infrastructure impact on nyc subway in perfect storm

7/31/2019 Infrastructure Impact On NYC Subway In Perfect Storm

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5' Olr}t+ xj rjvljx tfj }tetj ò cg`xkjdhj eb`zt mzrrjgtrl}c} orì mklietj fe~erd} t` tfjlgore}trzmtzrj lg tfj Ijtr`q`klteg Je}t Mè}t rjhl`g' Lg qertlmzker xj o`mz} `g tfj fe~erdòmè}tek }t`ri }zrhj lgzgdetl`g egd lt} joojmt `g treg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji}' Tfl} kliltetl`gxe} mf`}jg }liqk| bjmez}j lg tfl} }jmt`r ò lgore}trzmtzrj }ìj ò tfj be}lm lgo`rietl`gxe} evelkebkj' Lt xe} e mf`lmj ò qremtlmek m`gvjgljgmj t` hjt rj}zkt} lg tfj }f`rt tlijevelkebkj' @g tfj `tfjr fegd+ qzbklm treg}q`rtetl`g lg tfj IJM l} `gj ò tfj i`}tdjvjk`qjd lg tfj getl`g egd fjgmj l} e h``d qr`| t` mferemtjrl~j tfj IJM lgore}trzmtzrje} e xf`kj' Tfl} rjvljx rjvjek} tfet ieg| treg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji mìq`gjgt} erj etjkjvetl`g} ò `gk| ? t` 21 ojjt &2 t` 8i, eb`vj mzrrjgt }je kjvjk+ jq`}lgh tfj}j

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2' ]jm`gd+ xj jtreq`ketj }t`ri }zrhj rl}c} lgt` tfj oztzrj xflkj emm`zgtlgh o`r joojmt} òmklietj mfeghj' Xj }zqjrliq`}j `g tfj jl}tlgh fe~erd} tfj lgmrjijgtek fe~erd}

jqjmtjd t` bj e}}`mletjd xltf hk`bek xerilgh egd }je kjvjk rl}j &]KR,' Et tfj }eij tlijxj tr| t` lgtr`dzmj qr`beblkl}tlm m`gmjqt} lgt` tfj e}}j}}ijgt ò tfj }t`ri }zrhj rl}c'Hlvjg tfj mzrrjgt }tetj ò cg`xkjdhj tfl} l} e mfekkjghj' Tfj ielg rj}zkt l} tfet xflkj }jekjvjk l} jqjmtjd t` rl}j `gk| b| kj}} tfeg = ot &5i, dzrlgh tfj gjt mjgtzr|+ lt tjgd} t`lgmrje}j tfj orjuzjgm| ò mè}tek ok``dlgh b| oemt`r} ò 2 t` 51 b| tfj |jer 2511' Tfjijeg lgmrje}j lg orjuzjgm| l} e oemt`r ò eb`zt =' Tfjrjo`rj+ xfet ie| fevj bjjg lg tfjqe}t mjgtzr| e ierhlgekk| t`kjrebkj rl}c jq`}zrj xlkk bjmìj dzrlgh tfl} mjgtzr| e kj}}t`kjrebkj rl}c xltf jvjr)kerhjr m`g}juzjgmj} egd jvjr lgmrje}lgh orjuzjgm| ò `mmzrrjgmj'

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g`r d` mzrrjgt detebe}j} jl}t lg tfj qzbklm dìelg `g lgore}trzmtzrj e}}jt vekzj}+orehlkltlj}+ }t`ri tremc qr`beblkltlj} `r }zrhj fjlhft }tetl}tlm}' Tfl} eqqklj} xfjtfjr tfjil}}lgh lgo`rietl`g m`gmjrg} tfj ijrj d`kker vekzj ò e}}jt}+ tfj tjmfglmek djtelk}gjmj}}er| t` e}}j}} orehlklt| &vzkgjreblklt|, dzj t` }t`ri }zrhj fe~erd}+ `r tfj orjuzjgm|ò }t`ri tremc} egd tfjlr e}}`mletjd iehgltzdj' Tfl} kemc ò rjolgjd dete+ lgo`rietl`g egdcg`xkjdhj ekk`x} et tfl} tlij `gk| uzekltetlvj k`}} j}tlietj}' Dj}qltj tfl} fegdlmeq lteqqjer} mkjer tfet k`}}j} orì e }lghkj kerhj jvjgt m`zkd ije}zrj orì e} klttkj e} 1':* tè} izmf e} qjrfeq} 2:* ò tfj IJM} hr`}} rjhl`gek qr`dzmt &HRQ, ò gjerk| $ 5


