in this issue - sweet & maxwell€¦ · the devil’s advocate iain morley • presents the...

academicNEWSSpring 2009

in this issuen Robert Hill examines the CPR

ten years on

n Jill Martin recounts the history of the bestselling Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity

n Rebecca Probert discusses the changes brought about by the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008

n Michael Haley examines Stack v Dowden and the decline of the resulting trust

n Brian Bix looks at why students often struggle with jurisprudence as a subject

n Plus, we showcase our 2009 textbooks for students

The Devil’S ADvocATeiain Morley• Presentstheleadingbookonadvocacy,bridgingthegapbetweenreadingaboutadvocacyandhowyouactuallydoit

• Writteninano-nonsenseandengagingstyletobring afreshapproachtostudyingadvocacy

• Explainstheartofpersuasiveness,howtomakeconvincingspeeches,andeffectivecrossexamination

• Describeswell-establishedtechniquesandexercisesusedincourtforconstantlyimprovingquestioning andwitnesscontrol

• Offerspunchyadviceandinsightfulcomments onallofthenecessaryskillsandprocesses involvedinadvocating

• Includesanewchapteron theInternationalCriminal Tribunalswhichrequirean additionalsetofadvocacy skillsduetothedynamics thrownupsuchastheneed forsimultaneoustranslations

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THEPATHTOPUPILLAGE: AGUIDEFORTHE ASPIRINGBARRISTERGeorginaWolfeandAlexanderRobson• Takesstudentsthrougheachstepoftheroutetopupillagefromlegaleducationthroughtotheapplicationprocessitself

• Drawsontheauthors’ownpersonalexperiences–betweenthemtheyhaveattendedoverfortypupillageinterviews

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• Goesthroughtheacademic stageoftraining,lookingattheprosandconsofthevariousvariablessuchasalawdegreeversesalawconversion

• Detailstheextra-curricular activitiesthatstudentsshould undertakeinordertoenhance theirprospects

• Discussesthevocational– BVC–partoftraining,looking indepthatthefourInns

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3

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academicNEWSSpring 2009

Letter from the EditorWelcometotheSpring2009issueofAcademicNewsfromSweet&Maxwell–bringingyounewsfromthelegalworld,bywayofinformativearticles.Inthisissue:

RobertHill,memberoftheSeniorEditorialBoardofCivilProcedure,examinestheCPRtenyearson.WhileJillMartin,authorofHanbury&Martin:ModernEquity,recountsthehistoryofthework–whichfirstpublishedbackin1935.

RebeccaProbert,authorofCretneyandProbert’sFamilyLaw,discussesthechangesbroughtaboutbytheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008.MichaelHaley,co-authorofEquityandTrusts,examinesStackvDowden.Plus,BrianBix,authorofJurisprudence:TheoryandContext,looksatthesubjectofjurisprudenceanddiscusseswhystudentsoftenfinditahardsubject.

Importantly,wealsodetailthemanynewtextbookspublishingforthe2009-2010academicyear–allofwhichareavailableoninspection.

IhopeyoufindthisissueofAcademicNewsinformativeandinteresting.Ifyouhaveanycommentsorsuggestions,youcancontactmeattheaddressbelow.

Enjoyreading!

Samantha Siddle, Editor, Academic News, Sweet & Maxwell 100 Avenue Road, London NW3 3PF

contents4-5 The CPR ten years on – a personal

view by Robert Hill

7 A history of Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity by Jill Martin

8-9 Parents in law: The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 by Rebecca Probert

10-13 Key 2009 academic titles

14-15 Stack v Dowden and the Decline of the Resulting Trust by Michael Haley

16-17 Theory in a World of Legal Rules by Brian Bix

oNe To RECOMMEND

SUCCESSFULLEGALWRITING LEGALSKILLSSERIESEdwinaHigginsandLauraTatham• Usesworkedexamplesandexercisestoguidestudentsthroughthelegalwritingprocess

• Focusesonimprovingwritingskillsinbothassignmentsandexams

• Presentstheinformationinastep-by-stepformat,leadingstudentsthroughtheworldoflegalwritingfromunderstandinggoodandbadwritingtoassessingtheir ownstrengthsandweaknesses

• Detailsatthestartofeachchapterthekeylearningpointsandroundseachchapteroffwithabriefsummaryofwhat’sbeenlearnt

• Containsshadedtipboxeshighlightingimportantpoints toremember

• Providesquestionsandreflectiveexercisestohelpstudentsassesstheirprogressandidentifytheirlearningneeds

• Suppliesanswerstofrequentlyaskedquestionsthroughoutthework

Availableforstudentstobuyfrom www.amazon.co.uk,www.hammickslegal.com andallgoodbookshops

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academicNEWS

TheCPRtenyearson–apersonalviewacademicNEWS

IntroductionTenyearsago(yes,itwastenyearsago!)IwasamemberoftheJudicialStudiesBoardteamchargedwitheducatingalljudgesonthenewCivilProcedureRules1998.MostCourtofAppealandallHighCourt,CircuitandDistrictJudgestheninpostattendedaresidentialseminar.WhilstIcertainlymakenoclaimtobeunique,IcansaythatnooneexceededmyenthusiasmfortheCPR.Othersmayhavebeenjustasenthusiastic:nonemore.Afterall,aswellasbeingaDistrictJudgeIhadaspecialinterestin‘civilprocedure’,hadbeenlecturingon‘civilprocedure’since1975andwasaneditorof‘TheWhiteBook’,IhadalwaysarguedforonesetofrulescombiningthebestoftheRulesoftheSupremeCourt1965andtheCountyCourtRules1984.Atlast weweregettingit.

Butitwasmorethanjustacombinedsetofrules.BothLordWoolfasMasteroftheRollsandSirRichardScottasHeadofCivilJusticeemphasisedthata‘change ofculture’wasrequired.Fromnowon,rulesofcourtwouldceasetobe apiousexpressionofhope:insteadtheruleswouldsaywhattheymeanandmeanwhattheysay.

InthisarticleIconfinemyselftothreeareaswheretheCPRhavesucceededandthencommentonthreeareaswheretheyhavenot.

The Fast TrackThisIconsidertobeahugelysuccessfulinnovationoftheCPR.UndertheformerCountyCourtRulesthestepupfrom‘smallclaimsarbitration’tofulltrialwasalwaystoobigastepup.Ofcourse,

‘arbitration’wasaninaccuratetermwhichwasreplacedbythe‘smallclaimstrack’butwithanincreasedlimitof£5000(which,incidentally,isstillthehighest‘smallclaims’limitintheworld.Thefigureremains£750inScotland).Buttheresimplyhadtobesomethinginbetweentheinformaltrialonthesmallclaimstrackandfullformaltrial(nowonthemulti-track).Inserting‘thefasttrack’inbetweenwastheperfectsolution.

Ihavetriedmanyfast-trackcases.Nonehasevergoneovertheone-dayallowed.Nonehaseverseemedinappropriatelytracked.

Aftertenyears,theCPRCommitteehasnowagreedthatthefast-tracklimitshouldbeincreased.Itislikelytoincreasefrom£15,000to£25,000from6April2009.

