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IGC 2 : ELEMENT 7IGC 2 : ELEMENT 7

CHEMICAL & CHEMICAL & BIOLOGICAL HEALTH BIOLOGICAL HEALTH

HAZARDS & CONTROLHAZARDS & CONTROL

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FORMS OF CHEMICAL FORMS OF CHEMICAL AGENTSAGENTS

• DUSTSDUSTS

• FUMESFUMES

• GASESGASES

• MISTSMISTS

•VAPORS VAPORS

•LIQUIDS LIQUIDS

fibersfibers

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FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL FORMS OF BIOLOGICAL AGENTSAGENTS

• BACTERIABACTERIA

• VIRUSVIRUS

• FUNGIFUNGI

• PARASITESPARASITES

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The four main classifications of occupational health hazards are:

1. Physical:

Machinery, Electricity, Heat, Noise

2. Chemical:

Acids, Alkalis, Asbestos

3. Biological:

HIV Virus, Legionella, Bacteria

4. Ergonomic:

Posture problems, Fatigue

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1. PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Examples include:• Heat Heat cataract, heat stroke• Lighting Eye problems• Noise Noise induced hearing (occupational

deafness)• Vibration Vibration induced white finger• Radiation Radiation sickness (at ionising

wavelengths), burns, arc eye• Dust Silicosis, coal workers• Pressure Decompression sickness• Asbestos fibres Asbestosis, lung cancer,

mesothelioma

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2. CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Examples include:• Acids and alkalis Dermatitis• Metals Lead and mercury poisoning• Non metals Arsenic and phosphorus poisoning• Gases Carbon monoxide poisoning; arsine

poisoning• Organic Occupational cancers, e.g. bladder

cancer• compounds

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3. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS

Examples include:

• Animal borne Anthrax, brucellosis, leptospirosis, rabies

• Human borne Viral hepatitis• Vegetable borne Aspergillosis (Farmer’s Lung)• Others (water/land) Legionella

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Control measures to control biological hazards should be:

•Cleaning / disinfection•Water treatment programmes•Vermin control•Procedures for handling, containment and disposal•Personal hygiene i.e. cover wounds•Immunisation•Health surveillance•Specific training•Personal Protective Equipment

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Dusts• Solid particles suspended in the air for a period of time.

• Size ranges from 0.1µm (fine) to 100µm (coarse).

• Produced by mechanical process e.g. grinding, or by construction process e.g. demolition, or other specific tasks e.g. cotton or wood work

Respirable dust: fine dusts that penetrate deep into the lungs & stay there (in rare cases enters the blood stream) e.g. Cement & Silica

Inhalable dust: capable of entering nose & mouth during breathing, without reaching lower levels of respiratory system.

Fumes• Formed when a material from a volatilized solid condenses in cool air.

Usually extremely fine <1.0µm e.g. welding & soldering fumes.

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Gases• Formless fluids which expand to occupy the space in which they're confined

e.g. Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulphide… etc

Mists• Suspended liquid droplets generated by condensation of liquids from the vapor

back to the liquid state or by breaking up liquid into dispersed state e.g. paint spraying mist (atomization).

Vapors• Volatile forms of substance that are normally in the solid or liquid state at room

temperature & pressure e.g. solvents used in degreasing (toluene, acetone… etc).

Liquids• Fluids that exist normally at temperature between boiling & freezing.

Smoke• Aerosol of solid or liquid particles, <0.1µm in size, resulting from incomplete

combustion of carbonaceous materials e.g. Carbon particles.

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Forms of Biological agent

Fungi• Very small organisms, sometimes single cell or multi cellular

e.g. yeast• Reproduce by spore formation• Can not produce their own food, they feed on dead organic

matter or living hosts• Spores can cause allergic reaction when inhaled• Cause mild infection in man e.g. athlete's foot or severe e.g.

ring worm• Many fungal infections can be treated by anti fungal or anti

biotic medication

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Forms of Biological agent

Bacteria• Very small single cell organisms, much smaller than human body cells

e.g. Tuberculosis.

