Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition

and Chapter 42: Respiration

MARIYA MONASTYRSKAYAJIM GERHARTJULIA DOVGY

Nutritional Requirements of Animals

• Three nutrition needs – Chemical energy– Raw materials– Essential nutrients

• substances that animals cannot make for themselves from any raw materials and has to take it in its pre-made form

Four Classes of Essential Nutrients

• Amino acids• Fatty acids• Vitamins• Minerals

Intracellular vs. Extracellular Digestion

• Intracellular (inside cell)– Food vacuoles– Digestion with

lysosomes• Extracellular (outside)

– Hydrolysis– For bigger prey

Chapter 41

Digestive System

http://georgiahealthinfo.gov

Mouth

http://weblogs.newsday.com

Teeth

Tongue

Salivary Glands

Pharynx

Epiglottis

Uvula

• Teeth, tongue, and saliva

• Mastication: Chewing – Increases surface area exposed to

digestive juices

• Peristalsis: Contractions – Allows food particles to mix with

enzymes and gastric juices

Mechanical Disgestion

• Made of tissues varying in density and hardness

• 3 different types of teeth needed for digestion

Incisors

Canines

Molars

Teeth

http://wikapedia.com

• Extremely muscular and mobile

• Epithelial cells

• Located on the floor of the mouth

• Tasting, chewing and swallowing

Tongue

http://webcrawler.com

• Produce saliva in mouth – Mucin – Buffers preventing tooth decay– Antibacterial agents– Salivary amylase

• Acini

• Three pairs of salivary glands

Salivary Glands

http://3.bp.blogspot.com

• Short and broad muscular tube beginning at the back of the mouth

• From mouth and nose to esophagus and larynx

• Permits passage of swallowed solids and liquids into esophagus

• Divided into three parts Nasopharynx OropharynxLaryngopharynx

Pharynx

http://www.web-books.com

• Flap of tissue preventing food from entering the trachea

• Upward during breathing

• Horizontal when swallowing

• Food goes down the esophagus

Epiglottis

http://people.eku.edu

• Cone-shaped mass of tissue hanging from the soft palate

• Works to make sure food goes down the right tube while swallowing Blocks off airway to the nose

Uvula

http://www.goldbamboo.com

Esophagus • A muscular tube that passes food from pharynx to

the stomach • 25 cm long • Behind trachea and heart • Transport of liquids depends on how body is

positioned when swallowing

http://assets.aarp.org

http://healthguide.howstuffworks.com/stomach-picture.htm

The Stomach

• Begins in the mouth with salivary amylase

• Gastric fluid

• Pepsinogen pepsin peptides

• Hydrochloric acid- low pH, dissolves minerals, and kills bacteria

• Mucus protects stomach from the acid and pepsin

http://www.oralchelation.com/faq/images/stomach_diagram.jpg

Chemical Digestion

• 3-4 hours of stomach digestion• Chyme• Peristalsis forces chyme out of the

stomach• Pyloric sphincter regulates the flow of

chyme• Then it mixes with secretions form the

liver and pancreas in the small intestine

http://www.gesa.org.au/digestive-system/stomach.cfm

Formation of Chyme

• 21 ft long

• Duodenum, jejunum, and the ileum

• Continuation of chemical digestion of chyme

• Glands release enzymes that complete digestion

http://www.besthealth.com/besthealth/bodyguide/reftext/html/dige_sys_fin.html

http://www.gesa.org.au/digestive-system/small_intestine.cfm

Small Intestine

• Folds of intestine covered with villi• Absorption• The end products of digestion are transferred into the

circulatory system • Lacteals

http://www.belmarpharmacy.com/images/clip_image002.jpg

Small Intestine

• “Colon”• Peristalsis• Four major parts of the colon• Sigmoid colon leads into the rectum and anal canal• Feces• Recovering water• Harmless bacteria

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/images/ency/fullsize/19220.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/19220.htm&h=320&w=400&sz=22&tbnid=GtQVeA06-ND7RM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=124&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dlarge%2Bintestine&hl=en&usg=__KRfR924GR6x6tIMuCUvqiBZ78to=&ei=8HUkSu69LJ3Ktgebq5zdBg&sa=X&oi=image_result&resnum=1&ct=image

