INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION (IHO) ORGANIZATION (IHO)

Prepared by:NURAIFAHWAHYU ABDUL HAMID 2010402892NOOR SYAFIQAH CHE OMAR 2010841934NURUL WAHIDAH ABDUL LATIF 2010875092 NUR FARAHIN SYED MOHAMED SHUKOR 2010843804

APD5D

Prepared for:En. Johar Bin Ahmad

INTERNATIONAL HYDROGRAPHIC ORGANIZATION (IHO)

•  The IHO was originally established in 1921 as the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB). During the 19th century, many maritime nations established hydrographic offices to provide means for improving the navigation of naval and merchant vessels by providing nautical publications, nautical charts, and other navigational services.

• OBJECTIVE =

– consider the advisability of all maritime nations adopting similar methods in preparation, construction, and production of their charts and all hydrographic publications;

– of rendering the results in the most convenient form to enable them to be readily used;

– of instituting a prompt system of mutual exchange of hydrographic information between all countries;

– of providing an opportunity to consultations and discussions to be carried out on hydrographic subjects generally by the hydrographic experts of the world.

S-44• The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) has

issued standards for hydrographic surveys (S44).These are the standards used by most producers of hydrographic data. Their stated purpose is:

a) To specify minimum standards for hydrographic surveys in order that hydrographic data collected according to these standards is sufficiently accurate and that the spatial uncertainty of data is adequately quantified to be safely used by mariners (commercial, military or recreational) as primary users of this information.

CLASSIFIED SURVEY:

• Special Order - for specific critical areas with minimum under keel clearance and where bottom characteristics are potentially hazardous to vessels (generally less than 40m), such as harbours, berthing areas, and associated critical channels with minimum under keel clearances.

• Order 1 – for harbours, harbour approach channels, recommended tracks inland navigation channels and coastal areas of high commercial traffic density (less than 100m) such as harbours, harbour approach channels, recommended tracks and some coastal areas with depths up to 100 m.

• Order 2 – for areas with depths less than 200m not covered by Special Order and Order 1.

• Order 3 – for areas not covered by Special Order, and Orders 1 and 2 and in water depths greater than of 200m

STANDARD PROCEDURE OF HYDROGRPAHIC SURVEYING

1) Positioning Standard for Sounding

• Standards specified that soundings should be determined relative to shore control such that there is a 95% probability that the true position lies within a circle of radius 1.5mm at the scale of the survey of the determined position.

• One new aspect of the positioning standard is the inclusion of a depth-dependent factor which takes into account the added uncertainty of the positions of soundings from multibeam sonar systems as depth increases:

• 2 meters for Special Order• 5 meters + 5% of depth for Order 1• 20 meters + 5% of depth for Order 2• 150 meters +5% of depth for Order 3

ERROR PROPAGATION1) Depths standard

IHO Standards should not exceed with a probability of 90% and 0.3 meters for depths less than 30 meters or 1% of depths greater than 30 meters. Corrections should be applied for water level changes, measurements of motion sensors, and changes of the draught of the survey vessel (e. g. squat changing with speed; change over time caused by fuel consumption). It should be possible to re-process data for which corrections were applied in real-time.

2) Position

comprise merging of positioning data from different sensors (if necessary), qualifying positioning data, and eliminating position jumps.

doubtful data should be flagged and not be deleted.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

• All those planned and systematic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product or a service will satisfy given requirements for quality

• Procedures should cover the entire system including navigation sensors data collection and processing equipment and the operators. All equipment should be confirmed as functioning within its calibration values

HYDROGRAPHER CATEGORIES

Category A:-

Technician level, personnel who will be supervised by

someone holding a Category A accredited qualification.

Applies to education providers (the approved course) and

not to individuals.

Individuals can be certified as a Level 1 Hydrographic

Surveyor after graduation from the course and a requisite

amount of practical experience (see Professional

Certification).

Category B:-

A graduate of an IHO accredited Category B course will

have completed a substantial proportion of the theory

topics required for the Category A course - despite this, for

the Category A course most of these need to be covered at

a higher level.

Papers that are required beyond minimum for category B:-•Math160 mathematics i•phsi131 physical law•surv112 computational methods•naut201 nautical studies ii•surv211 surveying methods i (depending on the category b course content)•surv212 surveying mathematics i•surv218 spatial data visualization•SURV311 Surveying Methods II•SURV312 Geodetic Systems and Network Analysis•PMAN401 Project Management•MARI412 Principles of Physical Oceanography•MARI413 Principles of Marine Geology, Geophysics•SURV422 Advanced Hydrographic Surveying•SURV425 Hydrographic Design Project•SURV399 Hydrographic VoyageSURV429 Marine Law and Environment

S-57• IHO Special Publication 57 (IHO S-57) is the IHO Transfer

Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data. It is the standard to be used for the exchange of digital hydrographic data between hydrographic offices, and for the distribution of hydrographic data to manufacturers, mariners and other data users (e.g., environmental management organizations). It was developed so that the transfer of all forms of hydrographic data would take place in a consistent and uniform manner

Positioning

• S-57 chart comprises data of two sort - spatial (location information about real world entities) and feature (descriptive information about real world entities). Data in S-57 data set (chart) is organized in objects. Spatial objects (e.g. node, edge, face) possesses coordinates which define its location on the Earth's surface. Feature object (e.g. BOYCAR - buoy cardinal, COALNE - coast line, LNDARE - land area) contains attributes - qualitative or quantitative characteristics of the object. Object may reference each other that enables simulation of arbitrary level of complexity

S-52 IHO Special Publication 52(IHO-S-52) is the IHO

Specification for Chart Content and Display of ECDIS. It includes appendices describing the means/process for updating, color and symbol specifications. Electronic charts automate the process of integrating real-time positions with the chart display and allow the navigator to continuously assess the position and safety of the vessel.

 

Aims• These Specifications for Chart Content and Display Aspects of ECDIS

are intended to contribute to the safe operation of ECDIS by:

• Ensuring a base and supplementary levels of display for ENC data; standards of symbols, colours and their standardized assignment to features; scale limitations of data presentation; and appropriate compatibility with paper chart symbols as standardized in the Chart Specifications of the IHO.

• Ensuring the display is clear and unambiguous,

• Ensuring that there is no uncertainty over the meaning of colours and symbols on the display,

• Establishing an accepted pattern for ECDIS presentation that becomes familiar to mariners and so can be recognized instantly without confusion.

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