• They can survive outside the human body.

• Can be destroyed by antibiotics, but now they're getting resistant.

Viruses• Minute non-cellular organisms which can only reproduce & survive

within a host cell.

• Very much smaller than bacteria & not controlled by antibiotics.

• Continually developing new strains with new genetic material e.g. Influenza, hepatitis & AIDS

• Usually only defeated by human body defense & healing mechanisms.

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CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES CLASSIFICATION OF SUBSTANCES HAZARDOUS TO HEALTHHAZARDOUS TO HEALTH

CORROSIVECORROSIVE

TOXIC TOXIC

OROR

CARCINOGENICCARCINOGENIC

OROR

HARMFULHARMFUL

DISCUSS ACUTE & CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTSDISCUSS ACUTE & CHRONIC HEALTH EFFECTS

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Harmful: Substance which if swallowed, inhaled or penetrates the skin, causes limited health risks. Risks can be minimized or removed by following the instruction provided with the substance.

Irritant: Non-corrosive substance which can cause skin or lung inflammation after repeated contact. People who react that way to a particular substance are sensitized or allergic to that substance.

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Corrosive: Substances that will cause chemical burns to human tissue. Usually strong acid or alkali e.g. Sulphuric acid.

Toxic: Poisonous substance which will prevent the function of one or more organs within the body e.g. liver, kidney… etc.

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Carcinogenic: Substances suspected to promote abnormal development of cancer cells e.g. Asbestos.

Mutagenic: Substance that damage genetic material causing abnormal changes that can be passed on from one generation to another.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTSAGENTS

Ammonia:• Colorless gas with distinctive odor, strongly

alkaline.• It is corrosive; burns skin, seriously damage the

eyes, soreness & ulceration of throat, severe bronchitis & lung edema.

• Used in production of fertilizers & synthetic fibers.

Chlorine:• Toxic, greenish gas with a pungent smell.• Highly irritant to the respiratory system; severe

bronchitis & lungs edema• Used as a disinfectant for drinking water &

swimming pool water.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTSAGENTS

Carbon Dioxide: • Colorless, odorless gas &

heavier than air.

• It represses the respiratory system causing death by asphyxiation.

• At low concentration; headache, sweating & loss of consciousness.

• Produced as by product in fermentation processes e.g. brewing

Organic Solvents:• Used widely in the industry as

cleansing & degreasing agents.

• Used as varnishes, paints, adhesives, glue strippers, thinners & printing inks.

• All are heavier than air, sensitizers & irritants to eyes & respiratory system

• Some are narcotics, cause dermatitis, affect the brain & nervous system.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTSHEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTS

Carbon Monoxide:Carbon Monoxide:

• Colorless, odorless & tasteless Colorless, odorless & tasteless gas, impossible to detect without gas, impossible to detect without detection device.detection device.

• It enters the blood & binds with It enters the blood & binds with the red blood cells more readily the red blood cells more readily than Oxygen & restricts Oxygen than Oxygen & restricts Oxygen supply to vital organs.supply to vital organs.

• It headaches, nausea, It headaches, nausea, drowsiness, flushed appearance drowsiness, flushed appearance & ultimately asphyxiation.& ultimately asphyxiation.

• Produced as an exhaust gas from Produced as an exhaust gas from a vehicle or a heating system as a a vehicle or a heating system as a result of incomplete combustion.result of incomplete combustion.

Silica:Silica:

• Harm is caused by inhalation of Harm is caused by inhalation of silica dust which can lead to silica dust which can lead to silicosis, fibrosis & silicosis, fibrosis & pneumoconiosis.pneumoconiosis.

• Respirable dust is the most Respirable dust is the most harmful as it is trapped in the harmful as it is trapped in the alveoli.alveoli.

