, in both Eastern and Western thought, is a powerful el
ement of truth, a guiding force that assists in directing one away
from the beguiling distractions which impede movement toward the
light. Thus, it is appropriate that love, recognized as a form
of redemption from illusion and falsity, embraces Satyavan, cov
ering him like a shroud, assuring a death of the mortal self and
protection from its deceptions.
As Savitri continues her song, Death draws ever nearer,
his approach marked by the sequential repetition of his Motif B
through the ascending keys of D minor, E minor, ?H minor and
G# minor. As if in defiance, Savitri declares, "Evil powers
may not approach within the hearing of my voice. Only the gods
may enter here in holiness and love." Her fiery words are set
to what shall be identified as Motif Q (Example 51).
91
92
Example 51 (mm. 188^-200)
93
Example 51 (cont.)
Of special significance in Example 51 is the outlining in
Motif Q of the A major triad on the phrase, 11 Evil pow'rs may not
approach within the hearing of my voice." The particular place
ment here of A major is noteworthy, a placement which, by coinci
dence of the E in the bass, is heard in second inversion on the
19word, "pow'rs," As will be recalled, this was the same sonor
ity in this same inversion, which set the word, "God," several
scenes earlier in Example 28, and, save one important instance
which will be mentioned shortly, there is no occurrence of this
triadic sound in this inversion throughout the entire opera out
side these two cases.
The appearance of this A^, which sets both "God" and "Evil
powers," is given further weight Dy the fact that it is more than
just a quickly passing sonority. In both instances the harmonic
background of A major is clearly established. In the former ex
ample, this background is plain in both harmony and melody, held
for two bars at a forte dynamic marking. In the second example,
A major is made obvious in the solo line and orchestra for three
bars, the concurrence of Death's Motif B in E minor in the bass
not obscuring the triadic outlines above it.
94
Example 52 (ram. 120-121 and mm. 191-195)
As has been stressed, Holst's opera seeks to ease the differ
ences between presumably opposing concepts, and the composer's use
of the A major triad, as seen above, beautifully exemplifies just
such an attempt, equalizing the age-old opposition of good and evil,
the two equated here with "God" and "Evil pcw'rs." The reconcilia
tion of good and evil, however, does not rest on the occurrence of
the common triad alone. Savitri's dotted rhythmic motif reinforces
the association, "Evil pow'rs" being paralleled rhythmically with
11 gods" five bars later and with ’’holiness" two bars after that.
Furthermore, the phrase, ’’holiness and love," occurs as a melo
dic sequence of the earlier phrase, ’’Evil pow'rs may not approach,
both unified by Savitri’s Motif Q, the motif which frames the A maj
triad already discussed.
Example 53
As regards the foregoing comments, it is worthwhile to note
that one of the greatest conflicts in Western thought is the end
less contest between good and evil, a struggle frequently not re
cognized in many Eastern philosophical systems. The absence of
such a struggle affects crucially the Hindu notion of life in gen-
20eral and sets it in marked contrast to Judaeo-Christian thinking.
This should be kept in mind throughout the opera when considering
both life and death: it will make more accessible the manner in
which the composer finally establishes without question that these
ideas, good-evil/life-death, when seen as countering one another,
(mm. 191-193)
(m. 197) — f— i----may cd - ter
1
'fcfcv Hot.
(mm. 199-200)----- 1_rr.ViThf. rut
are simply illusions.
Holst achieves the depolarization of such concepts with more
than just the equating of good and evil. Indeed, he draws even
nearer the Hindu ideal by questioning the actual validity of these
two ideas which figure so centrally in Western religious thought.
He accomplishes this musically again through the use of the A major
triad in second inversion. This harmony, which has already related
the holiness of gods with evil powers, also relates both to Maya.
For it will be remembered that the A^ was the specific sonority
occurring earlier as Satyavan sings to his wife of Maya, this chord
representing all the falsifications of illusion, all those aspects
of the physical world which are the result of Maya’s influence (see
Example 26). This, then, is the third instance of this particular
sonority, and, as stated earlier, it occurs nowhere else in the
opera besides its setting of "Evil pow’rs," 11 God*11 and the wiles
of Maya mentioned here. Because of this harmony, the idea of God,
at least as described by Satyavan and conceived by material man,
has already been rendered dubious. Now evil, as men perceive it,
the supposed antithesis to good, is also betrayed as sham, a fab
rication of mortality effected by the blindness Maya imposes upon
humanity. And as good has musically become one with evil, it too
is revealed as a factitious contrivance of the queen of illusion.
As Savitrifs lullaby draws to a close, a degree of irony
arises in the text. For while Death moves ever closer, Savitri
emphatically cries, "Only the gods may enter here in holiness and
love" (Example 54).
96
97
Example 54 (ram. 196-200)
Savitri
In this example the listener has been offered some foresight, mo
mentarily being made aware of the truth of Savitri’s declaration,
a truth of which even Savitri herself is at present unaware. For
Death, in one sense, is a god, one who is holy and who abides in
love. The connection between Death and love has already been seen,
pure love affording the passing away of the mortal prison. Also,
it is the caressing folds of Deathfs shroud that enwrap Satyavan
in his wife’s love. And Death, in time, will be regarded on one
level by the listener and by Savitri as a loving deity, a bestow-
er of gifts, indeed the giver of the greatest favor.
The passage which concludes Savitrifs lullaby and accentu
ates Death’s advance continues with the unification of diverse el
ements, making use once again of Savitrifs dotted rhythmic motif.
One bar following the word, "holiness,” which itself has been
rhythmically tied to ’’Evil p o w’rs," Death proclaims his presence
by calling Savitri’s name, firmly stating the rhythmic motif and
echoing it a second time one bar later. Instantly this connects
Savitri to both evil powers and holiness. Even more clear is the
unquestionable parallel to Death, for immediately following his
last call to her, he identifies himself with assurity, "I air. Death."
This, of course, is the order in which these phrases first occurred
in the opening bars of the opera (Example 1). Yet there is one
important difference here; the words, "I am Death," are this time
set to the familiar dotted rhythmic pattern which, by now, is near
ly synonymous with the name of Savitri, The analogue seems plain:
Death and Savitri are one. Both are evil, both are holy.
98
Example 55 (mm* 200-204.)
S A V IT R I M o - t ’t - f Q rp----- r— 2---------1
ho . li - ness and love A h '
D EATH , (clctt to ktr) ! > ♦ ' £ *
all fades
Si - vi - tii 1__________ __!
Death is at my hrart
h*' *
Once Death has firmly announced himself, he repeats in or
iginal succession those motifs which introduced him at the begin
ning of the opera. The tone which functions here as footing is
G rather than A, however, and his allocution is cut off at the
end of Motif C ’. Another distinction between this particular pas
sage and that at the start is the addition here of the continuous
low bass pedal of Eb, this pedal contributing those qualities of
unifying equalization discussed previously, qualities which attain
great importance in the lengthy section immediately to follow.
In much twentieth century music, where tonality has not been es
tablished by the traditional means of functional harmony, a low
sustained pedal often serves aurally to establish a pitch center.
Such is the case here, where, due to its duration for ten full
bars, the pitch Eb attains a degree of weight, thus vying for
tonal dominance with the G which functions as center for Death's
solo line above it. Moreover, hearing the EJ> as a possible cen
ter further confuses the sense of tonal footing, for, combined
with the pitches of the melody line, a rather strong suggestion
of E b major/minor occurs, the alternation of the G£ with the G b
in Death s lines creating the same mixing of modes that was heard
in Example 1 (see page 34 and discussion on page 35). Whether
the G in the vocal line and the E^ pedal are heard as separate
pitch centers contending for prominence or whether one senses a
mixed modality, the resultant aural effect is nonetheless one of
uncertainty, a sense of being in more than one place at once, an
effect which may seem to subvert the strength of purpose apparent
in the text. If nothing else, it does reiterate the equivocal
nature of Death, reminding us that there is more than one stance
from which to view this ambivalent figure.
99
Example 56 (ram. 206-213)
I am the Jaw tha ro man brrak-eth , 1 am he who lc a d -e th men
100
Example 56 (cont.)
o - pens for all. -------
XT
Death the Blessed God
An important structural trait characterizing the whole work
is an even flow between formal areas, a continuity so smooth as
to frequently obscure delineation between sections. For this rea-
son, the next thirty-nine bars are unique in that they are dis
tinctly set apart stylistically and dramatically from the surround-
ing material.
Several bars earlier, as Death drew ever nigh, Savitri para
doxically announced, "Only the gods may enter here." It is in this
next passage that both Savitri and the listener are to realize the
aptness of her words; the spectre, which before instilled such hor
ror in her heart, is now to be greeted reverently, "Welcome Lord"
(Example 57).
101
Example 57 (mm. 213-223)
~ p u pppp^. 5
102
Example 57 (cont,)
Musically, to mirror the attendance of a god, a mood of holy
sublimity is beautifully created in the preceding example. First,
an air of distance, of detached solemnity is produced by an ambiva
lent modality. The pitch G, in one sense, seems to function as
pitch center, plainly establishing the major mode. Yet, in some
way this tonal base sounds uncertain. This, of course, is due in
part to the sustained dominant pedal which offsets the potential
strength of the tonic. Another, perhaps stronger, influence, how
ever, is the recurrence on the downbeat in every bar of either the
C major triad or the C major-seventh chord. This not only detracts
from G as tonic but affirms C as possible center, resulting in a
relatively firm suggestion of the lydian mode.
This partially indeterminate modality, though contributing
to an atmosphere of ethereal remoteness, does not upset the sense
of a sure balance, the sense of a supernal yet stable serenity
which is superbly achieved by a purely diatonic harmonic progres
sion; virtually no chromatic tones whatsoever occur for many bars,
allowing for the first use in the score of a key signature. Addi
tionally, due to numerous suspended and common tones, a marvelous
chordal equality is engendered by a melting from one chord to an
other, diminishing the perception of harmonic change, creating the
impression that all sonorities are fluctuations of or emanations
from one overall harmonic essence. Furthermore, within this har
monically homogeneous atmosphere, a sense of subtle constancy is
set by the return on each downbeat of the aforementioned C major
triad or major-seventh chord. Also, the remarkable sense of com
posed equilibrium accomplished by diatonicism and smooth, fluid
103
chord motion is enhanced by the low, sustained D pedal, an abiding
'presence1 which equalizes all that is sounded above it, neutral
izing even more the distinctions between changing harmonies, while
at the same time contributing to the spirit of constancy.
One last way in which the composer lessens the sense of chord
al change and differentiation in Example 57 is to render individual
sonorities harmonically vague, specifically as regards the tone
which is to be heard as root. An excellent instance of such is
the harmony marked below in Example 58. Based on its particular
placement, following a dominant chord in G major, which itself fol
lows a subdominant chord, it is identified aurally as a tonic.
Yet this tonic is veiled by the fact that the suspensions YU and
A, which themselves add to the harmonic obscurity, resolve to G
and E, the latter, if explained tertially, functioning as the root
of a submediant seventh chord. Though the functional/chordal ana
lysis would differ if C lydian were considered rather than G major,
the same uncertainty regarding the harmonic root would still occur.
Such ambiguity of chord root can be discovered in several isolated
spots throughout the score, one of which has already been discussed
as Example 29. Yet its consistent usage here over many bars pro
duces an obviously unique effect, one in keeping with the mood
Holst is creating here.
104
Still in reference to Example 57, it is interesting that,
although harmonies flow fluently one to another, decreasing both
the sense of chord distinction and chord change, there exist mov
ing parts which continually provide an ongoing current of eighth
notes* Thus, a feeling of animation and motion arises within mu
sical surroundings which otherwise might become torpid and inert.
This sense of activity is important to counteract the possible as
sumption that balance and equality imply an impotent stillness.
Yet this activity is of a particular spirit. It is holy and di
vine and, therefore, without compulsion. In other words, it is
not impelled by earthly yearning and vain desire. Most of all, it
is not a movement 'to1 or 'from1; it does not suggest departure or
arrival and the necessary distinctions between 'here' and 'there',
all such things being at odds with an atmosphere of all-inclusive
21unity, consummate and complete. The diatonic setting, the smooth
harmonic stream, the root ambiguity which decreases the forward
drive of functional harmony, and the pervasive pedal all combine
to produce a halcyon placidity, while at the same time the cease
less eighth-note figures generate life and vitality. The result
is that wondrous state wherein motion is stationary and to remain
dispassionately still is to partake of that energy which never
abates.
Perhaps one of the most obvious musical techniques contri
buting in this scene to the ambiance of holiness is the entry of
the four-part women's chorus (Example 57, beginning), a wordless
timbre which brings to mind the long-time association between the
human voice and the divine. Here, voices take precedence over in
struments, "the latter, at least in Western music, more representa
tive of the worldly and profane. In fact, it is vital to note that
all the harmony is delivered by chorus alone; save the entry of the
flutes several bars into the passage, the only other instrumental
sounds are those which, by practicality, sustain the pedal tone.
The tranquil unity so well manifest in the music is also re
flected in the text as Savitri designates Death as the "Just One,"
one who rulest all by his decree, calling all men together. As
regards this unity, the phrase in Example 57, "Thou callest men
together," is particularly interesting and requires some mention.
Certainly the differences apparent in the mortal race, the indi
vidual bodily and personality traits identified by earthly percep
tion, are cancelled out when humanity is brought to stand on com
mon ground. For man must meet at that universal vortex which is
the common destiny of all that breathes, unity realized at last by
Death, not only the extinction of the body, but the passing of
worldly distinctions and the emancipation from illusion. This is
one way in which Death calls men together, showing them the path
by which they will find one another, allowing them to recognize
without question their kinship. And to place final emphasis on
Death’s mission of unification and reconciliation, Savitri*s dot
ted rhythmic motif, which thus far has tied together every charac
ter and nearly every concept in the opera, sets those words of
greatest importance to the ideal of unity: "Thou rulest all by thy
decree," "Thou callest men together," and "Thou showest them the
path that leads— " (Example 59).