Large Intestine

• Right of the stomach and is the second largest organ in the body

• Products of digestion are transferred to the liver for further processing

• Produces bile

• Cells contain a number of enzymes that break down toxins or chemicals

• Stores glucose as glycogen, makes proteins and breaks down toxic substances

Liver

http://health.allrefer.com/health/biliary-atresia-bile-produced-in-the-liver.html

Picture:

Liver

• Digestive juice secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder aiding in digestion of fats

• Modified by addition of a watery bicarbonate as it flows through the bile duct

http://health.allrefer.com/health/sclerosing-cholangitis-bile-pathway.html http://health.allrefer.com/health/biliary-atresia-bile-produced-in-the-liver.html

Bile

• Bile is transferred to the gallbladder

• It is a sac-like organ that stores and concentrates bile

• Bile is released into the small intestine through the common bile duct when chyme is present

http://www.acm.uiuc.edu/sigbio/project/digestive/middle/gallbladder.html

Picture:

Gallbladder

• Lies behind the stomach and has two important functions

It produces sodium bicarbonate which neutralizes stomach acid

It also produces enzymes that break down macromolecules

• Pancreatic fluid enters the small intestine through the pancreatic duct

http://www.dwp.gov.uk/medical/med_conditions/pd/Picture:

Pancreas

Diseases of the Digestive System:

• Short Bowel Syndrome

• Stomach Cancer (Gastric Cancer)

Common Sicknesses/Diseases:

• Acid Reflex

• Indigestion

• Diarrhea

• Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS),

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adenocarcinoma_of_the_stomach.jpg

Chapter 42 Respiration

Respiration – Gas exchange

• Main idea– O2 (from the

respiratory medium) in and CO2 out

• Respiratory surface – the more area, the more diffusion of gases, the better the respiration

Advantages and Disadvantages of Water as a Respiratory Medium

• D– Low concentration

of oxygen– Lower diffusion rate

• A– Simplest kind of

diffusion

Respiratory Adaptations in animals

Respiration by lungs

Gas exchange in the lungs

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d69oc8XAIyQ

Positive and Negative Pressure Breathing

• Positive pressure- air pushed in• Negative pressure- air drawn in• Humans practice negative using manipulation

of diaphragm

Respiratory System of Mammals vs Birds

• Mammals use lungs & diaphragm manipulation

• Birds have system of air sacs that expand and contract to fill lungs

• Air moves in 1 direction, and is more efficiently exchanged

Lung Capacity Terms

• Tidal volume- Total volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath

• Vital Capacity- Maximum tidal volume during forced breathing

• Residual volume- air left in lungs when rest is forcefully exhaled

Breathing Control

• Two main regions- Pons, Medulla Oblongata• Negative feedback/ stretching of lungs• Detection of carbonic acid leads to deeper

breathing

Partial Pressure’s Role in Gas Exchange

• Partial Pressure- Amount of pressure exerted by a specific part of an atmosphere

• Same concept as solute diffusion; movement from high to low partial pressure

• Also applies to capillaries (diffusion into interstitial fluid)

Advantages of Respiratory Pigments

• O2 in solution with blood too inefficient; respiratory pigments compensate

• Hemocyanin- Blue, found in mollusks and arthropods• Hemoglobin- Red. 4 subunits with an iron atom in middle of

each. Can carry 4 O2 molecules

The Affinity of Hemoglobin for Oxygen

• Saturation increases as partial pressure increases

• Greater affinity when less oxygen is available, like in a muscle doing work

• Bohr shift- changein affinity for O2 dueto change in pH

Carbon Dioxide Transport

• 3 modes- Solution with plasma, transport by hemoglobin or *conversion to bicarbonate ions*

• CO2 becomes carbonic acid, then dissociates into bicarbonate ions and H+ ions

• Bicarbonate ions piggyback onto red blood cells/ convert back to CO2 in lungs

Diving Animal Adaptations

• More O2 stored in blood• Blood rerouted to vital areas• Myoglobin- stores 25% O2 in muscles• Fermentation operates muscles when O2 depleted

Works Cited

• Campbell, Neil, and Jane Reece. Biology. 6th. San Francisco: Pearson, 2002.

• Sharpe, Shirlie. "Omnivore, Hebivore, Carnivore, What's the Difference?." About.com: Freshwater Aquariums. n. page. Web. 2 May. 2012.

• "Mechanical and Chemical Digestion." hellolife. Digestive Health Support Group, 06 April 2010. 0. Web. 2 May 2012. <http://www.hellolife.net/digestive-health/b/mechanical-and-chemical-digestion/>.