• With silicosis; breathing With silicosis; breathing becomes more difficult & later becomes more difficult & later on lung & heart failure might on lung & heart failure might occur.occur.

• Mining, Quarries, Stone Mining, Quarries, Stone working, ceramic, pottery & working, ceramic, pottery & brick making brick making

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Isocyanates: • Volatile organic compounds.• Irritants & sensitizers.• They cause inflammation of the nasal passage, throat &

bronchitis.• Health hazards to fire fighters.• Widely used for products such as printing inks, adhesives, &

the manufacture of plastic.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTSAGENTS

Lead:Lead:• Heavy, soft & easily worked Heavy, soft & easily worked

metal.metal.

• Affects mainly the brain & Affects mainly the brain & spinal cord, the blood & spinal cord, the blood & blood production.blood production.

• Effects are usually chronic & Effects are usually chronic & cumulative, normally enters cumulative, normally enters body by inhalation, ingestion body by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact.or skin contact.

• Early symptoms include Early symptoms include colic, headache & nauseacolic, headache & nausea

Asbestos: Asbestos: Blue, Brown & WhiteBlue, Brown & White

• Produces fine fibrous dust of Produces fine fibrous dust of respirable size that can become respirable size that can become lodged in the lungs.lodged in the lungs.

• Fibers can be very sharp causing Fibers can be very sharp causing damage to the lining of the lungs damage to the lining of the lungs over a very long period of time.over a very long period of time.

• Can lead to asbestosis (fibrosis), Can lead to asbestosis (fibrosis), lung cancer or Mesothelioma lung cancer or Mesothelioma (cancer of the lung lining).(cancer of the lung lining).

• Typical sites include ceiling tiles, Typical sites include ceiling tiles, asbestos cement roof & wall asbestos cement roof & wall sheets.sheets.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTSAGENTS

Leptospirosis: Weil's diseaseLeptospirosis: Weil's disease

•Caused by bacteria found in the Caused by bacteria found in the urine of rats.urine of rats.

•Manifests by fever & flu like Manifests by fever & flu like symptoms.symptoms.

•At late stage kidneys & liver are At late stage kidneys & liver are affected & Jaundice appears.affected & Jaundice appears.

•Treated by antibiotics. No vaccine Treated by antibiotics. No vaccine for humans.for humans.

•Common in sewage workers Common in sewage workers (through skin or by ingestion), dogs (through skin or by ingestion), dogs & pigs' handlers.& pigs' handlers.

Legionella:Legionella:

• Airborne bacteria found in a variety Airborne bacteria found in a variety of water sources.of water sources.

• Produces a form of atypical Produces a form of atypical pneumonia & influenza like pneumonia & influenza like symptoms caused by the bacteria symptoms caused by the bacteria penetrating the alveoli of the lungs.penetrating the alveoli of the lungs.

• The bacteria require food in the form The bacteria require food in the form of algae or other bacteria (in of algae or other bacteria (in stagnant water).stagnant water).

• Common in water system e.g. Common in water system e.g. cooling towers, showers & air-cooling towers, showers & air-conditions if not properly maintained conditions if not properly maintained & treated.& treated.

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HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC HEALTH HAZARDS OF SPECIFIC AGENTSAGENTS

Hepatitis:Hepatitis:• Disease of the liver cause by a Disease of the liver cause by a

virus (A, B, C & others) or some virus (A, B, C & others) or some hazardous substances e.g. hazardous substances e.g. organic solvents.organic solvents.

• Causes high temperature, nausea Causes high temperature, nausea & jaundice.& jaundice.

• The Virus can be transmitted by The Virus can be transmitted by infected faeces (A), infected blood infected faeces (A), infected blood (B & C) or sexually (C).(B & C) or sexually (C).

• Usually destroys the normal Usually destroys the normal architect of the liver cells in an architect of the liver cells in an irreversible manner irreversible manner liver liver failure.failure.