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Trlkkl`g' Tfl} liqklj} ielizi k`}}j} `g tfj `rdjr ò $ 2:1 Blkkl`g lg e }lghkj jvjgt'Tfl} olgdlgh q`lgt} t` tfj gjjd o`r tfj rjhl`g t` kezgmf e }|}tjietlm joo`rt t` qr`dzmj etf`r`zhf lgvjgt`r| ò lt} e}}jt}+ orehlkltlj}+ fe~erd}+ egd rl}c jq`}zrj `r t`tek k`}}q`tjgtlek' T` mrjetj tfj gjmj}}er| dete egd cg`xkjdhj be}j} xlkk rjuzlrj e ien`rm``qjretlvj joo`rt b| tfj gzijr`z} ehjgmlj} tfet `xg+ `qjretj egd olgegmj tfj verl`z}lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji} emr`}} e ie~j ò izktl)}tetj+ rjhl`gek t` k`mek nzrl}dlmtl`g}' Tfj|lgv`kvj tfj qzbklm egd qrlvetj }jmt`r}' @gk| t`hjtfjr meg tfj| joojmtlvjk| temckj edjolgltlvj e}}j}}ijgt ò tfj IJM} }t`ri }zrhj rl}c' Tfj rl}c j}tlietj} djrlvjd fjrj xlkkgjjd t` bj m`golrijd `r rjolgjd xltf i`rj djtelkjd }tzdlj}' Gjvjrtfjkj}}+ tfj rj}zkt}`btelgjd mkjerk| }f`x tfj q`tjgtlek iehgltzdj ò tfj qr`bkji tfj rjhl`g xlkk oemj'

4' @zr olgek eli l} t` jqk`rj m`qlgh egd edeqtetl`g }tretjhlj}' Xj }zhhj}t tfet tfj gjxolgdlgh} ò lgmrje}jd rl}c jq`}zrj ettrlbztebkj t` }je kjvjk rl}j ie| lg oemt `qjg zq gjx`qq`rtzgltlj}' Xj }zbilt tfet tfj rl}lgh exerjgj}} ò eg lgmrje}jd mklietj)mfeghj)rjketjdrl}c jq`}zrj o`r tfj rjhl`g} lgore}trzmtzrj &egd ò `tfjr e}}jt} e} xjkk, meg qr`vldj tfj`vjrdzj liqjtz} t` djvjk`q egd liqkjijgt joojmtlvj m`qlgh }tretjhlj} egd `vjrmìj tfjqe}t tjgdjgm| ò rl}c djglek b| b`tf qrlvetj egd qzbklm }jmt`r}' Ektf`zhf tfjrj l}

uzegtlolebkj zgmjrtelgt| e}}`mletjd xltf tfj jqjmtjd lgmrje}j lg rl}c+ lt bjmìj} mkjertfet jvjg xltf`zt mklietj)mfeghj)rjketjd lgmrjijgt} ò rl}c+ m`qlgh }tretjhlj} erj gjjdjdbjmez}j tfj v`kzij egd ehhrjhetj vekzj ò jq`}jd e}}jt} erj lgmrje}lgh xltf tlij' Tfjzgmjrtelgt| ò tfj jemt lgmrjijgt ò rl}c dzj t` }je kjvjk rl}j egd hk`bek xerilgh megtfjrjo`rj g`t }jrvj e} eg jmz}j t` ev`ld djeklgh xltf tfj rjhl`g} }t`ri }zrhj rl}c' Tfjm`qlgh }tretjhlj} t` bj jqk`rjd erj klcjk| t` lgmkzdj e iltzrj ò i`djrg jghlgjjrlgh}`kztl`g}+ rjhzket`r| ije}zrj}+ teetl`g egd`r olgegmlek `r lg}zregmj dl}m`zgtlgh+ egd )e} tfj zktlietj t``k ) lgg`vetlvj kegd z}j mìblgjd xltf bz|`zt} egd rjk`metl`g}' M`}t}egd bjgjolt} ò tfj}j verl`z} `qtl`g}+ lgmkzdlgh tfj i`zgtlgh m`}t} ò g`t oemlgh tfj}jl}}zj} et ekk+ gjjd t` bj eddrj}}jd uzegtltetlvjk| lg o`rtfmìlgh }tzdlj}' Tfj| m`zkd g`tbj rj}`kvjd lg tfl} lgltlek qfe}j ò e}}j}}ijgt' Tfl} e}}j}}ijgt d`j} f`xjvjr mkjerk|

}f`x tfj iehgltzdj} ò qr`bkji} tfet xlkk gjjd t` bj temckjd'

Tfj liq`rtegmj ò tfl} }tzd| l}+ tfet rl}c l} jvekzetjd g`t k``clgh nz}t bemcxerd lg tlij tè}}j}} mzrrjgt rl}c kjvjk}' Lg}tjed lt l} elijd t` k``c o`rxerd lg tlij b| eb`zt e mjgtzr|'Tfl} oztzrl}tlm `ztk``c l} liq`rtegt bjmez}j meqltek)lgtjg}lvj lgore}trzmtzrj fe} e t|qlmekklojtlij `g tfj `rdjr ò eb`zt e mjgtzr| `r i`rj' Tfjrjo`rj lgvj}tijgt} lg tfj blkkl`g} òd`kker} iedj t`de| mrjetj lgore}trzmtzrj} tfet xlkk fevj t` ijjt tfj mklietj &egd `tfjr,djiegd} ò e 511 |jer} ketjr' Lo tfj fe~erd} egd rl}c} erj g`t e}}j}}jd `g tfj }eij tlij}mekj}+ egd tfj lgore}trzmtzrj l} g`t bzlkt t` tecj tfj tlij)djqjgdjgt fe~erd} lgt` emm`zgt+j}qjmlekk| lo rl}c} tjgd t` lgmrje}j+ tfjg lt l} klcjk| tfet ieg| ò tfj mzrrjgt lgvj}tijgt}ie| mez}j k`}}j} tfet ie| bj e izktlqkj ò tfj mzrrjgt dloojrjgtlek lgvj}tijgt} gjjdjd t`

jghlgjjr tfj }trzmtzrj} }eojk| retfjr tfeg feqfe~erdk|'