Summary AssessmentAgainahugelysuccessfulinnovationoftheCPR.‘TaxationofCosts’became‘detailedassessment’butthatwasnothingmorethanachangeofname.Summaryassessmentofcostsimmediatelyafteranyhearinglasting

notmorethanoneday(which

necessarily

includesallfast-trackcases)isaproportionateandfairwayofassessingthosecosts.Whatitlacksinsubtletyismorethancompensatedbythehugesavingintime,savingofyetmorecostsandbytheimmediacyoftheresult.Ofcourseweallhadtolearnhowtodoitjustasweallhadtolearnhowtoassessdamages.Itisnodifferentthananyotherexerciseofjudgment.

ItisalongtimesinceIhaveencounteredadetailedassessmentwhichreallyoughttohavebeendonebysummaryassessment.Thereweresomesuchcasesinitiallybutallthejudgeswhousedtoorderthishavenowretired.

Summaryassessmentisworkingwellandinmyopinionshouldnowbeextendedtobethenormalmethodofassessmentinallcasessavewherethereareexceptionalreasonsnottodoso.

Expert EvidenceThismustbethemostsuccessfulchangeeffectedbytheCPR. Pre-CPRwewerebeginningtoseetheappearanceof‘thehiredgun’.HavinglecturedintheUSAand

observedtrialsthere,IamfamiliarwiththisAmericanism.The‘hiredgun’iswellestablishedthere:theexpressiondenotesthesimplefactthatnomatterwhatcaseyouwish toadvance,youwillfindanexpert tosupportit.

Theparticular‘hiredgun’whoregularlyappearedbeforemein pre-CPRtrialswasaretiredorthopaedicsurgeoninstructedonlybyinsurers.Hegavethesamereportandevidenceineverycasesayingthattherewasnothingwrongwiththeplaintiffwhowasjustamalingerer!UnabletocopewiththeobjectivityandfairnessrequiredbytheCPRheretiredwhentheycamein;rumourhasittoBarbados.

TheCPRrequireandemphasisethattheexpertsdutyistothecourt.Allfairexpertswelcomethis.Further,theuseofasinglejointexpertmustbynowhavesavedmanylitigantsmanythousandsofpounds.Theoverallsavingwillbehuge.

Icanthinkofmanycases,typicallymodestbuildingdisputes,whereasinglejointexpert’sreporthasbeenthekeytounlockingthecase.Eveninthelargemulti-trackcase,withmanynecessaryexperts,theuseofasingle

jointexpertforsomeissuesresultsinsavingsallround.

TheCPRCommitteehasembarkedonareviewofPart35basedonrecommendationsoftheCivilJusticeCouncilbutIforeseenomajorchanges.

Robert Hill is a District Judge, Recorder and Regional Costs Judge on the North Eastern Circuit. He is now also a member of the Senior Editorial Board of Civil Procedure (The White Book) and has been a member of the Civil Procedure Rules Committee since 2006. In the following article he examines the CPR ten years on.

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The bad newsSowhataretheareaswherethe CPRhavenotsucceeded?Thefirst isCosts.ThesecondisCosts. ThethirdisCosts.

OfcoursethisisnotentirelythefaultoftheCPR.UnfortunatelytheintroductionoftheCPRco-incidedwithallthecomplicationscausedbythevirtualabolitionoflegalaid,theintroductionofConditionalFeeAgreementsandthebizarredecisiontotreatATEpremiumsasifthey werecosts.

Whatshouldbedone?Imakesomesuggestions.

The Indemnity PrincipleTheindemnityprincipleisaprinciplewhichisfineintheorybutnotinpractice.Itisresponsibleforhighlytechnicalandprolongeddetailedassessmentswhichsometimesleadtoaresultwhichisunjust.Itdoesnotsitwellwiththeconceptof‘nowinnofee’litigation.Itnolongerservesanyusefulpurpose.Itshouldbeabolished.

Fast-track fixed costsTheadvocates’feeforafast-tracktrialisfixedbyPart46.Butwhystopthere?ItisclearfromareadingoftheFinalReport(July1996)ofLordWoolf’s“AccesstoJustice”enquirythatheenvisagedthefixingoftheadvocatesfeeasmerelythefirststep.Itwasrecommendedthattherebeafixedcostsregimeforthefasttrack.Thatmustbecorrect.AratherfeeblestarthasbeenmadeinPart45byfixingfeesinsomeRTAcasesandbyfixingsuccessfeesinpersonalinjurycases.

Fasttrackcasesbydefinitionarenotcomplexandwillconcludeatatriallastingnotmorethanoneday.Thisistheidealplaceforafixedcostsregime.

Detailed AssessmentTheproblemhereisthattheprocessfordecidingwhethercostsaredisproportionateisitself

disproportionate.A‘CostsBar’nowexists;surelyaclearsignthatithasallbecometoocomplex.Thosewhopreparebillsandthosewhocontestthemhaveshownnolackofingenuityindevisingevermorecomplextechnicalarguments.

Whatistobedone?First,afixed-costsregimeforthefast-track.Second,anextensionofsummaryassessmenttoallcasessavewhentherearetrulyexceptionalreasonsforadetailedassessment.Third,arevisedprocedurefordetailedassessment.

Ilimitmyselftothreesuggestionsforstreamliningtheprocedurefordetailedassessment.‘PointsofDispute’shouldinitiallybeinsummaryformwithdetailedpointsofdisputeonlybeingfiledandservedwherethecourtsoorders.Insummaryformthepointsofdisputewouldalsolistthepointsinorderofimportance(notnecessarily,asnow,theorderinwhichthepointarisesinthebill).Replieswouldbecompulsorywithin14dayswhereuponthebillwouldbesubjecttoprovisionalassessment.Partieswouldbeencouragedtoreachagreementbasedonthecourt’sprovisionalassessment,oratleastnarrowareasofdispute.Onlyifagreementisnotreachedwouldthecourtconsiderwhethermoredetailedpointsofdisputeonsomeoralloftheremainingissuesshouldbefiledandserved.Onlyifaparty‘beats’theprovisionalassessment byatleast10%wouldthatpartyreceiveanycostsafterthedate oftheprovisionalassessment.

Guideline RatesGuidelineratescurrentlyapplyonlytosummaryassessment.Twochangescommendthemselves.Firstly,‘guidelinerates’shouldceasetobemerelyaguideandshouldbeelevatedtothestatusof‘fixedrates’.Whatwouldbefixedare,ofcourse,thehourlyratestobepaidbyapartywhohasbeenorderedtopayanotherparty’scosts.Allclientsshould

remainfreetoagreewiththeirsolicitorthehourlyratetobepaid onasolicitor-and-own-clientbasis.

Secondly,itshouldbeconsideredwhetherthe‘fixedrate’shouldalsobeappliedtosomeorallmulti-trackcasesand/or,whetherguidelineratesshouldbeissuedfor multi-trackcases.

ConclusionIbeganwritingthisarticleinapessimisticmoodhavingseenthepositiononcostsdeterioratetoasituationthatisactuallyworsethanthepre-CPRregime.However,Iconcludethearticleinamoodofoptimismknowingthatatlastsomethingistobedone.

AnenquiryintocostswillbeheldbyLordJusticeJacksonwhowillthenwriteareportbytheendof2009.The“JacksonReport”(as,presumably,itwillbeknown)willbeatleastasimportant–andarguablymoreimportant–thanthe“WoolfReport”.Thetermsof

referenceofthenewenquiryare“tocarryoutanindependentreviewoftherulesandprinciplesgoverningthecostsofcivillitigationandtomakerecommendationsinordertopromoteaccesstojusticeatproportionatecosts.”AnyonewhomightentertainadoubtastothesuitabilityofJacksonLJtoconductsuchanenquiryshouldreadhismasterlyjudgment(givenwhenhewasstillJacksonJ)inMultiplex v Cleveland Bridge[2008]EWHC2220(TCC).Thephotocopyingcostsaloneinthatcaseexceeded£1,000,000.00.Itisalongjudgment;thecostspartstartsatparagraph1668.

