igc2 elem 7 (physical and psychological hazard controls)

8/11/2019 IGC2 Elem 7 (Physical and Psychological Hazard Controls)

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NEBOSH

WEEK 2 – ELEMENT 7

Physical and Psychological(Hazards & Control)

Page: 198



NEBOSH

dB(A)

dB(Decibel) = Unit of measure of loudness (on

logarithmic scale)A= A weighted-frequency most closely resembling

human hearing (filter)

Daily Personal Noise Exposure (Lepd)

Total noise exposure individual is subjected to

during a working day averaged over 8 hour period

Decibel, Lepd

Page: 199



NEBOSH

Anatomy of the Ear

Inner earMiddle earOuter ear

Page: 200



NEBOSH

Health effects of Noise

Chronic:

a) Tinnitus (ringing in the ear, over-stimulation of the hair cells)

b) Permanent threshold shift (permanent damage)

c) Loss of frequency (damage to hair cells)

Acute:

a) Trauma from loud noise ( explosion, Burst eardrum)

b) Temporary threshold shift (hearing affected at

specific frequency)

c) Short term tinnitus (over-stimulation of the auditory

nerves)

d) Secondary effects (stress, loss of concentration)

Page: 204



NEBOSH

How does noise get to us? (2)

There are three main ways noise can be transmitted:

1) Direct

Through the air from noise source to receiver

2) Reflected

Via walls, ceilings, and other structures

3) Ground and structure

Structure borne through wall or floor

Page: 204



NEBOSH

Noise transmission Paths

Direct

Ground and structure

Reflected

NoiseSource

Page: 204



NEBOSH

SourcePath

Receiver

Noise Control Techniques

Page: 204



NEBOSH

Noise Control Techniques

Source: Design, maintenance/lubrication,reduce speed/energy

Path: location, enclosure, silencers,absorption, damping, isolation, lagging,

screens

Receiver: ear protection, job rotation

Page: 204



NEBOSH

Source reduction on Plant Tighten loose equipment

Regular lubrication

Eliminate unnecessary leaks

Properly adjust machinery

Padded containers for catching components

Switch equipment off especially fans

Use rubber or plastic bushes

Specify noise emissions levels in orders

Check condition and performance of installed

noise control equipment

Page: 204



NEBOSH

Location

Move source away from noise sensitive area

Enclosure

Surrounding the noise source with sound insulating

material (care to be taken not to overheat machine)

Silencers

Reducing noise from exhaust pipes etc. using absorbentmaterials or baffles

Absorption

Surrounding/obstructing noise source with absorbent

materials (e.g. foam)

Path of Noise prevention Techniques

Page: 205



NEBOSH

Damping

Reduction in structure borne noise by the use of

rubber/cork, springs etc.

Isolation

Protection of persons from sound source by distance or

sound proofed rooms

Lagging

Insulation of pipes to reduce sound transmission

Screens

Acoustic screens placed on the path

Path of noise control techniques

Page: 205



NEBOSH

Practical measures to reduce

exposure to excessive noiseLubrication and maintenance

Change the process/design

Reduce energyIsolation

Silencing

Enclosure

InsulationAbsorption

Damping

Reduce time of exposure

PPE

Page: 206



NEBOSH

Types of Hearing Protection

Ear Plugs

Comfort

Hygiene

Ear Defenders

Comfort

Reusable

Page: 206



NEBOSH

Assumed Protection

Frequency (Hz) 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 3150 4000 6300 8000

Mean Attenuation (dB) 19.8 19.9 20.0 22.2 24.1 30.7 38.8 41.4 41.5 40.8

Standard Deviation (dB) 7.5 7.8 6.4 4.9 3.5 4.3 4.5 4.7 4.5 5.9

Assumed Protection (dB) 12.3 12.1 13.6 17.3 20.6 26.4 34.5 36.7 37.0 34.9

Attenuation in dB

Taking the igures for assumed protection, it becomes immediately obvious that noise in the lower frequency range is more

difficult to protect against.

