hazard, risk, benefit. stairs are a hazard risk is likelihood of injury often expressed as a...
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Hazard, Risk, Benefit
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Stairs are a HAZARD
RISK is likelihood of injury
Often expressed as a fraction
(1 in a million)
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Pesticides / Fungicides• Hazard
– Measured in a lab– How much substance is
needed to kill or injure an experimental animal
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• Benefit
• More food (less loss (growing, storing))• Better looking food – not as many blemishes–More acceptable to consumers – less loss
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• Risk
• This is the real world – what is important
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• Approximately 250 basic chemicals made by more than 50 companies are registered for use as pesticides in food and feed production in the United States.
• More than a quarter of a million U.S. children aged 1–5 ingest a combination of 20 different pesticides every day.
• Overall, 20 million children aged 5 and under eat an average of 8 pesticides every day.
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• Pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950, and 2.5 million tons of industrial pesticides are now used each year.
• Some 610,000 children aged 1–5 consume a dose of neurotoxic organophosphate insecticides that the government deems unsafe.
• More than half of these unsafe exposures are from one pesticide—methyl parathion.
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• methyl parathion - use is legally prohibited. • Pesticide highly toxic to humans and birds
(EPA, 1997). Methyl parathion is only allowed to be used on certain open agricultural fields
• it is legally prohibited to use methyl parathion inside buildings (EPA, 1997).
• Based on a report by the Texas Department of Health however, researchers indicated that 25% of the residents in their study region were illegally using methyl parathion
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Mississippi 1996• More than 1500 homes and businesses in
Mississippi were sprayed with methyl parathion by unlicensed pest control operators over a two-year period ending in November 1996.
• The spraying resulted in the temporary relocation of more than 1100 people.
• Local veterinarians reported deaths of household animals due to methyl parathion exposure.
• Eight day-care centres, one restaurant and two hotels that were sprayed were closed, and extensive clean-up operations had to be undertaken.
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•
2,4-D is the most commonly used herbicide in Canada. It was a major component of Agent Orange, and is still used in over 1,500 lawn-care products (including Killex and Weed ‘n Feed). Cancer in dogs has been linked to their owners’ use of 2,4-D
• Sierra Club, 2008
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21,000 Canadians died in 2008 with links to air pollution
Canadian Medical Association 2008
• Combination of short – and long- term exposure• Cumulative deaths by 2031 will hit 800,000
• Vast majority will be people over 65– Heart and lung conditions (pressure from
contaminants
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• Pollution this year– Economy and Health-care systems – about $8
BILLION this year (medical costs and lost productivity)
– Total loss by 2031 - > 250 billion
• Based on a conservative assumption that air pollution will not increase in the future– Canada one of first nations to track these
associated deaths
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• Everything that we do exposes us to hazards
• It is HOW we do things that determines the risk
• So Risk and Benefit are more difficult to define (and measure)– Personal viewpoints should be important– Who benefits?
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Ethics• What should we do about - climate change?– Not all ‘should do’ questions are ethical
• But the question of doing something about climate change is ethical because it involves choices– People have conflicting interests
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• The better-off among us (nations) – Canadians will have to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases
• This will save future generations from the chance of a hotter world
• BUT – how do we evaluate the well-being of future generations versus our well-being (especially as they are more likely to have more material goods than we do)
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• Do we spend now to prevent?
• Do we spend in the future to correct?
–If there is a problem
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Do we spend or not?If so ‘How Much’
• Spending involves sacrifice– Jobs, taxes, slowing of development
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• Most of this is common sense
• Elementary principle that you should not do something for your own benefit if it harms another person
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• If rainfall changes its pattern (amount, timing, location)– Local food supplies will be affected– Supplies of safe drinking water will change– Large scale migration of people could be a response
– Large heat wave in Europe (2003) – est 350,000 deaths
– WHO – average no. deaths per year from climate change – 150,000
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Hoover Dam/Lake Mead 2008
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• All of us contribute– Driving a car or taking public transit– Using electrical power– Buying anything that has been manufactured and/or
transported– Drinking bottled water
•These all contribute to the generation of greenhouse gases (contribute to climate change)
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• Not a simple matter of weighing benefits and costs
• Can we even get the benefits and costs?
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ATTITUDE