Bemchr`zgd Lgo`rietl`g `g tfj IJM egd ]jkjmtjd Lgore}trzmtzrj ]|}tji}

IJM) E Ijhemlt| lg e Mè}tek ]jttlgh' Tfj IJM rjhl`g l} djolgjd lg tfl} }tzd| e} tfjijtr`q`klteg erje mjgtjrjd `g Gjx \`rc Mlt|' Xj ed`qt tfj Rjhl`gek Qkeg E}}`mletl`g}&fttq>xxx'rqe'`rh, }qetlek djolgltl`g' Lt l} be}jd kerhjk| `g x`rc)rjketjd mìiztjr


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E I`rj Djtelkjd Djolgltl`g ò Lgore}trzmtzrj egd tfj ]|}tji} ]jkjmtjd o`r ]tzd|'Xltf`zt joojmtlvj lgore}trzmtzrj e ijtr`q`klteg rjhl`g megg`t jl}t' Tfj IJM rjhl`gmjgtjrjd `g Gjx \`rc Mlt| l} tfj qrlij Z] jeiqkj o`r e hk`bek ijhemlt|' Lt} flhfk|djvjk`qjd lgore}trzmtzrj+ j}qjmlekk| e xjkk qjro`rilgh qzbklm treg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji+ekk`x} Gjx \`rc egd tfj IJM rjhl`g t` ozgmtl`g e} e hk`bek ijhemlt|' Hr`xtf egdi`djrgl~etl`g ò tfj lgore}trzmtzrj xlkk ielgtelg tfl} hk`bek r`kj+ egd kemc ò zqcjjq `redeqtetl`g t` mfeghlgh mlrmzi}tegmj}+ lgmkzdlgh mklietj mfeghj+ l} klcjk| t` zgdjrilgjtfj IJM} hk`bek r`kj'

Lgore}trzmtzrj l} tfj ehhrjhetj jghlgjjrjd egd bzlkt jgvlr`gijgt `g xflmf tfj ozgmtl`glghò e mìqkj zrbeg }`mljt| djqjgd}' Lgore}trzmtzrj m`g}l}t} ò tfj m`ggjmtjd }|}tji}+klojklgj} egd m`gdzlt} tfet qr`vldj treg}q`rtetl`g+ jgjrh|+ mìizglmetl`g+ xetjr+ egdjgebkj }zmf be}lm }jrvlmj} e} }`kld egd kluzld xe}tj dl}q`}ek' Lg e brèdjr }jg}j+lgore}trzmtzrj meg jibremj ieg| `tfjr jkjijgt}+ xfjtfjr tfj| rjqrj}jgt qf|}lmekk| bzlkt`r lg}tltztl`gekk| `rhegl~jd jgtltlj}' Tfj| meg lgmkzdj jm`gìlm+ mzktzrek egd `tfjrm`g}trzmt}' Jm`gìlm kloj+ qzbklm }eojt| egd fjektf erj be}jd+ egd fevj mìj t` djqjgd+`g mìqkj lgore}trzmtzrj}' Lg tfl} brèdjr }jg}j tfj IJM} olgegmlek }jrvlmj lgdz}tr|+

bjttjr cg`xg e} Xekk}trjjt+ o`r lg}tegmj+ l} kerhjk| e qrlvetjk| bzlkt lgore}trzmtzrj egdjm`gìlm klojklgj o`r Gjx \`rc Mlt| egd tfj }zrr`zgdlgh rjhl`g+ egd erhzebk| o`r tfjGetl`g egd tfj X`rkd' Bzt xltf`zt e qr`qjrk| ozgmtl`glgh rjhl`gek qzbklm lgore}trzmtzrj+qrlvetj Xekk}trjjt egd `tfjr ien`r bz}lgj}} }jmt`r} ò tfj rjhl`g m`zkd g`t jl}t'Lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji} bjfevj klcj lgtjr)djqjgdjgt hr`xlgh `rhegl}i}' Tfl} lgtjr)djqjgdjgmj q`}j} rl}c}+ f`xjvjr' Lo `gj }|}tji oelk} `r zgdjr)qjro`ri}+ `tfjr} meg bj}jvjrjk| eoojmtjd'

Lg tfl} }tzd| xj d` g`t djek xltf tfj jgtlrj reghj ò lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji}+ `r xltf tfjjgtlrj reghj ò mklietj joojmt}' Xj rj}trlmt tfj egek|}l} t` tfj o`kk`xlgh> treg}q`rtetl`g}|}tji} egd mè}tek }t`ri }zrhj}+ rjketjd mè}tek ok``dlgh `r lgzgdetl`g+ egd tfjlr

mfeghj} dzj t` hk`bek xerilgh egd }je kjvjk rl}j &]KR,' Xj tecj tfji e} qr`lj} o`r ekerhjr }jt ò rjketl`g} bjtxjjg mklietj mfeghj egd lgore}trzmtzrj'