DuringthecourseofthisenquiryallinterestedbodiesandindividualswillhavetheopportunitytomakesubmissionsandsubmitevidencetoJacksonLJ.IeagerlyawaithisreportwhichIamconfidentwillleadtoasimplerandfairerwayofdealingwithcosts.

TheCPRtenyearson–apersonalview

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Over70yearshavenowpassedsinceProfessorHaroldHanburypennedthefirsteditionbackin1935.Ihaveanoriginaladvertisementforthebook,producedbythepublishers,Stevens&Sons(wholateramalgamatedwithSweet&Maxwell).Thepricewas£110s,postage9d.(Forthosetooyoungtorecallourpre-decimalcurrency,10shillingstranslatesto50pence,while9dwouldbe3.75pence).ProfessorHanbury,wholaterbecameVinerianProfessorofEnglishLawattheUniversityofOxford,wasthen(accordingtotheadvertisement)aUniversityLecturerinEquityandTutorattheLawSociety’sSchoolofLaw.

HaroldHanburywasbornin1898,andinterruptedhisstudiesatOxfordtoserveintheArtistsRiflesandWarwickshireYeomanryinthefirstworldwar.Hereturnedin1919andstudiedunderSirWilliamHoldsworth.AfterproducingthefirsteditionofModernEquityhisacademiclifewasagaininterrupted,andherejoinedthearmyin1939ontheoutbreakofthesecondworldwar,servingforthreeyearsina

“chairborne”role.Heproducedthethirdeditionin1943,butitreceiveda“trulyshattering”reviewintheLawQuarterlyReviewfromREMegarry.Theylaterbecamefriends.

Hismanypublicationswerenotconfinedtothelaw.Attheageof86heproducedabookletentitled“ShakespeareasHistorian”,whichwasinspiredbytherecollectionofaschoolexaminationwhichcontainedthequestion“ShakespearewasthegreatesthistorianofEngland,doyouagree?”.IhadthegoodfortunetomeethiminOxfordatateapartyarrangedforhimshortlybeforeheemigratedtoSouthAfricatolivewithhisgod-daughterafterthedeathofhiswife.Thegod-daughterwrotetometosaythatHaroldkepthisfavouritebooksinhisroom,“andthetwobooksthathereadsalmostconstantlyareModernEquityandShakespeareasHistorian”.

DuringthoseyearsHaroldandIkeptuparegularcorrespondence(inwhichhereferredtohimselfas“theoldmaninSouthAfrica”).Hestudiedeverynewedition,makingmanysuggestions.HeonceaskedmeifIcould“findroomforamentionofthe

Statuteof1394 whichenabledthemedievalChancellortopreventvexatiouslitigationbyawardingdamages toanymanagainstwhoman untrueinsinuationhadbeen madeinChancery”.UnfortunatelyitseemsthatIcouldnotfindroom.ThiscorrespondencecontinuedalmostuntilHarold’sdeathat theageof94.

ThenexteditorwasProfessorRonaldMaudsley,whoHarolddescribedashis“alterego”.JustasinHarold’scase,hisstudieswereinterrupted bytheoutbreakofwar.Heservedwithdistinction,andreturned tostudyatOxfordin1946.Inadditiontohisgreatinterestinthelawofpropertyandtrusts,hewasaverykeensportsman,andwasatonetimearegularcricketcorrespondentfortheSundayTelegraph.Haroldand Ronwerejointeditors ofthe9theditionin1969.

ImetRonin1974whenIjoinedtheFacultyofLaws(asitwasthencalled)atKing’sCollegeLondon,whereheheldaChairinEnglishLaw.Hewasthenworkingonthe10thedition,andkindlyaskedmetohelpwiththechaptersonequitable

remedies.Ourcollaborationcontinued,andItookagreater partinthepreparationofthe 11thedition,ofwhichwewerejointeditors.Ishouldaddthatwereceivedmuchhelpfuladvicefromothers,notablyProfessorEdwardBurn.

AtthistimeRonwaslivingin theUnitedStates,andwehadmuchtransatlanticcorrespondence,exchangingdraftsforeachother’scomments.UnfortunatelyRon’sdraftsweremainlyhandwritten, andhiswritingwasappalling. Hesubjectedmydraftstoruthlesscriticism,whichIsoongotusedto.

SadlyRonwasseriouslyillatthistime,andhediedjust

beforetheneweditionwaspublishedin1981,agedonly63.Haroldstudiedtheneweditionandsaid“Idonotthinkthereisonesinglepointof

disagreementbetweenthethreeofus”.

Since1981IhavebeenthesoleeditorofModernEquity,butIampleasedtoacknowledgethatthebookstillcontainsmuchoftheworkofmydistinguishedpredecessors,and islikelytodosoformanyyears tocome.

You can obtain your free inspection copy of Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity, by completing and returning the inspection copy request form on page 13. Alternatively you can call the inspection copy hotline on 020 7393 7293 or visit us at www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic.

AhistoryofHanbury&Martin:ModernEquity

For over 70 years, Hanbury & Martin: Modern Equity has been an established title on most reading lists. With a reputation that has lasted throughout the years, it has helped countless law students with their studies of equity and trusts. Here, Jill Martin, author of the new 18th edition recounts the history of the book.

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academicNEWS

Parentsinlaw:TheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008

MuchhaschangedinthefieldoffamilylawsincethepassageoftheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct1990.Atthattimetherewasasomewhatgrudgingacceptanceofthepossibilityofunmarriedindividuals–whethersinglewomenorcouplesofthesameoroppositesex–becomingparentsthroughassistedreproduction:theActrequiredclinicstohaveregardtothechild’sneedforafatherwhendecidingwhethertoprovidetreatmentservicesforawoman(HFEA1990s13);provisionforthemother’smalecohabitanttobedeemedthelegalfatherwasaddedonlyasanafterthought(HFEA1990s28(3));andamother’slesbianpartnerhadnolegalstatusatall.

Sincethen,theAdoptionandChildrenAct2002hasallowedcouplestoadoptjointlywhethertheyareofthesameoroppositesexandregardlessofwhethertheyhaveformalisedtheirrelationship.Evenmoresignificantly,theCivilPartnershipAct2004hasprovidedsame-sexcoupleswithameansofformalisingtheirrelationshipandhasequatedthelegalpositionofsame-andopposite-sexcohabitants.

Althoughthe2004Actprovidedcivilpartnerswithvirtuallyidenticalrightsandresponsibilitiestothoseofmarriedcouples,itdidnotdealwiththeissueoflegalparentage.However,asubsequentreviewofthe1990Actrecommendedthatitbereformedtorecogniseagreaterrangeofpersonsasparentsfollowingassistedreproduction(DepartmentofHealth,Review of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act: Proposals for revised legislation (including establishment of the Regulatory Authority for Tissue and

Embryos),Cm6989,December2006,para.2.69).TheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008giveseffecttothoseproposals.

Nolongerareclinicsdirectedtohaveregardtothechild’sneedforafatherwhenconsideringwhethertoprovidetreatment:now,itistheneedfor‘supportiveparenting’thatistobeconsidered(HFEA1990s13(5)asamended).