Noise attenuation devices typically increase the pressure drop of

the air distribution system, increasing its energy consumption

Page: 208



NEBOSH

Reasons for lack of wearing of

hearing protection

Poor fit

Resistance to use

Uncomfortable

Incompatibility

Interference

Hygiene

Supervision

Deterioration

Abuse

Page: 209

P 209



NEBOSH

Alpha

Beta

Gamma

X-Ray

Neutron

Types of Ionising Radiation

Page: 209



NEBOSH

The Penetrating Power of

Different Types of Radiation

Skin or paper stops

AlphaThin aluminium

stops Beta

Thick Lead stops

Gamma

P 210



NEBOSH

Why Is Radioactivity So Useful

Easy to detect

Easy to locate radiating radioisotopes

Radiation can be very penetrating

Can be used to look inside solid objects

Non Destructive testing

Radiation can destroy living cells

Useful for sterilizing – Kills micro-organisms

Destroying cancer cells

Page: 210



NEBOSH

Paper Machine

P 209



NEBOSH Page: 209

P 209



NEBOSH

Non Destructive Testing (NDT)

Using X or Gamma Radiation Sources

Page: 209

P 209



NEBOSH

X-Rays

Page: 209

Page 210



NEBOSH

Harmful Effects of Ionising Radiation

Acute Effects

Somatic - Damage to exposed person

mild nausea to severe illness, diarrhoea, headaches,

death local exposure can lead to reddening of theskin/hair loss

Genetic - Damage to reproductive cells

Chronic Effects

Somatic – Chronic effects as above plus various types ofcancer (e.g. lung cancer among uranium miners)

Genetic - Damage to offspring of exposed (Reduced

reproductive success )

Page: 210

Page: 211



NEBOSH

Protection Against Ionising

Time Dose rate is directly

proportional to exposure time

Distance All points

equidistant from the source have

same effect

Shielding placing a physical

barrier between the source and the

individual

Page: 211

Page: 211



NEBOSH

Other types of protection against

ionising radiation

Personal Protective Equipment

Environmental and personal monitoring

Training and supervision

Good hygiene practices

Correct disposal of radiation materials

Page: 211

Page: 212



NEBOSH

Employer may have to appoint

Radiation Protection Advisor: To advise provide expert

advice on the protection of persons from radiation(often consultants)

