H O W M U C H O F A P R O B L E M I S W A S T E

I N O C E A N S ?

P R E S E N T E D B Y C A T H E R I N E L E H M A N N , H A N N E L Y G R E N , L E O P O L D I N E M E A U Z E , C A M I L L E R O C H A T , A N D E L O D I E S C H O T T

http://plastikourgeio.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/09/biigplastic-bag.jpg

F O C U S O N M I C R O P L A S T I C S

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P R E S E N T E D B Y

C O N T E N T

1. Introduction2. Key facts3. What are Microplastics?4. Impacts

1. Environmental2. Health3. Social & Economic

5. Solutions6. Key Takeaways7. Discussion

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https://i2.wp.com/www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/nintchdbpict000406744636.jpg?resize=816%2C9999&ssl=1

8 M I L L I O NT O N S

P R E S E N T

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https://imgkid.com/eiffel-tower-at-sunset-pink.shtml

8 2 2 0 0 0 T I M E S

P R E S E N T

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https://www.shutterstock.com/de/image-photo/dump-truck-unloading-waste-on-landfill-625429940

1 T R U C K E V E R Y

M I N

P R E S E N T

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https://sustainabilityillustrated.com/en/2018/06/12/more-plastic-than-fish-in-2050/

F U T U R E

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OR IG IN

P L A S T I C

82%2%

16%

http://www.ultimate-packaging.co.uk/statement-from-ultimate-packaging-regarding-recent-communications-and-legislative-interventions-relating-to-plastic-packaging/

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GYRES

P L A S T I C

http://teded.tumblr.com/post/134857415063/how-nurdles-are-invading-our-oceans

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http://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/lakeco/2017/09/17/microplastics-whats-big-deal/

M I C R O P L A S T I CDEF IN I T ION

“small plastic pieces less than five

millimeters long which can be harmful

to our ocean and aquatic life.” National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce, 2018

http://jpi-oceans.eu/news-events/news/results-%E2%82%AC75-million-call-microplastics-published

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PR IMARY« are plastics directly released into

the environment in the form of small particulates »

Julien Boucher, 2017

M I C R O P L A S T I CCATEGOR I E S

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M I C R O P L A S T I CCATEGOR I E S

SECONDARY

Julien Boucher, 2017

« are plastics originating mostly from

the degradation of large plastic waste into

smaller plastic fragments once

exposed to the marine environment »

http://blog.nationalgeographic.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Archi-official-09.jpg?fbclid=IwAR0HHoZ3MSBQajLsEuCYl0pthwiGX2Q2-ufmm0H3YVGZJFhThybkLMTKZ7w

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M I C R O P L A S T I CPATHWAYS

http://www.eunomia.co.uk/marine-plastics-we-should-fight-them-on-the-beaches/

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M I C R O P L A S T I COR IG IN

P R I M A R Y

W E S T E R N C O U N T R I E S

S E C O N D A R Y

E M E R G I N G E C O N O M I E S

https://storyofstuff.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IUCN-report-Primary-microplastics-in-the-oceans.pdf

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M I C R O P L A S T I CI M P A C T O F C O U N T R I E S

https://storyofstuff.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/IUCN-report-Primary-microplastics-in-the-oceans.pdf

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T SI M P A C T O N E C O S Y S T E M S

https://phys.org/news/2018-09-polluted-groundwater-contaminated-south-pacific.html

https://www.fromthegrapevine.com/nature/these-colorful-coral-reefs-shocked-scientists

! Threat to biodiversity: Increasinglikelihood of diseases of coralreefs

! Found in remotest places of earth: deep sea sediments

! Microplastics can transport invasive species, including:

! Algal blooms

! Pathogens

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T SI M P A C T O N E C O S Y S T E M S

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/plastics-found-in-stomachs-of-deepest-sea-creatures

Blue ue threadad fromuue threaad froooooooclothing

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T SI M P A C T O N I N D I V I D U A L A N I M A L S

http://www.earthday.org/wp-content/uploads/Earth-Day-Network-Plastic-Pollution-Primer-and-Action-Toolkit-updated-2.20.2018.pdf

P H Y S I C A L E F F E C T S

! Obstruction preventing uptake of food

! Damage to digestion track

FOOD37.5%

PLASTIC62.5%

FOOD55%

PLASTIC45%

SEATURTLE ALBATROSS

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T SI M P A C T O N I N D I V I D U A L A N I M A L S

https://www.nrdc.org/onearth/palate-plastic

C H E M I C A L E F F E C T S

! Chemical toxicity

! Heavy metals

! Impaired Health

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T SI M P A C T O N I N D I V I D U A L A N I M A L S

H O W ?