Inlinewiththis,theconditionsforparenthoodarewidenedinanumberofdifferentcontexts.Previously,forexample,parentalorderscouldonlybemadeinfavourofamarriedcouple.Now,however,theymaybemadeinfavourofcivilpartnersandcoupleswhoare‘livingaspartnersinanenduringfamilyrelationship’(HFEA2008s54).

Similarly,theActplacesafemalecivilpartnerofawomanundergoingfertilitytreatmentinthesamepositionasahusbandwhodidnotprovidespermforthecreationoftheembryo:shewillbetreatedasaparentofthechildunlessitisshownthatshedidnotconsenttothetreatment(HFEA2008s42).

InlinewiththepracticeoftheCivilPartnershipAct,the2008Actalsoequatesthepositionofthefemalecohabitantofawomanundergoingfertilitytreatmentwiththatofamalecohabitantwhoisnotthegeneticfatherofthechild.However,giventhatthephrasingofthe1990Acthadcausedsomedifficulties(seeegRe R(IVF: Paternity of Child)[2005]UKHL33),tightercriteriaarenowsetoutfortheallocationofparenthood.Ratherthanamanbeingtreatedasthelegalfathersimplyonthebasisthathewasbeingtreated‘together’withthemother,asunder

the1990Act,hemustnowsatisfy‘agreedfatherhoodconditions’(HFEA2008s37).Theseprescribethathewillonlybethefatherifbothpartiesconsentedinwritingtohimbeingtreatedasthefatherandifneitherhassubsequentlywithdrawnthatconsent.Sincefatherhoodisdeterminedatthetimethattheembryooreggswereplacedinthewoman(HFEA2008s36),consentcannotbewithdrawnafterthisdate(unlessofcoursethetreatmentprovesunsuccessfulandanewcyclebegins).Identical‘agreedfemaleparenthoodconditions’mustbesatisfiedinthecaseofafemalecohabitant(HFEA2008s43).

Indeed,onceithasbeenacceptedthatamalepartnerwhoisnotthegeneticfatherofthechildisentitledtoberecordedasthelegalfatherinthiscontext,logicandequalitywouldseemtorequirethatsimilarprovisionbemadeforafemalepartner.Afterall,suchawomanisjustasinvolvedintheprocessofcreatingachildasisaninfertilemalepartnerorhusband,andshehasthesameintentiontobeaco-parenttothatchild.

Butthe2008Actalsoextendsthepossibilityofsocialparenthoodbeyondthegrave,followingtheprecedentsetbytheHumanFertilisationandEmbryology(DeceasedFathers)Act2003.

Following a review, The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 2008 was enacted to replace the existing 1990 Act. In the following article, Rebecca Probert, Associate Professor of Law at Warwick University and author of the new seventh edition of Cretney and Probert’s Family Law, Textbook Series, examines some of the changes.

9

Thisamendedthe1990Actsothatamancould(atthemother’selection)beposthumouslyregisteredasachild’sfather,aslongashehadconsentedtotheuseofhisspermafterhisdeathandtobeingtreatedasthefatherofanyresultingchild(HFEA1990s28(5A)and(5B)).Lessobviously,the2003Actalsoallowedahusbandorpartnerwhohadnotprovidedspermtobeposthumouslyregisteredasthechild’sfatheraslongastheyhadconsentedtobeingsoregistered.The2008Actincludessimilarprovisions(HFEA2008s40)andextendsthemtothecivilpartnerorfemalecohabitantofthemother(HFEA2008s46).Itisnow

possible,therefore,foranearlierfemalecohabitantofawomantobeaccordedpost-mortemstatusasthelegalparentofachildsheneverboreorknew.

Itisonethingtoallowforarecord ofthechild’sgeneticfather.Itis quiteanotherforthebirthregister torecordthepersonwhowould,ifheorshehadlived,havebeenthechild’ssocialparent.Here,theregisterisrecordingneithergenetictruthnorreflectingtheactiverole ofparenting.

Onefurtheroddityisthatachildcanhavenomorethantwolegalparents.Butonceitisacceptedthatlegal

parenthoodisnotcoterminouswithgeneticparentage,thentheneed forsuchalimitationisnotobvious.

Suchprovisionsencouragereflectiononthepurposeofbirthregistration.Shouldthebirthcertificateprioritisegenetictruthorsocialreality?Buttoposethatquestionistoassumethatthelawhastomakeachoicebetweenthetwo.Thebirthcertificatecouldquitesimplyrecordboth.Childrenbornasaresultofdonatedgametesnowhavetherighttoaccessinformationaboutthedonoruponreachingadulthood,andifparentsknewthatdetailsaboutthechild’sgeneticparentagewould

appearonthebirthcertificateonceheorshehadreachedtheageof18thenthismightencouragegreateropenness.Giventheevidencethatitisbetterforchildrenbornasaresultofdonorinseminationtolearnoftheiroriginssoonerratherthanlater,suchamovemightputthechild–ratherthanadultconcerns–back atthecentreoftheprocess.

You can obtain your free inspection copy of Cretney and Probert’s Family Law, Textbook Series, by completing and returning the inspection copy request form on page 13. Alternatively you can call the inspection copy hotline on 020 7393 7293 or visit us at www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic.


Parentsinlaw:TheHumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008

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academicNEWS

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John Knowles

• Providesapracticalguidetoresearchingortracinglegalinformationeffectively

• Presentstheinformationinastep-by-stepformat,leadingstudentsthroughtheworldoflegalresearchfromusingalawlibrarytosearchingonline

• ExplainshowtoresearchEUandECHRmaterials

• IncorporatesexamplesofLawReports,Acts,Halsbury’s,CurrentLaw,HansardandEuropeanmaterialsfromtheOfficialJournal,Eur-LexandtheEuropeanCourt ofJustice

• IncludeswebshotsfromkeyonlinesourcesincludingWestlawUK,LexisNexisButterworths,BAILII,EuropaandTSO

2nd Edition

Paperback•£18.95•April2009

EQUITY&TRUSTS–TextbookSeries

Michael Haley and Lara McMurtry

• Providesstudentswithaclearandcurrentpictureofthelawoftrustsandequityplacingthesubjectinitsmoderncontext

• Combinesindepthcommentarywithcriticalanalysistogivestudentsmorethanjustaguidetothelaw

• TakesaccountofthelatestlegislativeandcaselawdevelopmentsincludingthosebroughtaboutbytheCharities Act2006

• Containspracticalillustrationstoshowhowthelawoperates

2nd Edition


HANBURYANDMARTIN:MODERNEQUITYDr Jill Martin

• Presentsaleadingtitleonequity&trustslaw,unparalleledinbreadthofscopeandwealthofdetail

• Providesacriticalcommentarywithfullreferencetomaterialsfromlegaljournals

• Coversmorethananyotherequitytextbook,featuringotheraspectsofequity,inparticularequitableremedies,anddoctrinessuchasestoppelandundueinfluencenotusuallycovered

• DiscusseskeycaselawandlegislativedevelopmentsincludingfundamentalchangesbroughtaboutbytheCharitiesAct2006,FinanceAct2006andCompaniesAct2006

18th Edition

Paperback•£33.95•February2009

MEDICALLAWANDETHICSDr Shaun D Pattinson

• Coversthemajortopicsofmedicallawandethics,combiningdetailedlegalexpositionandanalysiswithmoraltheoryandphilosophy