Radiation Protection Supervisor: To ensure that work

with radiation is carried out properly

Page: 212

Page: 212

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NEBOSH

Ultra-violet

Infra-red

Lasers

Microwave

Non-Ionising Radiation

Page: 212

Page: 212





NEBOSH

Ultra-Violet / Infra-Red

Ultra-Violet

Welding, sun rays

Two main hazards effects on skin andeyes

Infra-red

Hot metal e.g. foundriesHeat and for eyes risk of cataracts

Page: 212

Page: 212



NEBOSH

Lasers In Use

SurgeryCutting

Eyes are more vulnerable to damage from mild retina

burns to permanent blindness

Page: 212

Page: 213



NEBOSH

Microwave

Risk of burns to skin and eyes

Page: 213

Page: 213



NEBOSH

Protection against non-Ionising

radiation

Shielding

Distance between source and person

Reducing duration of exposure

Personal protective equipment

Protective creams

Page: 213

Page: 214



NEBOSH

Workplace Environment and

Welfare Requirements

Working Environment

Ventilation, Temperature, Space, Lighting,

Workstations, SeatingSafety

Floors, Traffic Routes, Falls, Falling Objects,Windows, Doors

MaintenanceEquipment, Cleanliness, Window cleaning

Welfare Facilities

Toilets, Wash stations, Drinking Facilities

Clothing, Meal Facilities and smoking

Page: 214

Page: 214



NEBOSH

Working Environment

Lighting Thermal

VibrationNoiseSpace

Ventilation

Page: 214

Page: 215



NEBOSH

Health and Safety effects of

inadequate lighting

Eye strain

Headaches

Poor posture

Tripping over unseen objects

Increased likelihood of error

Increased time to evacuate

Page: 215

Page: 215



NEBOSH

Factors to consider in the provision

of adequate lighting

The tasks being undertaken

The layout and size of work area

The equipment being usedAvailability of natural lighting

Suitability of artificial lighting

The shift patterns

Glare from computer screens

Areas in shadow

Maintenance/replacement of faulty

lighting

Requirement for emergency lighting

Page: 215

Page: 215



NEBOSH

© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

Working in Hot EnvironmentHealth Effects

Skin Burns

Dehydration

Heat Exhaustion

Heat Cramps

Heat Cataracts

Heat StrokesHeat Stress

Radiant heat burns

36

Page: 215

Page: 216



NEBOSH

Working in Hot EnvironmentProtective Measures

Medical pre-selection

Acclimatisation

Cold Drinks

Minimise Exposure

Shielding and refuges

Regular work breaks

Ventilation

Control of humidity

Suitable clothing

Health Surveillance

Reducing hot/cold at source

Mechanical aids

Page: 216

Page: 216



NEBOSH

Working in a Cold Environment

Health Effects

Onset of fatigue

Shivering

Loss of Dexterity

Cold burns

FrostbiteHypothermia

Precautions

Thermal clothing

Reduced Exposure

Monitoring

Fail safe mechanisms

Alarms for cold stores

Page: 216

Page: 216



NEBOSH

3 m

1.9 m

1.9 m

11 m3 for each

person of clear

space

Room dimensions and space

Page: 216

Page: 217



NEBOSH

Workstations and Seating

The health effects of working in a seated position:

Vertebral and muscular damage

High blood pressure

Circulation problems e.g. thrombosis

Suitable seat for sedentary work:

Good lumbar support

Ability to adjust the seat back and seat height

Provision of foot rests

Stability of the seat base

Swivel ability

Provision of arm rests

Suitable seat material for the environment

Page: 217

Page: 217



NEBOSH

Welfare Requirements

Sanitary Conveniences

Washing Facilities

Drinking Water

Accommodation for clothing

Facilities for changing clothing Facilities for eating meals

Page: 217

Page: 217



NEBOSH

Sanitary Conveniences

g

Number of People

At Work

Number of Water

Closets

Number of Wash

Stations

1 to 5

6 to 25

26 to 50

51 to 75

76 to 100

1

2

3

4

5

1

2

3

4

5

Page: 220



NEBOSH

Working Environmental Factors

that Can Create Stress Inadequate Lighting

Cramped/dirty/untidy conditions

Poor Layout (Privacy/Security)

Glare, Temperature/Humidity

Inadequate ventilation/stale air

Noise, Vibration

Inadequate welfare facilities

Inclement weather conditions

g

Page: 220



NEBOSH

ERGONOMICS

Definition:

Study of relationship between a worker and

the working environment

or

The design of a task around the requirements

of individual human capability

g

Page: 220



NEBOSH

The Cranfield Man

AVERAGE

OPERATOR

DIMENSION CRANFIELD MAN

1.75m HEIGHT 1.35 m

0.48m SHOULDER WIDTH 0.61m

1.83m ARM SPAN 2.44m

1.07m ELBOW HEIGHT 0.76m

1.35m

Ergonomics

• People vary enormously in height, weight, strength etc

• The equipment designed to average man

• This leads to physical injuries

g

Page: 220



NEBOSH

Ergonomic Assessment

Organisation:

Supervision, procedures, breaks shift patterns

Equipment or process:Human limitations, Analyse task etc.

The Individual:

Physical capability, knowledge, attitude

Environment:

Temperature, noise, space, lighting etc.

g

Page: 221



NEBOSH

WRULDs are caused by:

Repetitive finger, hand, or arm movements, e.g.

assembly line work, key board operators

Twisting movements, e.g. meat and poultrypreparation

Squeezing, e.g. using pliers, scissors

Pushing, pulling, lifting or reaching movements,e.g. assembling packing boxes.

Work on a production line.

Bricklaying

Causes of WRULDs

g

Page: 221



NEBOSH

Symptoms of Work related

Upper Limb Disorders

1) Numbness or tingling in fingers etc.

2) Pain3) Restriction in joint movement

4) Soft tissue swelling

In addition to symptoms ..Redness, swelling and

limitation of movement

g

Page: 221



NEBOSH

WRULDs Injuries

Injury Description Symptoms Causes

Tenosyno

vitis

Inflammation of the

tendons and or

tendon sheaths

Aching,

tenderness,

swelling, extreme

pain, difficultyusing hand

Repetative

movements often

non strenuous

Tendonitis Inflammation of the

area where the

muscle and tendon

join

Pain swelling,

tenderness and

redness of hand,

wrist

Repetative

movements

CarpalTunnel

Syndrome

Pressure on thenerves which pass

up the wrist

Tingling, pain andnumbness in the

thumb and fingers

Repetitive workwith bent wrist.

