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Impacts of air pollution on cultural heritage Raffaela Gaddi Raffaela Gaddi MACCIII/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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Page 1: Impactsof air pollutionon cultural heritage · 2017-02-07 · The effects of climatic and pollution factors on cultural heritage 1/4 Climaticand PollutionParameters Climatic parameters

Impacts of air pollution on cultural heritageRaffaela GaddiRaffaela Gaddi

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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The effects of climatic and pollution factors on cultural heritage

1/4

Climatic and Pollution Parameters

Climatic parameters

Climatic and Pollution Parameters 

Materials

Stone

‐Temperature‐ Relative Humidity‐Wind Stone

WoodMetals       Glass

‐ Rain‐ Sea Salt

Air Pollution‐ NOx‐ SO2‐ O3PM‐ PM10

‐ PM2.5‐ BC

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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2/4The effects of climatic and pollution factors 

on cultural heritage

Material loss of stone materialsStatua di Madama Lucrezia a Piazza San Marco (Roma)

Foro Romano (Roma)

Chiesa di S. Filippo (Torino)

Surface recession (R)Surface recession (R)

R* (m/year) =  4 + 0.0059  [SO2 ] RH60 + 0.054  [H+]  Rain +         0.078  [HNO3]  RH60 + 0.0258  PM10

*Multiassess Project: Model for multi‐pollutant impact and assessment of threshold levels for cultural heritage (Multiasses)‐ Report 2005

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3/4The effects of climatic and pollution factors 

on cultural heritageCorrosion of metals

Bronze Fontana delle Tartarughe a Piazza Mattei (Roma) Tempio Maggiore Israelitico ‐ Sinagoga (Firenze)Copper

Surface recession (R) Mass Loss (ML)

R* (m/year) = 0.15 + 0.000985 [SO2] Rh60 e f(T) + +0.00465 Rain [H+] + 0.00432 PM10

f(T) = 0 060(T‐11) when T<11°C ‐0 067(T‐11) otherwise

ML* (g m‐2) = 0.0027 [SO2] 0.32 [O3]0.79Rhexp{f(T)} t0.78 + + 0.050 Rain [H+] t 0.89

f(T) = 0 083(T‐10) when T<10°C otherwise ‐0 032(T‐10)

*Multiassess Project: Model for multi‐pollutant impact and assessment of threshold levels for cultural heritage (Multiasses)‐ Report 2005

f(T) = 0.060(T 11) when T<11 C,  0.067(T 11) otherwise f(T)   0.083(T 10) when T<10 C, otherwise  0.032(T 10)

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4/4The effects of climatic and pollution factors on cultural heritage

Blackening of stone materialsParatie a Piazza S Marco (Venezia) Colosseo (Roma)Paratie a Piazza S. Marco (Venezia)

Vittoriano (Roma)

R/R0= exp(kCPMt)

R, R0= final and initial reflectancek= blackening coefficient

CPM= particulate matter concentration (PM10 or PM2.5)

Multiassess Project: Model for multi‐pollutant impact and assessment of threshold levels for cultural heritage (Multiasses)‐ Report 2005

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ISPRA activities 1/3

Collaboration ISPRA and ISCR( National Institute for Conservation and Restoration)

2003‐2004 2010‐2011 2013‐2015

Characterization of potential decay risk due to air pollution in the environment  surrounding the works of art

Objectives

surrounding the works of art

to plan rigorous and frequent maintenance activities to improve the conservationto plan rigorous and frequent maintenance activities to improve the conservation conditions of the cultural heritage

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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ISPRA activities 2/3

Two approches

1. Monitoring campaigns

Case study: 

2. Damage assessment through the aplication of dose‐response functions

Case study:Rome (within the Great Ring Road)

RomeCase study:

Data used: pollution concentrations from the air quality monitoring network

Data used: pollution concentrations (PM10, NO2, O3) from models

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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ISPRA activities 3/3

2. Damage assessment through the aplication of dose- response functions

Surface Recession

Rome

Surface Recession (m/year)

Stone: 2010

Surface Recession

Recession (m/year) =  4 + 0.0059  [SO2 ] RH60 + 0.054  [H+]   Rain + 0.078  [HNO3]  RH60 + 0.0258PM10