• Considersthewidercontextualpressuresfacingthelawsuchastheimpactofpatientconsumerism,andthechangingperceptionsofmedicine

• Examinestheimpactofincreasinglydirect(internationalanddomestic)recognitionofhumanrights

• DetailsallrecentlegislativedevelopmentsincludingtheMentalCapacityAct2005andCodeofPractice,RedressAct2006,MentalHealthAct2007,HumanFertilisationandEmbryologyAct2008

2nd Edition

Paperback•c.£26.95•June2009

ENGLISHFORCONTRACTANDCOMPANYLAWMarcella Chartrand, Catherine Millar and Edward Wiltshire

• Providesnon-nativeEnglishspeakerswiththeEnglishlanguageskillsnecessarytocarryouttheirlegalstudiesandprofessionalactivitieseffectively

• Focusesonthelegallanguagerequiredinthetwomajorareasofcontractlawandcompanylawwhicharecentraltointernationalbusinesslaw

• Incorporatesuser-friendlyexercisessuchascrosswords,blankfillingandreadingcomprehensionand discussiontexts

• Containsahighlevelofspecificlegalcontentandpracticalmaterials,includingcases,legislation,legalwritings andexamples

• Providesexercisesforbothclassroomandself-studyoptions

• Comeswithaconciseteacher’sguidetogiveguidanceonhowthebookcanbeused

3rd Edition


10

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SMITH&THOMAS:ACASEBOOKONCONTRACTRoger Brownsword

• Theleadingcasebookonthelawofcontractforover40years,providingallthematerialnecessaryforanin-depthstudy ofthearea

• Usessubstantialcaseextractscombinedwithauthoritativeexplanationtoprovidereaderswithanunderstandingoftheprinciplesofcontractlaw

• Discussesbothhistoricalandcontemporarycasestoillustratethekeyelementsofcontractlaw

• Containsallrelevantmaterialincludingkeystatutorymaterialandlawcommissionreports

12th Edition

Paperback•£30.95•July2009

CRIMINALLAW–TextbookSeries

Alan Reed and Ben Fitzpatrick Consultant Editor: Peter Seago

• Providesstudentswithaclearanddetailedaccountofcriminallaw,explainingtheprinciplesandhowthelawoperatesinpractice

• Focusesontopicscommonto themajorityoflawcoursesincludingmurder,offences againsttheperson,andoffencesagainstproperty

• Setsouttheconceptualbasisofcriminalliability

• Includeshypotheticalexamplesthroughout

• Examinesfuturelawreformstoshowhowthelawmaydevelop

4th Edition


EMPLOYMENTLAWGwyneth Pitt

• Providesasuccinctaccountofemploymentlawandindustrialrelationslaw

• Setinthecontextofexperienceintheworkplaceaswellaswithinthewidersocialandpoliticalframework

• DrawsreferencesfromtheBritishcourts,theEuropeanCourtofJusticeandtheEuropeanCourt ofHumanRights

• Writteninastraightforwardandengagingstyle,makingiteasyforstudentstounderstandthetopicandgraspdifficultconcepts

• Coversthelatestlegislativeandcaselawdevelopments

7th Edition

Paperback•£28.95•June2009

CONSTRUCTIONLAWJohn Uff CBE

• Providescomprehensiveexplanationsofkeytopicsandissuesinaclear,concisetone

• Guidesthereaderthroughtheworldofconstructioncontracts,litigation,planningandenvironmentallaw

• CoverspublicandEUlaw,statutes,safetyandbuildingregulations

• Extensivelyupdatedtoreflectthefastpaceofchangeinthisfieldoflaw,specificallywithintheimplementationandenforcementofconstructionlawandthenatureofcontracts

• IncludesupdatedcontractformsfromFIDICandNECC

• ProvidestheJCTandICEforms ofcontract

10th Edition


CASESANDMATERIALSONINTERNATIONALLAWDavid Harris

• Drawstogetherinonevolume anexhaustiveselectionof cases,materialsandbackgroundInformationonpublic Internationallaw

• Supplementscasesandmaterialswithauthoritativecommentaryandexpertanalysis

• ProvidesbroadandcomprehensivetreatmentofthesubjectmakingitasoundbasisforanyPublicInternationalLawcourse

• Incorporatesallmajordevelopmentsinthesubject,includingtheexpansionofhumanrightsissuesinInternationallaw

• Includesextensivecross-referencingandadetailedindextofacilitateeasyaccess

7th Edition


THELAWOFFINANCEAlastair Hudson

• Providesthefirstcomprehensiveaccountofthewholeofthelawoffinanceinonevolume

• Explainsthekeyprinciplesofthevariousareasoflawsuchascontract,propertyandtort,whicharethebuildingblocksofthelawoffinance

• Movesontodiscussthekeyareasoffinancialpracticeone-byone,includingcustomerbanking,lending,stakeholding,refinancing,proprietaryfinanceandcollectiveinvestmententities

• Providesextracoursesupportviapodcastsontheauthor’swebsite(www.alastairhudson.com),togetherwithupdates,coursematerialsandonlinelinks

1st Edition

Paperback•c.£39.95•May2009

LAWOFINTERNATIONALTRADECross-BorderCommercialTransactions

Jason Chuah

• Presentsacomprehensiveanduptodatetreatmentofallkeyaspectsofprivateinternationaltradelaw

• Explainsthetheoreticalframework,whichunderpinsthelawagainstthebackgroundofmoderntradedocumentation andexportpractice

• Demonstratesapracticalapproachtothesubjectincorporatingexamplecontractualclauses,formsanddiagramstodemonstratehowthelawworks inpractice

• Setsoutsummariesofthemoresignificantcasesand,whererelevant,casesfromtheCommonwealthandothercountriesarediscussed

• Discussesrecentlegaldevelopments,including,theRome1andRome2Regulations,thefinaldraftUNICTRALTransportConvention,insurancelawreform,URR725andthe UCP600

4th Edition

Paperback•£32.95•May2009

Keynewtextbooks

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12

academicNEWS

BOWETT’SLAWOFINTERNATIONALINSTITUTIONSPhilippe Sands QC and Pierre Klein

• Providesanintroductoryoverviewofthelawofinternationalinstitutions,coveringthemajororganisationsandexplaining theirroleandgoverninglaw

• Coversallthemajorglobal,regionalandjudicialinstitutionssuchastheUN,theIMF,theWTO,theICJ,theInternationalTribunalfortheLawofSea,theICCandtheICTsaswellastheEUandCouncil ofEurope

• Splitintothreeparts:partonedescribestheglobalinstitutionsandthentheregionalinstitutions,parttwoaddressesthevariousfunctionsofinternationalorganisationsandpartthreeconsidersthefoursetsofcommoninstitutionalproblems

6th Edition

Paperback•£31.95•May2009

PARRYANDKERRIDGE:THELAWOFSUCCESSIONRoger Kerridge

• Hasbeentheleadingtextbookonthelawofsuccessionforover70years,providingthedetailrequiredforafullunderstandingofthesubject

• Coversbothwillsandintestacyaswellasprobateandtheadministrationofestates

• IncorporatesallkeycaselawandlegislativedevelopmentsincludingthosebroughtaboutbytheCivilPartnershipAct2004,theMentalCapacityAct2005,andtheFamilyProvision(IntestateSuccession)Order2008