• Health care workers, care Health care workers, care givers & any workers givers & any workers involved with bodily fluids involved with bodily fluids are at high risk of infection are at high risk of infection by ingestion or by direct by ingestion or by direct entry (needle stick).entry (needle stick).

• Key controls include: Key controls include: personal hygiene, PPE, personal hygiene, PPE, water treatment, water treatment, vaccination, & proper vaccination, & proper disposal of any disposal of any contaminated waste.contaminated waste.

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Route of Entry

Defense Mechanism

Inhalation

• Breathing in the substance with the normal breathing air.• Main & most dangerous route of contaminants to the body.• Contaminants then enter the lungs where they have access to

the blood stream & body systems.• Hairs & mucous in the nose that traps the dust.• Sneezing & coughing reflexes; get rid of inhaled particles.• Tiny hairs (cilia) hitting upwards; carry inhaled particles back to

larynx to be spat or swallowed.• White blood cells in the tiny blood vessels around the alveoli

that attack foreign bodies by different mechanisms.

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Ingestion

• Contaminants enter through the mouth & are swallowed into the stomach & digestive system.

• Not a significant route of entry.• Occurs accidentally, due to poor hygiene or to commit suicide.

• Stomach has acids & various enzymes that kill biological contaminants e.g. bacteria

• Some contaminants will cause an immediate reaction initiating other defense mechanisms e.g. vomiting & diarrhea

• Many toxics can be broken down in the liver.

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Skin Absorption• Substances come into contact with skin & enter either through

pores or wounds.• Solvents & bacteria e.g. tetanus can enter in this way

Note: Injection is another route of entry, through contaminated needles, sharp objects or gases/liquids under pressure.

• Skin secretes natural protective oils to protect against waters & weak chemicals.

• It has sensory nerves to alert against high temperature & initiate defense reflexes e.g. withdrawal reflex

• Skin has special pigments to protect against UV of the sunlight.• Dermatitis; reaction showing body's fight against harmful

substances.

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GROUP ACTIVITYGROUP ACTIVITYDISCUSS THE ENTRY ROUTES OF HAZARDOUS DISCUSS THE ENTRY ROUTES OF HAZARDOUS

SUBSTANCES TO THE HUMAN BODY & THE SUBSTANCES TO THE HUMAN BODY & THE DEFENSE MECHANISMSDEFENSE MECHANISMS

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OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITSOCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS• WORKPLACE EXPOSURE LIMITS WEL IS: "The maximum

concentration of airborne hazardous substances that people inhale over a specified period of time – known as: Time Weighted Average".– In USA the WEL is known as Threshold Limit Values TLV– In Europe EU WEL is known as Indicative Limit Values ILV

• Long-term Exposure Limit (LTEL) or 8 hour reference period of exposure (considers chronic effects).

• Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL) or 15 minute reference period of exposure (considers acute effects).

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–In USA the WEL is known as Threshold Limit Values TLV

–In Europe EU WEL is known as Indicative Limit Values ILV

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Limitations of OEL:• Specifically quoted for 8 hour period.• Used only for workplace exposure & not for non

occupational exposure.• They should not be used in cases of emergency

build up of hazardous substances e.g. in confined space emergencies

• Chemicals can enter the body by other routes other than inhalation!!

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SOURCES OF INFORMATIONSOURCES OF INFORMATION

• LABELSLABELS

• INVENTORYINVENTORY

• MATERIAL SAFETY MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETDATA SHEET

• TRADE ASSOCIATION TRADE ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS

• THE INTERNETTHE INTERNET

MATERIAL MATERIAL SAFETY SAFETY

DATA DATA SHEETSHEET

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1] Product labels:• Chemical name

• Details of the hazards & classification

• Precautions needed

• Name & contacts of the manufacturer

2] Inventory:• Complete inventory of all hazardous substances in the

workplace

• Search well & look for expired & old stored forgotten chemicals

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3] Material Safety Data Sheet MSDS:• Manufacturer's name & contact details

• Chemical composition of the hazardous substance

• Chemical & physical properties of the substance

• First Aid & Fire Fighting measures

• Spill mitigation measures

• Adverse Health effects & OEL

• Handling, transport & storage

• Disposal consideration

• Environmental impact

• Other information

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4] Trade association publications, Industrial codes of practice & specialist reference manuals.