IJM} Treg}q`rtetl`g ]|}tji} ) Eg Jeiqkj ò e Mìqkj Lgore}trzmtzrj' Tfj ve}tien`rlt| ò Gjx \`rc Mlt|} egd tfj IJM rjhl`g} be}lm lgore}trzmtzrj &lg lt} gerr`x}jg}j ò jghlgjjrjd }trzmtzrj} egd }|}tji}, xe} bzlkt egd djvjk`qjd bjtxjjg eb`zt 511egd :1 |jer} eh`' Tfl} bzlkdzq `mmzrrjd dzrlgh tfj tlij ò kerhj}t q`qzketl`g lgokz+qrlierlk| drlvjg b| liilhretl`g' T`de|+ xltf eb`zt 21 Ilkkl`g qj`qkj klvlgh+ x`rclghegd mìiztlgh lg lt} =5 m`zgtlj}+ tfj IJM rjhl`g l} fìj t` tfj kerhj}t qzbklmtreg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji lg tfj Z]' Ieg| `rhegl~etl`g} erj qert ò tfl} }|}tji> tfjIjtr`q`klteg Treg}q`rtetl`g Eztf`rlt| &ITE,+ GN Treg}lt &GNT,+ tfj Q`rt Eztf`rlt| ò

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ITE brldhj} egd tzggjk} merr| zqxerd} ò e uzertjr ò e blkkl`g vjflmkj} eggzekk|+i`rj tfeg eg| brldhj egd tzggjk eztf`rlt| lg tfj getl`g'&fttq>xxx'ite'g|m'g|'z}begdtftikbtieq'fti,'

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fttq>xxx'ite'g|m'g|'z}igrftikigrieq'fti,'

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}jrvlmj} qrlierlk| bj|`gd tfj liijdletj IJM rjhl`g &o`r QE Ieq} }jj>fttq>xxx'qeg|gn'h`voemoreij'FTI3 fttq>xxx'qeg|gn'h`vqetfqetiorei'FTI,'

Mzrrjgt ]|}tji ]trj}}j} egd Xlgd`x} ò @qq`rtzglt| o`r Edeqtetl`g' Jl}tlgh }trj}}j}`g IJM} lgore}trzmtzrj }tji qrlierlk| orì `vjrz}j+ ierhlgek meqemlt|+ ehlgh+ gjhkjmtò ielgtjgegmj+ zgdjrmeqltekl~etl`g+ egd kemc ò lgtjr)ehjgm| m``rdlgetl`g lgtjr)i`deklgtjhretl`g' I`}t ò tfj be}lm }|}tji} &l'j' tzggjk}+ brldhj}+ tremc}+ }tetl`g} egd tjrilgek}+bzt g`t tfj r`kklgh }t`mc egd m`gtr`k }|}tji}, xjrj bzlkt jerk| lg tfj 21tf mjgtzr|+ }ìjò tfji &j'h' }zbxe|}, qrlvetjk| olgegmjd egd `qjretjd o`r tfj olr}t ojx djmedj}' Ekk xjrj}``gjr `r ketjr treg}o`rijd lgt` qzbklmk| `xgjd egd `qjretjd }|}tji}' Tfj fjev| z}ehj

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RL]C 9 ]zi @o &FEÊRD E]]JT] OREHLKLT\,


11/58


12/58

52

Rl}c' E} }tetjd+ rl}c l} tfj erje)lgtjhretjd qr`dzmt ò fe~erd+ e}}jt}+ egd e}}jt)}qjmlolmorehlklt|+ hlvjg tfj e}}jt)}qjmlolm fe~erd' O`r djtelk} }jj Eqqjgdl 5' E} xj xlkk }jj ketjr+tfj jiqlrlmek k`}} dete orì qe}t mè}tek }t`ri} xflmf xj z}j o`r meklbretlgh tfj rl}c `rj}tlietj} ò jqjmtjd k`}}j} o`r tfj IJM rjhl`g rjqrj}jgt ehhrjhetj k`}}j} mez}jd b|}t`ri }zrhj+ xlgd+ egd rlvjrlgj ok``dlgh joojmt} &xfjrj eqqklmebkj,' ]lgmj jemf ò tfj}jtfrjj }t`ri jkjijgt} fe} lt} `xg }qetlek fe~erd dl}trlbztl`g+ egd tfj orehlkltlj} ò tfje}}jt} erj ek}` dl}tlgmt o`r tfj}j tfrjj fe~erd}+ tfj ehhrjhetj rl}c m`g}l}t} rjekk| ò tfrjjrl}c `r k`}} mìq`gjgt} tfet rerjk| meg bj djehhrjhetjd lg tfj fl}t`rlm k`}} rjq`rt}'Tfjrjo`rj+ lg tfj rjielgdjr ò tfl} qeqjr xfjg j}tlietlgh }t`ri)rjketj k`}}j}+ xj xlkkdjek i`}tk| xltf ehhrjhetj k`}}j} qjr }t`ri+ retfjr tfeg }jqeretlgh `zt tfj }t`ri }zrhjmìq`gjgt b| lt}jko'