106
107
Example 59
(mm, 218-219)
(m. 220)
(m. 221)
As Savitrifs lines continue, her words reveal some impor
tant details about the various ways in which one might regard
Death: "Thou callest men together, Thou showest them the path
that leads to thine abode, Our only sure possession.11
Example 60 (mm. 217-223)
SAVITRI.
Thou art call - ed the Just One,——j — p— -------- r
Tnou rul-cftt all by thy de-crce, Tnou
k K - U r 4 ------- ---------------- h--------------------- -f
L- -------------- ;---------‘ — ►---------- h - 1--------------call - est men to -g e th • tr. Thou show - est them the p ith that leads.
___ to thine ft - bode, O ur oo - I f *ure po» •
On the most obvious level, the above phrases make plain that
the only thing man knows for certain is that he will eventually
die; the grave is "Our only sure possession." This interpretation
seems to emphasize the notion that Death is a single occurrence
an event taking place on a certain day at a specific time, bring
ing an end to Life.
Another view, however, which is just as apparent in Savitri!s
lines, is that Death is a domain, a kingdom; there is an "abode"
where he reigns supreme. Thus, Death may be seen as a state of
being, a state not arrived at suddenly, but rather over a period
of time, along the path for which Death himself is guide. Con
ceived on the highest level, this kingdom of Death is also the
kingdom of Life, wherein the terminating of inundance perceptions
and illusions allows one at last to live, not an earthly existence
which, opposed to earthly death, is illusory, but instead an exist
ence of eternal unity. If Death, however, is seen merely as the
converse of Life, then the 'kingdom or domain1 where he rules over
the !dead! is an illusion; the state of being dead in this sense
is one of Maya's many deceitful gambits. This point is vital and
must be acknowledged in order to comprehend the final consequences
of Death and Maya at the close of the opera.
If Death is seen as the passing of all corporeal distinctions
and the beginning of eternal unity, then perhaps it can be said that
Savitri herself has attained such a state. Certainly her attitude
toward Death has changed since the first passages of the opera; a
frenzied horror has become a calm reverence. Even her words infer
that she is somehow in a different place, for immediately after she
speaks of Death's abode, she continues, "Methinks even now thou hast
led me thither." And to musically mark that Savitri may well be en-
route to another realm, a modulation from G raajor/C lyaian occurs
108
precisely after "thither," taking her to Bb major/Eb lydian and
a place where she is surrounded by gentle faces and voices, a
place where even the air is holy.
109
Example 61 (mm. 224-232)
110
Example 61 (cont.)
One may note how Holst stresses the importance of Savitri1s
final words above, "The air is holy." For they are set in such a
way as to make them stand out musically from their surroundings.
Firstly, the low D pedal has been sustained for sixteen full bars,
even kept as a common tone through the modulation from G/C to Bt>/Et>.
Although, after this length of time, the listener is only aware of
the pedal on a subliminal level, its sudden absence under Savitri's
last four words is instantly detectible to the ear. Secondly, it
will be remembered that up to this point no chromatic ocnes at all
have appeared, melody and harmony have been completely diatonic.
Therefore, when G* is heard on "holy," coupled with an Ab in the
harmony, the aural effect is one of surprise, neither pitch belong
ing to the established tonal background of Bfc> major/Efe lydian.
Thus, with the combined use of a silenced pedal and the unexpected
appearance of foreign chromaticisms, Holst has •underlined those
words which make plain the sacred, blessed state in which Savitri
finds herself.
As Savitri closes, Death, in reciprocation to the woman’s
gracious homage, replies, "Thine is the holiness," The tonal am
biguity created by the chromatic tones just discussed has left as
quickly as it arrived, and the area of G major/C lydian is estab
lished once again, this time G major dominating somewhat because
of the replacement of the D pedal with that of G. The next sev
eral bars are especially important in uniting Death and Savitri,
identifying worshipper and god as one. As soon as Savitri con
cludes her laudations, Death in turn acknowledges she who addres
ses him, making use of his own Motif C* to speak of Savitri. Per
haps more significant is that this statement of Motif C* is altered
so as to end with Savitrifs dotted rhythmic motif and the repeated
pitch pattern that constitutes Death's Motif A, both being the
means by which the name of Savitri has been delivered numerous
times throughout the opera. Through text and music, the condi
tion of holiness which Savitri has attributed to Death is now
equally attributed to her.
111
Example 62 (mm. 231-233)
Death continues in praise of Savitri, and within the next
bar the dotted rhythmic motif returns setting the phrase, "Thou
art enshrouded in thyself." Here again, the curious use of "en
shrouded" is striking. The most ready interpretation, of course,
is that Savitri is surrounded by her own holiness. Were this the
case, however, why has not the composer employed a word more in
keeping with this view, a word such as 'encircled' or 'enwrapped'?
The fact is that Savitri is not simply surrounded. She is en
shrouded, wrapped in Death's raiment, a holy covering that is here
clearly identified as her own, indeed, as she herself. She is en
shrouded in herself, she who is holiness personified, holiness
which is the garment of the dead. And Death, in one sense, is
love, the love which has already "enshrouded" Satyavan, the love
which now "enshrouds" Savitri. Satyavan, Savitri, Death, love,
holiness— the intermingled cycle is surely endless.
Example 63 (ram. 234-235)
112
D eat U
T hou a r t cn-*hroud'cd in thy
Death proceeds, telling Savitri that the faces she sees are
the sufferers she has comforted, the voices are her own sweet words
which have blessed the lives of others. Again Death’s lines attest
to Savitri's goodness, her holiness. He speaks of the love she has
shown and, in turn, the love which has returned to her. For purest
love is an expanding, reciprocal round, ever circling back upon it
self, the consummate unifier of all things involved in its revolu-
tions. There are many things which set the course of union in
Holst's opera, but it is love, as the listener will discover,
that is one of the strongest agents of all. It is love that will
finalize the oneness which is the composer's ideal in this work.
Example 64 (mm. 236-239)
t> e a tk
m"He ft cev arc the lu f - fer-ers thou hast com - fort-ed, The
es are the *weet words thou hast tpo - ken.
As Death continues, the mystic connection between himself
and Savitri is evermore revealed. That Savitri, like Death, is
a holy being is reemphasized when Death declares that the air is
made holy by her love, SavitriTs dotted rhythmic motif, along
with the repeated pitches of Death’s Motif A, aptly set the words,
"holy by thy love,” asserting again that holiness is synonymous
with both Savitri and Death. Of course, this rhythm, as mentioned
earlier, in addition to its dramatic significance, is also the
most natural setting of the text.
Example 65 (mm. 239-2^1)
M •'k'-f A and Hfcy. Mot.
Another clear allusion to Savitri1s holiness is found in the
following phrase delivered by Death, "Being with thee is being in
Paradise." Here, "Paradise" is articulated by Savitri's dotted
rhythmic motif, indicating her right to dwell therein. This, com
bined with the phrase as a whole, testifies to her sanctity and
her identity with Death, as well as her equality with all the gods,
all those venerable beings whose domain is this "Paradise" to which
Death refers. And to render Savitri's supreme virtue even more ev
ident, Death continues, declaring that with Savitri "the Gods them
selves may dwell" (Example 66). The idea of Savitri's divinity is
vital, particularly as the opera proceeds. For it is her divine
wisdom and her forthright integrity which shall shortly overwhelm
Death, moving him to grant a most remarkable gift, one which shall
make known, at last, who he really is.
Example 66 (mm. 242-248)
1 u
Be - ing w ith thee it be-iag in P ir - a-dise.
W ith thee the Gods thetn-selre* dwell.
Once Death has ended his words of honor and praise, Savitri,
as if in reply, invites him to enter in and dwell with her. With
in a line which has become melodically free and recitative-like,
several statements of the dotted rhythmic motif appear, cogently
fusing characters and ideas: "enter Lord," "dwell with me" (Savitri),
and "Holy ones" (Death and Savitri).
Example 67 (mm. 253-256)
115
To Savitri's gracious offer, Death replies that he cannot
dwell with her, for he must eternally summon all to the grave:
"That may not be, I am he who leadeth men onward." The asser
tion, "I am he," is especially notable, not only being set by
Savitrifs rhythmic motif, but also by the three repeated tones
of Death's Motif A, the motif which first proclaimed loudly the
name of Savitri. By now, if any further reiteration were neces
sary, the oneness of Death and Savitri could not be more plain.
Example 68 (mm. 257-259)
Though Death's immutable charge prevents him from remain
ing with Savitri, he is nonetheless moved to reward her goodness
and the humble deference she has paid him: "Yet ere I go, To thee
who dost not shrink from me, Who badest me welcome, I will grant
a boon." How well these words attest to the change that has taken
place in Savitri, distinguishing her present attitude from the blind
panic she displayed at the opening of the opera. And there are yet
more attributes of this rare woman that will surface, making mani
fest the number of levels upon which just one of Holst's characters
may act.
116
Example 69 (mm. 260-264)
T>eatk
W ho bt*des1 me wel » come 1 will grant * boon.
To emphasize the importance of Death's gift, the word
"boon," after several bars of unaccompanied recitative, is set,
mezzo-forte, to a full tertian harmony on the downbeat* This
unexpected favor, however, is not without restrictions. The
Bb dominant-seventh chord which sets "boon" becomes more dis-
sonantly biting in the next bar as the root is dropped, creat
ing a diminished triad. As this triad with its tritone sounds,
Death begins to qualify what he means by a boon: "A boon for
thyself. Ask naught for Satyavan, My breath hath chilled his
heart" (Example 70).
117
Example 70 (mm. 263-268)
Savitri is instantly taken aback that Death would suggest
she desire anything except the life of her husband, emphasizing
again the oneness of husband and wife. Piqued, she boldly re
proaches Death, "Oh Great one, dost thou mock? What boon hath
value, If I have not him who maketh all a boon?," the erratical
ly disjunct angularity of her line well reflecting her indigna
tion. To italicize the tartness of anger, Holst maintains a har-
□onic stridency, such as the A# diminished-seventh chord, the G
diminished triad, the tertially ambiguous harmony on "him,M and
the final Djt diminished-seventh chord. Also significant are the
melodic tritones which emerge in Savitri’s line as a natural re
sult of the dissonant harmonies. As was discussed on pages 77
and 7R, Holst’s use of the tr.itone car. be interpreted on more than
one level. Yet its occurrence here seems obvious as a token of
Savitri's vexation. The first of these occurs on the "Great one,"
instantly qualifying the notion of Death's greatness the moment
he is acknowledged as such. Within the same bar another descend
ing tritone appears at the conclusion of Savitri's angry inquiry,
"dost thou mock?" To place a final capstone on the extent of her
exasperation, Savitri ends her acerbic retort by souring "boon"
itself, setting the word to an ascending tritone, immediately fol
lowed by the dissonant bite of the rising D# diminished-seventh
chord.
Example 71 (mm. 268-272)
*Tr i - i
G rea t one, dost thou mock? W hat boon hath • ue
118
If 1 h ive not him mho m ak-cth all a boon?
I n iont.
Somewhat outraged over Savitri!s rejoinder, Death prepares
to leave, taking with him the soul of Satyavan: "Then I tarry no
longer. Through the gate a mortal enters. Bid thy farewell."
Yielding, Savitri bids him stay and, almost in desperation, chooses
to accept his offer, asking him to confer the gift he has promised.
Example 72 (mm. 275-276)
119
i-------------
— -€d l\b
# = -
* ■
Stay,
* # * ‘
G rantv ■ ----------
me this boon.
Bid thy fare - well.
In this example, the phrase, "Grant me this boon" is set to
what will later be identified as Life Motif R. The appearance of
this motif in this spot on these particular words is vital. It
signifies the gift which Savitri shall ultimately receive of Death,
the nature of which neither Savitri nor the audience is certain of
at this point. Furthermore, it presages the final outcome of Savi
tri fs encounter with Death, an outcome surprising to be sure, unfore
s e e n , and yet one which clarifies all that Holst has sought to com
municate in this work.
Savitrifs Song for Life
Begging Death to hear her plea, and yet realizing that an ap
peal for her husbandfs life is pointless, Savitri voices another
wish. It is a wish, however, which in a sense is even more prepos-
terous than the former one to spare Satyavan; she asks Death to
grant her the fullness of Life. The woman who has both feared and
hailed Death now petitions for that which seems most unlikely for
him to give. And as if to counteract or perhaps even accent the
incredibility of such a petition, the accompanying music rises to
an emotional pitch not yet heard in the opera. In fact, compared
with the calm equalibrium of the preceding section, where Savitri
greets Death with solemn obeisance, the music which now follows
seems almost excessive.
To reflect Savitrifs earnest pleading, Holst’s melodic writ
ing becomes thoroughly lyrical, emotionally embellished with upward
leaps, reaching, striving, yearning, heightening the zeal of her en
treaties. Texturally, the orchestral accompaniment is rich and full.
The harmonies are largely tertian, and, as with the foregoing pas
sages, Holst has made use of a key signature, placing his harmonies
in an essentially tonal setting. The difference here, however, is
seen in a much greater harmonic complexity; in contrast to the staid
diatonicism seen earlier, the composer’s score is now replete with
chromaticism and characterized by tonal centers which are vague and
constantly shifting. Yet, these strained harmonic relationships
prove powerfully moving and poignant. And even amid this greater
complexity, it is important to note that the tonal and functional
drives remain discernible, rendering a certain impetus and energy
to Savitrifs passionate suit for Life. Indeed, every aspect of the
music evinces Savitri’s fervid implorations, the supplications born
of the adoration she holds for Satyavan. Certainly these are the
most sensually and emotionally dynamic bars of the whole opera, to-
tally romantic in the complete late nineteenth-century sense of the
120
word. These are the lines which will invariably captivate the
audience, those possessing the most immediate appeal upon first
121
22
hearing.