12th Edition


MORRIS:THECONFLICT OFLAWSDavid McClean and Kisch Beevers

• Theleadingtextbookon theconflictoflaws,covering allbranchesofprivateinternationallaw

• Explainsthefundamentalprinciplesofthesubjectandhowthelawworksinpractice

• Encouragescriticalthinkingbygettingstudentstothinkabouttheissueswhichconcerntheworkingoftheconflictoflawsasawhole,inparticular,thetheoreticalbasisandmethodology

• TakesintoaccountallrecentdevelopmentsincludingchangesresultingfromtheCivilPartnershipsAct

• ExaminesrecentcaselawincludingtheimportantLuganoOpinionoftheEuropeanCourt

7th Edition


OSBORN’SCONCISELAWDICTIONARYEdited by Mick Woodley

• Forover80yearsOsborn’shasbeentheessentialconcisedictionaryoflegalterms

• Offerscomprehensivecoverageincludinganextensivelistingofjournals,lawreportsandtheirabbreviations

• Containsover4,700referencesfromtheobscuretotheeveryday

• ProvidesspeedyaccesstoamassoftechnicaltermsandphrasesinbothEnglishandEuropeanlaw

• Takesallentriesbeyonddefinitionsandbasiccontextwithextensivelegalreferencingtoprovideasolidbasisforfurtherresearch

11th Edition

Paperback•£11.95•March2009

INTERNATIONALLAWRebecca MM Wallace and Dr Olga Martin-Ortega

• Presentsauser-friendlyandaccessibleexpositionofthekeyconceptsofInternationallaw

• Describesthesubstantiveproceduralprinciples–criticaltoanunderstandingoftheInternationallegalprocess

• IncorporatesdiscussionandanalysisofbothUKandUSmaterialincludingexamples ofUScasesandsources

• Providesdetaileddiscussion ofhumanrightsissues

• Providesin-depthcoverageofissuesrelatingtotheuseofforceandtheglobalwaronterror

• Includesguidanceonhow toresearchInternationallaw,includingconductingresearch ontheinternet

6th Edition

Paperback•c.£24.95•May2009

The Devil’S ADvocATeIain Morley

• Presentstheleadingbookonadvocacy,bridgingthegapbetweenreadingaboutadvocacyandhowyouactuallydoit

• Writteninano-nonsenseandengagingstyletobringafreshapproachtostudyingadvocacy

• Offerspunchyadviceandinsightfulcommentsonallofthenecessaryskillsandprocessesinvolvedinadvocating

• Usesexamplesthroughouttoillustratekeypointsandaidknowledgeretention

• IncludesanewchapterontheInternationalCriminalTribunalswhichrequireanadditionalsetofadvocacyskillsduetothedynamicsthrownupsuchastheneedforsimultaneoustranslations

2nd Edition

Paperback•£16.95•February2009

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academicNEWS

Stack v DowdenandtheDeclineoftheResultingTrust

Ithaslongbeentheruleofthumbthat,wheretitletolandhasbeentransferredintothesolenameofapurchaser,thebeneficial(i.e.equitable)titlewillfollowsuit.Thisisreflectiveofthemaximthat‘EquityfollowstheLaw’.Thereisnoindicationofco-ownershipandnothingtopointtotheexistenceofatrust.Theonus,therefore,liesonanyadverseclaimanttoprovethatthebeneficialtitledoesnotcoincidewithlegalownership.

Inthescenariowherelegaltitleisconveyedintothenamesoftwoormorepurchasers,astatutorytrustoflandnecessarilyarises.Thecourtmustthenlookforsomeexpressdeclarationofbeneficialownership.Ifnoneistobefound,thecourtmustdivinetheparties’respectiveinterests.ItisinthiscontextthatthedecisionoftheHouseofLordsinStack v Dowden [2007]2A.C.432assumessignificance.

The Old and the NewThenotionthat‘EquityisEquality’hastraditionallyenjoyedlittlerelevanceinjointnamescases.Instead,thecourthaslookedtowardstheparties’respectivefinancialcontributionstothepurchasepriceand,viathemechanismoftheresultingtrust,calculatedtheirinterestsproportionately.Theresultingtrustcould,however,bedisplacedif

thecourtwasabletodiscernacontraryintentionfromtheevidence.

Unsurprisingly,theburdenofproofrestedonthepersonseekingtorebutthepresumption.Indomesticcases,theresultingtrustapproachhasnowbeenjettisoned.Instead,asBaronessHaleputit,“thestartingpointwherethereisjointlegalownershipisjointbeneficialownership”(at453).Theonusnowliesheavilywithapartywhowishestoshowthatthebeneficialinterestsaredividedotherwisethanequally.

Inhisdissentingspeech,LordNeubergersupportedthetraditional

notion

that,whenthepartieshadcontributedunequallytothepurchaseprice,thepresumptionofaresultingtrustshouldoperate.Hedislikedthefictionthatthisiswhatthepartiesmustbeimputedtohaveintendedandcouldnotacceptthelogicthatdifferentpresumptionsshouldapplyaccordingtowhetherthesettingwasdomesticorcommercial.Nevertheless,andashelaterdemonstratedin Laskar v Laskar[2008]1W.L.R.2695,thepresumptionofequalitycannotapplywhenthepropertyisboughtfordevelopmentorlettingpurposes.There,andeventhoughthepartiesweremotheranddaughter,theresultingtrustmechanismoperated.

Rebutting the Presumption

Inordertoestablishunequal

shares,theremustbeidentifiedashared,commonintentionofthepartiesthatthereshouldbeownershipindifferentproportions.Indeterminingthiscommonintention,thecourtmayconsiderawiderangeofissues.Thesecouldinclude,forexample,financialandindirectcontributions,advicereceived,discussionsbetweentheparties,reasonswhythepropertywasboughtinjointnames,thepurposesforwhichthehomewasacquired,whetheritwasahomefortheparties’children,howthepartiesarrangedtheirfinancesandthenatureoftheparties’relationship.

Thecourtmayalsotakeintoaccounthowthecircumstanceshavechangedsincethepurchase.MrsDowdenwasabletorebutthepresumptionbyidentifyinganumberoffeatureswhichindicatedacommonintentionthatthebeneficialinterestsweretobeunequal.Shehadcontributedfarmoretotheacquisitionofthepropertyandtherepaymentofthemortgagethanhadherpartner.Althoughtheyhadlivedtogetherfor18years,thiswasnotacasewherethepartiespooledtheirresourcesforthecommongood.BaronessHalecommentedontheunusualnatureoftheparties’relationship,”Therecannotbemanyunmarriedcoupleswhohavelivedtogetherforaslongasthis,whohavehadfourchildrentogether,andwhoseaffairshavebeenkeptasrigidlyseparateasthiscouple’saffairswerekept”(at465).Hence,itwasthoughttobeunjusttoallowMrStacktobeenrichedatMrsDowden’sexpense.

Twosubsequentcasesfurtherillustratethecircumstancesinwhich

thepresumptionofequalownershipmayberebutted.First,in Adekunle v Ritchie [2007]2P&C.R.D20amotherandsonboughtacouncilhousetogetherundertherighttobuy

legislation.Themotherwasasittingtenantandhadthebenefitofagenerousdiscount.Shecould

Michael Haley is Professor of Property Law at Keele University. He reunites with Dr Lara McMurtry for the new second edition of Equity & Trusts, Textbook Series. In the following article he examines the decline of the resulting trust.