5] EU list of ILV / ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) list of TLV / HSE list of OEL / UK COSHH Guidelines

6] Search the Internet (see element 1 for useful websites).

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BASIC SURVEY TECHNIQUES FOR HEALTH RISKS

Stain Tube Detector: Grab sampler• Direct reading glass indicator tubes filled with chemical crystals

change color when a particular hazardous substance passes through them.

• The glass tube is opened at each end & fitted into a pumping device.

Passive Sampling:• Measured over a full working period of time

• Done through a badge worn by the worker containing absorbent

Smoke Tubes:• Generate a white smoke which may be used to indicate the direction of

air flow

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BASIC SURVEY TECHNIQUES FOR HEALTH BASIC SURVEY TECHNIQUES FOR HEALTH RISKSRISKS

Direct Reading Instruments:• Sophisticated analyzers

• Can only be used by trained & experienced operatives.

• Infra red gas analyzers are the most common

• Very accurate & give continuous or TWA

• Very expensive

Dust Observation Lamp:• Enables dust particles which are normally invisible to human eye to be

observed in the light beam

• This dust is usually respirable

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TOXICOLOGY

Definition:

• The study of how different materials will affect the human body.

• The effect that a substance will have on the body will depend on a number of factors:

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The effect that a substance will have on the body will depend on a number of factors:

– Route of Entry– Toxicity– Dose & Response

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The routes of entry are:

• Inhalation

• Ingestion

• Absorption

• Injection

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– Toxicity

• The potential of a substance to cause harm to living things.

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– Dose & Response

Dose is defined as:

• How much of a substance you are exposed to and how long the exposure to the substance lasts.

• This produces the response which is how the body reacts to the exposure. The response can depend on things such as: body weight, age, skin type, sex, diet and general health.

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Sensitising dermatitis (eczema)

•A second form of dermatitis is called sensitising dermatitis. In this case a person exposed to the substance develops dermatitis, when taken away the dermatitis repairs but the body gets ready for later exposures by preparing the body’s defence mechanisms. A subsequent small exposure is enough to cause a major response.

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TARGET ORGANS

A Target Organ is defined as:

• An organ within the human body on which a specific toxic material exerts it effects e.g. lungs, liver, brain, skin, bladder and eyes. Substances can also target the body’s systems e.g. central nervous system, circulatory system, reproductive system.

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Examples of substances which have a systemic effect and their target organs are:

•Alcohol - central nervous system, liver•Lead - bone marrow and brain damage•Mercury - brain, central nervous system

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If High Risk occupational exposure limits are exceeded the employer should:

•Stop the process•Remove employees from area•Investigate reason•Assess existing controls•Monitor procedures•Assess ill health to workers•Record incident

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1) IDENTIFY THE HAZARDS

• How much of the substance is in use or produced by the process

• What is the activity at risk • How long and how often is the exposure• Who can be exposed and how• How can the substance enter the body• In what form is of the substance• What is the concentration of the substance• Is the substance assigned an exposure limit• Are there any ill-health reports• Look at the results of health surveillance

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2) DECIDE WHO MIGHT BE HARMED AND HOW• The employees who work in the area can obviously

be affected but consideration also needs to given to other employees, contractors, visitors and members of the public. Consideration also needs to be given to particularly vulnerable people, e.g. pregnant workers, the disabled and those with health problems.

• Operators, Others, Pregnant and young worker

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3) Evaluate the Health risk & existing precautions

• Likelihood and Severity• Existing control measures• Judgement about need for further control measures

The existing control measures should be identified to decide if they are used and adequately control exposures to the substance. If not a decision must be made on further control measures.