Example 73 (mm. 277-312)
122
Example 73 (cont.)
Straightaway, as Savitri begins her appeal, she makes plain
to Death what it is she desires, her first phrase, "Give me Life,
Life is all I ask of thee," set to what shall be referred to as
Life Motifs S and T.
Example 74 (mm. 278-282)
123
■ .— E M I L ! — ,
And, as if to render more clear what she seeks, Savitri contrasts
her song of Life with the song of Death, the latter set to darker
harmonies on Death's Motif C !. This again is an indication that
Holst's opera operates on many levels, the most obvious and super
ficial distinctions between Life and Death being stressed here af
ter the composer has already implied that the two are not the poles
one may think them to be.
Example 75 (mm. 280-291)
S a y i hri
The ostensive juxtaposition of Life and Death continues as
Savitri, after declaring that Death's song is a "murmur of rest,"
radiantly proclaims that her song of Life is one of joyous striv
ing, a song which, as a bright "trumpet in battle," heralds vic
tory over disease, defeat, and despair. To parallel this rather
elementary view of Life, Holst employs the most arrant devices of
tone painting, such as the upward melodic tendencies in both vocal
line and accompaniment on the words, "Mine should be of the joy of
striving, as well as the high sustained G and the rising sixteenth
notes beginning the phrase, "There shall my song . . . where
Life Motif U occurs for the first time.
Example 76
(mm. 291-294)Ssv.
124
(mm. 300-302)
That Savitri should ask for Life, especially for herself,
may seem odd to the listener. After all, it is Satyavan, not she,
who lies motionless on the ground. One must assume, therefore,
that what she requests is a higher order of existence than what
her physical constitution testifies she already has; she is not
seeking a continuation of mortality. Unfortunately, the text does
not appear to support this view. What life but an earthly one
would require deliverance from such mortal tribulations as disease,
defeat, and despair, even if such conditions were only being seen
as symbolic here? Yet it is just these, or that which they sym
bolize, which Savitri wishes to vanquish in her new Life. Also,
when one ponders the higher levels of Life, especially as conceived
in the Eastern mind, one recalls that the strongest motivator of
mortal action— desire— is lost in exaltation. And with this won
drous absence there is no yearning, no striving, not even 'seek
ing' in the mundane sense of the word. Thus, when Savitri sings
that her song of Life "should be of the joy of striving," one jus
tifiably may wonder as to what manner of life is Savitri referring.
That the listener feels perplexed by Savitri's lines is con
firmed when Death, himself in wonderment, inquires concerning her
unusual solicitation. It would seem that he also believes her to
be suggesting a physical existence, for he asks, "Why dost thou
ask for Life? Thou hast it now." And to represent the material
life which Death understands Savitri to be speaking of, a life
whose ultimate destination is the mortal grave, his own Motif C f
sets the line, "Thou hast it now" (Example 77).
125
126
Why dot I tboii u k for Life? Thou hatt it nou .
And Savitri does indeed have such a life now. She already knows
the existence for which time demands an end. It soon becomes evi
dent, however, that a mere enrichment of mortality is not what Sav
itri is requesting. For when Death, puzzled, suggests that she
seeks what she already has, she hurls him a sharp rejoinder, one
question meeting another.
Example 77 (mir.. 312-3H)
Example 78 (mm. 313-321)
a . S a v . fh tempo & --
% -■ 1 T p . . . . . . . A r t th o u th e ju s t one* A r t th o u D e a th 5
At "/ u ■-p. r , |—» '■ ■■■
Or a r t thou but a blind tpir • it krow-ing naught of what i* round thee?
In hopes of clarifying herself and making known to Death
what she really wants, Savitri resumes her song, repeating the
earlier phrase, "Give me Life. Life is all I ask of thee," again
placed upon Life Motifs S ajid T.
Example 79 (mm. 322-326)
As Savitri continues, her words, this time, begin to inti
mate something beyond the mere physical condition, something of a
more eternal nature. For here, life is identified as a path to be
travelled, one followed by "Bright-eyed daughters . . . Carrying
life on thro' the ages." Even if this "path" were not seen as end
less, nor the "ages" as infinite, the allusion to a life other than
simple mortality remains apparent.
Example 80 (mm. 327-329)
127
Sav.
Bright-eved daugh - te rs fol • low-mg thv p a th . C ar - ry -m g h fe o n th ro ’tiie ■ - ges.
Perceiving life as a pathway is certainly important in giv
ing more credence to Savitri's entreaties. Yet just as vital,
though perhaps more subtle, is the association with Death that
such a view of life portends, .for Death, too, has been identi
fied as a pathway, harking back to the opening bars when he him
self declares, "I am he who leadeth men onward, I am the road that
each must travel, . . . Whose path may not be turned" (see Example 1).
This relationship is revealed in the music as well as the text, when
Death's Motif C' sets the phrase, "following my path," these words
occurring within Example 80 above as Savitri sings of the pathway
of life.
The identification of life and death as pathways is crucial,
particularly as concerns the Hindu conception of both these states
and as concerns the way they are portrayed in Holst's opera. To
see life, especially an exalted life, as a path is no real problem
even to the Western mind. To picture death also as a path, how
ever, may be difficult for an audience that sees such as a single
natural phenomenon, the final event occurring at the close of mor
tality.
To understand the character of Death as he is personified in
Holst!s opera, one must remember that in Hindu thought death, in
the broadest sense, is more than a single occurrence, just as life
is more than the single occurrence of birth. Death is a continu
ous state, not in the sense that it draws one ever closer to the
grave, but in that it is always present, like the breath, like the
heartbeat, progressing along the side of life, neither condition
possible without the other. And as our eternal pathways are marked
by *life events1, so too are they marked by 'death events1. For
we are ever allowed to die and regenerate in ways both material
and spiritual. And thus we evolve until, rescued from this per
petual cycle of rebirth and redeath, we attain that blessed state
23of being, neither living, neither dead.
Savitri proceeds, her tone instantly becoming more grave as
she sings, "Thou, 0 Death, workest alone, Thro1 thy gate, lonely
and desolate, Man must go." And here, after having just presented
life and death as being of the same essence, the two concepts are
now to be blatantly contrasted, once again demonstrating how the
composer weaves his plot on multiple levels. Musically, Savitri*s
lines become darkened as she speaks of Death’s cheerless labors,
voice and orchestra moving from a lilting tempo in Ev major to em-
128
phatic tremolos in the remotely related key of B minor. The li
bretto is also explicit in its differentiation of life and death.
For after Savitri claims that Death must work alone and in deso
lation, her next phrase declares the glories of a life wherein all
is "communion11 and where "Each one that liveth, liveth for all,"
this last phrase accompanied by the first orchestral appearance
of Life Motif U. To emphasize the natural brotherhood of such a
life, the last two syllables of "communion11 are set to the tritone.
Although the composer has employed the tritone in its most customary
sense, as a mark of evil, danger, or anger, Holst has also used the
interval to represent unity, particularly that of Savitri and Satya
van, and also to reconcile the polarity of opposing directions; as
cending or descending, the tritone remains the same (see Example 43).
129
Example 81 (mm. 344-364)
130
In reference to the tritone, it may be recalled that, at the
same time it stood as a symbol of unity, it also signified the threat
which would affect both husband and wife— the coming of Death (see
Example 43). It is interesting that, while Holst is plainly oppos
ing Life and Death on the surface, he is also unifying them on a
more subtle level, Death indirectly being included here in a life
of communion.
This affinity between Life and Death, being suggested along
with the more prosaic view of their being opposed, is even more
apparent in Savitri's phrase, "Thou, 0 Death, workest alone," where
the address, "Thou, 0 Death," is clearly set to Life Motif S, a
motif which has occurred, outside its orchestral statements, only
twice previously in the vocal line, both times setting the words,
"Give me Life" (Example 82).
131
Example 82
S*v. Mo-klf £(occurs in mm. 278-279
andG rrc me Life.
mm. 322-323)
(mm. 345-346)T hou, 0 D eath,
When Savitri continues, stating that through Death's gate,
"lonely and desolate, Man must go," a careful consideration again
discloses that there is more than one plane of thought function
ing here. The most obvious plane has already been mentioned above,
one upon which Death, in his lonely solitude, is set against a life
of all-inclusive oneness. A closer look, however, reveals something
quite different. That Death is unreal, when categorized as an en
tity separate from Life, has been revealed both through the music
and the text. His irrevocable call, his powers to claim men, though
adamantly articulated by Death himself, have been exposed as some
what questionable. Thus, our doubts concerning Death are rekindled
when, on the very words, "Man must go," Holst interrupts the expected
6 . nauthentic cadence, incongruously progressing from the I^-V in F# mi
nor to the totally unrelated harmony of a D minor-seventh chord.
The strongest magnetic force in tonality, the pull of dominant to
tonic at the cadence, is more easily subverted than the ear would
expect. Perhaps the same is also true of the similar pull from
birth to burial (Example 83).
132
Example 83 (mm. 349-354)
•potfz'if Ca&cnct
Savitrifs following lines again contrast Death with Life in
the most basic, ostensible way. On his own Motif C 1, he is nearly
dismissed, described as momentary, "a portal soon passed,11 whereas,
immediately after, Life is lauded as eternal, greater than Death.
Savitri!s continued discrimination between Life and Death is curi
ous indeed, especially when one considers that it is from Death
that she seeks the gift of Life. Yet again, all this keenly mani-
fests the various levels upon which the opera unfolds, parallel
lines of development which shall shortly reach a dynamic peak.
Example 84 (mm. 365-379)
133
But life______________ is e - ter
na!, G rea t - - e r th a n thou
Savitri sings on, relating the qualities of Eternal Life,
her succeeding lines and the music which sets them marking both
the musical and dramatic zenith of the whole opera. The vocal
line and harmony is rich, moving forward in an ecstatically
rhapsodic fashion, being formally through-composed and intu
itively spontaneous. As her song mounts in enthusiasm, the
melody works its way upward, rapturously amplifying some of the
most magnificent lines of Holst's libretto. And assisting this
rising swell is the development of two Life Motifs, U and a rhyth
mic derivation of T, recurring sequentially in the orchestra at
successively higher pitch levels, each utterance more exultant
than that, before (Example 85).
134
Example 85 (mm. 381-398)
Example 85 (cont.)
135
The Boon is Granted
As the music continues to rise, Savitri sings out the won
drous consummation of her ardent homage to Life, "Like an o'erwelm-
ing wind he urges us on, Till time and space are forgot, And joy
and sorrow are one." With these words it seems clear that Savitri
has forcefully made known her penetrating apprehension of truth.
It certainly appears that she has seen past the web of illusion.
She has envisioned the veritable substance of the highest reality.
She recognizes the fullness which lies beyond corporeal conceptions
of contrast and opposition. She recognizes the totality which thrives
in a dimension disengaged from the world of confused polarities, the
world which accords Maya, with her delusive manipulations, a deci
sively pernicious sway over mankind.
Surely, if there had been any questions in the beginning as
to the life of which Savitri has been singing, they should now be
thoroughly resolved. Evidently, her desires are entirely clear to
Death as well, for, astounded and utterly overcome by Savitri!s re
markable wisdom and discerning insight, he cries out in noble praise,
awarding her the gift for which she has asked. At an impassioned
forte, high in his register, Death imparts to Savitri perhaps the
grandest honour and commendation, as well as the most spectacular
gift he has ever vouchsafed any mortal: "Savitri, glorious woman,
Take the gift thou hast asked, Life is thine in all its fulness,
Thine the song, the path of flowers.11 And to pronounce indeed
that Savitri has received this wondrous gift, Life Motifs S and T
sound loudly in the orchestra as Death concedes to the exceptional
woman’s greatness (Example 8b).
136
137
Example 86 (mm. 399-412)
138
It is when Death grants Savitri the gift of Life that the
concurrent lines of thought in Holst's opera attain a most pointed
development. To begin with, it is Death who bestows the prize —
certainly potent evidence that Life and Death are at least strong
ly associated. And that Savitri acknowledges the gift and knows
it to be valid is shown by her response to DeathTs benefaction.
The music becomes jubilant, the exuberant vivace further enlivened
by quickly repeating eight notes generating the kinetic drives
dominant to tonic relationships.
Example 87 (mm. 413-418)
SAVITRI.f. V ivace.__________ ________ h r u k ! —^
~ ? I r1 : |,. y— ^ D eath th e ju s t one,whose
; ^ {
word ru l - e th *11,
« t t t
G ran ts me a boon, He
1 ^ / Blr
1 H
139
Example 87 (cont.)
Still* even though Life and Death have been superbly connect
ed, one yet recalls how Savitri, just moments earlier, chose to dis
tinguish them in the most unequivocal way: "Thy song, 0 Death is a
murmur of rest"/"Mine should be of the joy of striving"; "Thou, 0
Death, workest alone"/"But Life is communion"; "Thou art for the
moment"/"But life is eternal.M Furthermore, Savitri's attitude to
ward Death in these lines is surely not one of extolment— acknow
ledgement of his presence, perhaps, but not praise. Yet when he
proffers her the fullness of Life, she regards him as "the just
one," not a requisite reality that man must merely observe in pas
sing, but one "whose word ruleth all."
Example 88 (mm. 413-4^4)
^ D^ith ju*t one,who« word rol-eth
In another context, these apparent inconsistencies, so evident here
in Savitri, would be baffling indeed. Here they reiterate the very
essence of Holst's opera, as well as the overall nature of Hindu
thought.
uoThese seeming discrepancies continue when Savitri qualifies
the Life which Death has given her, an existence characterized by
the rather earthly roles of "woman," "wife," and "mother.”
