Identifying Similarities and Differences

Classroom Instruction That Works by Robert J. Marzano, Debra J. Pickering and Jane E. Pollock

Instructional Strategy #1

Vicky DiazCarolina Jakobsen

EDU 608 Instructional Design and Assessment

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Average effect size 1.61Percentile gain: 45 This means it is an instructional strategy

that has high probability of enhancing student achievement for

all studentsin all subject areas

at all grade levels.

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Researchers have found these mental operations to be basic to human thought. They might be considered the “core” of all learning.

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Four generalizations drawn from the research and theory in this area:

Presenting students with explicit guidance in identifying similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge.(teacher-directed tasks)

Asking students to independently identify similarities and differences enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge. (student-directed tasks)

Representing similarities and differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances students’ understanding of and ability to use knowledge.

Identification of similarities and differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. The identification of similarities and differences is a highly robust activity.

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Different “forms” of identifying similarities and differences proven by research:◦Comparing

◦Classifying

◦Creating metaphors

◦Creating analogies

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Comparing is the process of identifying similarities and differences between or among things or ideas.

FOODPIONEER DAYS

-Mainly had to raise, -Could grow, or hunt raise, grow,-No good way to store hunt

-Limited variety -All food

groups

TODAY -Most people buy at store;

can raise, grow, or hunt

-Storage is good: refrigerator/freezer

-Large variety

Kevin Henkes Venn Diagramhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AfIkLq3WMuQ

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Classifying is the process of grouping things that are alike into categories on the basis of their characteristics.BLUE PURPLEYELLOWGREENRED

skywaterocean

grapespineapplespencilsbananas

grasslemons

applesstrawberriescherries

Gummy Bear Sorting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IoIdVi1zbms

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Creating metaphors is the process of identifying a general or basic pattern in a specific topic and then finding another topic that appears to be quite different but that has the same general pattern.

“Making a paragraph is like making a sandwich”Making a Sandwich Another Way to Say It Writing a Paragraph

What are you hungry for? What is my goal? What is the topic or purpose of the paragraph?

What kind of bread? What will hold it together? What will be my first and last sentence?

Teaching Metaphor 3http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPy8d-TWVbo

Identifying Similarities and Differences

Creating analogies is the process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts-in other words, identifying relationships between relationships.

thermometer:temperature::odometer:distance

How to Build Analogies with ThinkBlocks http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gwCvJ88d02g&feature=PlayList&p=92B907DE7766375B&playnext=1&playnext_from=PL&index=12

References

Examples of Graphic Organizers: http://www.eduplace.com/graphicorganizer/

Marzano, Pickering, Pollock, “Classroom Instruction That Works”

YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8a5Z_-Mscrg

Instructional Strategies

Identifying similarities and differences

Summarizing and note taking

Reinforcing effort and providing recognition

Homework and practice

Nonlinguistic representations

Cooperative learning

Setting objectives and providing feedback

Generating and testing hypotheses

Questions, cues, and advance organizers