Facilitators: -Dr. B. M. Gurupadayya,Dr. R. S. Chandan,Dept. of pharmaceutical chemistry,JSS college of pharmacy,Mysore.

Submitted by: -Ram Mohan S.R.

1st M.Pharm

Pharmaceutical Quality AssuranceJSS college of pharmacy

Mysore.1

Nebulizer

Flame

Burners

Mirrors

Slits 2

This is the component of sample delivery system. which breaks up the bigger liquid droplet to smaller liquid droplets.

The process of conversion of sample to a fine mist of finely divided droplets using a jet of compressed gas is known as Nebulization.

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Pneumatic nebulizers

Electro thermal vaporizer

Ultrasound nebulizer

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PNEUMATIC NEBULIZERS

CONCENTRIC TUBES

CROSS FLOW

BAGINGTON

FRITTED DISK

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The liquid sample is sucked through a capillary tube by a high pressure jet of gas flowing around the tip of the capillary.

The high velocity breaks the sample into a mist and carries it to the atomization region.

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The jet stream flows right angles to the capillary tip.

It uses a high speed stream of gas perpendicular to the tip of the sample capillary

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The jet is pumped through a small orifice in a sphere on which a thin film of sample flows

In this type of nebulizer the sample solution flows freely over small aperture, rather than passing through a fine capillary

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The sample is pumped into a fritted disk through which the gas jet is flowing and this gives fine aerosol than others

High efficiencies can be obtained by introducing the sample at predetermined location of the fritted surface

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It is an electro thermal vaporizer contains an evaporator in a closed chamber through which an inert gas carries the vaporized sample into the atomizer

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The sample is pumped onto the surface of a vibrating piezoelectric crystal.

The resulting mist is denser and more homogeneous than pneumatic nebulizers

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It should have proper temperature

Temperature should remain constant throughout the operation

There should not be any fluctuation during burning

To convert the analyte of the liquid sample into vapour state To decompose the analyte into atoms and simple moleculesTo excite the formed atoms/free atoms/simple molecules to emit radiant energy

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Mecker burner

Total consumption

burner

Premix of laminar flow

burner

Lundergraph burner

Shielded Burner

Nitrous Oxide-

Acetylene Flames

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This burner was used earlier and employed natural gas and oxygen. Produces relatively low temp. and low excitation energies. This are best used for ALKALI metals only. Now-a-days it is not used.

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In this burner fuel and oxidant are hydrogen and oxygen gases. Sample solution is aspirated through a capillary by high pressure of fuel and Oxidant and burnt at the tip of burner. Entire sample is consumed.

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In this type of the burner, aspirated sample, fuel and oxidant are thoroughly mixed before reaching the burner opening and then entering the flame. There is high loss of sample(95%) as large droplets which are drained out.

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In this sample and air is mixed in a chamber, this mixed composition is send to fuel nozzle where it is atomized. Here the sample reaches the flame is only about 5%

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In this flame was shielded from the ambient atmosphere by a stream of inert gas. Shielding is done to get better analytical sensitivity and quieter flame

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These flames were superior to other flames for effectively producing free atoms. The drawback of it is the high temperature reduces its usefulness for the determination of alkali metals as they are easily ionized and Intense background emission, which makes the measurement of metal emission very difficult

NITROUS OXIDE ACETYLENE FLAME

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Fuel Oxidant Temperature 0C

Natural gas Air 1700-1900

Natural gas Oxygen 2700-2800

Hydrogen Air 2000-2100

Hydrogen Oxygen 2550-2700

Acetylene Air 2100-2400

Acetylene Oxygen 3050-3150

Acetylene Nitrous oxide 2600-2800

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The radiation from the flame is emitted in all the directions in space. Much of the radiation is lost and loss of signal results. A mirror is located behind the burner to reflect the radiation back to the entrance slit of the monochromator. The reflecting surface of the mirror is front-faced.

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The entrance and exit slits are used before and after the dispersion elements.The entrance slit cuts off most if radiation from the surroundings and allows only the radiation from the flame and the mirror reflection of flame to enter the optical system.The exit slit is placed after the monochromator and allows only the selected wavelength range to pass through the detector

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Chatwal & Anand; Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 5/e 2013, page no- 2.370 to 2.375, Himalaya Publishing House.

B.K Sharma; Instrumental Methods of Chemical Analysis, 26/e 2007, page no- 430 to 437, GOEL Publishing House.

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