Example 89 (mm. 417-418)
5 d v .
The observance of such roles, which in a sense is a recognition of
distinctions, appears inconsonant with the rarefied state of being
just hailed by Savitri, a marvelously unified existence wherein
11 time and space are forgot, And joy and sorrow are one." Yet again,
these supposed incongruities are not to be seen as contradictions.
Firstly, it should be remembered that variation (a form of nonex
clusive differentiation, as it were) may be viewed as a veritable
aspect of complete oneness. And secondly, within the total reality,
all levels of being and awareness are relevant to the overall pic
ture, even the more worldly levels where distinctions rule and
Maya!s powers are greatest. Thus, in one sense, there is no need
to distinguish between an earthly life and one more exalted, as
if the two were somehow unrelated. In short, the several decades
of mortality do not confine mankind to a particular type of base
subsistence which suddenly becomes more elevated at the moment the
physical body is quitted. Life is all-embracing, an endless con
tinuum, so to speak, with perennial interaction between its many
levels_planes more closely connected than one may think. This
concept is critical if one is to comprehend the nature of Death's
gift to Savitri. And it is critical in order to grasp the full
meaning of Holst’s opera.
Once the elation Savitri feels over Death's bounty subsides,
the spirit of the music becomes more poised, more temperate and
composed. The instrumental writing remains relatively full, but
its harmonic richness and vitality is due more to the individual
sonorities and their relationships and the use of harmonic sequence
than to the pulls of tonality and chromaticism. And in this more
subdued background, Savitri, in a mood almost dispassionate when
compared to the fire of the previous bars, reveals the full extent
of what Death has given her. For in granting her the fullness of
Life he has, by necessity, granted her what she initially desired,
the Ixfe of Satyavan. It is here, within this passage, that the con
cept of unity, especially that of Savitri and Satyavan, is set per
haps more forcefully and beautifully than anywhere else in the opera.
Example 90 (mm. 419-452)
S a v ./
U 1
U 2
Example 90 (cont.)
Example 90 (cont.)
}1. e cre6c.
Har y pftic.
flowers
Example 90 (cont.)
Considering the foregoing excerpt, it would be of benefit to
appraise closely how husband and wife have been unified. Over or
chestral repetitions of Life Motif U, Savitri begins her lines,
Satyavan*s name appropriately placed upon her dotted rhythmic mo
tif, the motif which is not only symbolic of Savitri herself, but
which has allied nearly everything thus far in the opera.
Example 91 (mm. 424-4-26)
The next phrase, "ny feet may never travel the path," is
significant, the word, "path," in particular, having already earned
some notice: the path of Death, the path of Life, the path of flow
ers, which is the gift of Life given by Death.
Example 92 (mm. 427-430)
Sfcv.
my feet m ir a r t - er trw* - el tkt path
As has been shown, these pathways of Death and Life are one and
the same. And, as pathways imply a continuous journey, the notion
of Life or Death as particular places or as fixed states is some
what ill-conceived. For the various levels or stages of 'being*
are not represented by the stops along the way. Rather, 1 being'
in all its aspects, is epitomized by the path itself. Unfortu
nately, Savitri cannot travel this path without Satyavan. She is
one with her husband and to embark without him would be to proceed
with only half a soul. Plainly, if not accompanied by Satyavan,
the gift just rendered becomes meaningless.
The division of an alliance which has literally become one
body is ruinous. This was the fatality of Heathcliff, of Isolde.
This shall also be the fortune of Savitri, if Satyavan is taken
from her. Separated from that of which she is part, she becomes
distinct from the whole, illusory, an extension of Maya. She shall
evanesce like the mist, passing away like the shadows of a dream.
She shall grow unreal, yet vaguely present, as the gossamer threads
of memory: "Then I were but a dream, an image, floating on the wa-
U 5
ters of memory." To reflect the essence of Savitri's words, the
contour of the melody which sets them grows indeterminate, its
vague ambiguity promoted by a complete lack of metrical and rhyth
mic drive. The harmonies, though basically tertian, are strangly
blurred; their relationships, though striking, are somehow nonde
script and without tonal or functional suggestion.
Example 93 (mm. 432-437)
U 6
Say.L_!___p O - J .— — ,— l----------c------------- ; — , M - , —
___ 1 were but a
ft . "‘T's
dream, an' — — — r ------
iis - age, float
'i,Ts
" T T r 1 ing oo the
1
.. - 1
£ **
1 — ' 1 L — j —
v 3
This musical atmosphere continues, the sonorities of the or
chestra enriched with the entry of the wordless womans' chorus.
To reflect the inexpressible purity of a perfected unity, the mel
odic line proceeds freely, basically through-composed, its autono
my not chaotic, but rather inevitable. The harmony also advances
along a rationally indefinable, yet clearly destined course, its
only theoretically determinable feature being the broad harmonic
sequences mentioned earlier in Example 90. In this musical back
drop, Savitri proceeds with her lines. Death has promised her a
song of Life, a path of flowers. But neither of these can be re
alized without her husband: "Satyavan only can teach me the song,
can open the gate to my path of flowers." Again the union of hus
band and wife is symbolized by the setting of Satyavan's name on
SavitriTs dotted rhythmic motif. But also present is Death's as
cending perfect fifth, the interval which unified all three charac
ters at the beginning of the opera (see Examples 18, 19, and 20).
And since Death, on one level, is one with Life, so too are Savi
tri and Satyavan.
Example 94 (mm. 439-448)
S „ . ,. 1 Dili;
ux*\. » w c
tcxch me tbe lo n g ----- pec the gate to my
Holst’s ideals of unity are especially evident when Savitri
states that it is only Satyavan who can open the gate that leads to
her path of flowers. The most frequent and obvious use of 11gate11
has been in association with Death, where, as early as the open
ing bars, he declares, nI am the gate that opens for all.11 And
as it must open for all, it has swung aside for Satyavan. Indeed,
his wife, in the first scene of the opera, makes clear the mis
sion of Death as she woefully intones, "For him the gate doth op
en," Later, in the presence of Death himself, as Satyavan sinks
lifelessly the ground, it is plain that Satyavan has passed
that portal, the gate opens to the "road that each must travel,"
the path which "may not be turned." How ironic it is when Savi
tri now claims that Satyavan, who himself is constrained to pass
through the gate of the dead, is the very one who can open her
gate of Life, the gate which leads, not to the path of Death,
but to the path of flowers. At this point in the study, such
intriguing paradoxes should not be surprising or unexpected.
This particular example, however, deserves mention as it re
emphasizes two of the most crucial notions of unity found in
the opera. First is the affinity of Death and Satyavan, the
natural similitude of assailant and victim. And secondly, the
concord of Life and Death, wherein the gate of one is the gate
of the other, and the path of flowers is the path of the dying.
Savitri1s lines at last reach a resplendent height. She
has made vivid the oneness of herself and Satyavan, rendering
clear to Death the full meaning of his inimitable favor. For
only Satyavan can open the gate to her path of flowers, the
"path of a woman's life" (Example 95).
U 8
U 9
And. as setting to Savitri’s final words above, Life Motif R re
appears, the motif which, employing the same pitches, set Savitri's
words at the very opening of her appeal for Life, the moment she
b e s o u g h t Death to remain and hear her supplications. "Stay. Grant
me this boon" (Example 96).
150
Example 96 (mm. 275-276)
f f
Bid thy (are - well.
4d Ixb
M o t i f 1?
■ - t J r. r i , — t * - . . . —
T > e a i kf f f
Stay,
_ f "
Grant, — ■ me th is boon
This same motif, on identical pitches and with the same text, recurred
as Savitri continued her entreaties (see Example 73). And when Death
finally rewards her fervid request, she repeats the motif twice, the
second time revealing that the boon received is the gift of Life.
Example 97 (mm. 413-416)
V ivacc.
Death the just one,whoae word ruJ-e th all,
G rants me a boon, He giv-cth me life,
Yet this gift of Life is complete, it is an existence of eternal un
ion, it is the "path of a woman's life," a roadway impassable with
out Satyavan. Kow effectively Holst has foreshadowed the bounteous
yield of Savitri*s plea. Even if she was not fully aware of what the
final results of her suit might be, when first Savitri asked of Death
to grant a boon, the outcome, nonetheless, had already been sealed.
Example 98 (mm. 276 and mm. 448-451)
M o t i f ''fc
Death is Defeated
After Savitri makes known that Death’s gift cannot be re
alized without her husband, she proceeds with confidence, knowing
that Death must now concede to her requests. Brilliantly percep
tive and shrewd, she has triumphed, for a god cannot recall a prom
i s e , a promise that, in imparting Life, has awarded what was truly
desired-the life of Satyavan. Without choice, Death is compelled
to admit Savitri's wisdom and might, a strength which is augustly
manifest in her command that Death retreat, an order made implicit
by a melodic line foreceful and emphatic, accompanied by sustained
tremolo harmonies in stepwise relationship. Her newly realized
sovereignty is further symbolized by the fact that her behest mel-
odically appropriates one of Death's own motifs, Motif C', setting
the words "Alone must thou travel." Death’s defeat is dramatical
ly certain, the very motif which before set the powerful dictum
"I am he who leadeth men onward" and "Through the gate a mortal
enters" now declares that Death must return alone, without the
one for whom he came. His call, before presumed inescapable,
has been nullified.
151
Example 99 (mm. 4-53-460)
152
Example 99 (cont.)
To mark Savitri!s victory over Death, the orchestra and
women*s chorus present the first entry of Life Motif V along
with statements of Death's Motifs A and C, the latter break
ing off as Death withdraws. At this point, for Savitri and
for the listener, Death, seen as the antipode of Life, feral
master of the grave, is a much larger conception than the mere
demise of all that breaths. And he is also a god, one who is
just and holy, one who has granted Savitri the greatest of all
boons. And this holiness, a divinity which remains even after
the horrific facade is broken, is reflected musically as Holst,
in a mood of dramatic resolution and quiet resignation, returns
to the tranquil musical style which accompanied Savitri's rever
ent homage to Death in Example 57, her greetings to him as deity
(Example 100).
153Example 100 (mm. 462-472)
(DEATH t line I f dr* v s keck end dusppeera )
154Example 100 (cont.)
Before proceeding, one should pause and consider the immen
sity of what has just transpired. To place things in perspective,
we must recall the very first lines of the opera, those which,
with utmost affirmation, presented the ominous figure of Death
to the audience:I am Death. I am the law that no man breaketh, I am he who leadeth men onward, I am the road that each must travel, I am the gate that opens for all. I, the Summoner, Whom all obey, Whose word may not be moved, Whose path may not be turned. I draw nigh to fulfil my work.
How remarkable it is that one such as Death could now be vanquished,
and vanquished by a mortal woman, one who initially, like all mor
tals, saw Death with presentiment and numbing terror. The astound
ing turn of events here should not be underestimated, for they make
plausible the most significant lines in the opera, lines which, de
livered shortly, will verify and make lucid much of what the compos
er has attempted to communicate in this work.
Satyavan Returns
Savitri has won the gift of Life. Death has retreated.
And Satyavan, at his wife's gentle call, shall shortly awaken
from the dead. And "to mark the blessed reunion of wife and
husband, Savitri lovingly revives Satyavan with his own Theme M,
one mate assuming the musical material of the other.
155
Example 101 (mm. 473-474)
Having now obtained the full extent of her wishes, Savitri
shall now remain forever with her beloved in an existence of ever
lasting oneness and communion, a life void of time and space, and
the contrasts and conflicts of mortality. Realizing all this, the
words Savitri pronounces to awaken her husband may appear quite in
appropriate, especially when considered at face value alone. The
woman declares that "loneliness and pain are ended," a statement
seemingly irrelevant in an existence where "joy and sorrow are one.”
Still, human suffering, in the sense that most mortals understand
it, is something very unlike peace and felicity; surely it is not
seen as being synonymous with joy. This may be why worldly anguish
is so devastating, obtaining power from its lack of integration in
the whole. Satyavan, however, is no longer mortal, at least not
in the same way he was before his encounter with Death. Thus for
him, "Loneliness and pain," in the mundane sense, are indeed ended.
They have been assimilated. They have found their rightful place
in the whole.
Savitri fs next words, "Waken once more to home and wife,"
when regarding the nature of the gift she has received, may also
seem unfitting ix viewed too narrowly. On the surface it would
appear that she is recognizing terrestrial distinctions— "home
and wife"— and that she is inviting Satyavan to return to a state
already known— "Waken once more." It must be remembered, nonethe
less, that the conditions of the physical sphere are not utterly
vain. They too are part of the whole. It is only when the mor
tal position is regarded in itself as the complete reality that
it becomes spurious and misleading, a realm where Maya's law rules
most all. Therefore, aspects of mortality, which are merely sym
bolic, physical representations of broader truths anyway, are cer
tain to be found, in purer form, within the higher levels of exist- 24ence,
Savitri requested a life where diversity is reconciled, the
union of joy and sorrow so powerfully voiced in her plea, repre
senting the neutralization of all polarities. Within such a state,
Life and Death must also be brought together, a concord already
strongly implied throughout the opera. And as savitri continues
her tender coaxings to the prostrate Satyavan, this affinity is
superbly recapitulated. She beseeches her husband not to linger
upon the road, for it is he who must deliver the gift of Life just
bestowed. Yet the road Satyavan travels, the road his wife would
have him quit, is the path of Death. This is obvious. Satyavan
has crossed through the gateway of the dead and, according to Sa-
156
157vitri's words just spoken, has journeyed far in the darkness.
