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A systematic mapping and evaluation of health, ecological and resource impact thoughout the entire life-cycle of a product from resource extraction to final disposal

Resources

Health

Transport

Use

Environment

Waste treatment

Production

What is LCA?

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LCA Framework

Goal and Scope Definition

Inventory Analysis

1. Constructing a Process Flow Chart2. Collecting Data3. Defining Systems Boundaries4. Processing the Data

Impact Assessment

1. Classification2. Characterization3. Weighting

Interpretation

Credit: UNEP, Life Cycle Assessment: What it is and how to do it, Paris 1996.

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Functional unit

requires...

ca 130 PET bottles (17 use cycles)

”1000 liters of beer delivered”

ca 70 glas bottles (28 use cycles)

ca 2000 aluminium cans (1 'cycle')

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Process flow chart for a glas bottle

Collection of used glass

Private transport

Production of lime- stone and sand etc.

Glass production

washingDeposit

Bottle production

Filling

Retail

userlandfill

Climate change

acidification waste VOC Energy consumpton

Production of materials

Production of bottles

washing/ filling & distribution

other transport

To waste treatment from user

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System boundaries

… define the boundary between the product system and the environment.

… separate unit processes that are included in the analysis from those that are excluded.E.g., for private transport, we may include the energy consumption and emissions of driving the car, but exclude the production of the car, the road etc.

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Data sources, data processing

Good data on the emissions and resource use during life-cycle steps is difficult to obtain. Following data sources are often used:

• Process engineering data from the manufacturer• Public emissions databases (e.g., TRI)• LCA databases included in LCA software • other LCAs

Great care must be taken to ensure that data is correct and relevant.

LCA software tools differ in their ability to correctly process inventory data. They are often unable to address feedback loops or uncertainty.

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Impact Assessment

Hertwich et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 4(1):13-28, 2000

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Equivalent effect

stressor

insult

consequence

value lost

stress

CO2, CH4 emissions

CO2, CH4 concentration

Temperature, Storms

Crop Loss, Storm Damage

IR radiation

Impact chain

acc. to Holdren(1980)

Global climate

changeimpact chain

GWP

IPCC(1996)

EDI

Hammitt et al.(1996)

integrated over aspecific number

of years

discounted

Hertwich et al., J. Ind. Ecol. 4(1):13-28, 2000

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Impact Assessment and Weighting

LCA of concrete: 3 different impact assessment systems were used, reflecting different approaches and values.

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Interpretation

Find significant contributions• most important impact (pollutant or resource use)

• most important step in the life-cycle

Understand analysis -- critical assumptions• how would conclusions change in response to other

assumptions (sensitivity analysis)

• how dependent are conclusions on uncertain input data (uncertainty analysis)

Identify and evaluate improvement options• changes in design, material, or process that may reduce

important environmental impacts

… is a systematic procedure to identify, qualify, check and evaluate information from the reulsts of the LCI and/or LCIA of a product system …

ISO 14043

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LCA of Norwegian Hydropower

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

%

SO2 CO2

NOx NMVOC

N2O CH4

CO part

PAH Freon

F Hg

Cr Cu

Ni Cd

Pb Zn

BOD COD

N-tot P-tot

Elektrisitet Fossil energi

Ag (ressurs) Al (ressurs)

Cu (ressurs) Zn (ressurs)

Skogareal Dyrkbar mark

Annet landareal Prod.avfall

Spes.avfall

NOx

CO2 CO2

SO2

SO2

PM10

Cu, resource

Fossile fuelTotalfluor

M. Vold, SETAC Case Study Symposium, Brussels, 1996.

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Windpower Simplon, CH 1990

Damage costs according to pollutants [Euro/kWh]CO2 7.7 E-4CH4 5.9 E-5NOx 4.9 E-4Particles 1.1 E-3SO2 1.1 E-3NMVOC 1.4 E-4Benzo(a)pyren 2.7 E-9

Global Warming 0.000826Mortality 0.001646Morbidity 0.000577acidification terrestrical 0.000383acidification aquatic 0.000131Eutrophication terrestrial 3.76E-05material damage 2.39E-05damage to plants 3.65E-05

0

0.001

0.002

0.003

0.004

1

Eu

ro/k

Wh

Global Warming

Mortality

Morbidity

Acidification