Use of vibrating

tools

Tension

neck or

shoulders

Inflammation of the

neck and shoulder

muscles

Localised pain in

the neck or

shoulders

Having to

maintain a rigid

position

g

Page: 221



NEBOSH

WRULDS - Prevention

Identify at risk jobs (frequent hand and arm movement)

Reduce the force frequency and duration

Design of the task

Design of the equipment

Design of the work station

Automate the process

Job rotation

Regular breaks

Training Employees in correct use of tools

Medical surveillance

Assessment of individuals for the task

g

Page: 222



NEBOSH

1) Musculoskeletal disorders (hand, arm, shoulder & neck)

2) Eye and eyesight problems (temporary visual fatigue)

3) Fatigue and stress (high speed, less breaks, lack of social

interaction)

Other minor or alleged health effects

1. Epilepsy ( a common chronic neurological disorder)

2. Facial dermatitis (itching, reddening)

3. Radiation (electromagnetic)

4. Effects on pregnant women - (stress)

Health Effects of DSE

Page: 223



NEBOSH

Uses DSE for continuous or near continuous spells

of an hour or more at a time

Uses DSE more or less daily

Has to transfer information quickly to or from DSE

Needs high levels of attention and concentration

Highly dependant on DSE

No choice in the use or non-use of DSE

Requires special training or skills

DSE Users who are they?

NEBOSHPage: 223



NEBOSH

D.S.E. Assessment

Organisation:

Job rotation, Breaks

Individual:

Physical Characteristics, Training

Environmental:

Noise, Lighting, Glare, Temperature, Space etc.

Equipment:

Height/position of keyboard and screen, seatingposture, design of chair, screen definition and colour,adjustability of equipment

NEBOSH

Page: 223



NEBOSH

© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

D.S.E. Workstation Layout1) Good lighting

2) No glare, distracting reflection

3) Noise to a minimum

4) Ample legroom to allow

postural movement

5) Minimise glare (windows)

6) Suitable software

7) Screen suitable position

8) Ample work surfaces

9) Suitable chair/adjustable

10) Footrest if necessary

11) Suitable environment 54

NEBOSHPage: 224



NEBOSH

Other DSE Requirements

Plan work with breaks

Provision of eye/eyesight test

Training and information

• Risks from DSE work

• Importance of good posture

Laptops (design, usage)

The Mouse (good posture & technique)

NEBOSHPage: 224



NEBOSH

Display Screen Equipment: Laptops

NEBOSHPage: 215



NEBOSH

Health Effects of Vibrating tools

Acute:

Tingling or pins and needles in the hands andextremities

Chronic:

Numbness and blanching of the fingers

Swollen painful joints

Reduction in manual dexterity

Reduction in the sensation of touch

NEBOSHPage: 225



NEBOSH

Risk Factors of vibrating tools

Frequency of theequipment

Magnitude of the energy

Strength of the grip andother forces

Time of exposure

Frequency of exposure

Low temperature

Individual factors

NEBOSHPage: 225



NEBOSH

Control Measures for vibrating tools

Eliminate the use of vibrating tools

Select low vibration equipment

Maintenance of equipment and

tools Reducing grip force required

Reducing exposure time

Introducing health surveillance

Provision of gloves and heatedpads

Information and training on risksand indication of injury

NEBOSHPage: 226



NEBOSH

Stress

Home

Sickness

Children

Marital

Financial

Travel

Bereavement

Work

Kind of work

Physical conditions

Uncertainty

Conflict

Kind of jobs

Is def ined as the react ion peop le have to excessivepressures or o ther types of demands placed upon them