Still, it is upon this very road, the path of Death, that Sat
yavan, himself of the dead, bears the gift of Eternal Life to
Savitri. Not only has the intimate correspondence of two sup
posedly contrary forces been effectively restated, but also the
correspondence of the pathway of Death and the pathway of Life.
Example 102 (mm. 475-4.78)Sav.
th o u jour-neycd in the d&xk - dci&, F iercc-ly » - round thcc rmged th e s tr i f e ,
L in • g e r a o t up - on th e ro&d. T k o u a r t b n a g -m g life
In time Satyavan opens his eyes, his revival effectively mir
rored aurally by the harmonic motion of an A diminished triad to an
A major triad and the English horn statement of his Theme L. His
first words are to ask feebly after his wife, "Savitri is it thou?"
Somewhat dazed and apparently not cognizant of what has transpired
he vaguely remembers the deadly stranger, an entry ot Death's Motif
C' reflecting Satyavanfs grim recollections.
Example 103 (mm. 479-482)
158Example 103 (cont.)
In answer to Satyavan's questions, the balanced serenity of
Example 57, the scene where Savitri honors Death as a god, is again
resumed. In this tranquil musical setting, Savitri allays her hus
band s apprehensions by identifying the stranger who has now left
as a "Holy One," one who has blessed her. And to further stress
this holiness, her words are set to the same melodic outlines which
set the earlier phrases in Example 57, "Welcome Lord, Thou art cal-
lest the Just One."
Example 104 (mm. 4.84-487)
......... - r
—------------ ; r y 5 ~ T
- p
O ne_______ hath been here, t H o-ly One, Who blessed me.
Satyavan, somewhat baffled and seeming not to have compre
hended his wife's comment, concludes that the terror of his ex
perience must have been a mere dream (Example 105).
159Example 105 (m. 487)
Then it was but a dream, Yea, to too was tny wear - i • ne»t,
Holst's use of the "dream” has been consistent. Whereas
some view dreams as vital connections with the subconscious and
thus with less palpable features of reality, Holst, in this opera,
employs "dream" as something diaphonous and unsubstantial, a vague
image which faintly poses as reality, but which in fact is no more
than an illusion. This meaning of the word was seen early in the
opera when Satyavan, in Example 26, defined Maya as "Illusions,
dreams, phantoms." More recently, in Example 90, Savitri declared
that without Satyavan she was unreal, "but a dream, an image, float
ing on the waters of memory." Here, in Example 105» Satyavanrs re
ference to "dream" is important, for it designates his experience,
on one level, as unreal, as an illusion. This can only mean that
Death himself is unreal; when seen as Satyavan sees him, as a bane
ful enemy, Death is a wicked ruse of Maya. This is all plainly
born out as Satyavan continues his lines, saying, "Maya had seized
me. I was her slave," the relationship of Death and Maya strength
ened by the setting of the words "I was her slave" upon Death's
Motif C 1. Furthermore, in regaining consciousness, Saoyavan sur-
raises that Maya's hold over him has passed, "Now hath she fled,"
the fleeing of illusion coinciding with Death's departure from
the stage (Example 106).
160Example 106 (mm. 488-490)
^ Sat. , , Jfe*f ^ ^ ^
M* . ym k&d mcivcd m e. I w u her i l t f e . Now hath the fled
These strong inferences to the illusory nature of Death should be
well noted, not only for their reinforcement of similar allusions
tnroughout the score, but also for their foreshadowing of a passage
shortly to occur, a passage which at last makes known without ques
tion the composer's view of Death and his general conception of il
lusion.
As Satyavan concludes that Maya has fled, signifying that
Death has withdrawn, the orchestra repeats several statements of
Life Motif U, and appropriately so, as husband and wife exchange
loving phrases of complementary dependence, betokening their mu
tual life of oneness. Here, within Satyavanfs opening lines, Holst
again demonstrates the completeness of unity by developing the rath
er recondite concept of 'aloneness', his aesthetic purposes made
known by use of Savitri's dotted rhythmic motif on the phrases
"Nought remains" and "Thou alone," the latter set also to Death's
Motif A, the repeated pitch pattern specifically representing Savitri.
Example 107 (mm. 4-90-493)
161
Example 107 (cont.)
When Satyavan addresses his wife in the above example, "Nought
remains but thou and thy love," Holst is not implying that everything
outside Savitri and her love has passed away. Rather, that in the
union of all things, there is nothing which continues to exist out
side the whole, this whole, in part, being constituted by Savitri
and her perfect love. And when all is ’one1, there can be no ’other’.
It is in such a state that extremes meet; this is where the absolute
form of ’everything’ becomes ’nothing'. In Satyavan's own words,
"Nought remains."
These same ideas are also suggested by the word "alone," again
signalizing the coming together of extremes, the absolute essence
of ’alone’ being equal to ’with all’ or ’with everything’. Adding
to such an interpretation, particularly as regards the idea of
'aloneness', one must recall that Holst has used Savatri's dotted
rhythmic motif not only as a means of unification, but also in
causing words to stand out of textual context. Thus, in the above
example, "Thou alone," when set apart, is a noun followed by a
qualifying adjective, precisely -Savitri alone' or, synonymously,
'Savitri with all’. Certainly, if Savitri has achieved such a
state, the following words, "free from Maya," would be thoroughly
applicable. In other words, Savitri, when recognized as being part
of all else, is fully free from illusion. She dwells in utter
truth and reality, where Maya can no longer ensnare and deceive.
And when Maya is expelled, Savitri and all else becomes truly 'real’
for the first time, thus justifying Satyavan's next phrase, "Thou
alone art real."
If such an appraisal of the substance of Satyavan's lines
seems abstruse, one may opt for a more literal interpretation: sim
ply, that only Savitri and her love exists, that only she is real
and only she is freed from illusion. This view, which tends to iso
late Savitri even from her husband, makes little sense when consi
dering the nature of the gift just received and the composer's con
sistent emphasis on unity, especially that between husband and wife.
And, almost as if to make clear that the surface meaning of Satya
van's words is not to be taken too strictly, Savitri answers her
husband's tributes with the assurance that she could not exist with
out him: "Without thee I am as the dead, A word without meaning,
Fire without warmth, a starless night." And to emphasize that it
is by and through Satyavan that she lives, her powerful words of
unity, "Thou makest me real, Thou givest me life," are set to Life
Motif R, the motif which first set her request in Example 72, "Grant
me this boon," and later described the life she desired in Example
95 as "The path of a woman's life." These then are the riches of
her rewards, treasures foreshadowed when first she placed her en
treaties before Death. Through Satyavan she is made real, through
Satyavan she is given Life. And as Life Motif R sets the vocal
162
line. Life Motifs S. T, U, and V, all in quj,t victor,, sound
in the orchestra.
163
Example 108 (mm. 492-506)
rutif'Rf dole9 1 Poco au im a to .
164
a t i f U
Example 108 (cont.)
(S k t n p fo r t t ktm «*i (Asy go out J
Supporting her husband, Savitri prepares to leave the stage,
and together they turn to go as Savitri softly resumes anew her
lullaby of devotion, the maternal song heard in Example 45 when
Satyavan first succumbed to Death's visitation. The matchless
unity exemplified at that time in Savitri's phrases is repeated
here and at the conclusion of the opera to epitomize a oneness
that has conclusively been proven a reality.
The Ultimate Denial— Death as Illusio_n
As the two exit, Death mysteriously reappears, passing unob-
trusively in the background. He has returned momentarily to deli
ver the most crucial lines of the opera, those lines we have been
awaiting, those lines which shall substantiate, reinforce, and clar
ify much of what the composer has been communicating. These phrases
shall verify the inklings and intimations felt, the observations and
con.iect.ures made by the listener. So, as his .otivic material re
sounds for the final time in the chamber orchestra, Death commences
his final soliloquy (Example 109).
Example 109 (nit. 515-530)165
166
Example 109 (cont.)
On the most obvious level, Death is merely acknowledging
that he has failed in his mission; he retreats alone to his king
dom without the soul for which he came. Closer scrutiny, however,
moves one, once again, to analyze the word "alone," for if its mean
ing concurs with that of its previous appearances, then another di
mension is added to Death's phrase. If Death is truly alone, then
in reality, as with Savitri. he is 'with all', nothing exists that
is not him. He, as part of reality, _is reality, and when all is
included in reality, then there is nothing which is outside of re
ality; reality is 'aloneness'. Of course, if Death is alone in
this sense, then he is assimilated into the enveloping unity of
reality. He no longer continues to exist as a separate entity.
In the distinct form that men recognize him, Death is an illusion.
Example 110 (mm. 515-517)
(fU tim g m U s ^ ^
167
U c -tc h a king - dom Death wad-etfc m • kmc
Death continues, conceding that "One hath conquer'd him."
Again, the roost immediate explanation of this statement is that
Death, upon returning to his own sphere without Satyavan, admits
that Savitri has outwitted him. But, as before, attention must
be paid to detail. In so doing, one discovers use of both Savi-
tri1s dotted rhythmic motif and Death's ascending perfect fixth,
the interval which first appeared in his own Motif D, setting the
declaration "I, the Summoner." The occurrence of both the rhyth
mic and the intervalic motif unites Death, as on numerous earlier
168occasions, with Savitri, binding victor with vanquished.
Example 111 (m. 518)
I On» maco cocM pcrdhun ,
_ Met. *J
The alliance here or Savitri and Death is important, almost
prophetic, for it reveals the way mortal men may overcome Maya and
thus be liberated from the illusion that wretchedness, torment, and
pain are somehow opposed to peace and joy, and are thus negative
and undesirable. Death, in a sense, has been conquered, not only
by Savitri*s force of personality and depth of understanding, but
also by the fact that he has been made part of her and she of him.
Union does not recognize opposition. One need not fear the vicis
situdes of mortality, viewing with apprehension the pains of the
body and the anguish of mind and spirit. Such things are a por
tion of reality and are thus part of our very being. When accepted
and assimilated, they take on their true nature. They are no long
er the horrors that Maya would have us believe them to be. That
which was feared was nothing more than an image, a conglomerate of
illusions which once ruled our lives. So it is with Savitri.
Death, whoa she initially feared, has been revealed as part of
Savitri herself, a fusion which has been in development from the
beginning of the opera. Death has been absorbed, so to speak, and
thus ceases to exist as a separate entity. The odious spectre is
received and consumed, taken into the whole, and is no more.
The conquering of mortality comes by accepting all its fea
tures, pleasant and unpleasant, terns which have no meaning once
this integration takes place. 25 This acceptance is made feasible
by understanding the all-inclusiveness of true Life and thereby
loosening the bands of illusion. Death, himself an illusion, states
this when confessing that he has been overpowered by "One knowing
life, One free from Maya."
169
Example 112 (mm. 518-519)
One Wife CMMpitrilkiB , O k kflov-iag life, One free from M i - yi
It is at this point that Holst at last makes patent his view
of Life, Death, and Maya. It is here, in Death*s final words, that
the musical and dramatic signs and symbols which have abundantly
pervaded the opera are brought to a climax, brought collectively
to their culmination and definitive statement. After admitting de
feat by one free from Maya, Death continues by making known the meas
ure of Maya’s dominion, the expanse over which she exerts her powers:
"Maya who reigns where men dream they are living#" So it is true,
living is a dream state, a suspension in time and space, an atmos
phere of imaginary activity, false and desire-ridden. It is the
most deceptive of all fantasies, for in living, man believes him
self to possess Life, when all he owns is the grandest ruse of the
ultimate illusion. And to musically demonstrate that living, in
the physical sense, is no less an illusion than is dying, the phrase
dream they are living" is set to Death's Motif - (Example >13;.'men
Example 113 (mm. 520-521)
170
Ma • p who rcignt where k d Aram — they Art !iv . jng,
Now, with this excerpt in mind, one realizes what Death
meant when, in Example 112, he recognized defeat by "One know
ing life," a defeat made possible not because a remarkable wo
man exhibited a deep understanding of living, but because she
possessed Life, the highest reality. Through his own words,
Death makes plain the essence of the boon he has presented the
wondrous Savitri.
Holst has established that living is an imaginary state.
The realm of the living, however, is not the sole province of
Maya, for she abides among the dead as well. She is the sub
stance of all dreams, and just as men imagine themselves to
be living, they also imagine themselves to be dead. The ex
perience of Death is a dream, an illusion. This has most re-
cently (Examples 105 and 106) been suggested by Satyavan, one
who has passed through the gate and travelled the road of the
dead, one who, by inference ("Then it was but a dream . . .
Maya had seized me"), has confirmed Death's unreality. Now,
astonishingly, Death himself acknowledges that he participates
in the spurious ploy, admitting the great sham with his next
phrase (Example 114).
171Example 114 (mm. 522-525)
W ho.* powV------- cs-tend* lo t h u e th - e r w orld.
dream that they arc dead.
In allowing this confession, Death has disclosed more than the
fact that Maya is the actual ruler of his kingdom. He has also made
clear that his kingdom, in truth, does not exist except in the minds
of those who believe themselves to be dead. Furthermore, when Death
declares that Maya's power extends to that "other world," he is know
ingly making reference to distinctions, this other world of Death be
ing removed from the world he has also just exposed as fantasy— the
world of the living. It has been discussed that when differences are
recognized the superlative reality of oneness is instantly broken
down. Thus, Death as the antithesis to living and living as the anti
thesis to Death are both fabrications; Eternal Life has nought to do
with either one when they are seen as opposing states of being.