13/58

5=

Rj}zkt}>

5' Qrl`r Ok``d egd ]t`ri ]zrhj E}}j}}ijgt} Be}jd `g Rjmjgt `r Mzrrjgt Mklietj

M`gdltl`g}'

OJIE} U= Ok``d ^`gj Ieq' E ieq ò tfj rlvjrlgj egd mè}tek ok``dlgh+ tfj }`)mekkjdU= ieq fe} bjjg mìil}}l`gjd b| OJIE &Olhzrj :, o`r lt} Getl`gek Ok``d Lg}zregmjQr`hrei &GOLQ,' Lt }f`x} tfj jtjg}lvj erje} q`tjgtlekk| }zbnjmtjd t` 511)|jer ok``d}&rjd,+ tfj eddltl`gek erje} jqjmtjd t` bj ok``djd b| mè}tek xevj emtl`g &iehjgte,+ egdeddltl`gek erje} eoojmtjd b| :11)|jer ok``d} &|jkk`x,' Teclgh tfl} ieq egd tfj jerkljr}f`xg kegdz}j ieq t`hjtfjr+ tfj| iecj lt mkjer tfet ieg| erje}+ lgmkzdlgh ieg|treg}q`rtetl`g m`rrld`r} egd }|}tji}+ klj xltf tfjlr o``tqrlgt} lg tfj ok``d ~`gj} }`ldjgtloljd' Tfj uzj}tl`g erl}j}> xfet erj tfj k`xj}t mrltlmek jkjvetl`g} ò ieg| ò tfj bzlkte}}jt} egd treg}q`rtetl`g oemlkltlj} k`metjd lg egd gjer tfj ieqqjd ok``d ~`gj}+ egd ò}ìj ò tfjlr cj| `qjretl`gek mìq`gjgt}+ rjketlvj t` tfj jqjmtjd ok``d fjlhft}0 @r+ lg`tfjr x`rd}> xfet l} tfj mrltlmek ok``dlgh kjvjk o`r jemf }|}tji tfet q`}j} tfj tfrjet òk``}lgh }jrvlmj} egd`r lgmzrrlgh }jrl`z} deiehj} egd k`}}j}0 Tfj}j uzj}tl`g} megg`t bj

eg}xjrjd orì tfj U= ieq} ek`gj+ bzt rjuzlrj eddltl`gek lgo`rietl`g o`r jemf oemlklt|'

Meztl`g l} eqqr`qrletj xfjg z}lgh tfj U= ieq}' Tfj ieq l} zgdjrh`lgh qjrl`dlmzqhredlgh &fttq>xxx'ojie'h`viltt}dIIPielg'fti,' Lg tfj oztzrj tfj zqhredlghie| bjgjolt orì i`djrg elrb`rgj KLDER }zrvj| tjmfg`k`h| t` }qjjd zq tfj dlhltekieqqlgh qr`mj}} xflkj `btelglgh bjttjr rj}`kvjd &mi t` di, t`q`hreqf| egd dlhltekjkjvetl`g i`djk} &DJI,' Zgo`rtzgetjk|+ ieg| erje} xjrj ke}t ieqqjd }jvjrek djmedj}eh`' Lg tfj ijegxflkj kegdz}j fe} mfeghjd lg ieg| ò tfji+ hjgjrekk| rjdzmlghhrjjgkegd} egd xjtkegd} tfet fevj tfj eblklt| t` bzoojr tfj rzg)òo eotjr ien`rqrjmlqltetl`g jvjgt}' E} e m`g}juzjgmj+ xfet x`zkd fevj bjjg e 511)|jer relg egd ok``dqrl`r t` kegdz}j mfeghj ie| rjemf ok``d fjlhft} tfet erj juzlvekjgt t` xfet l} ieqqjd e}

e :11)|jer ok``d ~`gj+ ektf`zhf tfj qrjmlqltetl`g jvjgt lt}jko ie| vjr| xjkk fevjrjqrj}jgtjd e 511)|jer jvjgt' J}qjmlekk| lg tfj oe}t hr`xlgh }zbzrbeg erje} ò tfj IJM+}zmf ok``d)lgmrje}lgh kegdz}j mfeghj+ hjgjrekk| b| djvjk`qijgt ò b`tf mìijrmlek egdrj}ldjgtlek }qemj}+ lgmkzdlgh flhfxe|}+ iekk} egd qerclgh k`t}+ fe} bjjg e mìi`g`mmzrrjgmj' U= ieq} xlkk gjjd t` bj ednz}tjd emm`rdlghk|+ qkemlgh }trzmtzrj} egd klojklgj}rjtrèmtlvjk| lgt` gjxk| djolgjd ok``d ~`gj}+ lg xflmf tfj| xjrj g`t ijegt t` bj k`metjd'