A D H E R E T O T H E B O D Y O F O R G A N I S M S

A B S O R B E D I N T O T H E O R G A N I S M

I N G E S T E D( D I R E C T L Y O R I N D I R E C T L Y )

T A K E N U P A C R O S S T H E G I L L S T H R O U G H

V E N T I L A T I O N

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E N V I R O N M E N T A L I M P A C T SO C E A N F O O D W E B

https://www.seaturtlecamp.com/plastic-paradise/http://o.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2017762147_littlefish16m.html

https://cdn4.dogonews.com/images/4bcc2151-cfb8-45c6-8a2f-ca3b53ba5688/fc5badc4-2942-11e6-b3b6-bdf44ca17c9d_1280x720.jpg

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H E A L T H I M P A C T SD O W E E A T P L A S T I C ?

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H E A L T H I M P A C T SH U M A N H E A L T H

FACTS EXAMPLES

! Ingested & Digested

! “more than 50% of the world population might have microplastics in their stools”

! Made out of chemicals

! Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET): nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

! Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): ‘endocrine disruptors’ interfere with the production of hormones

UEG, 2018

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E C O N O M I C I M P A C T SF I S H E R Y A N D A Q U A C U L T U R E

“10% to 12% of the global population relies on fisheries and aquaculture for their livelihood.”

IMPACT

FAO, 2014

! Damaged fishing vessels

! Reduced catches due to abundance of debris

! Microplastic contamination in marine species can affect the local consumption of seafood

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/500884789785115864/

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IMPACT

E C O N O M I C I M P A C T STOUR I SM

https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kamilo-beach-hawaii-dirtiest-beach-america_us_58e99a38e4b05413bfe3792d

! Reduces aesthetic value

! Affects recreational opportunities

! Example: Kamilo Beach, Hawaii

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S O L U T I O N SS T O P P U T T I N G P L A S T I C I N T H E O C E A N

PRODUCERS CONSUMERS

GOVERNMENTS ORGAN IZAT IONS

The Honolulu Strategy

https://www.worldatlas.com/r/w728/upload/8d/00/66/plastic-bag-infographic.jpg

https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/1813/9335/products/Wowe_Bamboo_5_spo_1024x1024.jpg?v=1510777019 http://novatus.eu/en/Loooqs-Eco-cup-lime-greenhttps://xbws-studio.com/bento-style-lunch-box-glass-1063.htmlx

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S O L U T I O N ST A K I N G T H E P L A S T I C O U T O F T H E O C E A N

IN I T IAT I VES

International CoastalClean Up

The Pacific OceanClean Up

https://oceanconservancy.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Building-A-Clean-Swell.pdf

https://www.digitaltrends.com/cool-tech/ocean-clean-up-garbage-patch/

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S O L U T I O N ST H E N E W P L A S T I C S E C O N O M Y

! Circular Economy Principles

! Lost opportunity

! Improve wastemanagement and recyclingsystems

https://footwearnews.com/2016/focus/athletic-outdoor/adidas-parley-for-the-ocean-prototype-sneakers-instagram-contest-227860/

https://www.remarkablecoating.com/california/san-francisco-whiteboard-paint/

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K E Y T A K E A W A Y S

Contaminationof the food chain

Huge importanceof primary

micro plastics

150 Million Tons

1:1 by 2050

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D I S C U S S I O N

‣ What do you think about the way media communicates this issue?

‣ Do you know any other solution to fight against ocean waste (microplastics)?

‣ Do you think governments are doing enough to limit or ban the use of plastics?

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R E F E R E N C E SAvio C.G. et al. (2016). Plastics and microplastics in the oceans: From emerging pollutants to emerged threat, Marine Environmental Research. Elsevier, 1-3.

