importance of celery in spain ivia... · 2019. 12. 19. · importance of celery in spain •...
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Importance of celery in Spain• Spanish production: approx. 74.000 t (MAGRAMA, 2012)
• Approx. 37.000 t are exported to UK (70%), France (12%) and about 18% to other countries (Italy, Sweden and Germany)
• Three cycles of cultivation along the year(120 - 180 days/cycle)
Main areas of production
Murcia
Alicante
Barcelona
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New symptomatology in celery crops in 2008
�Abnormal number of shoots �Curling of stems �Yellowing
Commercial production losses were up to 70%
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Research related to the celery problem:
• Design a detection method for ‘Ca. Liberibactersolanacearum’ (CaLsol) based on real-time PCR
• Comparison of conventional DNA extraction and directmethods of target preparation for CaLsol detection
• Association of symptoms with CaLsol detection
• Electron microscopy assays
• Comparison of partial sequences of CaLsol with thoseavailable
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Real-time PCR
+ celeryextract 1/10 1/102 1/103 1/104 1/105 1/106
Conv
entio
nal
Liefting et al., 2009 + - - - - - -Li et al., 2009
(Lsof/OI2c) + - - - - - -Ravindran et al., 2011
(adk) + - - - - - -Ravindran et al., 2011
(TX) + + + + - - -
Real
tim
e PC
R (C
t) Li et al. 2009 + (22,82) + (25,78) + (28,49) + (33,71) + (34,57) - -IVIA + (23,66) + (26,53) + (28,31) + (31,68) + (32,53) - -
• 16 species of other pathogenic bacteria• 50 species of potato saprophytic microbiota• 21 species of carrot saprophytic microbiota
Sensitivity
Specificity
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Methods of sample preparation
Conventional - DNA extraction
Samples are prepared into individual plastic bags
using HOMEX 6
Direct method - SPOT
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Comparison DNA extraction vs. SPOT
DNA Extraction
+ -
SPOT+ 151 1
- 100 250 502
502 samples were analysed by real-time PCR for detection of CaLsolby both methods of sample preparation
We considered the 151 positive samples by both techniques as TRUE POSITIVES and the 250 negatives samples by both techniques as
TRUE NEGATIVES
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Estimated prevalence 30,07%
Coincidence 79,88%
Cohen Kappa Index (κ) 0,597± 0,041
Mc Nemar Index 0,970 < 0,001
BAK Index0,581 ±
0,0446
Sensitivity Specificity
SPOT 0,60 (0,54-0,66)* 0,99 (0,98-1,00)
Calculation of diagnostic parameters
If we consider DNA extraction as a “gold
stardard” (sensitivity and specificity = 1,00) the
specificity of the SPOT is practically the same, but the sensitivity is lower *Average (confidence intervals at 95%)
Scale for Cohen Kappa Index (κ)
Comparison DNA extraction vs. SPOT
Kappa (k) Degree of agreement< 0,00 without agreement
0,00 - 0,20 insignificant0,21 - 0,40 medium0,41 - 0,60 moderate0,61 - 0,80 substantial0,81 - 1,00 almost perfect
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Advantages of the SPOT method of sample preparation
• Is a feasible method for analyses of large number ofsamples in a rapid way
• Is much more economic than DNA extraction
• Is as specific as DNA extraction (high confidence forpositive detections) in spite of being less sensitive thanDNA extraction (risk of false negatives)
• Has lower risk of contamination than DNA extraction
• Routine screening of samples by spot– Positive samples: considered true positives– Negative samples: perform DNA extraction for key samples
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+++Clear symptomsNot marketable
-SymptomlessMarketable
+ Some symptoms
Marketable
Association of symptoms with detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ and/or phytoplasmas
(Scale of symptoms severity)
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Presence of symptoms and universal detection of phytoplasmas
(Hren, et al., 2007)
Presence of symptoms and specific detectionof ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’
(CaLsppf/r)
Analysis of variance
This results show the statistical association of the symptoms with the presence of‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ and not with phytoplasmas
Symptoms Real time PCR(DNA + SPOT)
Positive Negative Total+++ 150 24 174
+ 63 87 150- 38 140 178
Total 251 251 502
Symptoms Real time PCR(DNA + SPOT)
Positive Negative Total+++ 28 146 174
+ 25 125 150- 26 152 178
Total 79 423 502
Association of symptoms with the detection of ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’ and/or phytoplasmas
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The SEM studies revealed the presence of bacteria-like organisms (BLOs) in celery phloem cellsof positive real-time PCR tested plants (possible ‘Ca. Liberibacter solanacearum’)
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
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Celery phloem cell containing BLOs
0,5 µm
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
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Negative control
Absence of BLOs in phloem cells of negative real-time PCR tested plants
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Analysis of 16S rDNA gene sequence(1166 bp)
The 16S sequences of the Spanish Bactericera , carrot and celery samples are very similar.They cluster close to those of
other countries and hosts
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Analysis of 50S rDNA gene sequence(659 bp)
The 50S sequences of the Spanish Bactericera , carrot and celery samples are very similar.They cluster close to those of
other countries and hosts
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Conclusions
• With the results obtained we conclude that the vegetative disorders observed in celery are
associated with the presence of ‘Ca. Liberibactersolanacearum’ and not with phytoplasmas
• The sequences of 16S and 50S rDNA genes of the celery samples are quite similar to those of
other hosts and vector species
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Thank you foryour attention