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How the Brain Got its Folds: How the Brain Got its Folds: ng about Function by Looking at Str ng about Function by Looking at Str Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

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Page 1: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

How the Brain Got its Folds:How the Brain Got its Folds:Learning about Function by Looking at StructureLearning about Function by Looking at Structure

Professor Sam WangPrinceton University

Page 2: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 3: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 4: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 5: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Sam WangDamonClark

A small brain

Page 6: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

ProfessorPatrick

Hof(160

pounds)

A killerwhalebrain(20pounds)

Page 7: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

How can brains of different sizes be compared?

Page 8: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Cerebrotypes

Damon Clark,Partha Mitra,

and Sam Wang

Page 9: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Whose brain is most like ours?

Chimp Human Gorilla

Noel Rowe, Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates

Page 10: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 11: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 12: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Whose brain is most like ours?Whose brain is most like ours?

ChimpChimp HumanHuman

Page 13: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 14: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

What makes the brain folded?

Page 15: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 16: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Jennifer Shultz

Page 17: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Hofman (1989)

Jerison (1987)

Allometry in the neocortex

A ~ V0.91

Page 18: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

P. Rakic

Page 19: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Jenny Shultz and Sam Wang

Page 20: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

W. Rushton

Page 21: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

What makes the brain folded?

…lots of neurons with fat wires.

Page 22: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

In some cases, caused bycocaine use during pregnancy.

Fewer neurons?

Normal brain Pachygyric brain

Page 23: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Let’s see someLet’s see somereal brains!real brains!

Page 24: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

The brain has specialized parts

Page 25: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Penfield’s Homunculus

Page 26: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Mapping of the body surface depends on an animal’s needs

J. Kaas

Page 27: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brainwww.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/tryit/brain

Page 28: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Hemineglect

ModelModel Patient’s copyPatient’s copy

Page 29: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Memory loss

Page 30: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Memory loss: The patient H.M. can’t remember anything…

...but he can still learn!

Brenda Milner

Page 31: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Aphasia

Page 32: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Broca’s AphasiaBroca’s Aphasia

““Girl...wants to...flowers...flowers Girl...wants to...flowers...flowers and wants to...The woman...wants and wants to...The woman...wants to...The girl wants...the flowers and to...The girl wants...the flowers and the woman.”the woman.”(Describing a picture of a girl giving (Describing a picture of a girl giving flowers to a woman).flowers to a woman).

““The kiss...the lady kissed...the lady The kiss...the lady kissed...the lady is...the lady and the man and the is...the lady and the man and the lady...kissing.”lady...kissing.”(Describing a picture of a woman (Describing a picture of a woman kissing a man). kissing a man).

• Motor aphasiaMotor aphasia• Non-fluent, slow labored speechNon-fluent, slow labored speech• Comprehension largely intactComprehension largely intact• Patient aware of deficitPatient aware of deficit

Page 33: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Wernicke’s AphasiaWernicke’s Aphasia

Q: “How are you feeling today?”Q: “How are you feeling today?”A: “Well, it has been suggested that A: “Well, it has been suggested that there were certain oddities and there were certain oddities and restrictions, technically the activities restrictions, technically the activities of the student body, so to speak.”of the student body, so to speak.”

Q: “This is a beautiful day.”Q: “This is a beautiful day.”A: The only reason I say it is a nice A: The only reason I say it is a nice day I see all the girls working behind day I see all the girls working behind the floor and believe me when I the floor and believe me when I worked for people on Broadway they worked for people on Broadway they were glad to work because it is nice to were glad to work because it is nice to do it in the afternoon.”do it in the afternoon.”

• Sensory aphasiaSensory aphasia• Fluent, meaningless speechFluent, meaningless speech• Comprehension impairedComprehension impaired• Patient Patient notnot aware of deficitaware of deficit

Page 34: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Agnosia

Page 35: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Agnosias

Page 36: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

These symptoms can all occur as a resultThese symptoms can all occur as a resultof a of a strokestroke, which is a , which is a brain attackbrain attack..

If you experience a If you experience a sudden loss of feeling,sudden loss of feeling,movement, speech, or recognitionmovement, speech, or recognition, , get to an emergency room get to an emergency room immediatelyimmediately..

Page 37: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Ambiguous figures

Page 38: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Synaesthesia

Page 39: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

In the next picture, In the next picture, do you see rows? or do you see rows? or

columns?columns?

Page 40: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University
Page 41: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Synaesthesia

What the patient “E.R.” sees!What the patient “E.R.” sees!

Page 42: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

Ramachandran and Hubbard (2001)

Rickard et al. (2000)

Brain regions that communicate in synaesthesia?

ColorsDigit recognition

Page 43: How the Brain Got its Folds: Learning about Function by Looking at Structure Professor Sam Wang Princeton University

[email protected]@princeton.ed

uu


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