Carrington, D. (2017). Plastic fibres found in tap water around the world, study reveals, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/06/plastic-fibres-found-tap-water-around-world-study-reveals

Coral Reef Alliance. (n.d.) Coral Reel Biodiversity. Retrieved November 07, 2018 from https://coral.org/coral-reefs-101/coral-reef-ecology/coral-reef-biodiversity/

Eumonia. (2016). Marine Plastics: we should fight them on the beaches. http://www.eunomia.co.uk/marine-plastics-we-should-fight-them-on-the-beaches/

FAO (2014) The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture: Opportunities and Challenges. http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3720e.pdf

Gall, S.C., & Thompson, R.C., (2015). The impact of debris on marine life. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 92, 170-179.

Glenza, J. (2017). Sea salt around the world is contaminated by plastic, studies show. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/sep/08/sea-salt-around-world-contaminated-by-plastic-studies

Good, K. (2015). Do You Eat Fish? You Could be Eating Plastic. http://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/how-plastic-from-our-clothing-is-ending-up-in-fish/

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R E F E R E N C E SGreenfacts. (2018). What are Microplastics and how do they enter the environment. https://www.greenfacts.org/en/marine-litter/l-2/3-micro-plastics.htm

Herreria, C. (2017). The Islands Of Hawaii Hold One Of The Dirtiest Places In The World. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/kamilo-beach-hawaii-dirtiest-beach-america_us_58e99a38e4b05413bfe3792d

Julien Boucher, D. F. (2017). Primary Microplastics in the Oceans: a Global Evaluation ofSources.International Union for Conservation of Nature.

Kershaw, P.J., & Rochman, C.M. , GESAMP (2016). “Sources, fate and effects of microplastics in the marine environment: part two of a global Assessment” p.74-89. http://www.gesamp.org/site/assets/files/1275/sources-fate-and-effects-of-microplastics-in-the-marine-environment-part-2-of-a-global-assessment-en.pdf

Lamb, J.B., Willis, B.L., Fiorenza, E.A., Couch, C.S., Howard, R., Rader, D.N., (...) Harvell, C.D. (2018). Plastic waste associated with disease on coral reefs. Science, Vol. 359(6374), 460-462. Retrieved fromhttp://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6374/460

Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E. (2014). Synthetic particles as contaminants in German beers: Food. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19440049.2014.945099

Liebezeit, G., & Liebezeit, E.(2015). Origin of synthetic particles in honeys. http://agro.icm.edu.pl/agro/element/bwmeta1.element.agro-953d4b4d-549a-4bc6-9d95-2b10030b7552

Lin, C. (2018). Nanoplastics in marine life can threaten human health. https://www.scmp.com/tech/science-research/article/2148792/nanoplastics-can-accumulate-marine-life-and-threaten-human

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R E F E R E N C E SLin, C. (2018). Nanoplastics in marine life can threaten human health. https://www.scmp.com/tech/science-research/article/2148792/nanoplastics-can-accumulate-marine-life-and-threaten-human

Magnusson, K. (2017). Swedish sources and pathways for microplastics to the marine environment.Swedish EnvironmentalProtection Agency.

Marcus Eriksen. (2014). Plastic Pollution in the World's Oceans: More than 5 Trillion Plastic Pieces Weighing over 250,000 Tons Afloat at Sea. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0111913

Murar, K. (2017). Hawaii tourism industry sets records for sixth consecutive year. https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/news/2018/01/31/hawaii-tourism-industry-sets-records-for-sixth.html

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration U.S. Department of Commerce (2018) What are Microplastics? https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/microplastics.html

Rozalia Project (n.d.) A human scale solution to the biggest pollution problem facing our ocean: microfibers. http://rozaliaproject.org/stop-microfiber-pollution/

Taylor, M. (2017). Plastic found in stomachs of deepest sea creatures. Retrieved November 06, 2018 fromhttps://www.theguardian.com/environment/2017/nov/15/plastics-found-in-stomachs-of-deepest-sea-creatures

Tyree, C., & Morrison, D. (2017) Invisibles. https://orbmedia.org/stories/Invisibles_plastics

UEG (2018) Microplastics discovered in human stools across the globe in ‘first dtudy of its kind’, UEG Week. https://www.ueg.eu/press/releases/ueg-press-release/article/ueg-week-microplastics-discovered-in-human-stools-across-the-globe-in-first-study-of-its-kind/

Van Cauwenberghe, L., Vanreusel, A., Mees, J., & Janssen, C.R. (2013). Microplastic pollution in deep-sea sediments. Environmental Pollution, Vol. 182, 495-499.

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