If there remain any doubts as to the massive reach of Maya’s
influence, Death's last words should surely dispell them, for as he
passes in the distance, his ghostly figure slowly disappearing from
the stage, he makes the supreme confession, direct and unequivocal,
"even Death is Maya." The dramatic weight of this final and complete
exposure is made strikingly forceful by the continued repetition of
Death's melodic motifs in the orchestra, the motifs which once so
mightily proclaimed his power. Striking is the irony, that these
motifs persist as Death denies himself, Motif E recalling the lines
"Whose word may not be moved, Whose path may not be turned," as
Death's very words in the vocal line above declare that he is no
more than an illusion. As in the gradual passing of a dream, the
musical symbol of Death— his motivic material — slowly weakens in
the orchestra, subsiding to a pianissimo hush. Dissipating, it
finally breaks off entirely and is silent.
Example 115 (mm. 524-535)DEATH.
dream that they . r e dead. For ev - e» Death. i .
To assist the fading of Death, Savitri, offstage, resumes
again her lullaby, overlapping Death's last words so as to render
then, almost inaudible, emanating from the dim outlines of a mere
shadow. Holst has made his statement regarding the blanket of il
lusion which covers the material world. But all has not been for
saken to this deluding power. There is that which is greater than
Maya, that which has found even firmer expression in Holst's opera.
Death's dark words, consigning all to the enslavement of illusion,
are not the last to be heard. It is Savitri's lullaby which lin
gers in our ears as the work closes, her song of love, devotion,
and most of all, unity. For unity is the force which surpasses
all others, even Maya. Unity is the subject of Holst's opera.
Unity is the firal and conclusive word. And to signify the abound
ing nothingness of unity, Savitri's lines emanate from a vacant
stage, empty as at the beginning of the opera, the entire work
framed by a rich void. Nought remains but nothing— and everything.
I am with thee, my arms are round thee Thy thoughts are mine, my spirit dwells with me When thou art weary I am watching When thou sleepest I am wakingWhen in sorrow I am near making it a thing of joy Beyond all other joys
173
Example 116 (mm.
a SAVITRI
521-5A2)
(tn l ie 4 \ t f n t e j
t
DEATHI am with
fm utcnoso /P s " M \T.
drc*rr. th it they a r t For e r - eo Death, u
Example 116 (cont.)
f > ' 7 ;■•C fspi - r i t dwells w ith the c W h c n th o u a r t wea - ry I am watching, W henthou
175Notes
. importance °f enharmonic spellings and changes in Holst's music is acknowledged by his daughter in the preliminary ’Note’ to the second edition of her book, The. Music of Gustav Hol.t. (London: Oxford University Press, 1968): ^ d a y there is little difficulty in following the enharmonic changes in my father’s bitonal works.”Also within the text itself, on p. 95, she makes the following comments concerning the Seven Part-Songs for women's voices and strings (Opus AAt composed in 1925-26 on words by Robert Bridges): ’’There is an extraordinary effect of shifting tonality when the singers raise their torches and the changing level of light is reflected in the changing level Oj. sound. By raising the C$ in the ground bass to a Dv he compels the listening ear to transform the held G# and D# to an Ab and nb# ihere is the same unearthly interchange at the end of the Elegy, when the chorus sings 'Rejoice for thou art near to thy possession’ • . . This enharmonic change, which had already been hovering in his mind as long ago as in Savitri. was one of the sounds that helped to lead him to renewed warmth at the very end of his life."
^For more on Holst’s thoughts on this subject, see p. 17 of this thesis.
3That the husband/wife relationship is a metaphor for the
highest union between God and the individual worshipper has already been discussed in the Notes of Chapter 1, p. 27, no. 9.
^Satyavan's musical material excellently reveals the composer's interest in English folk song, an enthusiasm which began when he first discovered the monumental work Cecil Sharp had done in the field. From about 1905 onward, English folk music was to play an important role in the development of Holst's compositional style and was to prove influential in gradually eradicating from his music the cliches of continental European romanticism, cliches which had been evident in much of his earliest works.
^The technique of causing syllables, words, or phrases to stand out rhythmically from their surroundings, emphasized by metric or accentual manipulations, is a poetic device found in the works of such English writers as Gerard Manley Hopkins and Thomas Hardy. It is known that Holst had a penchant for several English poets, possessing a special appreciation for the w o t k s of Hardy, to whom he dedicated his orchestral piece L^don Heath. Thus, iu may well be possible that Holst derived some of his metrical and rhythmic techniques through this influence.
6The function here of the mirror being a reflection of something else and thus becoming a symbol is immensely important and sets the stage for the concept of 'symbol' in general, a principle which is vital throughout the opera and will be discussed at length in the concluding chapter.
176
_ , ,The ^ullness °f unity lies beyond the realm of the intellect ana verba± speech and thus cannot be 'known1 or 'named' in the ordinary sense* This was discussed in the opening chapter. An apt passage from Floya H. Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hinduism mrt EnH- gigin (Batons Beacon Press,^ 5 3 ) , p. 30, should further emphasize tha he highest reality is in fact nameless and unknown: "Indian literature uses many names and attributes to characterize Brahma.Yet it is recognized that behind the 'named1 there is the Name-less, the living Reality which can never be conceptualized— Brahman. In the words of Nikhilananda: 'Brahman does not exist as an empirical object— for instance, like a pot or a tree— but as Absolute Existence, without which material objects would not be perceived to exist."
gTwo Hindu views of death should be noted here. On one le
vel death is simply seen as the cessation of mortality. In the early Vedic tradition, the deceased either went to heaven or to hell according to his deeds while on earth. As early Hindu thought developed, however, it was feared that one's stay in heaven (if that is where he went) may not be eternal, but perhaps would terminate in its own type of death, one that, haplessly, might place the individual back on earth in the realm of Maya. From this notion gradually emerged the fundamental Hindu principle of samsara, or the infinite sequence of rebirth and redeath, an endless cycle governed by karma, the eternal law which attributes the conditions of one life to the circumstances of prior lives. On this level, death, along with countless rebirths, is a never-ending fact.
A second view of death, on the other hand, is one which not only sees it as liberation from Maya and the deceptions and illusions of mortality, but also as deliverance from samsara and karma, this latter release, as it were, from the round of continuous birth and death being the ultimate goal of the Hindu mystic, the consummate union with distinctionless reality, the emancipation known as Moksha. In Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hindu:si and Buddhism, p. 43, it is said that "Moksha means very simply release— release from finitude, fragmentariness and unawareness. . . . moksha means release from the round of birth and death, * . •" Also see Troy Wilson Organ, The Hindu Quest for the Perfection of Han, pp. 117- 152.
^The bringing together or neutralization of seeming polarities in a rarefied atmosphere of timeles, spaceless uni^y ±s the essence of T. S. Eliot, Four Quartet? (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971). The opening lines of the first two poems setthe spirit of what is to come:
Time present and time pastAre both perhaps present in time future,And time future contained in time past.If all time is eternally present All time is unredeemable.In ray beginning is my end.
7
177
, Numerous are the warnings given to those whose quest isrea k^' 0r> th°U^h see^er may no longer be duped by Maya s more obvious shams, he might yet be deluded by the poten
cy the feelings experienced when in a 'transcendent1 state. What is this exhilaration which he feels? Is it the true ecstacy of one- ness with the divine or a rapturous intensification of worldly emotions and sentiments which speciously feign truth? The necessity to discern between the two is well expressed in the following quotation from Paul Zweig, The Heresy of Self-Love (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980), p. 23: "Yet as the mystic gathers himself into that circle of 'inwardness' which he calls the 'apex' or 'spark' of his soul, he encounters an obstacle, the last and subtlest of all: the strands of his passion become confused, he cannot be sure to choose rightly between the ’true self' at the apex of his soul and the 'false self' of earthly experience." [This is"I "meant as a warning to those who have undertaken the mystical journey into themselves; for when they arrive at this difficult fork in the 'way', they must learn to continue inward to the spark beyond their selfhood, and not downward into the self-deluding pleasures of the ego* Between the true 'way1 and the false, the resemblance is bewildering to any but the wisest disciple."
11 It should be noted that the piano/vocal score differs somewhat from the autograph full score as regards the spelling of the G# and the Ab in the orchestra. The spellings in the choral parts are identical, however, and the enharmonic interchange remains obvious.
12It should be remembered here that though certain elements of each of Holst's characters are affected by Maya, the world of illusion is still part of the overall reality (see Notes of Chapter 1, p. 32, no. 31). Thus, all aspects of Savitri, Satyavan, and Death, even those which seem superficial, illusory, or contradictory, are to be recognized as part of the total character.
1^After the extravagance of his early Wagnerian opera Sita, Holst began to adopt a more conservative style, one of greater and greater economy. He grew to be very cautious about whao remained in a finished score, pruning away anything extraneous and leaving only that which was absolutely essential to the spirit of the work. Every note, every harmony, every dynamic marking was carefully considered with the vigorously honest self-criticism that would eventually lead to the masterful Egdon Heath, a highly condensed, austere work which is nonetheless brilliantly lucid and direct. In Imopen Holst, Gustav Holst (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), p 100, the composer' s creative ideal is presented as one of "clarity: clear seeing, clear hearing, clear thinking and clear feeling." And to emphasize Holst's meticulous method of achieving such clfr- itv, one of his most noteworthy students, rximund Rubbra, has said, recalling his studies with Holst, "With what enthusiasm did we pare our music to the very bone!" (Ibid., p. 10^).
178
Hinduisms t ” * ? " °f
nr-*? *-? \ T - ;dby karma (see Notes of Chapter 2, p. 176, n0. 8).15+ Su?l!, *n extinction is the utter loss of self and the en
velopment within Brahman, the release into Moksha discussed above in Note no. 8.
16+uTh® 'darkness' experienced by St. John of the Cross (1542-
1591), the loss of all things in union with God, is exquisitely ex- pressed m one of his most well-known poems, "The Dark Night" and his two-part prose work, The Dark Night of the Sn-.n . Good trans- lations from the Spanish can be found in The Works of Saint John °f_the Gross, trans. E. Allison Peers, 3 vols. (London, 1934-1935).
*-t. John? s pursuit of oneness with God may be seen as a method of ! spiritual negation1, so to say, and is an affirmation of his particular mystic quest. A good representation of this quest and of his spiritual attitudes may be found in a new biography by Richard P. Hardy, Search for Nothing (New York: Crossroad, 1982)/
17A superb contemporary expression of the negation of the world and the loss of the self in the search for reality is Michael Novak, The Experience of Nothingness (New York: Harper and Row, 1970).
1 8The element of nature and its spiritual power has served as inspiration for several Nordic composers, Carl Nielsen and Jean Sibelius being two important examples. With Sibelius in particular one finds a "desire to relinquish his personality in nature." The "vast forests," the "wind, light, space, solitude,"— these things Sibelius wishes to commune with in an attempt at "self-obliteration." These tendencies reach unparalleled development in Tapiola, where the "impersonal forces of Nature threaten to destroy the human personality." Perhaps this annihilation of the self is what Savitri so fears when she first becomes aware of Death*s presence in the forest. For, to an inhabitant of the domain of ’self*, the destruction of the ego is a most horrifying prospect. It is for this reason that Tapiola is "surely one of the most terrifying pieces of music ever written.** For quoted material see A. Harmon and W. Mel- lers, Man and His Music (New York: Oxford University Press, 1962),PP. 933-934, 941, 974.
19The added G in this chord does not obscure the A major triad and within this context is hardly even perceptible as an added seventh.
20A passage from Ross, The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism, p. 64, clearly states the Hindu stance on the notions of good and evil: "Indian thought has steadily avoided any attempt to explain the actuality of emotional or moral confusion in terms o, a personal Devil or a cosmic principle of evil. It has s.eere. clear of metaphysical dualisn-the splitting of the universe at
179its core into two opposing principles, one of light and the other of darkness." It should be noted, however, that such a philosophy is nore characteristic of later Hindu thought-that of tbe W -
esPeci®n y ° f the Bhagavad Gita. Earlier Vedic concep- ns of good and evil with the allied notions of heaven and hell,
more closely resemble Western thinking.
Divine activity or motion manifests an undefinable stillness because it does not take place within a framework of time and space. Furthermore, it is an activity which is detached— in other words, it is removed from human desire and yearning. This latter point is especially apparent in the Bhanavad Gita, where Arjuna realizes from Krishna's pointed comments that he can neither enter battle with the desire to win, nor run from battle to avoid killing his brothers. He must fight simply because it is his particular call to action at that particular time. But he must 'act1 in a pure and detached manner, he can have no personal stake or interest in the outcome. This ideal of unattached action may further be clarified in K. P. S. Choudhary, Modern Indian Mysticism (Delhi: Montilal Banarsidass, 1981), pp. 49-50: "The word 'activity' needs a little clarification. Activity would mean doing all duties, even worldly duties, but doing them in a dispassionate and disinterested spirit. . . . Some people, it appears, misunderstand the term 'disinterested'; it does not mean 'having no interest', but 'having no selfish desires or interest'; action does not bind the mystic, since he is no more entangled in selfish desires."
22These passages wherein Savitri implores Death for the gift of Life stand out stylistically from the rest of the opera. There is a certain unrestrained emotionalism here which occurs nowhere else in the score, except perhaps when Satyavan briefly sings of those things which may have escaped Maya's clutch (see bars 114- 121 of Example 28, p. 60). What the listener senses here is the unmistakable stamp of Wagner, an influence which so strongly marked much of Holst's earlier work (see Notes of Chapter 1, p. 26, no. 4). In Imogen Holst, The Music of Gustav Holst, p. 28, the following observations are made: "In the passionate dialogue between Savitri and Death, when he offers to grant her anything she asks except the life of Satyavan, Holst's only tools for working up an emotional climax are his worn-out sequences of diminished sevenths and added sixths. Savitri's plea for life in its fullness is soon drowned in the saccharine sentimentality of 'the joy of striving . . . where defeat and despair are reigning', and there is an embarrassingly heroic fervour about her declamation that 'Life is communion. Each one that liveth, liveth for all.' The music^that underlines these assertions sounds forced and unnatural. This is not the real Holst . . . The patches of imitation romanticism stand out in violent contrast to the austere economy of the work." Imogen Holst's comments may seem rather severe, an overreaction perhaps born of our century's almost neurotic aversion to anything 'romantic'. Still, her remarks are well taken, for it is such stylistic incongruities in Savitri which make more problematic the
180analysis of the work and its success as a vehicle for the mystic ideals the composer attempts to portray. Nevertheless, Holst’s opera as a whole still succeeds remarkably, and Savitri’s fervid appeal for Life, even if viewed as somewhat excessive, does in fact add greatly to the overall impact of the work.