Ijtr` G\ Fzrrlmegj Treg}q`rtetl`g ]tzd|> Z}jozk Dete+ Rj}zkt} egd Tfjlr Kliltetl`g}'Tfj i`}t mìqrjfjg}lvj }tzd| t` detj evelkebkj `g mè}tek }t`ri ok``dlgh rl}c} òtreg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji} lg tfj G\M IJM rjhl`g l} tfj Ijtr` Gjx \`rc FzrrlmegjTreg}q`rtetl`g ]tzd|+ Lgtjrli Tjmfglmek Dete Rjq`rt' Tfj Z] Eri| M`rq} ò Jghlgjjr}&Z]EMJ,+ tfj Ojdjrek Jijrhjgm| Iegehjijgt Ehjgm| &OJIE,+ tfj Getl`gek Xjetfjr]jrvlmj &GX], egd `tfjr }tetj egd k`mek ehjgmlj} n`lgtk| qr`dzmjd lt lg 5


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54

Olr}t+ tfj fzrrlmegj }tzd| xe} qjro`rijd qrlierlk| t` fjkq djvjk`q tfj oreijx`rc o`r}f`rt)tjri jijrhjgm| qkeg} o`r tlijk| jvemzetl`g egd }eoj }fztd`xg ò tfj IJM lgme}j ò eg eqqrèmflgh }t`ri' Lt dld g`t ettjiqt t` eddrj}} xfet k`gh)tjri iltlhetl`g}tretjhlj} }f`zkd bj qzr}zjd t` ilglil~j oztzrj k`}} jq`}zrj+ lgmrje}j rj}lkljgmj+ egd

ev`ld )t` tfj jtjgt q`}}lbkj) oztzrj jq`}zrj t` ok``dlgh lg tfj olr}t qkemj' Lt dld g`tdl}mz}} }zmf iltlhetl`g ije}zrj} e} jgemtlgh gjx kegdz}j q`klmlj}+ ~`glgh+ m`g}trzmtl`gm`dj}+ egd`r jghlgjjrjd qr`tjmtl`g'

]jm`gd+ IG\FT] t``c e }tetlm vljx ò mklietj' Lg qertlmzker lt dld g`t tecj g`tj ò tfjq`}}lbkj liqemt ò rl}lgh }je kjvjk+ eg j}}jgtlek e}qjmt ò oztzrj mklietj }mjgerl`}' Xjtfjrjo`rj fevj tfj `qq`rtzglt| t` jtjgd tfj }m`qj ò tfl} }tzd| b| emm`zgtlgh o`r }jekjvjk rl}j &]KR, tfet ie| eoojmt tfj }eojt| egd `qjretl`g} ò tfj treg}q`rtetl`g &egd `tfjr,lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji}'

Tflrd+ IG\FT] t``c e djtjrilgl}tlm eqqrèmf ev`ldlgh qr`beblklt| j}tlietj} egdlg}tjed jiqfe}l~jd x`r}t)me}j }mjgerl`}' Tfl} qr`vldj} eg `qq`rtzglt| o`r tfl} egd oztzrj}tzdlj} t` lgm`rq`retj e qr`beblkl}tlm eqqrèmf m`vjrlgh e reghj ò }mjgerl`} xltf tfjlre}}`mletjd qr`beblkltlj} tfet t`de| l} mekkjd o`r xfjg qzbklm djml}l`g iecjr} erj e}cjd tìecj }z}telgebkj djml}l`g} `g tfj be}l} ò zgmjrtelg m`}t} egd bjgjolt} t` tfj qzbklm'

Bjo`rj teclgh `g tfj}j gjx mfekkjghj} lg ketjr }jmtl`g} ò tfl} rjq`rt+ xj olr}t }zrvj| tfjekrjed| jl}tlgh qjrtlgjgt }tzdlj} egd rj}zkt} lg i`rj djtelk }lgmj tfj| m`gtelg vekzebkjlgo`rietl`g `g xflmf xj meg bzlkt'


15/58

5:

Z] Eri| M`rq `o Jghlgjjr} Getl`gek Xjetfjr ]jrvlmj ]K@]F I`djk X`r}t)Me}j]t`ri ]zrhj ]mjgerl`}' E} `ztklgjd+ egd lg m`gtre}t t` tfj qr`beblklt|)be}jd U= ieq+ tfjIjtr` Gjx \`rc Fzrrlmegj Treg}q`rtetl`g ]tzd| &IG\FT]+ 5


16/58

5?

`o jgtr| t` tzggjk}+ }zbxe|} `r vjgtlketl`g }feot}' @r tfj| erj tfj k`xj}t q`lgt} `o elrq`rt

Tebkj5

K`metl`g} et xflmf IG\FT] &5


17/58

58

54 Jkl~ebjtf GN )84'2555 41'??=< 6'4 51'= 5='? 58'2

5: Ok |d Bjggjtt Gevek Elr ]tetl`g )8='6


18/58

56

?4 Qjjc}clkkLgdleg Q lgt G\ )8='


19/58

5 K`xj}t Mrltlmek Jkjvetl`g} ò Treg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji} &ot eb`vj GH_D,+ `r ò mìq`zgd}tfjrj ò' Lg

me}j} ò brldhj} lt z}}zekk| l} tfj jkjvetl`g ò tfj k`xj}t eqqrèmf rèd' ]`zrmj> IG\FT] &5


21/58

25

KHE KHE Elrq`rt ?'6

FT F`kkegd Tzggjk 8'?