Surface Recession (m/year)Bronze: 2010

Resolution: 1 km 

Surface Recession Recession (m/year) = 0.15 + 0.000985 [SO2] Rh60 e f(T)+ 0 00465 Rain [H+] + 0 00432 PM10

Surface Recession (m/year)

R l ti 1 k

+  0.00465 Rain [H ] + 0.00432 PM10

The surface recession was estimated using PM10, NO2 and O t ti f FARM d l (ARPA L i )Resolution: 1 km  O3  concentrations from FARM model (ARPA Lazio)

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Possible use of CAMS products and needs 1/7

Elaboration of Territorial Risk for cultural heritage at national, regional and municipal levels

Territorial RiskTerritorial Risk*

Rt= n x Ht

n= number of monuments Ht=  territorial Hazard represented by the 

damage (estimated applying the dosedamage (estimated applying the dose response functions or by pollutantconcentrations when dose‐response functions cannot be applied)cannot be applied)

* Risk Map of Cultural Heritage, ISCR, 1995

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Possible use of CAMS products and needs 2/7

1. Territorial Risk assessment at national level

Cultural heritage from Vincoli in Rete data base: national level 

Source: Vincoli in Rete database (ISCR)http://vincoliinretegeo.beniculturali.it/vir/vir/vir.html?token=20968cd

Source: Copernicus http://www.copernicus‐atmosphere.eu

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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Possible use of CAMS products and needs 3/7

Data required at national level

Cultural heritage distribution in ItalyFrom Regional Models

Analysis and reanalysis data of the following parameters ( l )(annual average) :

SO2NONO2O3PM10

Material loss

PM10PM2.5

Blackening

Source: Vincoli in Rete database (ISCR)

R l i 10 10 kTerritorial Risk: Rt= n x Ht

Resolution: 10 x 10 km 

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Possible use of CAMS products and needs 4/7

2. Territorial Risk assessment at regional level

Cultural heritage collected in Vincoli in Rete data base: regional level (Calabria)base: regional level  (Calabria) 

Source: Vincoli in Rete database (ISCR)

Source: Copernicus http://www.copernicus‐atmosphere.eu

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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Possible use of CAMS products and needs 5/7

Data required at regional level

From Regional Models

Cultural heritage distribution at regional level (Calabria)

From Regional Models

Analysis and reanalysis data of the following parametersthe following parameters (annual average) :

SO22NO2O3HNO3

Material loss

3 PM10

PM

Source: Vincoli in Rete database (ISCR)

PM10PM2.5

Blackening

Territorial Risk: Rt= n x Ht

Resolution: 5 x 5 km

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Possible use of CAMS products and needs 6/7

3. Territorial and Individual Risk assessments atmunicipal level

Cultural heritage collected in Vincoli in Rete dataCultural heritage collected in Vincoli in Rete data base: municipal level (Reggio Calabria)

Source: Copernicus http://www.copernicus‐atmosphere.euSource: Vincoli in Rete database (ISCR)

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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Data required at municipal level

Possible use of CAMS products and needs 7/7

Data required at municipal level

From Regional Models

Cultural heritage distribution at municipal level (Reggio Calabria)

Analysis and reanalysis data of the following parameters (annual average) :

SO2NO2 M i l lO3HNO3 PM10

Material loss

PM10PM2 5

Blackening

T it i l Ri k R H R l i 1 1 k

Source: Vincoli in Rete database (ISCR) 

2.5

Territorial Risk: Rt= n x Ht

Individual Risk: Ri= V x Htwhere V= vulnerability (conservation conditions of single monument)

Resolution: 1 x 1 km

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Working Group

Patrizia Bonanni (ISPRA)Carlo Cacace (ISCR)

Mariacarmela Cusano (ISPRA)Raffaela Gaddi (ISPRA)

A i Gi li (ISCR)Annamaria Giovagnoli (ISCR)

AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgmentsGianluca Leone (ISPRA)

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

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Thank youyfor your attention

[email protected]

MACC‐III/Copernicus Atmosphere Services User Workshop Rome, Italy , 11 May 2015

Terme di Caracalla (Roma)