23This state wherein Life and Death have become one and the
circle of birth and death has been broken is the highest reality attainable. It is the reality of Moksha.
2 UThat the earthly sphere is not only a necessary aspect of the whole but is also symbolic of this whole is an important principle especially evident in several of the Upanishads and also, though in a different way, in the Vedic writings. The Hindu concept of the symbol is based essentially on the fact that Brahman, being infinite and without material form, can make itself known to physical man by means of reducing a part of itself in corporeal guise, thereby creating a more accessible indication of its existence— the symbol. Therefore all things in the physical world, including man, are finite signs of that which is infinite. All is a symbol of Brahman. In this sense, the symbol of Brahman or the 'One1 is Maya, that is, if Maya is seen as the power of Brahman to become incarnate and make itself known in physical form before a physical race (see Notes of Chapter 1, p. 27, nos. 10 and 11).The problem of illusion, then, enters in when one does not recognize that the world of Maya is merely a symbol and not the total or actual reality. Those who worship the symbol itself shall be confined accordingly; they cannot proceed beyond the bounds of the symbol. But those who worship through the symbol, directing that worship to that which truly is— those will be one with Brahman.For further reading see Deussen, The Philosophy cf the Upanishads, trans. Rev. A. S. Geden (New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1966), pp. 99-125.
^Savitri herself has made known this important truth when she asks of Death the ultimate boon, an existence wherein joy and sorrow are one" (see bars 393-398 of Example 85, p. 135).
CHAPTER 3
CONCLUSION
The Character Complex
All things are part of the whole. No matter how antipatheti
cal they may appear, they are one. And, though each portion is ex
ceptional in some way, it nonetheless reflects all other aspects
which comprise the whole. As Holst has said, "the ocean receives
the drop of water, but the drop of water receives the consciousness
of the o c e a n . I n this way, Savitri, Satyavan, and Death are not
only unique extensions of the whole, they are also extensions of one
another and of all else. This is why each of them can be viewed in
myriad ways, seen to act on numerous levels; they are simultaneous
ly one and many.
While such a dualistic quality— single and sundry— more fully
reveals Holst's characters as they really are, it also, in one sense,
makes them appear absurdly incoherent. That the reader might have
difficulty with these seeming incongruities was a caution given in
the opening chapter. And the succeeding analysis more than likely
bore out the need for this forewarning, the characters being uncov
ered as perhaps even more complex than anticipated.
Death, for instance, is first presented as the invincible one,
formidable, the inexorable fact that lies in wait for all the living
world. Yet, at the very moment that he is portrayed as such, Holst
discreetly foreshadows what Death himself shall declare at the close
of the opera— that he is merely an illusion.
There are even more guises of Death, more than those of the
insuperable master and the illusionary wraith. As the opera un
folds, he is further seen as a holy one, a bestower of sacred gifts,
a god without whom Savitri's prize of Eternal Life with Satyavan
would not have been obtained. In a more subtle way, Death is also
revealed as a release, a redemption from the world where the vari
ous manifestations of reality are seen as irresolvably opposed rather
than harmoniously complementary, a world where language creates rig
id distinctions and Maya blankets the broader truths in misty ob
scurity. Seen as deliverance from such things, Death is love, a
love which surrounds and enshrouds, as Savitri envelops herself and
Satyavan, her embrace engulfing and consuming all differences, in
troducing the beloved to eternal oneness.
Yes, Death is all of these things: terrible, inviolable, il
lusory, holy, liberating, loving, and more as well. But, even with
the warning offered in Chapter 1, how does this affect the extent
to which he shall come across to the listener as a cohesive entity,
how can he succeed as a believable character?
In the case of Death, an ambiguously multifaceted portrayal
nay seem partially warranted, since he is, on the most rudimentary
level, not truly 'human', but rather an incarnation of an idea, an
idea which is complex and somewhat enigmatic to begin with. But
what of Savitri and Satyavan? Again speaking in the most rudimen
tary of terms, they are 'flesh and blood', so to speak. Kow can
one identify with two actual personages who are so completely self-
182
contradictory? To be sure, Satyavan manifests a grand contradic
tion with his parallel representations of both victim and assail
ant. But the real problems of ambivalence and persistent incon-
sistency rest mainly with Savitri,
Here is a woman who perceives the blackness which lies hidden
beneath the placid surface. Where e ’er she goes, she hears the
voice of doom, the voice of the dark lord calling for her husband.
She is frantic, tortured, beset by frightful premonitions. When
Satyavan suggests that her fears are the result of Maya, she dis
counts this, saying she now sees beyond Maya to the terror that
penetrates even the "heart of every tree."
As Death draws closer, Satyavan falls, and Savitri becomes
the protective lover, guarding over her husband’s still form as
she sings of the bond which unites them. At last Death arrives to
claim another among many souls, while Savitri, almost in a furor,
proclaims that none may enter but the gods, the holy ones who dwell
in love. In ironic fulfillment of Savitri's words, Death stands
before her, and, with an attitude suddenly transformed, she greets
him with reverence and praise, her calm acquiescence instantly no
table against the preceding frenzy. It is here that Savitri pays
homage to Death, acknowledging his divinity and grace. Death, in
turn, recognizes the virtue of Savitri and, in so doing, helps to
effect the merging of their two identities, a sacred coming together
that certainly presents an interesting turn from the opening scenes.
This curious intersection of two characters who were initial
ly so opposed, results in Savitri's request for Eternal Life, her
impassioned entreaties disclosing still another aspect of an in
163
creasingly complicated personality. Death, taken aback at the force
of her invocation, grants her wish, whereupon she lauds him as the
"just one, whose word ruleth all," a rather unexpected response af
ter she has just previously, in her song for Life, referred to the
effects of Death as "lonely," "desolate," and purely momentary.
Finally, to mark the ultimate development of an almost incompre
hensibly discordant character, Savitri commands Death to leave,
her convincingly assertive tone nearly inconceivable when compared
to the terrors she just as convincingly displayed at the beginning
of the opera.
The Symbol
These are the faces of Savitri, And there are others, more
subtle, some of which have been discussed in the foregoing analy
sis. In what manner, then, does an audience deal with such discrep
ancies, disparities which, though most apparent with Savitri, affect
everything in Holst’s opera to some degree. The answer is that Sa
vitri, Satyavan, Death— indeed, all aspects and ingredients of Holst1
opera— are condensed, highly Concentrated facsimiles of something
else, abbreviated yet eminently integrated representations of that
which is much larger than themselves, but something, nonetheless,
of which they also are part. In short, all elements of the opera,2
whether seemingly concrete or conceptual, are symbols. Thus, Holst’
characters, too, are symbols. They are not to be seen as ordinary
personalities. And, in the case of Savitri and Satyavan, they are
not even to be seen as ordinary human entities. Like a Gothic paint
ing, they are vehicles for a much broader world of thought than their
184
comparatively flat, materially dimensioned exterior would suggest.
They are the reifications of ideas which, because of their expan
siveness, partially defy and in some way exceed their physical em-
bodiment.
Considering Holst's characters as symbolic should aid in ex
plaining their inextricable makeup. But it might also seem to place
them at a distance from the audience, an audience which may more
readily identify with the dramatic rendering of 'ordinary mortals'
involved with the intrigues of a 'purely material existence*. Sa
vitri, Satyavan, Death— -they may simply seem too esoterically con
ceived to be credible in any practical way.
The truth of the matter, however, is that there is, in fact,
no difference between Holst's personae and the 'ordinary mortal*.
We are all symbols, most of us just as intricately incongruous as
Savitri. Indeed, all that resides in the physical sphere is sym
bolic, a token of the 'One'. It is true that an individual may not
be aware that he signifies in some way the fullness of reality.
Perhaps he is not conscious that, concealed within his thoughts,
his words, his actions, are intimations of the highest truths, just
as, in like fashion, Savitri, at times, seems not to be conscious
of the full import of what she says and does. But all this does
not reduce the significance of the symbol and its relationship with
that for which it stands; if one is not sentient of who and what he
truly is, his place as similitude of the whole remains.
Perhaps the problem of not apprehending the role of the sym-
bol as representation for something beyond itself arises when we do
not look past the symbol itself, seeing it as complete rather than
185
metaphorical. Like gazing at an orb, it would be foolish to count
the small portion which is visible to the eye as the total reality.
We know that the part of the orb facing us, the part which can be
seen, is merely evidence of the sides and the back which are hidden
from view. Logically, we know the invisible portions are there and
that they are very similar to the smaller section which we can see.
Intuitively, we should know the same of that which surrounds us in
the material world; all things of which we are cognizant by means
of the five physical senses are simply signs and types of something
much larger, much more complete, something we know spiritually to
be there, though it is not as visible as the tangible evidence which
points to its existence. Thus, all is emblematic, we included. And
it is in this way that we can identify with the complex yet fascina
ting personalities that wander Holst's score. They live nearer home
than one may suppose.
Holst's characters, then, are symbols, tools in his hands, in
dividual and material constructs of the manifold concepts and ideals
he is setting forth in his opera. And as they represent the coming
together of numerous diverse elements in one unified form, there is
really nothing that can be considered disconsonant in their nature.
All attributes which logically appear to counteract each other are
in fact complementary. And as each character is a symbolic micro
cosm, so to speak, of the whole, and as the whole itself contains all
things, none of which are truly opposing, then Savitri, Satyavan, and
Death, too, are complete and homogenous, all their features autually
dependent upon one another.
The notion of the mutual dependence of diverse elements within
186
one unit makes plain that every idiosyncrasy manifest by any of
Holst's characters is needful and therefore justifiable in some
way. Even those most contradictory features, those which seem
most mundane and prosaic, those which seem blatantly to pit one
individual against another, placing them in Maya's temporal world
of distinctions— even all these have their function and must be
accepted for the necessary part they play in the whole. Indeed,
there are those Hindu writings which, though warning the seeker to
beware the especial deceptions of mortality, still emphasize that
everything is an emanation of Brahman; nothing, not even the physi
cal plane, is thoroughly unreal or without value, the whole is sim-3ply not complete without all its parts.
Illusion or Reality
In weighing the important doctrine that all aspects of the
’One* are essential, it follows that all levels of understanding
and realization of these various aspects are also essential and
therefore valid in their own right. Once contemplating the mul
tiple planes of awareness, however, one must again regard with cau
tion the degree to which their perceptions may or may not be ob
scured by illusion. The presence of Maya shall always prove con
founding and is particularly a problem in Holst's opera because,
in addition to the complications created by characters who func-
tion in so many roles, the listener feels the pressure of contin
ually trying to determine what is fantasy and what is not. The
differentiation between illusion and reality may especially seem
necessary here, as each of the characters, at some point, have been
187
connected with Maya. This, of course, has been most evident with
Death, but the sweep of illusion has affected Savitri and Satyavan as well.
With this most obvious problem in mind, how is one possibly
going to distinguish between what is genuine and what is bogus?
How can one discern with assurity the presence of Maya? The final
phrases of Savitri1 s song for Life may afford a clue. For it is
here that she proclaims the qualities of the most plenary form of
Life, heralding an existence wherein "time and space are forgot and
joy and sorrow are one." From this, it would appear that all things
which exist in a subject/object relationship, in a cause and effect
environment of time and space are delusive. Furthermore, any ac
knowledgement of fixed distinctions of diametric poles, the neu
tralization of which being symbolized by the conciliation of joy
and sorrow, is a sure invitation to the powers of Maya.
All this, of course, has already been stressed in one way or
another. It is reintroduced here, nonetheless, to further elucidate
some vital points. First, it has been determined by now that the
most materially salient qualities of Holst's characters, particu
larly those which cause them to stand apart from one another, are
illusionary. But it has also been established that even these more
mundane attributes are a necessary ingredient of the total person
age. Thus, if all features of the whole individual are recognized
for what they are, it may not be that crucial or even desirable to
distinguish clearly between one aspect of the totality and another,
in other words, to determine precisely where the 'imaginary1 ceases
and the ’actual' begins. The rational mind's persistent urge to
188
draw some definitive line between what is illusion and what is au
thentic may simply be out of place here.
There is something else, too, which should be thoughtfully
considered whenever judging the rather fine balance between illu
sion and reality. Death himself has offered the listener a vital
principle when he says that Maya rules both the worlds where men
dream they are living and where they dream they are dead. It is
apparent here that both the isolated states of ‘living1 and of
’being dead* are illusions. But for those who believe thoroughly
that such is their lot, the illusion itself becomes a reality, a
reality with its own unique provisions, restrictions contingent
upon the demands of those who not only adhere to them, but who
also have created them. The inhabitants of Death*s kingdom re
main therein because they in fact believe themselves to be dead,
subject to laws and conditions of their own making. In short, ev
ery concept of *what is* becomes a fact to those who imagine it to
be so.
Pondering such a notion tells one that, for every entity in
the universe capable of formulating a sense of reality, there may
well be that many different conceptions of what is truly real,
each of these conceptions functioning as a complete system of truth
for its own particular inventor. It may be hoped that there does
exist some ultimate truth which transcends and yet somehow includes
all others, persisting independent of the extent to which it is ac
knowledged and understood by men. Such is generally the belief in
Hindu thought. And such is held for the most part in Holst's opera,
where the highest level of enlightenment is regarded as the aware-
189
ness of perfect union, a state of consciousness which supersedes
the terrestrial levels of categorization and the discrimination of
exclusive types.