QGJ Q`rt Gjxerc / Jkl~ebjtf


22/58

22

`bvl`z}+ tfet jvjg zgdjr mzrrjgt `r rjmjgt mklietj m`gdltl`g} ieg| `o tfj ien`r


23/58

2=


24/58

24

treg}q`rtetl`g oemlkltlj} `qjretl`g} xlkk bj ok``djd dzrlgh x`r}t)me}j tremc }mjgerl`} `ofzrrlmegj} `o ]] metjh`r| 5 tfr`zhf 4' Xj fevj hr`zqjd tfj treg}q`rtetl`g oemlkltlj} b|

`qjretlgh ehjgm| lg emm`rdegmj xltf IG\FT] &5


25/58

2:

Met' 5 )))))))))))))) )))))))))))))))Met' 2 1': f`zr} )))))))))))))))Met' = 5'1 f`zr} )))))))))))))))Met' 4 5'2 f`zr} )))))))))))))))

F`kkegd TzggjkMrltlmek Jkjvetl`g} &GH_D

Gjx Njr}j| Kegd _jgt ]feot 8'? ot'Gjx Njr}j| T`q)`o)Reiq 8'? ot'Gjx \`rc Rlvjr _jgt ]feot 6'? ot'Gjx \`rc Kegd _jgt ]feot 6'? ot'Gjx \`rc T`q)`o)Reiq ]t`ri ]zrhj djtelk} o`r Klgm`kg egd F`kkegd Tzggjk}]`zrmj> IG\FT] &5


26/58


27/58

28


28/58

26

G`r(je}tjr ]t`ri} egd ]zrhj ]tetl}tlm}' IG\FT] &5


29/58

2xxx'gfm'g`ee'h`v5


36/58

=?

rjhl`g' Xj z}j tfj }zrhj fjlhft qr`njmtl`g} be}jd qrlierlk| `g qe}t M`gj| L}kegd }zrhjdete e} tfj ielg rjojrjgmj dete }jt o`r tfl} e}}j}}ijgt' Tfj 5

Tfj lgmrje}j lg }zrhj fjlhft} bjtxjjg tfj djmedj} }tertlgh lg 2111 egd 21


37/58

=8

qjrl`d} o`r e mjrtelg }t`ri }zrhj fjlhft t` bj rjemfjd' Lo xj cjjq tfj xlgd }t`riorjuzjgm| m`g}tegt &e} xj d` lg tfl} }tzd|,+ ]KR fe} tfj joojmt tfet xjecjr xlgd}t`ri} &xflmf erj i`rj orjuzjgt tfeg }tr`ghjr `gj}, lg tfj |jer 2511 rjemf tfj }eijok``d kjvjk} e} }tr`ghjr &l'j' kj}} orjuzjgt, }t`ri} lg tfj |jer} 2111' Tfet l} t` }e|+jvjg lo &xlgd, }t`ri orjuzjgmlj} }te| tfj }eij+ tfj }zrhj orjuzjgmlj} lgmrje}j xltf]KR &egd tlij,' T` ozkk| eqqrjmletj tfl} rj}zkt+ lt l} liq`rtegt t` dl}tlghzl}f bjtxjjg&xlgd, }t`ri orjuzjgm| egd tfj }zrhj fjlhft orjuzjgm|+ xfjrj }zrhj fjlhft l} djolgjdrjketlvj t` e hlvjg `bnjmt `r vjrtlmek rjojrjgmj detzi ettemfjd t` tfj }`kld Jertf lg tfl}rjhl`g &e} ekk bzlkt }trzmtzrj} `r hj`djtlm iercjr} erj,'


38/58

=6


39/58


40/58

41

=' ]zqjrq`}ltl`g ò Mrltlmek Treg}q`rtetl`g Oemlklt| Jkjvetl`g} `gt` ]jekjvjk)Mfeghj

M`rrjmtjd ]t`ri Ok``d Fe~erd Mzrvj} o`r tfj Djmedj} bjtxjjg 2111 egd 2511'

]zqjrliq`}jd `g tfj qr`beblkl}tlm }zrhj fjlhft mzrvj} erj tfj k`xj}t mrltlmek jkjvetl`g} ò

tfj IJM} treg}q`rtetl`g lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji} tecjg orì Tebkj 2' Xj d` tfl} t` helglg}lhft lgt` tfj q`}}lbkj m`g}juzjgmj} ò tfj verl`z} ]KR i`djk} o`r tfj IJM}treg}q`rtetl`g lgore}trzmtzrj }t`ri }zrhj ok``dlgh rl}c}' Jemf ò tfj olvj Olhzrj} 5:e)j}f`x} o`r `gj ]KR i`djk qjr hreqf+ tfj IJM(} cj| treg}q`rtetl`g }|}tji} k`xj}tmrltlmek jkjvetl`g} }zqjrliq`}jd' Tfjlr qk`ttlgh e} e ozgmtl`g ò tlij }jrvj} }liqk| t`}qrjed tfji `zt t` ev`ld `vjrkeq egd g` qertlmzker ijeglgh }f`zkd bj ettrlbztjd t` tfl}ojetzrj' @gk| tfjlr jkjvetl`g} erj ò }lhglolmegmj' Tfj ielg rj}zkt} orì tfl} nzteq`}ltl`gò ]KR)i`dloljd }zrhj fjlhft} v}' mrltlmek fjlhft} ò lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji} erj>