14

Stack v DowdenandtheDeclineoftheResultingTrust

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GLANVILEWILLIAMS:LEARNINGTHELAWATHSmith

• Amust-havebookforeverylawstudentandforanyoneconsideringacareerinthelaw,abouttostudyforalawdegreeorlawmoduleofanon-lawdegree

• GivesanoverviewoftheEnglishlegalsysteminaclearandaccessiblestyle

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ONETORECOMMEND

not,however,fundthemortgagealone.Thefactswere,therefore,verydifferentfromthatofthenormalcohabitingcouple.JudgeJohnBehrensfeltthatitmaywellbeeasiertodisplacethepresumptionofequalownershipincaseswhichdonotinvolveacouplelivingtogether.Theprimarypurposeofthepurchasewastoprovideahomeforthemotherandtheparties’financeswerekeptseparate.Thejudgeawardedthesonaone-thirdbeneficialinterestintheproperty.

ThesecondcaseisLaskar v Laskar wherethepropertywaspurchasedbyamotheranddaughterasaninvestment.Anypresumptionofequalitywouldhavebeenrebutted

becausetheparties’financialaffairswerekeptseparate;thepropertywasnotpurchasedasahomeforbothofthem;therewasnoreasonwhythe

motherwouldfavouronechildoverherotherchildren;theparties’contributionsweresignificantlydifferentandthereasonwhy

thedaughterbecameaco-ownerwassimplybecause

hermothercouldnotaffordtopurchasethepropertyonherown.

ConclusionTheapproachpromotedintheStackcasewasintendedtoofferastraightforwardandeffectivemeansofallocatingbeneficialinterestsinthosedomesticjointnamescases

wherethepartiesweresilentastotheirintendedshares.Itattemptstoachievethisbychangingtheemphasisuponwhohastoprovewhat.Nevertheless,theapplicationoftheStackpresumptionishighlyfactsensitiveandrequiresthecourttoworkoutwhatcomprisesdomesticsettingand,iftheequalownershippresumptionoperates,

whatcircumstanceswillwarrant itsrebuttal.Itissomewhatironic thatanevidentialpresumption,designedprimarilytoavoidanartificial,balancesheetapproach tocalculatingthebeneficialinterestsofcohabitants,seeminglyrequiresthesamestyleofforensicexaminationinordertocounter itsoperation.

1ST EDITION OUTNOW

13TH EDITION OUTNOW

NEW 2NDEDITION

OUTNOW

NEW 2ND EDITION

5TH EDITION OUTNOW

1ST EDITION OUTNOW

NEW 11TH EDITION

OUTNOW

ISBN: 978-0-421-92550-2

PRICE: £12.95

PUBLISHING: AUGUST2006

16

academicNEWS

TheoryinaWorldofLegalRules

IhavebeenteachingJurisprudenceforover15years,andithasneverstoppedbeinghard.MyexperiencehasbeenonbothsidesoftheAtlantic(myundergraduateandinitialpostgraduatelawdegreeintheUnitedStates;thenadoctoraldegreeinlawfromOxfordUniversityandmyfirstteachingpositionatKing’sCollegeLondon;and,finally,subsequentteachingpositionshavebeenintheUnitedStates),andatanumberofdifferentuniversities.

Teachingconventionallawcoursesisenoughofachallenge(bothtotheteachersandthestudents).Therearequitedifficultskillsstudentsneedtodevelop,tobeabletogleanknowledgefromjudicialopinions,tolearnthelegalrules,andthentobeabletoapplythemtonovel(hypothetical)factsituations.IteachContractLawandFamilyLawaswellasJurisprudence,andIhaveseenplentyofotherwiseveryablestudentshavetroublewiththedistinctiveskillsoflawpractice.

Jurisprudenceissomethingentirelydifferent.Knowledgeisnotgainedfromjudicialopinions,statutes,orotherauthoritativetexts,andtheultimatepurposeoftheexerciseisfarfromclear.Jurisprudencerarelyseemstobeconnected,atleastinanyobviousways,togivinglegaladvicetoclients,orprescribinglegislativereformofexistinglaws.Jurisprudenceismorephilosophythanlaw.ItisnotsurprisingthatstudentswhospenttherestoftheirstudieswithconventionallawclassesoftenfeellostinaJurisprudenceclass.

Irecalloneoccasion,whenthedifferentpeopleteachingJurisprudenceatKing’shadtheideathatitwouldbeusefulforstudentstobeexposedtothe

variousperspectivesontopics.Itwasthoughtthatwecouldgetthisdiversityofperspectivesacrosstothem,by,forexample,havingtwoofus“debate”thebestunderstandingofRonaldDworkin’sideasanditssignificance.Asitturnedout,thestudentsdidnotlikethedebateatall.Assomeofthemtolduslater,theywerehorriblyconfused:theydidnotknowwhichviewaboutDworkinwas supposed to be right.

Thisisanexampleofstudentsconfusingthelawthinkingofconventionalclasses(contractlaw,propertylaw,tortlaw,etc.)withthetypeofthinkingrequiredforaJurisprudencecourse.Ofcourse,onecanteachJurisprudenceinawaythatapproximatesotherlawclasses:itcanbeonelongmemorizationexercise,withthefinalexaminationrequiringthestudents,perhaps,toreproducedefinitionsofHLAHart’sruleofrecognition,HansKelsen’sbasicnorm,andJohnFinnis’slistofbasicgoods,orsomethinglikethat.Suchinformationisbynomeansentirelyworthless,butmerememorizationdoesseemtomiss thepoint.

Philosophygenerallymaybeaboutthegreattruths,but(asJohnStuartMillargued)ourgrasponthosegreattruthswillbetenuousunlessweunderstandboththeargumentsthatsupportthoseconclusionsandthestrongestargumentsagainstthem.Onemightaddthatwithanyformofphilosophy,itisalsoworthknowingwhycertainquestionsarebeingasked,andwhythosequestionsmightbeworthanswering.

Andsoitiswithjurisprudence:HansKelsen’slegaltheoryisdifficulttounderstand,letalonetoappreciate,withoutknowingthepuzzlethatconcernedhim,ofhowactions

intheempiricalworldcancreatenewnorms.RonaldDworkin’srightanswerthesisiskeptinbetterfocuswhenconsideredalongsidecommonlawlandmarkcases,wherethegreatjudgesappeartobemakingradicallynewlaw,butclaimonlytobediscoveringlawthatwasalreadypresent.(AndasDworkinhimselfpointsout,anydenialthatthereare rightanswersinhardcasesmustbeevaluatedalongsidethemoralobjectionstotakingawaypropertyorlibertybasedonanewlawappliedretroactively.)

Mostofthepeoplewhoteachandwriteinthisareathinkthattherearerightanswers,oratleastbestapproaches,tojurisprudentialdisputes,e.g.,tothequestionsofthenatureoflaw,justice,orrights.Somemightthinkthatmorethanoneapproachisright,oratleastthatmorethanoneapproachisvaluable,inthatwhatisbeingdescribediscomplexandalternativeapproachesmighteachcaptureaportionoftheintricatetruth.However,eveniftherearesingleorcomplexrightanswers,thevalueofanyphilosophyclass,includingaJurisprudenceclass,isintheskillsonegainsatbeingabletoasktherightquestions,developpersuasivearguments,analyzethestrengthsandweaknessesofotherpeople’sarguments,andtoknowandappreciatethestrongestargumentsagainst one’s ownviews.