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4) Record the significant findingsThe significant findings should be recorded. The

assessment may also record such things as:

• Number of affected people• Adequacy of existing controls• Further precautions, if necessary

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5) REVIEW THE ASSESSMENT

• Management of health and safety is an ongoing process and management must regularly review all the hazardous substances assessments carried out to ensure that they are still valid. The time between reviews will depend on the type of risk, the work and the employer’s judgment on the likelihood of changes occurring.

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The assessment must be immediately reviewed when there is evidence it is no longer valid e.g.:

•The results of examination and tests of engineering controls indicate problems•The results of monitoring indicate too high exposure levels•The results of health surveillance indicate health problems•Complaints are received from supervisors, employees etc. about defects in the control systems

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Assessment should also be reviewed if conditions change or new information comes to light e.g.:

•New process or substance is introduced•Exposure limit is changed•Someone contracts a disease•Complaints of ill health from workforce•New guidance is published on control measures•Increase in use of hazardous substance•Supervision reports improper use of equipment•Enforcement actions•Compensation claims

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Emergency Procedures

• The emergency procedure should include:• First aid facilities• Relevant safety drills• Suitable warning devices• Suitable training of staff• PPE• Emergency showers and eye-wash facilities• Spillage and leakage procedures• Evacuation procedures• Warnings to other people

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To be effective the emergency plan must:

• Identify all potential accident or emergency situations

• Introduce controls to prevent accident and emergency situations arising

• Include procedures to minimise the consequences of any potential environmental impacts

• Have clearly documented plans and procedures for responding to emergencies

• Be periodically reviewed and revised if necessary

• Be periodically tested if possible

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Waste Management

• Waste can be described as the materials or substances that are no longer needed which are discarded or thrown away. Waste generation is a major environmental problem with more being generated annually.

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  Storing WasteStoring Waste

When storing hazardous materials the precautions should be:

•Storage area of a sufficient size

•Storage area suitably located away from drains etc.

•Storage area clearly labeled

•Individual containers clearly labeled

•Different types of waste stored separately

•Incompatible wastes never stored together

•Appropriate containers for type of waste

•Storage of waste kept to a minimum

•Protect wastes from the elements if necessary

•If necessary protect storage area with bunds etc.

•Do not dispose of hazardous waste in general waste skips

•Ensure storage area is secure

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CONTROL MEASURESCONTROL MEASURES

• Eliminate or stop using the hazardous substance

• Substitute hazardous substance by a less hazardous one

• Total or partial enclosure of the process; use glove box

• Local Exhaust Ventilation

• Dilute or general Ventilation

• Reduction of the time of exposure; job rotation & shifts

• Good hygiene & housekeeping

• Training, information, work instructions & supervision

• Health surveillance & Personal Hygiene

• Personal Protective Equipment

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LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATIONLOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION

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LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATIONLOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION

– Collection hood & intake:Collection hood & intake: The nearest part to the work piece, the The nearest part to the work piece, the speed of the air entering the intake is important; if it is too low then the speed of the air entering the intake is important; if it is too low then the fumes may not be removed.fumes may not be removed.

– Ventilation ducting:Ventilation ducting: Normally acts as a conduit for the contaminated air Normally acts as a conduit for the contaminated air & transports it to a filter & settling section. It is very important to inspect & & transports it to a filter & settling section. It is very important to inspect & clean this section regularly. clean this section regularly.

– Filter or other air cleaning device:Filter or other air cleaning device: located between the hood & the fan, located between the hood & the fan, filter removes the contaminant from the air stream. Requires regular filter removes the contaminant from the air stream. Requires regular attention & proper cleaning.attention & proper cleaning.

– Fan:Fan: moves the air through the system. Should be positioned so that it moves the air through the system. Should be positioned so that it can be easily maintained & needs to be of right type & size.can be easily maintained & needs to be of right type & size.