Oemt`r} b| xflmf tfj rjmzrrjgmj qjrl`d} }f`rtjg bjtxjjg 2111 egd 2511 ver| orìeb`zt 2 &jtreq`ketl`g ò mzrrjgt ]KR trjgd, t` 51 &o`r i`djk MMHH,+ djqjgdlgh `g

tfj i`djk ò ]KR' Tfj k`xjr tfj retj ò }jekjvjk rl}j l}+ tfj kj}} }f`rtjglgh ò tfjrjmzrrjgmj qjrl`d}' Tfj ijeg vekzj o`r }f`rtjglgh ò tfj rjmzrrjgmj qjrl`d o`r tfjjgtlrj jg}jibkj ò tfj olvj ]KR i`djk} l} eb`zt e oemt`r ò ='

I`}t ò tfj mrltlmek k`xj}t jkjvetl`g} ò tfj lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji} kl}tjd erj bjtxjjg? egd 21 ot eb`vj GH_D+ xltf e ien`rlt| t`xerd} tfj k`xjr jkjvetl`g} ò tfl} reghj'Tfjrjo`rj+ tfjrj x`zkd bj vjr| ojx ò tfj}j }|}tji} tfet x`zkd fevj e mfegmj g`t t`bj ok``djd dzrlgh tfj mjgtzr| xj nz}t bjheg' Lg oemt o`r tfj tx` tflrd} ò tfj oemlkltlj}


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45

xf`}j jkjvetl`g} erj et `r bjk`x 51ot eb`vj GH_D+ ok``dlgh b| tfj jgd ò tfl}mjgtzr| ie| `mmzr et kje}t `gmj jvjr| djmedj+ egd o`r }ìj jvjr| ojx |jer}'

T` ozrtfjr djtelk tfj lgmrje}jd ok``dlgh q`tjgtlek ò tfj verl`z} lgore}trzmtzrj }|}tji}xltf tlij xj tecj tfj o`kk`xlgh eqqrèmf' Xj `gk| k``c et evjrehj qr`qjrtlj} ò ]KRegd lhg`rj tfj verleblklt| lgfjrjgt lg tfj olvj ]KR i`djk} z}jd jerkljr' T` tfl} jgd+ xjolr}t evjrehj tfj olvj }jekjvjk rl}j i`djk}' Tfj evjrehjd i`djk l} vjr| mk`}j t` tfjFMHH)be}jd i`djk o`r ]KR' Tfjg xj }jkjmt tfj qr`beblkl}tlm }jekjvjk rl}j mzrvj} o`r`gk| tfrjj rjmzrrjgmj qjrl`d} ò :+ :1 egd :11 |jer}' Egd olgekk| xj }eiqkj tfji et `gk|tx` q`lgt} lg tlij+ dzrlgh tfj olr}t djmedj ò tfj mjgtzr| egd tfj ke}t djmedj ò tfjmjgtzr|+ tfj tx` q`lgt} kebjkjd o`r }f`rt 2111 egd 21


42/58

42

erj jqjmtjd t` hlvj+ f`xjvjr+ e olri }jg}j ò tfj `rdjr ò iehgltzdj o`r }t`ri)lgdzmjdt`tek k`}}j}' Lg}zrjd k`}}j} erj t|qlmekk| `gk| e oremtl`g tfjrjò'

Xj qr`mjjd lg tfj o`kk`xlgh xe|>

5' Fl}t`rlm ]t`ri Retj> Xj j}tlietj tfj eqqr`lietj orjuzjgm| ò }t`ri emtlvlt| o`rtfj IJM rjhl`g xltf hzldegmj orì eg zgrjolgjd fl}t`rlmek rjm`rd' Et kje}t < bztq`}}lbk| i`rj fzrrlmegj} &qrj}ziebk| ò ]eoolr)]liq}`g Metjh`r| 5 `r kerhjr, fevj}trzmc tfj IJM rjhl`g lg tfj ke}t 211 |jer} &M`mf+ 5


43/58

4=


44/58

44

Emm`rdlgh t` IG\FT] &5


45/58

4:

}jmt`r+ ektf`zhf tfj `vjrekk jm`g`ilm k`}}j} egd tfjlr liqemt `g tfj rjhl`g erj`bvl`z}k| i`rj m`g}juzjgtlek' Xj d` g`t ettjiqt }zmf eg eqq`rtl`glgh bzt retfjr z}jtfj j}tlietjd t`tek k`}}j} dlrjmtk| t` ev`ld tfj eddltl`gek zgmjrtelgtlj} e}}`mletjd xltftfj eqq`rtl`glgh o k`}}j} dzj t` oremtl`gek lgore}trzmtzrj deiehj egd oelkzrj}'

Ok`|d' Fzrrlmegj Ok`|d `o ]jqtjibjr 5


46/58

4?

j}tlietj xe} nzdhjd jmj}}lvj et tfj tlij bzt fe} gjltfjr bjjg vekldetjd g`rdl}qr`vjd }lgmj' O`r `zr qzrq`}j} xj z}j `gk| feko ò tfl} OJIE j}tlietj'

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