Brian Bix is Frederick W Thomas Professor of Law and Philosophy at the University of Minnesota, USA and author of the new fifth edition of Jurisprudence: Theory and Context. In the following article he looks at why students often struggle with jurisprudence as a subject.

17

Mybook,Jurisprudence: Theory and Context cameoutofmy(ongoing)strugglestoteachJurisprudence.Iwantedabookthatwouldgivetheanswersthatstudentswanted,butwouldalsoplacetheanswersintoalargercontext:understandingnotonlythequestionsthatthetheoristshadchosentoanswer,butalsowhy thosequestionsweresalienttothesetheorists.Whatisthesocial,political,orphilosophicalbackgroundagainstwhichcertainquestionsseempressing?(andseempressingtoonegeneration,butseemeithertrivialorobscuretolatergenerations.)

Witheachsubsequenteditionofthebook,Ihavetriedtomovesimultaneouslyinthreedirections:coveringmoretopics,givinggreaterdepthtoeachtopic,butalsotryingtomakeeachtopicmoreaccessible.TheextenttowhichIhavesucceeded,particularlyinmyprimaryobjectiveofmakingdifficultideasandapproachesaccessible,Imustleavetootherstojudge.

You can obtain your free inspection copy of Jurisprudence: Theory and Context, by completing and returning the inspection copy request form on page 13. Alternatively you can call the inspection copy hotline on 020 7393 7293 or visit us at www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic.


TheoryinaWorldofLegalRules

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• Senttoyoumonthly

ToregisterforSweet&Maxwell’sAcademicAlerter,[email protected]

KEYSERVICESFROMSWEET&MAXWELL

TheSweet&MaxwellLawPrizehasrecentlybeenreviewedandnewtermsandconditionsintroduced.TheSweet&MaxwellLawPrizeenableshighereducationinstitutionstoawardtheirhighestachievinglawstudentwiththegiftofbookspublishedbySweet&Maxwelltothevalueof£150.TheprizeisopentoalllawschoolsintheUK.

Youdecidewhattheprizewillbeawardedforandwhotherecipientwillbe.Theprizecanbeawardedtoonestudentorsplitbetweentwo.

Inaddition,theSweet&MaxwellVocationalLawPrizeenablesthoseinstitutionswhooffertheLPCorBVCtorecognisetheachievementsofstudentsundertakingthevocationalstageoftraining.TheSweet&MaxwellVocationalLawPrizeisthegiftofbookspublishedbySweet&Maxwelltothevalueof£100andagaincanbeawardedtoonestudentorsplitbetweentwo.

IfyouwouldliketoawardeitherPrizefortheacademicyear2008-2009,pleasecontactusbynolaterthanDecember18th2009withdetailsofthewinner/s.Pleasestateclearlywhatprizeyouareawarding.Afterreceivingthenameandaddressofthewinner,wewillsendthemaprizepackcontainingacertificate,anorderform,andaletterofcongratulationsdetailinghowtheycanclaimtheirprize.

To register your institution, check whether your institution is already registered, or for the full terms and conditions of both prizes, please email [email protected]

SWEET&MAXWELLLAW PRIzEANDSWEET&MAXWELL VOCATIONALLAWPRIzE

STUDENTSCANLEARNONTHEMOVEWITHOURFREEPODCASTS!Wehaveaddedthreenewpodcaststoourrangeoffreepodcastsforstudents.Thesebitesizedupdatesprovidethoughtprovokingcommentaryforstudentsstartinganewsubjectandareperfectrefreshersforexams.Weareaddingnewonesallthetimesopleasetellyourstudentstoregularlyvisitwww.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/academic

Thefollowingpodcastsarenowavailable:

Judith Masson & Rebecca Probert–FamilyLaw

Ryan Murray–ContractLaw

Jo Boylan-Kemp–EnglishLegalSystem

David Llewelyn–IntellectualProperty

Gwyneth Pitt–EmploymentLaw

Carl Stychin & Linda Mulcahy –LegalMethods

Maureen Spencer–HumanRights

Elizabeth Giussani –Constitutional andAdministrativeLaw

Rebecca Probert –FamilyLaw

John Sprack–EmploymentLaw

Sara Hadwin & Duncan Bloy–MediaLaw

David Pope & Dan Hill–MootingandAdvocacySkills

EFFECTIVELEGALRESEARCH LEGALSKILLSSERIESJohnKnowles“… an extremely useful addition to any undergraduate’s or postgraduate’s learning support toolkit. The book is an absolutely essential purchase for any University Law Library and it should be recommended widely to students.” LegalInformationManagement

• Providesapracticalguidetoresearchingortracinglegal informationeffectively

• Presentstheinformationinastep-by-stepformat,leadingstudentsthroughtheworldoflegalresearchfromusing alawlibrarytosearchingonline

• ExplainshowtoresearchEUandECHRmaterials

• IncorporatesexamplesofLawReports,Acts,Halsbury’s, CurrentLaw,HansardandEuropeanmaterialsfromthe OfficialJournal,Eur-LexandtheEuropeanCourtofJustice

• Containsshadedtipboxeshighlightingimportantpoints toremember

• Includeswebshotsfromkeyonlinesourcesincluding WestlawUK,LexisNexisProfessional,BAILII,EuropaandTSO

• AppendicesincludeAbbreviationslistofReports,Series andJournals,SummaryofSourcesforEnglishLaw, OnlineSourcesofScotsandNorthernIrelandLaw

ANESSENTIALGUIDETO RESEARCHINGANDTRACING LEGALINFORMATIONEFFECTIVELY

ISBN: 978-1-847-03818-0

PRICE: £18.95

PUBLISHING: APRIL2009


1ST EDITION OUTNOW

13TH EDITION OUTNOW

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HOWTOSTUDYLAW LEGALSKILLSSERIESAnthonyBradney,JudithMasson,AlanCNeal,DavidNewellandFionaCownie• Anexcellentintroductiontothecommonlawsystemidealforallstudentsoflaw

• Takesapracticalapproachtodemonstratehow tofind,readandanalyseavarietyoflegalmaterials

• Usesexercisestohelpstudentsnegotiatetheir wayaroundcomplexlegalmaterialsandgrasp theskillsrequired

• Laysthefoundationforsuccessfulstudyofthelaw

TWOESSENTIALTITLESFORLAWSTUDENTS

ISBN: 978-0-421-89380-1

PRICE: £18.95

PUBLISHING: JULY2005


OSBORN’SCONCISE LAWDICTIONARYEditedbyMickWoodley• Forover80yearsOsborn’shasbeentheessentialconcisedictionaryoflegaltermsforstudents

• Offerscomprehensivecoverageincludinganextensivelistingofjournals,lawreportsandtheirabbreviations

• Containsover4,700referencesfromtheobscure totheeveryday

• Providesspeedyaccesstoamassoftechnicalterms andphrasesinbothEnglishandEuropeanlaw

• Takesallentriesbeyonddefinitionsandbasiccontextwithextensivelegalreferencingtoprovideasolid basisforfurtherresearch

ISBN: 978-1-847-03308-6

PRICE: £11.95

PUBLISHING: MARCH2009

1ST EDITION OUTNOW

13TH EDITION OUTNOW

NEW 2NDEDITION

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NEW 2ND EDITION

5TH EDITION OUTNOW

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OUTNOW

in this issue - sweet & maxwell€¦ · the devil’s advocate iain morley • presents the...

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