– Exhaust duct:Exhaust duct: exhausts the air to the outside of the building. Should be exhausts the air to the outside of the building. Should be checked regularly to make sure there is no leakage or corrosion due to checked regularly to make sure there is no leakage or corrosion due to weather.weather.

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DILUTION (GENERAL) VENTILATIONDILUTION (GENERAL) VENTILATION

ADVANTAGES:• Uses either natural ventilation;

doors & windows

• Or fan assisted forced ventilation to ventilate the whole working room; by inducing a flow of clean air, extraction fans fitted into the roof.

• Operates by removing the contaminant or reducing the concentration to an acceptable level.

Limitations:• Certain area of the

working room will not receive the ventilated air & a build-up of hazardous substance will occur

• The flow patterns are affected by doors, windows & furniture.

• Not suitable for dust extraction

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PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTPERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT

Respiratory Protective Equipment:Respiratory Protective Equipment:

•Filtering half maskFiltering half mask; ; disposable respirator, disposable respirator, removes respirable size dust particles. Covers removes respirable size dust particles. Covers nose & mouth & provides protection against some nose & mouth & provides protection against some vapors & gases.vapors & gases.

•Half mask respiratorHalf mask respirator; made ; made of rubber or plastic of rubber or plastic & covers the nose & mouth. Air is drawn through & covers the nose & mouth. Air is drawn through a replaceable filter cartridge. Used for vapor, a replaceable filter cartridge. Used for vapor, gases or dusts.gases or dusts.

•Full face mask respiratorFull face mask respirator; ; similar to half mask similar to half mask but covers the eyes.but covers the eyes.

•Self contained breathing apparatusSelf contained breathing apparatus; ; air is air is supplied from a compressed air cylindersupplied from a compressed air cylinder

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• Powered respirator; battery-operated fan delivers air through a filter to the mask.

• Fresh air hose apparatus; fresh air is delivered through a hose to a sealed face mask from an uncontaminated source. Air is delivered by wearer, by natural breathing or mechanically by fan.

• Compressed air line apparatus; air is delivered through a hose from a compressed air line. Can be continuous flow or on demand.

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HEAD PROTECTION

HAND PROTECTION

FEET PROTECTION

EYE PROTECTION

LAST RESORTLAST RESORT

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENTEQUIPMENT

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2] Hand & Skin Protection• Use of glove; against chemicals, sharp objects, heat, cold &

rough working.• Use of barrier creams; pre-work & after-work to replace natural

skin oils.

3] Feet protection• Wide range of safety boots available• Against chemicals, heavy objects, sharp objects• Anti slippery soles & against electricity

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4] Head protection• Hard hats; construction, anti electric shock… etc• Bump caps

5] Eye protection• Safety glasses (spectacles); low risk hazards• Safety goggles; splashes, dust & solvent vapors• Face visors; against steaming up in hot & humid environment

6] Torso protection• Coveralls & Aprons; against spills, sunlight & to protect

against loose clothes getting entangled in moving machinery parts.

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Air Pollution:• Outdoors; machinery & industry emissions &

smoking. Indoors; heating systems & sprays… etc• Mainly by emissions; carbon monoxide, sulphur

dioxide, nitrogen dioxide & lead… etc• Leads to Acid rain & global warming• Have serious Health effects on human beings

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Water Pollution:• Pollution of rivers & other water sources can have

serious effects on the health of living organisms.• Leakage from industrial soak away or chemical

factories.• Sewer discharge & oil spill contaminating

underground water• Water samples should be taken from water sources

& sewers.• MSDS to advise on proper disposal of different

hazardous substances

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Waste Management Hierarchy:• Prevention: by changing the process so that the waste is

not produced.

• Reduction: improving the efficiency of the process

• Reuse: by recycling the waste back into the process

• Recovery: releasing energy through the combustion or recycling of waste.

• Responsible disposal: disposal in accordance with regulatory requirements & never mix different types of hazardous wastes.