NEBOSHPage: 226



NEBOSH

Health Effects of Stress

PHYSICAL EFFECTS BEHAVIOURAL EFFECTS

• Raised heat rate

• Increased sweating

•

Headaches• Dizziness

• Blurred vision

• Aching neck and

shoulders

• Skin rashes

• Lower resistance to

infection

• Increased anxiety

• Irritability and sudden mood

changes

• Drink or smoke more

• Difficulty sleeping

• Poor concentration

• Inability to deal with tasks

NEBOSHPage: 227



NEBOSH

Work Problems of Stress

Results

Lack of motivation

Lack of commitment

Poor timekeeping

Increases in mistakes

Increases in absence

Poor decision making

Poor planning

This reflects in relationships

at work as

Tension between

colleagues andsupervisor

Poor service to clients

Ind. Relationship

Problems Increase in discipline

Problems

NEBOSHPage: 227



NEBOSH

Culture of the organisation

Shift work, Unsociable hours, Excessive Overtime

Job insecurity, fear of redundancy

Repetitive/Monotonous work

Lack of breaks and control over job

Work rate too high or too low

The working environment

Relationships (supervisors & peers)

Harassment and bullying

Fear of violence

Lack of communication

Personal & social factors

Problems that lead to stress

NEBOSHPage: 227



NEBOSH

Management action to avoid Stress

Clear company objectives

Selection of employees, training, clear defined

roles, clear work objectives

Good communicationRealistic work schedules

Close employee involvement

Training and development of staff

Impartial investigation of stress

Policies to recognise and deal with stress

Good management support

Consistency of treatment

NEBOSHPage: 227



NEBOSH

Stress control measures

Individual Job Organisation

• Selecting

employees

• Training

• Clearly defined

roles

• Comfortable

workingenvironment

• Realistic work

schedules

• Grievance

procedure

• Investigation of

stress (signs /

complaints)

• Work flexibility

• Clear work objectives

• Communication

• Employee involvement

• Management support,

training and development

• Management of change

• Risk management, openness

• Management style

NEBOSHPage: 228



NEBOSH

VIOLENCE AT WORK

HSE Definition:

Any incident in which a person is abused, threatened

or assaulted in circumstances relating to their work

NEBOSHPage: 228



NEBOSH

Areas of Violence at Work

Internal Violence

By fellow employees and this can involve bullying

External Violence

Physical, verbal aggression and assault by people

outside the organisation



NEBOSHPage: 229



NEBOSH

Preventative Measures (1)

1) Queue management and information (The time

customers have to spend waiting to pay – and their experiences in

the queue)

2) Less face to face contact3) Use “cashless systems”

4) Check credentials and locations

5) Avoid lone working in high risk areas

6) Call in systems for lone workers

7) Arrangements for Staff working late

NEBOSHPage: 229



NEBOSH

Preventative Measures (2)

8) Employee training

9) Change public waiting areas

10) Provide staff with escape routes

11) Video Cameras, alarms, visible security

12) Protective screens/security codes

13) Wider counters/higher floor staff side

NEBOSHPage: 229



NEBOSH

Drugs and Alcohol at Work

NEBOSHPage: 230



NEBOSH

Drugs and Alcohol at Work

All new applicants will be screened

Random testing will be applied automatically.

Test will apply to all staff

Testing will be carried out after specific incidents

Training for supervision to recognise the problem

What help the employer will make available to

the employee

If an employee brings to the attention of the

employer they have a problem it will be treatedwith confidence.

What are the disciplinary actions the employer

will take

NEBOSHPage: 231



NEBOSH

Welding Hazards

Electric shock (arc welding)

Oxygen enrichment (gas welding)

Manual handling (cylinder handling)

Fire risk (sparks)

Eye damage (UV)

Burns (hot metal)

Fume inhalation

Tripping over cables

Musculoskeletal problems

NEBOSHPage: 231



NEBOSH

Hazards of Busy hotel kitchen

Electrical and mechanical hazards associated with

machinery such as food mixers & processors

Hot surfaces

Sharp implements Wet or obstructed floors increasing the risk of slips,

trips & falls

Boiling water & hot cooking oils causing burns;

Manual handling hazards

Health hazards (e.g. foodstuffs causing allergic

reactions); & cleaning materials that may be

corrosive

Hot, busy environment of a commercial kitchen

NEBOSHPage: 232



NEBOSH

Various cleaning operations

Vehicle workshops

Fibre insulation in loft

Night shift working

Other Job Hazards

igc2 elem 7 (physical and psychological hazard controls)

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