Still, even in a setting such as this opera, where some dif
ferentiation is being attempted between what is specious and what
is genuine, care should be taken if one strives to arrive at some
positive stand on what in the composition is strictly Maya and what
is not. Remember that all elements of Holst's opera are symbolic.
And as the composer's cardinal theme is unity, all his characters
and ideas are likewise symbols of oneness, the nature of the sym
bol being that all component parts, real and unreal, are coequal,
intermixing in such a way that to mark conclusively and unequivo-
cably between one part and the next is pointless.
The Pathway
If Holst's opera is seen as a complex of symbols, then all
its ingredients, not only the three main characters, are allegor
ical in some way. Some of these figurative ideas may readily come
to mind: the forest, the mirror, the gate, "Night’s gloomy pall,"
Satyavan's axe, Savitri's enshrouding robe of affection, even the
gift of Life itself— these are all symbolic. But there is one met
aphorical idea in particular which runs subtlely though pervasively
throughout, like a string of continuity which connects all aspects
of the opera from beginning to end. This allegorical device is the
'pathway',^ the supreme symbol which not only accomplishes an organ-
ic flow between events and ideas, but which also embraces perfectly
Holst's ideal of timeless unity.
190
It may be recalled from the first chapter that the composer’s
indications for staging axe minimal. First, the opera may be per-
formed inside a small auditorium or out-of-doors. To be in keeping
with the spirit of the music and the small musical resources, it
is assumed that scenery and costuming will be conservative, though
all this is left, nonetheless, to the discretion of the producer.
There is one specification, however, about which the composer is
more precise: particulary if performed outside, there is to be a
pathway running through a wood, even in the absence of all other
sets and props, the pathway is requisite if at all possible.
It is also noteworthy that Holst himself suggests that, if
any music be needed as prelude to the opera, his own Hymn of the
Travellers may be used, this being the fourth piece in his Third
Group of Choral Hymns from the Rig Veda, Opus 26, no.3. An invo
cation to the god who is guide and protector of all those who tra
verse the roads of mortality and eternity, the Hymn of the Travellers
is an excellent introduction to that path taken by Savitri and Sat
yavan, a roadway whereon they shall encounter all those things that
will ultimately press them onward, through numberless gates of new
awakening and discovery.
Holst has certainly made apparent his symbolic usage of this
pathway throughout his opera. Death is the roadway that each must
travel. He leads men onward through the gate, upon the path that
cannot be turned. But it is also Death's avenue by which Satyavan.
returning from the dead, bears to his beloved wife the gift of
Eternal Life. Life is also the roadway. For Savitri, it is the
course of her very existence, bedecked with flowers, journeyed by
191
bright-eyed daughters "carrying Life on through the ages," the
communal path she shall travel through the tineless, spaceless
eternities.
Holst's pathway, then, is both the way of Death and the way
of Life. This was established in the preceding analysis. It has
no length, for its length is endless. It has no width, for its
width is immeasurable. And its course is the harmonious flow of
all things reunited. It is the pathway, the supreme symbol of the
superior reality which is circumscribed by neither time nor space,
the reality of absolute unity.
Savitri and Satyavan, themselves symbols, cover the path.
And each, though they are one, meet with Life and Death in their
own way. Savitrifs travels in particular are closely followed,
more so than Satyavan’s, and thus further illuminate a personal
ity which has surely been revealed as extremely intricate. It
has been seen that Savitri, especially when evaluated superfici
ally, has displayed a rather heterogeneous conglomerate of atti
tudes and character traits. But if one considers the unfolding
of Savitri *s identity from the opening scenes to the close of the
opera, observing her progress and development as she proceeds along
the path, a discernible pattern clearly begins to emerge.
As Savitri*s journey begins, she appears no more exceptional
than any other mortal. She hears Death's black summons and is
filled with horror, obviously viewing him in the most elementary
fashion_the baleful phantom, lord of the tomb. When actually in
Death's presence, however, she instantly sees that he is no evil
spectre, but rather a god, a sacred being whose purpose is honor
192
able and whose call is essential for the unifying of all men. Al
ready, from this change in attitude, it begins to be apparent that,
as Savitri's journey continues, her understanding is broadening.
And it is an 'opening up' which further develops as she implores
Death for the gift of Life, an ardent request which, even in it-
self, manifests the evolution taking place within her,
Savitri commences her appeals by asking for a Life free of
defeat, disease, and despair, a Life where striving is rewarded by
resounding triumphs. As was conceded in the analysis, this is cer
tainly a pedestrian notion of the exemplary Life, especially from
a Hindu point of view. But as she proceeds, her request becomes
somewhat more far-reaching, more comprehensive. She describes the
Life she seeks as a path of flowers, one she herself shall wander
with "stalwart sons" whom she shall send to battle "where fighting
is fiercest." Seeing Life as a path does indeed draw nearer the
Hindu ideal of an eternal existence of unity. Yet it is an ideal
where all controversies and hostilities have been resolved; there
are no battlefields upon which such "stalwart sons" may demonstrate
their valour. The conflicts of nations and of peoples, as well as
the conflicts of mind and soul, are peculiar to an existence admit
ting inequalities and inimical differences.
But Savitrifs song does not conclude here. Her travels along
the path continue, her perceptions deepening, her awareness expand
ing, her own realization of what she is seeking heightening as her
adjurations reach their peak. And as she powerfully proclaims the
wonders of a Life wherein "time and space are forgot and joy and
sorrou sre one," the metamorphosis within her, too, attains a peak.
193
The woman who once cowered fearfully before Death now knows that
he has no real power over her or her husband. Within the Life she
has just won, Death simply does not exist as she aforetime per-
ceived him.
As Savitri commands Death to withdraw, turning to revive her
husband, who has also, through his wifefs wisdom and might, been
freed from the illusion of Death, the listener is moved to marvel
at the transformation which has taken place within this amazing
woman. And it is an evolution which, in assuming a discernible
course, makes more approachable Savitri!s complex nature* That
she is a symbol has already been determined, justifying to great
measure her seeming incongruities. But, as Savitri stands as epit-
omal token for Holst's many levels of thought, she especially ex
emplifies the traveller, the itinerant soul, the seeker who covers
the eternal pathway in endless march, ever extending the vision,
attaining broader, higher, more vastly inclusive planes of aware
ness as forever proceeding along the way.
Savitri is Holst's wayfarer, one with a destined quest. She
buds, grows, and then ripens, her flowering an emblem for all those
who choose to follow the path. But as we wa^ch Savitri. grow and
develop, evolving as she travels the road, we must remember that
this road does not unfold under the conditions of space or o me,
and thus has no beginning and no end. We speak of Savitri 'com
mencing' her journey, 'progressing' along the way, attaining high
er levels of understanding as if she had come to the end of her
quest. But none of this is to be taken literally. It is all mere
ly a semantical expedient, a lingual method of dealing with events
194
which, in fact, do not actually occur in successive order along a
road with definite origins and inevitable conclusions. Thus, there
is really no point at which the wanderer reaches an ultimate destin
ation. There are no 'arrivals' because there are no 'departures'.
The highway is travelled, but that is all. The journeys do not re
sult in 'relocations'. The divine motion which covers the roadway
is not compulsory, it is not movement 'to1 and ’from*. Yet it is
energy, it is vitality, it is Eternal Life.
As the sacred pathway is not one of measurable distance, with
well spaced markers along the way, movement between levels of un
derstanding and perception should not be seen as advancement for
ward, consecutive cause and effect occurrences proceeding from the
primitive to the more elevated until the traveller has become 'per
fected1 . In this light, the varying degrees of realization or
awareness so well depicted in Savitri, are not really differen
tiated from one another in terms of value. All stretches of the
pathway have their place in the endless round. All planes of en
lightenment, all moments of discovery and awakening are of worth.
All that needs be said is that some levels of understanding are
more inclusive; from certain lookout points, more of the total
picture can be seen.
So Savitri travels the path. But she cannot proceed with-
out Satyavan. As she has so movingly declared, the gift of Ster
nal Life is valueless without him of whom she is part. They have
both encountered Death in their own way and now. reunited, must
continue along the road. But as they journey, they journey as one
flesh. Just as the lovers of Krishna are ecstatically joined with
195
their beloved, so too is Savitri joined with Satyavan, their per
fect alliance representing perhaps Holst’s most powerful symbol of
divine unity— the mystic bond and covenant of husband and wife, the
emblem of man’s marriage with God and Truth.
196
197
Notes
See quotations from Holst's article, "The Mystic, the Philistine and the Artist," p. 17 of this thesis.
See Notes from Chapter 2, p. 180, no. 24.3See Notes from Chapter 1 , p. 28, no. 13, and p. 32, no. 31.
The symbolic significance of the 'pathway1 is especially apparent in the Vedic writings. Here, the nonexistent reality of the universe makes itself existent and, with the aid of Savitr (the Sun), prepares pathways through the darkness upon which the now existent entities may again attain nonexistence. The Vedic Hymns speak of many paths— the path to heaven, the path to Savitr, the path of immortality— stressing that it is the gods and the holy men who are the true pathfinders, pointing out the way for those who shall follow. A fine discourse on the rich symbolism and ritualistic aspect of the Vedic tradition can be found in Jeanine Miller, The Vedas: Harmony, Meditation and Fulfilment (London: Rider and Company, 1974)*
As regards the eternal nature of the pathway, the following comments from Pratima Bowes, The Hindu Religious Tradition (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977), pp. 46-47, are of interest: "According to the Hindu tradition there is no such thing as a once- for-all creation at a particular time from which progress towards a definite end, again once-for-all, can be calculated. . . . So the universe cannot be said to have any absolute beginning in time or absolute end, and the movement from beginning to end is always complemented by a fresh beginning."
1
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
Sources Consulted on the Music and the ComnoaBr
Musical Scores
Holst, Gustav. Collected Facsimile Edition: Autograph Manuscripts _oL the Published Works. Vol. 1, "Chamber Operas". Edited by Imogen Holst. London: Faber Music Limited, 1974.
Holst, Gustav. Savitri: An Episode from the Mahabharata. Op. 25.London. F. and B. Goodwin Limited (J. Curwen and Sons Limited), 1923.
Sources on the Composer
Holst, Gustav. Letters to W. G, Whitaker. Edited by Michael Short. Glasgow: University of Glasgow Press, 1974.
Holst, Imogen. Gustav Holst: A Biography. London: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Holst, Imogen. The Music of Gustav Holst. London: Oxford University Press, 1968.
Holst, Imogen. A Thematic Catalogue of Gustav Holst’s Music. London: Faber Music Limited, 1974.
Rubbra, Edmund. Gustav Holst: Collected Essays Edited by Stephen Lloyd and Edmund Rubbra. London: Triad Press, 1974.
Short, Michael. Gustav Holst: A Centenary Documentation. London: V/hite Lion Publishers Limited, 1974.
Sadie, Stanley, ed. The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians. London: Macmillan Publishers Limited, 1980.
Vaughan-Williams, Ralph, and Holst, Gustav. Heirs and RebelsLetters Written to Each Other and Occasional Writings on Music. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1980
Hindu Sources Consul t.firi
English Translations of the Main Scriptural Sources Upanishads
Nikhilananda, Swami. The Upanishads. 4. vols. New York: Harper and Bros., 1949-1959.
Radhakrishnan, R. The Principal Upanishads. New York: Harper and Bros., 1953.
199
Mahabharata
Buitenen, J. A. B. van. The Mahabharata. 3 vols. Chicago: University Press, 197$.
Bhagavad Gita
Buitenen, J, A. B. van. The Bhagavadgita in the Mahabharata. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981,
Herman, A. L. The Bhagavad Gita: A Translation and Critical Commentary. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1973.
Philosophical and Theological Commentaries on Hindu Scripture and Thought
Besant, Annie. The Wisdom of the Upanishads. Madras, India: Theo- sophical Publishing House, 1925.
Bowes, Pratima. The Hindu Religious Tradition: A Philosophical Approach. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977.
Chennakesavan, Sarasvati. A Critical Stud;/ of Hinduism. Delhi: South Asia Books, 1980.
Choudhary, Kamakhya Prasad Singh. Modern Indian Mysticism. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1981.
Corlett, William, and Moore, John. The Hindu aound. Scarsdale,New York: Bradbury Press, 1978.
Deussen, Paul. The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Translated byRev. A. S. Geden. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1966.
Johnson, Willard. Pnetrv and Speculation of the Rg Veda. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980.
200
Miller, Jeanine. The Vedas: Harmony. Meditation and Fulfilment.London: Rider and Company, 1974. ~ *
Organ, Troy Wilson. The Hindu Quest for the Perfection of Man. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1970.
Pulsaker, A. D. Studies in the Epics and Puranas. Chaupatty, Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1963.
Ross, Floyd H. The Meaning of Life in Hinduism and Buddhism. Boston: Beacon Press, 1953.
Miscellaneous Sources Found Useful for this Study
Auclair, Marcelle. Saint Teresa of Avila. Translated by Kathleen Pond. Garden City, New York: Image Books (Doubleday and Co.), 1959.
Brenan, Gerald. Saint John of the Cross: His Life and Poetry.Poetry translated by Lynda Nicholson. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973.
Merton, Thomas, and Suzuki, D. T. Zen and the Birds of Appetite. New York: New Directions, 1968.
Novak, Michael. The Experience cf Nothingness. New York: Harper and Row, 1970.
Underhill, Evelyn. Mysticism: A Study in the Nature and Development of Man's Spiritual Consciousness. London: Methuen and Co., Limited, 1962.
Zweig, Paul. The Heresy of Self-Love. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1980.
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